Wingaroo Nature Reserve

Wingaroo Conservation Area Management Plan

2000

Parks and Wildlife Service Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

WINGAROO NATURE RESERVE AND WINGAROO CONSERVATION AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN 2000

This Management Plan for Wingaroo Nature Reserve and Wingaroo Conservation Area has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Part IV of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970.

In accordance with Section 23(2) of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970, the managing authority for the nature reserve, in this case the Director of National Parks and Wildlife, shall carry out his or her duties in relation to the nature reserve for the purpose of giving effect to, and in accordance with the provisions of this management plan.

A draft of this plan was released for public comment in accordance with statutory requirements from 15 April until 9 June 2000. This plan is a modified version of that draft, having been varied to take account of public input during that period and the views of the National Parks and Wildlife Advisory Council.

APPROVAL

This management plan was approved by His Excellency the Governor-in-Council on 18 September 2000 and took effect on 10 October 2000, being seven days after publication of that approval in the Government Gazette.

ISBN 0 7246 2138 5

' Parks and Wildlife Service Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, 2000

Published by Parks and Wildlife Service Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment GPO Box 44A HOBART TASMANIA 7001

ii Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

Summary

Wingaroo Nature Reserve (9144 ha) is located in the north of Flinders Island, the largest of the Bass Strait Islands. The reserve protects an extensive area of endangered heathland, valuable wetlands, estuarine marshes and relict Oyster Bay pine (Callitris rhomboidea) scrub-woodland communities that are of considerable conservation significance. The type of country represented in the nature reserve is not currently represented elsewhere in the Tasmanian reserve system.

The nature reserve forms part of the catchment for the North East River and estuary which is a significant biological and recreational asset for Flinders Island. The nature reserve has considerable aesthetic value, due in large part to the visual contrast between native heaths and surrounding farmland, and the panaromic views from the saddle below Mount Boyes across an undisturbed landscape to the north-east coast of Flinders Island.

The nature reserve contributes to the conservation of rare plant species which have their Tasmanian distribution confined to the Furneaux Island Group, including one of the two known populations of saw-leaved banksia (Banksia serrata) in Tasmania. The reserve conserves three priority forest communities as well as fourteen different heath communities which represent the best examples of their type found on Flinders Island. The nature reserve also plays an important role in the protection of species susceptible to the cinnamon fungus disease (Phytophthora cinnamomi).

The reserve contains habitat for the rare New Holland mouse (Psuedomys novaehollandiae) and has considerable scientific interest and educational potential.

The major management initiatives for the nature reserve are summarised below.

¥ Implement measures to control the spread of the cinnamon fungus disease (Phytophthora cinnamomi) in the nature reserve.

¥ Limit access within the nature reserve to protect significant flora values, particularly the horny cone-bush (Isopogon ceratophyllus) and saw-leaved banksia (Banksia serrata) from the spread of cinnamon fungus disease.

¥ A fire management plan for the nature reserve will be prepared that will utilise periodic burning to maintain habitat values and vegetation regeneration.

¥ Existing fire trails and fire breaks will be maintained for fuel reduction burning and to protect important vegetation assets but not for fire-supression activities.

¥ Basic fire protection strategies for private land and environmental assets will be implemented.

¥ The Mount Boyes track into the nature reserve will be maintained to provide one-way access.

¥ All other informal tracks not required for management purposes or to access private land will be closed and rehabilitated.

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Contents

1 Overview ...... 1 1.1 Location, Reservation and Regional Context ...... 1 1.2 Importance of the Nature Reserve...... 1 1.3 Threats to Nature Reserve Values ...... 1

2 Vision and Objectives ...... 3 2.1 The Vision for Wingaroo Nature Reserve ...... 3 2.1.1 The Vision ...... 3 2.1.2 Achieving the Vision...... 3 2.2 Purposes and Objectives of Nature Reserves...... 3 2.3 Purposes and Objectives of Conservation Areas ...... 4 2.4 Management Zones...... 5

3 Conservation...... 8 3.1 Topography and Climate ...... 8 3.2 Geodiversity ...... 8 3.3 Water Quality ...... 9 3.4 Flora...... 9 3.5 Fauna ...... 11 3.6 Aboriginal and Historic Heritage ...... 13 3.6.1 Aboriginal Heritage...... 13 3.6.2 Historic Heritage ...... 14

4 Protection...... 15 4.1 Fire Management ...... 15 4.2 Pests, Weeds, and Diseases ...... 17 4.2.1 Introduced Fauna...... 17 4.2.2 Weeds ...... 18 4.2.3 Cinnamon Fungus ...... 19 4.3 Soil Conservation and Erosion Control...... 21 4.4 Vehicle Track Management...... 22 4.5 Managing Visitor Impacts ...... 22 4.6 Managing Development Works...... 23

5 Visiting the Reserve ...... 25 5.1 The Reserve Visit...... 25 5.2 Interpretation and Education...... 25 5.3 Access...... 26 5.3.1 Aircraft...... 26 5.3.2 Vehicles (also see Section 4.4) ...... 26 5.3.3 Walking...... 27 5.3.4 Bicycles...... 28 5.4 Developing Facilities and Services ...... 28 5.4.1 The Recreation Zone ...... 28 5.4.2 The Nature 1 Zone...... 29 5.4.3 The Nature 2 Zone...... 30 5.4.4 Special Use Zone...... 30 5.4.5 Special Flora Management Area ...... 30 5.4.6 Assessing Development Proposals ...... 31

6 Involving the Community...... 32 6.1 Community Support...... 32 6.2 Working with Neighbours ...... 32

7 Other Issues ...... 33

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7.1 Boundaries...... 33 7.2 Leases, Licences and Authorities ...... 33 7.3 Research and Monitoring...... 34 7.4 Administration...... 35 7.4.1 Search and Rescue, First Aid...... 35 7.4.2 Enforcement ...... 35

8 Implementation...... 36 8.1 Implementation of the Plan...... 36 8.2 Plan Revision...... 36

Glossary...... 37 References ...... 38

Appendix 1 Implementation Priorities and Responsibilities ...... 40 Appendix 2 Flora of Wingaroo Nature Reserve...... 45 Appendix 3 Known Fauna of Wingaroo Nature Reserve...... 48

Maps

Map 1 Location of Flinders Island vi Map 2 Wingaroo Nature Reserve 2 Map 3 Management Zones for Wingaroo Nature Reserve 6

Tables Table 1 Management Zones 7 Table 2 Threatened Flora Species 10 Table 3 Threatened Fauna Species 12 Table 4 Summary of Permitted Facilities, Services, and Activities by Management Zone 29

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Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

1 Overview

1.1 Location, Reservation and Regional Victoria. The reserve contains several rare and Context threatened or locally endemic species, including swamp beard-heath (Leucopogon esquamatus), furze hakea (Hakea ulcinina) and horny cone- Wingaroo Nature Reserve is located at the bush (Isopogon ceratophyllus), that occur only in northern end of Flinders Island (see Map 1). The the Furneaux Group. A small population of saw- area was first reserved as a conservation area in leaved banksia (Banksia serrata) occurs in the November 1988 with an area of 202 hectares. It south-west corner of the reserve and forms one was proclaimed a nature reserve in September 1991 when a further 8942 hectares were added, of only two stands found in Tasmania. creating a total area of 9144 hectares. In 1992, a The nature reserve contains a number of seasonal 202 hectare block in the northern half of the wetlands and marshes that provide a refuge for reserve was acquired and designated a wildlife and forms part of the catchment for the conservation area until such time as it could be North East River which has important birdlife added to the nature reserve (see Map 2). and recreational fishing values. The nature reserve is important for wildlife conservation. The nature reserve is contiguous with the North The New Holland mouse (Pseudomys East River Game Reserve on its north-east novaehollandiae), listed as rare in Tasmania, has boundary. The exact boundaries of the nature been recorded from heathlands along the western reserve and conservation area are set out in boundary of the nature reserve. registered plan number LD 1257.

The area is botanically significant and is home to The nature reserve is of interest for scientific research into isolated plant and animal a wide variety of birdlife which makes it ideally populations as well as the interaction between suited for nature-appreciation-type activities. An fires, plant community distributions and soil annual wildflower display could become a fertility. In addition, there is the potential for feature of the area, as could a nature trail that education programs to be developed which focus interprets the heathland community and its on heathland communities and their fauna. relationship with fire.

1.2 Importance of the Nature Reserve 1.3 Threats to Nature Reserve Values

A number of factors detract from, or have the The Mount Boyes—Wingaroo Heaths have been potential to diminish the values and character of listed on the Register of the National Estate in the nature reserve. These include: recognition of their biogeographic significance, species and community diversity and restricted ¥ wildfire which may threaten the safety of distribution of the heathland communities visitors, destroy facilities or private property, present. In addition, the presence of rare or and threaten fire sensitive flora and fauna; uncommon species, the capacity to contribute to the understanding of natural processes, and the ¥ the exclusion of fire from some areas may aesthetic values of the area, are also important. impact on the survival of certain fire- The nature reserve protects an excellent diversity dependent species, of flora including endangered heathland ¥ introduced plants, animals and diseases communities, which have been largely cleared which invade the ecosystem and displace or for agriculture from the remainder of Flinders destroy native species; and Island. Also present in the nature reserve are valuable wetlands and relict Oyster Bay pine ¥ unsuitable developments or activities which (Callitris rhomboidea) scrub woodland. This degrade natural or cultural values or spoil the type of country is not represented in any other character of the nature reserve. conservation reserve in Tasmania and has considerable conservation significance. These factors must be effectively dealt with if the The vegetation of the reserve, and Flinders Island values and character of the nature reserve are to be retained in the long term. generally, is of particular interest in that it forms a link between the flora of Tasmania and

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Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

2 Vision and Objectives

2.1 The Vision for Wingaroo Nature ¥ Arrangements are in place to consult with Reserve the Aboriginal community on the management of Aboriginal heritage sites. Developing a vision for the nature reserve allows Visitor numbers are limited and controlled so as people to picture how the area will be in the not to threaten the environmental values of the future and to provide direction on future nature reserve. management. This long-term vision provides ¥ Visitors are able to visit and appreciate the goals for sustaining the values of the nature reserve into the future by avoiding inappropriate special features of the nature reserve. development and undesirable management ¥ All tracks except those used for management or visitor access have been closed and practices. rehabilitated. 2.1.1 The Vision Educational and research programs are providing a better understanding of the flora and fauna These vision statements are not listed in order of communities present and are assisting with priority and have equal importance. improved management of the nature reserve. ¥ The nature reserve has been maintained as a The nature reserve contains a healthy and natural scientific reference area. biodiversity, with viable populations of all native ¥ There is wide community support for the species and with no significant disturbance from human activities. nature reserve and a good understanding of the management objectives. ¥ Populations of threatened species within the nature reserve are stable or increasing. 2.1.2 Achieving the Vision ¥ The nature reserve continues to support secure populations of other flora and fauna. This management plan sets out a series of ¥ Feral pig numbers have been reduced to specific management actions to achieve this manageable levels. vision. These actions are measurable and will be ¥ Weed populations have been eradicated and used to evaluate implementation of the are not displacing native species. management plan and to determine whether the ¥ The role of fire in the ecology of the nature vision for the nature reserve has been achieved. reserve is understood and applied to maintain species diversity. Policie ¥ The risk from wildfire has been reduced significantly through a combination of an ¥ Review the plan ten years after gazettal or improved understanding of the role of fire, sooner if research, monitoring, or other cooperative arrangements with landowners circumstances demonstrate that this is and effective fire-management actions. required. Landforms are undisturbed and the land, air and ¥ In reviewing the plan, evaluate the water are unpolluted. implementation of the management actions ¥ All plant communities are able to regenerate and their effectiveness in achieving the without disturbance. management objectives for the nature ¥ Damaged or degraded areas have been stabilised or rehabilitated and restored. reserve. ¥ Water quality is of a high standard. ¥ Use the implementation schedule set out in ¥ Cinnamon fungus disease has been Appendix 1 when evaluating the plan s contained and no new sites have been implementation and outcomes. infected.

The Aboriginal and historic heritage of the nature reserve has been identified and is protected. 2.2 Purposes and Objectives of Nature ¥ Any sites present have been idenitifed and Reserves are protected. ¥ Suitable interpretation of Aboriginal and Nature reserves are a category of reserve historic sites has been provided. classified under the Tasmanian reserve system.

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The purposes and objectives of nature reserve are 2.3 Purposes and Objectives of set out in the National Parks and Wildlife Act Conservation Areas 1970. The nature reserve contains a 202 hectare Nature reserves are areas of land that contain conservation area (see Map 2) that will be added natural values that — to the nature reserve at some stage in the future. (a) contribute to the natural biological diversity Conservation areas are a category of reserve or geological diversity of the land, or both; classified under the Tasmanian reserve system. and The purposes and objectives of conservation (b) are unique, important or have representative areas are stated in the National Parks and value. Wildlife Act 1970. The purposes of reservation are to conserve the Conservation areas are an area of land in a above-mentioned values. These purposes apply predominantly natural state. The purpose of a to Wingaroo Nature Reserve. conservation area is to: The management objectives of nature reserve (a) protect and maintain the natural and cultural are: values of the area of land; and - to conserve natural biological diversity (see (b) allow for the sustainable use of the natural Sections 3.4 and 3.5); resources of that area of land. - to conserve geological diversity (see Section The management objectives of a conservation 3.2); area are: - to preserve the quality of water and protect - to conserve natural biological diversity (see catchments (see Section 3.3); Sections 3.4 and 3.5); - to conserve sites or areas of cultural - to conserve geological diversity (see Section significance (see Section 3.6); 3.2); - to encourage education based on the purpose - to preserve the quality of water and protect of reservation and the natural or cultural catchments see Section 3.3); values of the nature reserve, or both (see Section 5.2); - to conserve sites or areas of cultural significance (see Section 3.6); - to encourage research, particularly that which furthers the purposes of reservation - to provide for the controlled use of natural (see Section 7.3); resources; - to protect the nature reserve against, and - to provide for exploration activities and rehabilitate the nature reserve following, utilisation of mineral resources subject to adverse impacts such as those of fire, appropriate controls; introduced species, diseases and soil erosion on the nature reserve s natural and cultural - to provide for the taking, on an ecologically values and on assets within and adjacent to sustainable basis, of designated game the nature reserve (see Section 4); species for commercial or private purposes, or both; - to encourage cooperative management programs with Aboriginal people in areas of - to provide, in special circumstances, for significance to them in a manner consistent other small-scale commercial or industrial with the purpose of reservation and the other uses; management objectives (see Sections 3.6, 5.4.6 and 7.3). - to encourage education based on the purpose of reservation and the natural or cultural All of these objectives will apply to the nature values of the nature reserve, or both (see reserve. The reasons these objectives apply and Section 5.2); the manner in which the objectives will be implemented are specified in detail throughout - to encourage research, particularly that this management plan. which furthers the purposes of reservation

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(see Section 7.3); ¥ provide for research and education opportunities consistent with the values of - to protect the conservation area against, and the nature reserve. rehabilitate the conservation area following, adverse impacts such as those of fire, introduced species, diseases and soil erosion Policie on the conservation area s natural and cultural values and on assets within and ¥ Four management zones and one special adjacent to the conservation area (see management area are designated for Section 4); Wingaroo Nature Reserve (see Map 3). These are: - to encourage cooperative management programs with Aboriginal people in areas of 1. Recreation Zone significance to them in a manner consistent 2. Nature 1 Zone with the purpose of reservation and the other 3. Nature 2 Zone management objectives (see Sections 3.6, 4. Special Use Zone 5.4.6 and 7.3). 5. Special Flora Management Area

Not all of the listed objectives will apply to the ¥ If access in any zone of the nature reserve nature reserve; in particular, those referring to needs to be restricted, declare restrictions the taking of game species, mineral utilisation under the provisions of Regulation 11 of the and other commercial uses will not apply. These National Parks and Reserved Land objectives are not considered appropriate given Regulations 1999, or revise the management that the conservation area lies within and is plan if permanent restricted areas are completely surrounded by the existing nature necessary. reserve. It is also the intention that this conservation area is included in the nature reserve at some future date. Therefore only those objectives that are consistent with the management objectives of a nature reserve will apply to the conservation area.

The State Coastal Policy 1996 applies to Wingaroo Nature Reserve, which falls, at least in part, within the Policy s definition of the coastal zone. The management objectives of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970 and the policies, objectives and actions within this management plan are considered by the Department to be consistent with the outcomes of the State Coastal Policy.

2.4 Management Zones

The nature reserve has been zoned to ensure appropriate management and use occur in different parts of the nature reserve.

Objective

The objectives of zoning are to:

¥ take account of localised features, conditions, and values;

¥ protect and enhance nature reserve values; and

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Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

Table 1 Management Zones

ZONE DESCRIPTION OBJECTIVES POLICIES Recreation Zone This zone encompasses the Mount To provide for sustainable dispersed recreational Facilities, services and activities for Boyes track , which accesses the nature activities and small-scale recreational facilities this zone will be limited to those reserve. The zone is primarily a without significant impact on natural processes. provided for in Section 5.4.1 of this corridor for access to the nature reserve, management plan. and other natural features.

Nature 1 Zone This zone encompasses the area To protect priority forest communities from fire and Prescriptions for this area are detailed between the fire break and the southern to ensure a disease-free status for heathland in Section 5.4.2 of this management boundary of the nature reserve. This communities present. plan. part of the nature reserve has a high level of conservation significance and To implement special management measures to access will be strictly managed. protect significant or vulnerable plant communities or species from the introduction and spread of cinnamon fungus disease. Nature 2 Zone This zone encompasses the majority of The area will be primarily managed for the Facilities, services and activities for the nature reserve. This is a largely protection of identified natural and cultural features. this zone will be limited to those unmodified natural area containing provided for in Section 5.4.3 of this species of importance. Disturbance Limited recreational use is allowed to a level management plan. within this zone will be minimised as compatible with the conservation of natural and far as possible. cultural features.

Special Use Zone This zone encompasses areas subject to To monitor site impacts and impacts on the Facilities, services and activities for use of natural resources or for a surrounding area. this zone will be limited to those particular purpose, for example, any provided for in Section 5.4.4 of this gravel pits or rubbish tips. Take measures to minimise any adverse effects on management plan. nature reserve values from the activity.

Rehabilitate degraded areas where possible. Special Flora This special management area To identify and protect significant plant Prescriptions for this area are detailed Management encompasses the western half of the communities that are vulnerable to disturbance and in Section 5.4.5 of this management Area nature reserve as far as the Mount may require specific management measures beyond plan. Boyes track. Localised rare and those applied to the underlying zone. threatened plant communities occur in this area. To implement, if required, special management measures to protect significant or vulnerable plant communities or species from cinnamon fungus disease.

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3 Conservation

3.1 Topography and Climate occur on undulating low mountains and hills, the highest being Mount Boyes. The eastern side of the nature reserve is On the eastern side of Mount Boyes a wetland comprised of undulating low-lying plains has formed due to the impoundment of several consisting of quaternary sands and clays with streams soon after reaching the coastal plain, by mostly uniform sand and duplex soils. This part the advance of dunes into the stream valley of the nature reserve has numerous freshwater possibly during the late Pleistocene or early lagoons and marshes. The western side exhibits areas of higher relief with undulating low Holocene. The area is considered to be mountains and hills, the highest point being representative at a local level and the condition of the landscape is rated as vulnerable. Mount Boyes at 274 metres.

Flinders Island has a cool maritime climate. Objectives Strong westerly winds can blow for several days on end. The average annual rainfall at the The objectives of geoconservation in the nature northern end of the island varies between 750 reserve are to: and 1000 millimetres. The wettest months are May to August with mean rainfalls between 70 ¥ protect, maintain and monitor geodiversity; and 80 millimetres. The driest months are January and February with mean rainfalls between 40 and 45 millimetres. The mean ¥ protect, maintain and monitor sites of summer temperature on Flinders Island is geoconservation significance; and 21.2¡C, which occurs between January and ¥ minimise harmful impacts on March. geoconservation values. The climate experienced by the island has several implications for nature reserve management. Policies During the summer months, the danger of wildfire is greatly increased and often requires ¥ The geoconservation values of remaining precautions, such as total fire bans. The absence natural systems will be best protected if of permanent water in the nature reserve necessitates the careful use of water by human disturbance is minimised. managers. ¥ Potential adverse impacts on geodiversity and earth processes will be assessed when planning any development or action, 3.2 Geodiversity including land rehabilitation and stabilisation (see Section 4.3). The Wingaroo area is dominated by dune country where prominent dune systems have developed ¥ Management practices and development will over the last 6000 to 10 000 years. These dunes avoid or otherwise minimise impacts on the are composed mostly of siliceous sands derived integrity of sites of geoconservation from marine sediments from the eastern side of significance. Flinders Island and deposited as beach ridges and parallel dunes. These have produced one of the ¥ Promote public awareness and appreciation most spectacular and well-preserved examples of through public education and interpretation, a prograding (growing out to sea) coast in to minimise disturbance to geoheritage sites. Tasmania. These sand barriers have also dammed inland areas, creating peat swamps and coastal lagoons. Actions

The western side of the nature reserve is ¥ Prepare and disseminate an inventory of sites composed of Devonian granite and a thick of geoconservation significance. sequence of sandy, silty and muddy sediments (the Mathinna beds) which were deposited ¥ Monitor and prevent any impacts on during the Paleozoic, giving rise to mottled geodiversity values. duplex soils. These soils are highly erodible and

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3.3 Water Quality contamination in the nature reserve, in particular with relation to the rubbish tip on Wingaroo Nature Reserve contributes to the the western side of the nature reserve. water quality condition of the North East River and estuary. The estuary is a significant area for marine and birdlife in addition to providing an 3.4 Flora important recreational fishing destination for the local community and visitors alike. Wingaroo Nature Reserve contains a mosaic of dry sclerophyll woodlands, heaths, sedgelands The State Policy on Water Quality Management and swamp shrubland. This vegetation has 1997 requires that protected environmental evolved in response to low-nutrient soils, sea- values (current values of a water body for which level change, periodic drought and the water quality should be protected) and water prevalence of fire. These dry sclerophyll quality objectives are set for all surface waters communities have adopted various strategies to within Tasmania. cope with fire and may benefit from some fire regimes. Heath communities require certain fire The Board for Environmental Management and frequencies to maintain floristic diversity and to Pollution Control and the Director of Parks and prevent heathlands developing into other Wildlife will set protected environmental values vegetation structure types. for surface waters within the nature reserve. These will become the water quality objectives The distribution of vegetation communities in the for the nature reserve. nature reserve is largely determined by soil type, fire regime and drainage characteristics. Sedgey woodlands dominated by a mallee form of Objectives (Eucalyptus ovata) with an understorey of (Leptospermum spp.) and (Gahnia spp.) occur on ¥ To identify environmental and recreational the eastern side of the nature reserve, which protected environmental values for the consists of low lying plains of sand and clay surface waters of the nature reserve. soils. The heath communities occur predominantly on the western side of the nature ¥ To identify, maintain or enhance water reserve on the better-drained soils. Areas of quality and to protect aesthetic values of (Eucalyptus nitida) woodlands dominate the surface waters in the nature reserve. slopes of Mount Boyes, Mount Blyth and Withers Hill. Mature stands of Oyster Bay pine (Callitris rhombiodea) and Tasmanian blue gum Policies (Eucalyptus globulus) forest occur in sheltered gullies and on southward-facing slopes at ¥ Designated protected environmental values scattered locations around the south-west corner will be adopted as the minimum standard for of the nature reserve where they have been water quality within the nature reserve. afforded some fire protection.

¥ Water quality within the nature reserve will Fourteen different heath communities are be maintained at the level of pristine or represented in the nature reserve and are the best nearly pristine ecosystems for those examples of their type found on Flinders Island. watercourses with their headwaters in the Heathlands were cleared extensively on the nature reserve. island between the 1950s and 1960s for sheep and cattle grazing. Outside the nature reserve most of the remaining heath is located on Actions unallocated Crown land or private land where it is subject to frequent burning, grazing and ¥ Liaise with other relevant government fertiliser drift from developed pasture areas. The agencies and neighbouring landowners to cinnamon fungus (Phytophthora cinnamomi) has ensure integrated management of the been found associated with tracks in the southern catchment of the nature reserve. part of the nature reserve.

¥ Respond to incidents involving pollution by Broad vegetation descriptions have been oil and other hazardous or noxious produced for the nature reserve but more detailed substances within or adjacent to the nature botanical surveys are required. Flora species reserve. recorded to date are listed in Appendix 2. The nature reserve contains several plant species ¥ Assess the potential for ground-water that are considered rare and threatened. These

9 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000 include populations of the rare swamp beard- vigorously after fire, provided the fire events do heath (Leucopogon esquamatus) found in the not occur at too high a frequency. This species, southern half of the nature reserve and the although common on the Australian mainland, vulnerable horny cone-bush (Isopogon only occurs in one other location in Tasmania. ceratophyllus), found in the north of the reserve, This population constitutes a very significant and furze hakea (Hakea ulicina). Two endemic value of the nature reserve. species of grass-tree (Xanthorrhoea arenaria) and (X. bracteata), known locally as yacca gums, There are mature stands of Oyster Bay pine and listed as vulnerable, also occur in the reserve. Tasmanian blue gum in the south-west corner of Other significant heathland species include the nature reserve. Despite frequent burning, Pseudanthus ovalifolius, Ammobium small remnant Oyster Bay pine dominated scrub calyceroides, Selaginella gracillima, communities can still be found on the leeward Brachyscome cardiocarpa, Lawrencia spicata, side of lagoons where they have been afforded Lythrum hyssopifolia and Trithura submersa. some protection from fire. These remnant communities are of conservation significance and An isolated population of the saw-leaved banksia should be protected from fire as far as possible (Banksia serrata), listed as rare in Tasmania, (Harris 1993). occurs at the southern end of the nature reserve. This population comprises approximately The vegetation of the nature reserve has between 60 to 80 individual trees, the majority of significant conservation value. The importance which are believed to be quite old. There is of the nature reserve for vegetation conservation evidence of slow and continuous regeneration means that conservation of plant communities which appears to be occurring in the absence of and species is one of the major considerations of fire. Interstate studies have shown that this management. species responds well to fire and will regenerate

Table 2 Threatened Flora Species Species Common Name Status Acacia retinodes Wirilda rare Banksia serrata saw-leaved banksia rare Leucopogon esquamatus swamp beard-heath rare Potamogeton pectinatus fennel pondweed rare Phylloglossum drummondii pygmy clubmoss rare Pomaderris intermedia shrubby dogwood rare Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paralia shore dogwood rare Stylidium despectum small trigger plant rare Sporobolus virginicus salt couch rare Hakea ulicina furze hakea vulnerable Isopogon ceratophyllus horny cone-bush vulnerable Xanthorrhoea arenaria sand grass-tree; Yacca vulnerable Xanthorrhoea bracteata grass-tree, black-boy vulnerable

Objectives ¥ minimise harmful impacts on the indigenous flora of the nature reserve. The objectives of flora conservation in the nature reserve are to: Policies ¥ allow for ongoing evolutionary processes to occur unhindered; ¥ The following plant communities will be given high flora conservation priority: ¥ protect, maintain and monitor natural flora diversity; - Banksia serrata community - blue gum/Oyster Bay pine forest ¥ protect, maintain and monitor threatened communities; flora species; - rare or threatened heath species.

¥ protect, maintain and monitor plant ¥ Actions which result in adverse impacts in communities of conservation significance; high flora-conservation priority areas will be and avoided or limited to those which are localised and of minimal impact.

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¥ Only local provenance species native to the developed for Flinders Island to reduce the nature reserve will be used in rehabilitation number of feral pigs in the nature reserve. works unless written approval is given for alternatives. 3.5 Fauna ¥ Fire management in high flora-conservation priority areas, including fuel-reduction A list of fauna known to occur in the reserve is burning and habitat-management burning, included in Appendix 3. A complete fauna list is will conform with this management plan (see not available for the reserve. Section 4.1). Mammals ¥ Exclude unwanted wildfire from or restrict its spread in high flora-conservation priority Fourteen species of native terrestrial mammals areas within the constraints imposed by have been recorded on Flinders Island. Most of available resources, prevailing Fire Danger these probably occur in the nature reserve. Index, fire intensity and fire crew safety (see Species of particular interest include the New Section 4.1). Holland mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae), which is listed as rare in Tasmania and has been ¥ The collection of deadfall or cutting of live recorded from heathlands on the western side of shrubs for firewood in the nature reserve is the nature reserve. This is a fire-adapted species prohibited under the National Parks and which favours areas burnt between two to three Reserved Land Regulations 1999. years previously to provide both feeding areas and nearby cover from predators. A localised, ¥ Implement measures to contain and exclude low-intensity fire regime is required to provide the spread of cinnamon fungus infection habitat suitable for this species (see Section 4.1). from the Banksia serrata area (see Sections 4.2.3, 5.4.5). The swamp antenchinus (Antechinus minimus) and white-footed dunnart (Sminthopsis leucopus) may also be present in the nature reserve but are Actions still to be verified. ¥ Prepare a detailed vegetation map and There are also a number of introduced mammal description of communites and species for species within the nature reserve including cats, the nature reserve. pigs, mice, rats and introduced birds (refer to Section 4.2.1). ¥ Prepare programs for ecological management burning, setting out the fire Birds frequencies necessary to maintain viable populations of species and communities of Bird life in the nature reserve is expected to be conservation value (see Section 4.1). species rich as the area provides variety of habitat favouring many different species. ¥ Prepare and/or implement management Flinders Island has particular significance as an programs for threatened flora species or important stop-over point for bird species communities of conservation significance. migrating between the Australian mainland and Tasmania. Therefore the conservation of large ¥ Restrict access in the Nature Zone 1/Special areas of diverse habitat is essential. A number of Flora Management Area in the nature reserve of rare and threatened species occur in the nature to protect significant flora values and to reserve (see Appendix 3). minimise the spread of cinnamon fungus, particularly in the Banksia serrata area. The swift parrot (Lathamus discolor), listed as vulnerable in Tasmania, is a migratory species ¥ Populations of rare and threatened species which visits Flinders Island during its migration should be surveyed to determine their vigour between mainland Australia and breeding areas and whether cinnamon fungus disease is along the east coast of Tasmania. The nectar impacting on them. Permanent vegetation from Tasmanian blue gum is the main food plots should be established and monitored source for these parrots. There are mature stands long term for this purpose. of glue gum forest in the south-west corner of the nature reserve which may provide feeding areas ¥ Implement suitable control strategies for the parrot. The habitat of the swift parrot has identified in the feral pig management plan been drastically reduced through land clearing to the point where fewer than 1000 pairs now

11 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000 remain throughout its range in south-east blue-tongue lizards (Tiliqua nigrolutea) and tiger Australia. snakes (Notechis ater) are quite abundant in the reserve. Confirmed reptile and amphibian The wedge-tailed eagle (Tasmanian) (Aquila species are listed in Appendix 3. audax fleayi), rated as vulnerable has been recorded in the nature reserve. The most recent Fish sighting was made in 1996 on the southern boundary of the nature reserve. Large tracts Wingaroo Nature Reserve has a species of native (more than 10 hectares) of forested country are galaxiea (Galaxiella pusilla) which has been required to support one breeding pair of eagles. recorded in a fresh water swamp in the south- eastern corner of the nature reserve. This species Management of the nature reserve needs to is listed as rare in Tasmania. Very little is known ensure protection of threatened bird species. about the species.

Reptiles and Amphibians Invertebrates

In the absence of systematic fauna surveys there The invertebrate fauna of the nature reserve is is an incomplete knowledge of the number of poorly understood and no records exist. No species present in the nature reserve. To date, exhaustive surveys of insect fauna have been White s skink (Ergenia whitei) and two species undertaken to date and a great deal more work of frog, the banjo frog (Limnodynastes dumerili) needs to be carried out in this area. A rare and the spotted marsh frog (L.tasmaniensis) have species of damsel fly (Hemiphebilia miriabilis) been recorded in the nature reserve. has been recorded in fresh water swamps in the Numerous other species are also likely to be south-eastern corner of the nature reserve. present. Anecdotal information suggests that

Table 3 Threatened Fauna Species Species Common Name Status Sterna nereis nereis fairy tern rare Accipiter novaehollandiae* grey goshawk rare Hemiphebilia miriabilis damsel fly rare Pseudomys novaehollandiae* New Holland mouse rare Aquila audax fleayi wedge-tailed eagle (Tasmanian) vulnerable Lathamus discolor* swift parrot vulnerable

* Species to be verified if present in the nature reserve.

Objectives Policies

¥ The objectives for fauna conservation in the ¥ The following nature reserve habitats will be the nature reserve are to: left undisturbed or otherwise given special protection or management: - protect, maintain and monitor threatened fauna species, in particular the swift - swift parrot habitat; parrot and New Holland mouse. - New Holland mouse habitat; and - any other threatened species habitat. - determine the presence or otherwise of previously recorded species such as the ¥ Prepare programs of ecological management, wedge-tailed eagle or predicted species setting out the fire frequencies necessary to such as the swamp antenchinus and maintain habitat and viable populations of white-footed dunnart; species of conservation value.

- protect, maintain and monitor the ¥ All practicable efforts will be made to diversity of indigenous fauna and prevent adverse fire and other impacts on habitat; and breeding of threatened species.

- minimise harmful impacts on indigenous ¥ Wildlife management and control measures, fauna and habitats. including fencing, culling, biological control, removal, or relocation, will be adopted if studies show them to be warranted and practicable.

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Actions Aboriginal sites and the cultural landscapes of the nature reserve have a strong and continuing ¥ Adopt appropriate fire regimes to maintain significance to the Tasmanian Aboriginal the habitat of the New Holland mouse (see community. Sites need to be located and Section 4.1). protected, particularly from the impacts of development and visitor use. There is potential ¥ Conduct fauna surveys to fill gaps in for the Tasmanian Aboriginal community to knowledge useful for management and promote and interpret these sites to the wider protection. community and provide greater understanding of Aboriginal culture in the nature reserve. ¥ Implement the relevant prescriptions of any relevant threatened species recovery plans New legislation dealing with Aboriginal heritage for species occurring in the reserve. management is under consideration. At present, the Aboriginal Relics Act 1975 applies. ¥ Discourage visitors from feeding wildlife by making them aware of the harmful effects of inappropriate food and dependence on Objectives humans. The objectives of management of Aboriginal heritage are, in cooperation with the Aboriginal 3.6 Aboriginal and Historic Heritage community, to:

¥ identify and record any sites of Aboriginal 3.6.1 Aboriginal Heritage heritage; Aboriginal people are known to have occupied ¥ protect and conserve any Aboriginal the islands of the Furneaux Group for thousands heritage; and of years. Aboriginal people continued to inhabit the region after the the islands became isolated ¥ interpret any Aboriginal heritage. from mainland Tasmania for some time until their demise 4 500 years ago. Policies The land-use practices of these people were probably similar to those practiced on mainland ¥ Aboriginal heritage values will be assessed Tasmania where Aboriginal people regularly used fire to burn thick vegetation, to assist with and protected in accordance with agreed travel and attract game to newly burnt areas. national or state charter or guidelines for Aboriginal sites To date, no systematic archeological surveys to ¥ Sites of Aboriginal significance will not be identify cultural heritage sites have been publicised unless the site has been assessed, undertaken in the nature reserve. However, the in cooperation with the Aboriginal concentration of sites around freshwater lagoons community, for educational or interpretive at other locations on Flinders Island, suggests use. Where applicable, make use of any that these environments were a focus of activity. agreed Aboriginal interpretation strategy. There may also be contemporary artefact scatters located in the nature reserve associated with the ¥ The Aboriginal community will be consulted Aboriginal people who were re-located at Wybalenna on the west coast of Flinders Island. on any undertaking or development which These sites are protected under the Aboriginal may impinge upon Aboriginal sites. Relics Act 1975. The single biggest issue for ¥ All proposed landscape modification, cultural heritage management in the nature development, or maintenance within the reserve is a lack of adequate baseline knowledge. nature reserve will be subject to the prescriptions of Section 4.6 (Managing Further regional archaeological and palaeo- Development Works). environmental data is required to determine if any sites are present in the nature reserve and to ¥ As far as possible, development will be determine their archaeological and heritage located well away from areas of Aboriginal significance. Any sites that are located will have considerable cultural significance for Aboriginal heritage. people. ¥ Aboriginal heritage will not be deliberately

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disturbed for management, development or ¥ identify and record historic heritage in the research purposes unless the Director nature reserve; determines there is no practicable alternative and a permit to disturb aboriginal relics has ¥ actively conserve and maintain the heritage been issued under the Aboriginal Relics Act integrity and quality of significant cultural 1975. landscapes, any heritage structures and vegetation, and other heritage features;

Actions ¥ protect and conserve historic heritage from damage; ¥ In cooperation with the Tasmanian Aboriginal Land Council (TALC) and ¥ present and interpret historic heritage; and representatives from the Aborignal community on Flinders Island, identify and ¥ exclude intrusive development and activity. record any Aboriginal sites.

¥ Consult with TALC and the Flinders Island Policies Aborignal community on the management of Aboriginal heritage. ¥ Conservation and management of historic heritage in the nature reserve will adhere to ¥ Develop interpretation of any Aboriginal the Australia ICOMOS Charter for the heritage of the nature reserve in consultation Conservation of Places of Cultural with TALC and the local Aboriginal Significance (The Burra Charter) (see community. Marquis-Kyle & Walker, 1992) and its associated guidelines. ¥ Monitor any Aboriginal sites for, and protect from damage or interference. ¥ A conservation policy statement or conservation plan, including specific 3.6.2 Historic Heritage assessment of significance, will be prepared before any decisions about major works, use, Sites and artefacts related to mining and mineral removal or interpretation of individual prospecting, including cuts, a shaft and the elements of historic heritage are made. Such remains of an aqueduct are believed to be present statements or plans will be prepared in in the nature reserve. accordance with the principles outlined in the Burra Charter, using the methodology The nature reserve has remained substantially outlined in Kerr (1996). unmodified by agricultural activity on Flinders Island, due largely to the unsuitable nature of the ¥ A cyclical maintenance program should be soils and the low rainfall. While most of the area developed and operate for significant historic contained in the reserve has remained intact, places. there has been land development on the perimeter for pasture. The Mount Boyes track was established in the 1960s as an east—west Actions stock route. ¥ Identify, record and assess the significance There is a pressing need to identify historic of any historic features. resources within the reserve in order to protect and document early economic uses of the area. ¥ Make safe any dangerous structures. Historic features, including previously cleared areas, all form an identifiable heritage setting of ¥ Remove damaging uses, activities and varying significance. Conservation of heritage developments that intrude upon or detract values requires not only attention to remaining from heritage values. structures, features, and artefacts, but also careful and sympathetic management of the surrounding ¥ Where possible, mitigate natural processes settings and cultural landscapes. that are having an adverse effect on heritage values.

Objectives ¥ Conserve and interpret key historic places for interaction with the general public. The objectives of historic heritage conservation and management are to:

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4 Protection

4.1 Fire Management cones. The species was once more widespread on Flinders Island but is now restricted to the leeward side of lagoons. This indicates that the The nature reserve has experienced a dramatic fire frequency in the area has been higher than increase in fire frequency since European this species has been able to tolerate. settlement, with evidence of fires occurring in the southern, northern and eastern boundaries of A combination of lower relief and easier access the nature reserve. The recent fire history of the means fire could be more easily controlled in the area indicates that generally fires have originated from land clearing and development activity on nature reserve. In addition, fire could play a private land bordering the nature reserve. Since significant ecological role in maintaining species diversity and allowing fire-tolerant communities 1971, two major fires (greater that 200 hectares) and species (principally grasslands, heathland and four smaller fires have been recorded. Two and woodlands) to regenerate. This needs to be of these fires are thought to have been deliberate more fully investigated to determine if fire can while the others have resulted from fuel have a beneficial role in habitat management. reduction or land clearing operations on private For example, the maintenance of many heath land. species as well as the habitat of the New Holland mouse depends on periodic low-intensity Other potential sources of fire spreading into the burning. nature reserve include the burning of rubbish at shack sites along North East River and at Edens Creek. Fires have escaped from cooking fires at The heaths in the nature reserve require fire for picnic and camping areas behind the sand dunes their maintenance but it is apparent that in some areas the heath has been converted to sedgeland at Holloway Point, North East River and Gin and bracken through too high a fire frequency. It Bottle Lagoon during the duck-hunting season. has been suggested that heaths in the nature Arson is another risk and has the potential to reserve should be burnt in sections with a occur at any point where there is access to the frequency of between 10 and 20 years spacing. boundary of the reserve, particularly along the This would require that internal tracks are Palana or North East River Roads. Other constructed or existing ones maintained for this potential sources of fire are the gravel pit on the purpose. None of the heath species present (with western side of the nature reserve and the the exception of saw-leaved banksia (Banksia network of tracks, although many of these can only be accessed through private land (see serrata) or Oyster Bay pine (Callitris Section 4.4). rhomboidea) is likely to be threatened by this type of fire management (S. Harris, 1993). Fire frequency has probably been the single most Those plant communities within the nature influential factor affecting the vegetation of the reserve that are fire sensitive, such as the taller nature reserve. A combination of persistent forests of blue gum and Oyster Bay pine, should westerly winds, relatively few topographical be protected from fire as far as possible. obstructions and many likely ignition sources on However, fire management in relation to the the western side of the island have given rise to a population of Banksia serrata in the south-west northern plain area shaped by fire. The only of the nature reserve needs further investigation. areas to have escaped the very high fire A mild fire of sufficiently low intensity is not frequency are some of the rugged gullies and slopes of Mount Boyes, and the leeward (eastern) likely to kill mature trees and would trigger margins of some of the lagoons. Historically regeneration. A more intense fire would probably kill the mature trees but also initiate a fires appear to have been initiated under a regeneration event, although successive fires prevailing northerly wind, which then swings to would kill seedlings and effectively eliminate the the west or south-west. Fire in the nature reserve entire population. appears to travel in a north-west to south-east direction. The nature reserve has a fire trail on the southern boundary to protect property and assets south of The distribution of Oyster Bay pine in the nature the nature reserve. There is no public access reserve gives some indication of fire history. along this fire trail. This trail should be cleared The species regenerates well after fire but will not tolerate a fire frequency with an interval of regrowth and combined with fuel-reduction shorter than the time it takes to produce pine burning to back-burn from in the event of a wildfire from the north. Another graded fire

15 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000 break is located two kilometres to the north of to improve habitat availability. The pattern and this main fire trail in order to protect the frequency of burning needs to be further population of Banksia serrata that occurs investigated through the preparation of a fire between the fire break and fire trail. There is no management plan, an element of which would public access along these tracks and therefore no consider the ecological requirements of species vehicle access into the B. serrata area. Fuel- and communities and suitable fire intervals. reduction burning carried out along the northern fire break to date has been patchy and remains Appropriate risk management and ecological fire ineffective as a means to reduce the fire risk to management strategies are essential to the overall the population of B.serrata. management of the nature reserve.

The formed gravel road to Palana forms a fire boundary between Crown and private land on the Objectives western side of the nature reserve. The North East River Road runs along most of the northern The objectives of fire management are to: boundary of the nature reserve with the exception of three private blocks. ¥ protect visitors and management staff;

The eastern side of the nature reserve lacks an ¥ maintain or improve nature conservation effective barrier to the spread of wildfire. This is values; and a critical area in terms of preventing fire passing into private land. Here the nature reserve shares ¥ protect neighbours and their property. boundaries with three private blocks. At present there is a slashed fire break that runs from the locked gate at the eastern end of the main General Policies southern fire trail and runs north along the western boundary of Carnac s Flat to the south- ¥ Fire management will accord with any fire east corner of the Oakdale property. A track then management plan developed for the nature follows the boundary of this property. There is a reserve and this management plan. fire break along the western side of Wingaroo Pastoral Holdings to the north of Oakdale. These ¥ Subject to the preceding paragraph, all fire breaks should be continuous and connected practicable measures will be taken to to each other. At the very minimum, these fire diminish the risk of wildfires occurring in breaks need to be improved and maintained with the nature reserve, to lessen their impact in a program of fuel-reduction burning being high conservation priority areas and to carried out to increase their width. prevent fires from entering the nature reserve from adjoining private land. The Parks and Wildlife Service is responsible under the Fire Service Act 1979 and the Fire ¥ All fire management actions including Service (Miscellaneous) Regulations 1996 for all habitat-management burning, fuel-reduction aspects of fire management within the nature burning, water hole and fire track reserve, including prevention, containment and construction or maintenance will be suppression. undertaken in accordance with Section 4.6.

The highest priority for wildfire suppression is ¥ To lessen the risk of arson or inadvertent protection of visitors to the nature reserve. ignition causing a wildfire, the public will be Nevertheless, during a wildfire, fire behaviour permitted to use vehicles on designated and suppression necessity will determine the on- tracks only. ground actions and may mean that priorities need modification on the day. ¥ Fire trails and fire breaks will be cleared, maintained and upgraded as required for fire The focus of wildfire prevention is on the management purposes. protection of assets including areas of high environmental or heritage significance and ¥ When fire danger conditions warrant, PWS neighbouring properties. staff may close all or some areas of the nature reserve. In order to protect assets within or adjacent to the nature reserve it is appropriate that fuel-reduction ¥ Fire management and suppression burning be carried out along shared boundaries in procedures will accord with the Inter- the south and east of the nature reserve. In Agency Fire Management Protocol agreed addition, strip or mosaic burns could be utililised between the Parks and Wildlife Service, the

16 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

Tasmania Fire Service and Forestry - burning for habitat manipulation; Tasmania. - cooperative arrangements with landowners; and ¥ Any fire management works will be - education programs. undertaken in consultation with the relevant authorities and local landowners. ¥ Prioritise the protection of the remnant, fire- excluded plant communities where possible, Specific Policies to exclude wildfire.

¥ High priority should be given to the ¥ If possible, maintain a mosaic of fire preparation of a fire management plan for exclusion in the nature reserve heaths, as the nature reserve. well as prioritising the protection of habitat for the New Holland mouse (see Section ¥ This fire management plan should provide a 3.5). strategic program of fuel reduction burning to protect private property and to avoid the ¥ Maintain fire trails and fire breaks as emergency use of machinery on fire breaks necessary. and the main fire trails. ¥ Inform fire crews of the cinnamon fungus ¥ Minimise management use of the fire break threat to the reserve so that they can take and southern fire trail and wherever possible measures to avoid transporting the disease. access the fire trail only when the tracks are dry (see Section 4.2.3). ¥ Fit fire management tracks not designated for public use with secure, locked gates. ¥ Limit all fire break construction to areas known to be affected by cinnamon fungus ¥ Liaise with Flinders Island Municipal or in immediate threat from uphill infections Council to regularly maintain the roadside (see Section 4.2.3). verges of Palana and North East River Roads by slashing or mowing to reduce the fire ¥ All fire break maintenance must be hazard during the summer period. conducted in accordance with the hygiene prescriptions in the Parks and Wildlife Phytophthora Hygiene Manual 1994 and 4.2 Pests, Weeds, and Diseases Section 5.5. 4.2.1 Introduced Fauna ¥ Adopt appropriate fire frequencies set out in ecological management programs that aim to Several species have been introduced to Flinders maintain viable populations of and/or Island as a result of European settlement. Of habitats for plants and animals of these, feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and feral cats (Felis conservation value. catus) are the most widespread in the nature reserve. Pigs were introduced onto Flinders ¥ Visitors will not be permitted to camp or to Island accidentally from shipwrecks or light fires in the nature reserve. deliberately by early visitors to ensure a meat supply. ¥ The rubbish tip on the western side of the nature reserve forms an unnaceptable fire Feral pigs are believed to be present in the nature risk to the nature reserve. Consideration reserve, primarily on the eastern side, and tend to should be given to closure at the expiry of be associated with seasonal wetlands. There are the current licence with Flinders Council no reliable population estimates available and the (see Section 7.2). extent of their impact needs to be determined.

As pigs are reliant on fresh water they are most Actions usually associated with wetland areas. Their distribution in the nature reserve can be ¥ Prepare a fire management plan for the correlated with the availability of fresh water in nature reserve, which considers; that they will spread out in wetter years and - fire supression; recede to smaller pockets in drier years. Pigs - fuel reduction burning; cause tremendous damage to wetland areas

- protection of rare, vulnerable, threatened through trampling and selective feeding. and endangered species; - minimising cinnamon fungus infection;

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The implementation of control methods for feral - identifies species requiring priority for pigs in the nature reserve remains a significant control; management priority and will require further - identifies areas of scientific or funding by the Tasmanian and Commonwealth conservation significance where feral Governments. animals should be eradicated or controlled; Anecdotal information suggests that feral cat - specifies the control methods to be used; populations are rapidly increasing on Flinders - identifies protocols for the use of poison, Island, and may present significant threats to shooting and trapping; fauna of the nature reserve, particularly small - prescribes the appropriate time of year mammals, reptiles and birds. Some exotic birds for control; and have also been introduced or arrived from - outlines the structure of any further mainland Tasmania (see Appendix 3). European research into the most effective means of starlings occur in large flocks in the nature control. reserve where they compete with native birds for nesting hollows. Domestic dogs sometimes enter ¥ Except in accordance with the National the nature reserve, with or without their owners. Parks and Reserved Land Regulations 1999, stock, pets and other domestic animals will The nature reserve is fortunate that rabbits or not be permitted entry into the nature foxes have never been introduced onto Flinders reserve. Island, as these species can have a devastating impact on vegetation and native fauna. ¥ Horse riding will not be permitted in the nature reserve. The presence of species not indigenous to the nature reserve is out of keeping with the concept of a nature reserve. Actions

¥ Implement any control methods identified as Objectives suitable for the nature reserve from the feral pig management plan developed for Flinders The objectives of management of introduced Island. fauna in the nature reserve are to: ¥ Remove other introduced species where ¥ eradicate introduced species where this is practicable. feasible and warranted by the damage being caused; and ¥ Monitor introduced animal populations and undertake regular surveys of each species. ¥ control and manage introduced species where eradication is not practicable or ¥ Make visitors aware that dogs are not warranted. permitted in the nature reserve.

Policies 4.2.2 Weeds

¥ New introductions of animals to the nature Weeds have the potential to enter the nature reserve will not be permitted without an reserve via tracks, the rubbish tip or gravel pit approved comprehensive scientific adjacent to the nature reserve where plant refuse assessment. is either dumped or becomes established on disturbed sites. Effective control and ¥ Eradication of introduced species will only management of weeds is necessary and priority be attempted where non-target species are targets for control need to be identified. not threatened by the proposed methods, Planning and resources are also required. In unless the threat from the introduced species addition, landowners and land managers have a is greater than the threat from eradication responsibility to prevent weeds spreading from methods. their land into the nature reserve.

¥ Eradication, control, and containment The regular disturbance to ground cover in the programs and priorities for feral species will construction and maintenance of fire trails and be based on clear, well-documented fire breaks could facilitate the spread of contemporary knowledge or, where unwanted weeds and cinnamon fungus unless a necessary, additional research that: high degree of vigilance and care is exercised.

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Objectives Action

The objectives of weed management in the ¥ Prepare and implement weed management nature reserve are to: programs for weeds as they become identified. ¥ eradicate weeds where this is feasible and warranted by the damage being caused; and 4.2.3 Cinnamon Fungus ¥ control and manage weeds where eradication is not possible or warranted. Cinnamon fungus (Phytophthora cinnamomi) is an introduced soil-borne fungus which attacks the root system of woody plants and causes Policies dieback in native vegetation. Heathland species are particularly susceptible to the disease ¥ In general, weed management will accord including both xanthorrhoeas (grass trees) and with the provisions of the introduced plants banksias. The mass collapse of grass trees policy (Parks and Wildlife Service, 1998). provides the most obvious sign that cinnamon fungus is present in an area, although it is often ¥ Weed management will be linked with: attributed to drought or some other cause. - protection of natural and cultural values; - erosion control; and Cinnamon fungus is spread through the transport - revegetation works. of spores through wet soil, in water or from plant to plant through root contact. The fungus is ¥ An integrated regional approach to weed generally spread into new areas by off-road management, involving neighbouring vehicles and earth-moving machinery. The landowners and managers, will be supported. disease is also spread by animals or walkers passing through contaminated areas and ¥ Eradication or control of weeds will only be transporting the spores into previously attempted where non-target species are not uncontaminated areas. Feral pigs may be a threatened by the proposed methods, unless spreading agent for the disease, therefore the threat from the weeds is greater than the effective feral pig control is a fundamental threat from eradication methods. component of any disease management program for the reserve. ¥ Weed eradication, control and containment actions and priorities will be based on clear, From a management perspective the only well-documented contemporary knowledge realistic measure available to control the spread or, where necessary, additional research that: of cinnamon fungus is by the quarantine of uninfected vegetation, preferably on a catchment - identifies species requiring priority for basis. Catchments free of the disease require weed control; strict hygiene measures to prevent the - identifies areas where weeds should be inadvertent entry of the disease. eradicated or controlled, including where they should be retained as an interim There is a system of informal tracks within the means of environmental protection; reserve that pre-date the creation of the nature - specifies methods of removal and reserve. One of these, the Mount Boyes track, disposal of weeds; was constructed in the 1960s to develop and - identifies protocols for the use of access the Oakdale property on the eastern side herbicides and fertilisers; of the nature reserve. The spread of cinnamon - prescribes the appropriate time of year fungus along this track has been recorded. It was for control; and an established practice to move cattle along this - outlines the structure of any further track but this has not occurred since the early research into the most effective means of 1990s. control. Infrequent horse riding is undertaken in the ¥ The assistance of volunteers will be sought nature reserve by a few private individuals, for control and eradication where suitable generally along the Mount Boyes track. A planned and programmed works and continuation of this activity is incompatible with effective supervision or direction are the primary objective of the nature reserve, available. which is to protect flora and fauna values, unless it can be demonstrated that the activity is not having a detrimental impact on those values.

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The possible impacts include the introduction of Policies weeds and nutrients through dung, the effects of trampling and browsing on vegetation, and the ¥ One-way vehicle access into the nature risk of spreading cinnamon fungus disease into reserve will be provided along the Mount areas not accessible by vehicles. Boyes track.

Surveys carried out in November 1999 ¥ Develop quarantine procedures for the stand confirmed that cinnamon fungus is well of Banksia serrata to prevent the incursion established in the southern part of the nature of cinnamon fungus (see Section 5.4.5). reserve, and is most commonly associated with existing tracks. There is also extensive infection ¥ Minimise management use of the fire break along the south-eastern boundary where the and southern fire trail and wherever possible reserve shares a boundary with private land. Past access the fire trail only when tracks are dry. invasion by feral pigs, native wildlife, track construction and the movement of vehicles and ¥ All fire break maintenance must be cattle have all contributed to the spread of the conducted in accordance with the hygiene disease in the reserve. It is possible that prescriptions in the Parks and Wildlife hundreds of hectares may be affected. Phytophthora Hygiene Manual 1994 and Section 4.6 (See Section 4.1). The disease is less likely to have spread through areas where there are fewer or no tracks, such as ¥ Limit all fire break construction to areas in the northern part of the reserve. Where known to be affected by cinnamon fungus existing tracks are free of cinnamon fungus it is or in immediate threat from uphill infections highly likely that the adjacent areas are also free (see Section 4.1). of the disease. Although it is possible that more remote areas in the reserve are infected, the ¥ Close and rehabilitate all minor tracks absence of tracks reduces this likelihood. originating from private blocks into the nature reserve, with the exception of those Minimising the spread of cinnamon fungus is the being used used to legitimately access overriding management issue for the nature private blocks. reserve. The predominantly heath vegetation of the nature reserve is considered susceptible to the ¥ Any imported soil, fill or crushed rock used spread of the disease. Two threatened species, in any construction project in areas known to saw-leaved banksia (Banksia serrata) and horny- be free of the disease, and where exclusion cone bush (Isopogon ceratophyllus), are of the disease is a priority, will be obtained particularly susceptible to the disease. These from sites where the disease is not present, species occur in the south-western and northern using machinery that has been thoroughly part of the nature reserve. In addition, if there is washed clean. a link between the presence of feral pigs and the spread of cinnamon fungus, this could place ¥ Where direct seeding is not used, all plants these species at risk, particularly the very used in planting works within areas free of localised population of B. serrata. the disease will be propagated under hygenic conditions and monitored for dieback prior to planting. Objectives ¥ Any promotional material developed for the The objectives of plant disease management are nature reserve will contain information on to: the cinnamon fungus threat to the nature reserve and methods used to reduce the risk. ¥ Protect highly susceptible species and communities present in the reserve including ¥ Fungicide treatment will be required for the threatened species Banksia serrata and equipment used in direct scientific sampling Isopogon ceratophyllus. to prevent the transfer of infection (see Section 7.3). ¥ Protect the northern and southern areas of the reserve from possible infection of ¥ The entry of horses or livestock through the cinnamon fungus along vehicle tracks. nature reserve is prohibited under the National Parks and Reserved Land ¥ Educate the community and visitors in plant Regulations 1999. disease-prevention hygiene measures.

20 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

Actions located on unallocated Crown land and was used by Flinders Council to provide road base. ¥ Gate or otherwise restrict public access to Although the gravel pit is no longer active, a vehicle tracks designated for management three hectare area has been cleared which is now purposes only (see Sections 4.4 and 5.3). experiencing considerable erosion and run-off from the site. The proximity of the gravel pit to ¥ Maintain fire breaks and fuel-reduction the nature reserve as well as its prominent burning programs to avoid emergency location on a slight rise, in what it essentially a machinery use for fire control (see Section flat landscape, makes it very unsightly. 4.1). Flinders Council has made some efforts to ¥ Undertake periodic surveys of cinnamon rehabilitate the site involving smoothing and fungus-prone areas to monitor the disease laying of brush for re-seeding. Vegetation is status of the nature reserve. gradually reclaiming the previously cleared areas. However the site requires more careful ¥ Conduct a cinnamon fungus survey of the management and active rehabilitation. In track leading from Duckhole Lagoon west addition, the vehicle track into the gravel pit into the central private block. should be closed and rehabilitated to prevent further erosion. ¥ Inform visitors and fire crews of the cinnamon fungus threat to the reserve so that The large population of wallabies needs to be they can take measures to avoid transporting considered when revegetation works are being the disease (see Sections 4.1 and 5.2) undertaken as wallabies will readily graze tree and other seedlings. Therefore new seedlings ¥ Implement any control methods identified as may need to be protected by enclosures. suitable for the nature reserve from the feral pig management plan developed for Flinders Island (see Section 4.2.1). Objective

The objective of soil conservation and erosion 4.3 Soil Conservation and Erosion control in the nature reserve is to: Control ¥ prevent erosion and rehabilitate damaged Maintenance of roadside verges along public and areas. reserved roads is undertaken by Flinders Council to reduce fire hazard and provide for unimpeded drainage. The management of roadsides beside Policies the nature reserve is of concern as soils in the ¥ Erosion hazard and status assessments will area are susceptible to erosion if ground cover is be made where significant ground removed. In addition, the use of herbicides, disturbance or soil exposure is proposed. while effective as weed suppressants, can also affect the health of native heaths. Flinders ¥ Land rehabilitation and stabilisation will be Council has developed a roadside management carried out on the basis of a prior strategy to provide broad guidelines on roadside geomorphological assessment. clearing operations as well as a register of the ¥ Roadside vegetation management locations of rare and endangered plant species. undertaken within or beside the nature An overhead power line is located on the road reserve beside Palana Road on the western side reserve should be carried out in consultation of the nature reserve. Aurora Services maintain with district management staff. this and other overhead power lines throughout ¥ Alternatives to grading under transmission the island. The clearing of vegetation under lines should be sought as the height of the power lines is carried out as part of a general heath vegetation does not require complete maintenance schedule. The practice of grading removal of vegetation. down to bare earth rather than slashing along Palana Road has resulted in the loss of ground cover and surface erosion problems. It may also Actions promote the spread of plant disease and weeds.

There is a thirty-six hectare gravel reserve on the ¥ Rehabilitate, revegetate or otherwise south-western side of the nature reserve which is stabilise disturbed or eroding areas, including unwanted vehicle trails. accessed from the Palana Road. The pit is

21 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

¥ Liaise with the Flinders Council to manage vehicle use along this fire break to prevent the the gravel pit in accordance with best intoduction of cinnamon fungus into the southern practice with regard to the adjacent nature section of the reserve. reserve. Illegal use of trail bikes occurs, particularly on ¥ Liaise with Flinders Council and Transend fire trails. Motorbikes have been accessing the to develop alternatives to grading under main southern fire trail in the nature reserve from transmission lines adjacent to the nature private land in the south. The poor condition of reserve. fencing on this boundary enables motorbikes to get through and use the fire trail. There are locked gates at either end of the fire trail so 4.4 Vehicle Track Management access can only be gained through private land adjoining the nature reserve. Managing vehicle tracks within the nature reserve is a key component in protecting the flora values of the area. There is an informal system Policies of vehicle tracks in the Wingaroo area which pre- date the creation of the nature reserve. These ¥ Vehicle access to specific areas may be tracks were installed by the local community to restricted to protect natural or cultural values gain access to the coast or lagoons for duck of high conservation value. Closure of roads hunting. One of these tracks have been used for to vehicles is enabled through the use of transfer of stock between different properties. Regulation 13 of the National Parks and Many of these tracks are no longer used and are Reserved Land Regulations 1999. largely overgrown. Shooters currently access the North East River Game Reserve via rough ¥ Minor tracks originating from private blocks vehicle tracks that exist along the eastern side of into the nature reserve, with the exception of the nature reserve. those being used used to legitimately access private blocks, will be closed and A track to develop and access the Oakdale rehabilitated. property on the eastern side of the nature reserve ¥ The transfer of livestock through the reserve was constructed during the 1960s. This track is is prohibited under the National Parks and not a designated reserved road nor does the Reserved Land Regulations 1999. property owner have an established right of use over the track. The spread of cinnamon fungus along this route has been recorded. The practice of moving cattle along this track has not occurred Actions since the early 1990s. As the nature reserve ¥ Gate or otherwise restrict public access to exists for the protection of flora and fauna, a vehicle tracks designated for management continuation of cattle transfer is undesirable in purposes only. view of the impacts on vegetation from stock browsing enroute, soil compaction and further ¥ Stabilise those tracks required for fire risk from cinnamon fungus. management and close others not required for public access or for access to private There are a number of rough tracks that lead blocks. from private land and terminate in the nature reserve. These tracks pre-date the reserve and do ¥ Seek the cooperation of the local community not serve any legitimate purpose. The continued presence of these tracks is undesirable and their to undertake rehabilitation works on closed continued use will not be encouraged. tracks.

The main fire trail on the southern boundary of the nature reserve is a management track and not 4.5 Managing Visitor Impacts available for public access. The track to the north of here at Deadmans Corner has been No visitor numbers are available for the nature closed due to illegal firewood collection. The reserve, although they are generally thought to be next track to the north is a slashed fire break put quite low as the area has not been actively in to protect the Banksia serrata population from promoted as a location to visit and does not fire. This fire break is used for fuel-reduction possess any visitor facilities. Future use of the burning and does not provide a through route to reserve will be subject to certain measures being the other side of the nature reserve. It is the introduced to protect the nature reserve. These intention of this management plan to limit include pre-visit hygiene to sensitive locations,

22 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000 on-site behaviour and limits to which areas can apply techniques for minimal impact use of be accessed. Unless these measures are the nature reserve. implemented, visitors could pose a real threat to the values of the reserve. ¥ Ensure all visitors comply with the requirements of a cinnamon fungus The nature reserve has experienced a problem in management program. the past with the cutting of mature Tasmanian blue gum and Oyster Bay pine for use as fencing ¥ Require management staff to observe the posts. A locked gate has been installed at same requirements applied to licensed tour, Deadmans Corner to prevent this from occurring. scientifc and education visitors.

Objectives 4.6 Managing Development Works

The objectives for managing visitor impacts are Development works can range from manipulative to: research, construction or repair of walking or vehicle tracks, erosion control works, and the ¥ protect, maintain and monitor environmental erection of signs or gates. and heritage values; and The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970 ¥ maintain the nature reserve in a state that is requires that, in managing development on valued by visitors. reserved land, regard must be had to the Resource Management and Planning System (RMPS) objectives. In addition, the management Policies objectives, policies and actions contained in this plan give effect to and are consistent with the ¥ Visitor numbers, services and activities will principles of the Tasmanian State Coastal Policy be limited to those that are ecologically 1996. sustainable.

¥ The best available and practicable Objectives technology will be used to protect environmental quality from human impacts. The objectives of managing development works are to: ¥ The maximum party size for licensed walking tour groups will be consistent with ¥ avoid or minimise the impact of the principles of the Walking Track development works on nature reserve values; Management Strategy (Parks and Wildlife Service, 1998). ¥ foster public confidence in any approved and appropriate development. ¥ The general public will be encouraged to observe the same party size requirements as licensed groups. Policies ¥ All waste material and rubbish brought into ¥ All development will be limited to that the nature reserve must be removed by those provided for in this management plan, and who brought it in. must be consistent with the objectives of the zone in which it is to occur. ¥ Except for approved scientific or management purposes, no overnight stays ¥ Assess all proposals for any development, will be permitted in the reserve. landscape modification, research, management or maintenance work involving ¥ School and other groups undertaking any ground breaking, structural disturbance, educational activities will be encouraged to or environmental manipulation of any kind, develop their proposed program in in accordance with procedures approved by consultation with the Senior Ranger. the Director.

¥ Confirm statutory requirements for planning Actions and building approval before proceeding. ¥ Inform visitors of, and encourage them to ¥ Where they apply, ensure compliance with

23 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

relevant Australian standards.

¥ Prepare and approve design concepts and details for each development or activity permitted by this plan in accordance with the above prescriptions prior to the commencement of any work.

¥ Do not permit variations to the approved design concepts and details unless such changes have been, in the first instance, discussed with the relevant specialist staff and if necessary confirmed and approved by the Director.

¥ Prepare detailed costing for implementing works in conjunction with preparation of design details for those works.

¥ Minimise areas of disturbance arising from any site works permitted by this plan. Where necessary, peg or fence to define the limits of the site that may be disturbed. If trees or shrubs or other site features to be retained occur within this area, protect them for the duration of the works.

¥ No memorials or commemorative plaques will be permitted in the nature reserve.

Actions

¥ Confirm statutory requirements for planning and building approval before proceeding.

¥ Where they apply, ensure compliance with relevant Australian standards.

¥ Ensure the design, placement and construction of facilities is consistent with the scenic values of the nature reserve.

¥ Rationalise provision of facilities where impacts or demand do not warrant the number or type of facilities provided.

24 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

5 Visiting the Reserve

5.1 The Reserve Visit information provided to visitors about the nature reserve needs to be improved to make visitors aware of the importance of the reserve and how At present, the nature reserve does not receive a to best minimise their impact when visiting the large number of visitors, but it does have the area. The advantages of this will be increased potential to contribute to the overall experience understanding and awareness of the area and a of visitors coming to Flinders Island. greater degree of enjoyment by visitors. The type of visitors expected to visit the nature reserve are management staff, scientific researchers and groups involved in an education At present there are no information boards in the program. Licensed tour groups and private nature reserve. However, pamphlets, maps and brochures could be made available through the individuals may also visit the nature reserve, in Service Tasmania centre in Whitemark. accordance with the plan. Visitors can access the nature reserve by vehicle or on foot. Objectives Objectives The objectives of interpretation and education for the nature reserve are to: The objectives of understanding the nature reserve visit are to: ¥ encourage pre-visit awareness of the special ¥ understand visitor pressures on the nature features and importance of the nature reserve; and reserve; ¥ encourage visitors to pursue their interests ¥ provide the basis for effective visitor and explore what the nature reserve has to management. offer;

¥ realise the educational values of the nature Policies reserve; The educational and scientific aspects of the ¥ canvas issues to be confronted in managing nature reserve will be emphasised over any recreational value. the nature reserve; ¥ increase public awareness of safety issues; ¥ Future visitor research will focus on an and improved understanding of visitor numbers and characteristics, behaviour, needs and ¥ inform visitors of the hygiene protocols of expectations, and assisting visitor the disease management program and management. minimal impact practices.

Actions Policies ¥ Collect visitor arrival information regularly at the main access point to the nature ¥ High priority will be given to provision of reserve. good-quality visitor information and interpretation including, improved directional signage, consistent with the ¥ Monitor and investigate visitor pressures on Departmental Signs Manual. the nature reserve. ¥ Interpretation programs and facilities will mainly be concentrated outside the nature 5.2 Interpretation and Education reserve. Some basic interpretation may be provided in the Recreation Zone. No Interpretation of the natural and cultural values interpretation facilities will be located in the of the nature reserve to visitors is presently Nature Zone. undeveloped. The only information provided is restricted to directional signage. The standard of ¥ Use interpretation to enhance visitor

25 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

understanding and appreciation of the The objectives for access to and within the nature environmental and heritage values of the reserve are to: area, foster appropriate visitor behaviour and ¥ maintain, develop and promote opportunities explain management strategies. for people, including those with disabilities, to visit; ¥ Use of the nature reserve for teaching about its environmental and heritage values will be ¥ protect nature reserve values by encouraged. concentrating and limiting developed visitor arrival points and travel routes to designated ¥ School and other groups undertaking locations; educational activities will be encouraged to discuss their proposed program with the ¥ maintain basic access to the nature reserve to Senior Ranger when planning their visit. that necessary for educative, scientific or management purposes;

Actions ¥ direct and develop access within the nature reserve appropriate to the zone in which it ¥ Provide prospective visitors to the nature occurs. reserve with pre-visit information, in particular the cinnamon fungus threat and make this information available to local 5.3.1 Aircraft tourism operators, airport and information centres. There are no airstrips or helicopter landing grounds in the nature reserve. ¥ Detail ways for visitors to prepare for visiting the nature reserve, and to handle any emergency situations during their visit e.g. Policies fire or snake bite. ¥ Airdrops within the nature reserve will only ¥ Consider the nature reserve in the be permitted for management or emergency development of any interpretation plan for purposes. conservation areas on Flinders Island, as part of a wider visitor strategy to guide ¥ Except in an emergency, all aircraft, development of interpretation facilities and including helicopters, will require an resources. authority to land or take off in the nature reserve, as required by the National Parks ¥ Where appropriate, develop interpretation of and Reserved Land Regulations 1999. the Aboriginal heritage of the nature reserve in consultation with TALC and the Flinders Island Aboriginal community. 5.3.2 Vehicles (also see Section 4.4)

¥ Improve road signage to the nature reserve Conventional vehicles are able to access the from the Palana Road. nature reserve from the western side via Palana Road and the Mount Boyes track. The track is in reasonable condition at present. However, its use 5.3 Access remains largely weather dependent.

The Mount Boyes track passes over a saddle The entrance to the nature reserve is reached by between Mount Boyes and a smaller peak to the way of Palana Road, an all-weather gravel road south, affording a good view of the east coast. that runs along the western boundary of the The track is not intended to be a through road nature reserve. There is a management sign on and terminates at the boundary of private land. the roadside verge just before the Mount Boyes Access beyond this point can be difficult and track, 200 metres before the Killcrankie turn-off, often requires a four-wheel drive vehicle. It is if approaching from the south. This track is the proposed that a turning circle be constructed at main access into the reserve but is not signposted the eastern end of this track. so the entrance can easily be missed.

Objectives Policies

¥ The Mount Boyes track will be managed as a shared vehicle and walking track. All

26 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

vehicles are to keep to safe speeds at all be minimised by implementing vehicle speed times. restrictions along the track.

¥ At all times pedestrians have absolute right Within the nature reserve a short half-hour walk of way over any motor vehicle, bicycle or from the existing track to the summit of Mount other wheeled vehicle. Boyes has been proposed. This could provide an interesting botanical walk and good views of the ¥ The Mount Boyes track will only be coast. However, there is a concern that further accessed from Palana Road and will have a track development in this part of the nature turning circle at the eastern end. reserve would facilitate the spread of cinnamon fungus from the Mount Boyes track into an area ¥ Other vehicle tracks within the nature that is presently free of the disease. If a walking reserve will be limited to those designated in track to the summit of Mount Boyes were this plan. established it would require strict hygiene procedures. • Before any re-routing of existing vehicle tracks, survey the proposed route for disease risk, habitat and species significance, and Policies heritage significance. ¥ The Mount Boyes track will be managed as ¥ Vehicle track development and maintenance a shared vehicle and walking track. will accord with the prescriptions in Section 5.4. ¥ At all times pedestrians have absolute right of way over any motor vehicle, bicycle or other wheeled vehicle. Actions ¥ Priority will be given to upgrading existing ¥ Support from relevant authorities will be tracks before any new tracks are constructed. sought to provide adequate direction signs to the nature reserve. ¥ Before construction of any new walking tracks, or re-routing of existing tracks, ¥ Construct a turning circle at the junction of survey the proposed route for disease risk, the Mount Boyes track with the main track habitat and species significance, and heritage leading to the Oakdale property. significance.

¥ For fire management purposes, designate ¥ Exact track locations and standards will be tracks to be retained or constructed as fire determined, and construction undertaken, breaks or fire trails. using appropriate guidelines from the Walking Track Management Manual ¥ Bring tracks designated for public and (Blamey, 1987). management use to an adequate standard. ¥ With the exception of a proposed side track ¥ Gate or otherwise restrict public access to to the summit of Mount Boyes, walking vehicle tracks designated for management tracks will not be constructed in the Nature purposes only. Zone unless monitoring of walking routes indicates the need for minimal surfacing and ¥ Permanently close and rehabilitate vehicle or drainage for environmental protection other tracks not required for public or purposes only. management use.

Actions 5.3.3 Walking ¥ Liaise with the Department of Infrastructure, There are no developed walking tracks in the Energy and Resources to establish speed nature reserve. However the Mount Boyes track signs along the Mount Boyes track. is used as a walking route. This track is four to five kilometres long and relatively flat except ¥ Maintain and clearly mark all designated where it rises to pass over the saddle of Mount walking tracks. Boyes and a smaller hill to the south. As this will be a shared walking and vehicle track there are some public safety concerns. This risk could

27 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

5.3.4 Bicycles ¥ enrich visitor experiences of the nature reserve; Vehicle tracks in the reserve are used by cyclists, particularly by mountain bikes. The use of ¥ encourage understanding of and support for bicycles, particularly mountain bikes, is the nature reserves by highlighting and increasing. Inappropriate use of bicycles can presenting its values; cause conflict with other users and impact on environmental, Aboriginal and historic heritage. ¥ minimise impacts on nature reserve values;

¥ promote sound, sustainable, environmental Policies behaviour and practices;

¥ Bicycles will only be permitted on the one ¥ contribute directly to meeting the costs of designated vehicle track within the nature researching, protecting, and managing the reserve. nature reserve;

¥ Bicycles will not be permitted on any ¥ provide an economic benefit to the walking tracks should they be developed. community.

Actions Policies

¥ Designate and signpost vehicle tracks ¥ Any visitor facilities will mainly be available for bicycle use. concentrated outside the nature reserve.

¥ Prepare, disseminate and enforce a code of ¥ Some basic interpretation may be provided practice for the use of bicycles in the nature in the Recreation Zone. reserve. ¥ No interpretation facilities will be located in the Nature Zone(s). 5.4 Developing Facilities and Services ¥ Any interpretation facilities will be low-key and of a scale and design which is visually At present, facilities in the nature reserve are unobtrusive. limited to one access track and a few signs. There are no toilets or overnight camping areas in the reserve. ¥ Playground equipment will not be provided in the nature reserve. As the primary reason for the existence of the nature reserve is the protection of biological and 5.4.1 The Recreation Zone geological diversity, the area is seen more as an educational and scientific resource than a This zone encompasses the main access track, recreational one. Therefore any future known in this management plan as the Mount developments should be of a low-key nature, Boyes track, into the nature reserve. perhaps in the form of a short guided nature trail to provide an educative and interpretive opportunity in the southern part of the nature Policies reserve.

¥ The Mount Boyes track will be managed as a shared vehicle and walking track. Objectives ¥ Priority will be given to upgrading existing The objectives of developing visitor facilities and tracks before any new tracks are constructed. services are to: ¥ Before any re-routing of existing vehicle ¥ provide opportunities for activities, tracks, survey the proposed route for disease relaxation, contemplation, enjoyment and risk, habitat and species significance, and educational experiences through direct heritage significance. contact or participatory involvement with the values of the nature reserve;

28 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

Table 4 Summary of Permitted Facilities, Services, and Activities in Wingaroo Nature Reserve by Management Zone e = existing, p = potential Management Zone

Facility, Recreation Nature 1 Nature 2 Special Use Special Mgt Service or Use Zone Zone Zone Zone Area______

Built accommodation No No No No No Camping No No No No No Standing camp No No No No No Bicycles Yes (e) No No No No Vehicles Yes (e) No No No No Walking tracks Yes (e) No No No No Fire trails No No Yes (e) No Yes Toilets No No No No No Fires No No No No No Gas barbecues No No No No No Research Yes Conditional Yes (e, p) Yes (p) Yes (p) Education programs Yes No Yes (p) Yes (p) No Picnic facilities No No No No No Domestic animals No No No No No Hunting No No No No No Interpretive displays No (p) No No No No Direction signs Yes (e, p) No No No Yes (e) Rubbish collection No No No No No

¥ Types of recreational use and levels of use 5.4.2 The Nature 1 Zone will be limited to those which minimise impacts on environmental and heritage This zone encompasses the area between the fire features and values. break and the southern boundary of the nature reserve. This part of the nature reserve has a ¥ Facilities in this zone, depending on the high level of conservation significance and location, may be developed to the level of access will be strictly managed. walking tracks, vehicle tracks for management purposes, and signs. This part of the nature reserve has particular significance for flora conservation. A population ¥ Any developments in the zone will accord of Banksia serrata and priority forest with prescriptions set out in Section 4.6. communities are located within the zone. Protection of these different vegetation types and ¥ Rubbish bins will not be provided in the the prevention of cinnamon fungus disease are nature reserve and visitors will be required to the primary management concerns (see Section carry out their rubbish. 5.4.5).

¥ Signs will be limited to those giving information on directions, historic features, Policies safety of users, or protection of the nature reserve. ¥ Visitors will not be encouraged to access this part of the nature reserve.

Actions ¥ No vehicle or new walking tracks will be provided for in this zone. ¥ Maintain and, as necessary, upgrade existing tracks to ensure protection of the ¥ No visitor buildings or similar facilities will environment and the reasonable safety of be provided in the Nature 1 Zone. users. ¥ Temporary standing camp, equipment cache, ¥ Clearly mark tracks. or similar accommodation provisions will not be permitted in the zone. ¥ Monitor and respond to user impacts.

29 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

Actions Within the nature reserve this zone applies to any gravel pits and a licensed rubbish tip on the ¥ Monitor the disease status of the zone. western boundary.

¥ Monitor and respond to any disturbance within the zone. Policies

¥ Monitor site impacts and impacts on 5.4.3 The Nature 2 Zone surrounding areas with a view to preventing impacts from spreading into the adjacent This zone encompasses the majority of the nature zone(s). reserve. This is a largely unmodified natural area containing vulnerable species such as the horny ¥ Any commercial/private operations or cone-bush (Isopogon ceratophyllus). Disturbance facilities must be licensed or leased. within this zone will be minimised as far as possible. ¥ Monitor license or lease conditions and modify as necessary to ensure that the values The primary purpose will be to provide reference of the nature reserve are not being areas for research and educational programs. compromised. Limited recreational use is allowed to a level compatible with the conservation of natural and ¥ Areas adjacent to the site may need to be cultural features. modified to reduce the risk of fire escaping from the site.

Policies ¥ Ensure public safety where there is public access to the site. ¥ Visitors will be educated about appropriate minimal impact behaviour and practices. ¥ Rehabilitate degraded areas where possible.

¥ No visitor buildings or similar facilities will ¥ Where possible, ensure that disturbance to be provided in the Nature 2 Zone. natural areas can be rehabilitated should use of the site cease. ¥ Temporary standing camp, equipment cache, or similar accommodation provisions will not be permitted in the zone. Actions

¥ Vehicle access may be restricted to reduce ¥ Review the conditions of the licence for the environmental degradation. rubbish dump to prevent ground water contamination, reduce the fire risk and ¥ Scientific research directed at conserving potential for weed escapes and possible and better managing natural or cultural spread of cinnamon fungus. features will be encouraged. ¥ Cooperate with and provide advice to Flinders Council on the rehabilitation of the Actions gravel pit located on Crown land beside the nature reserve. ¥ Monitor and respond to user impacts within the zone. ¥ Liaise with Flinders Council to identify sites on Crown land suitable for gravel extraction. ¥ Close and rehabilitate all minor tracks originating from private blocks into the ¥ Rehabilitate any gravel pits within the nature nature reserve, with the exception of those reserve. being used used to legitimately access private blocks. 5.4.5 Special Flora Management Area

5.4.4 Special Use Zone A special flora management area is proposed on the western side of the nature reserve and This zone encompasses areas subject to use of between the fire break and the southern boundary natural resources or for a particular purpose. of the reserve (Map 3). Its purpose is to protect

30 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000 highly susceptible species and communities Zone set out in Section 5.4.1, development present in the reserve, including the threatened proposals will not be considered for the species Banksia serrata and Isopogon nature reserve. ceratophyllus. These species require specific management measures beyond those applied to the underlying zone.

Of particular concern is the Banksia serrata population in the southern part of the nature reserve and other heath species on the western side of the reserve (see Map 3). In these areas of the reserve there is a greater risk of risk of cinnamon fungus infection due to the presence of tracks and developed areas adjacent to the nature reserve.

Policies

¥ Public access within this area will be restricted.

¥ Scientific research in the area will be subject to agreed quarantine procedures to prevent the introduction of cinnamon fungus disease into the area.

¥ No new vehicle or walking tracks will be constructed in the area.

¥ Existing tracks within the area will be closed, except those required for management purposes.

¥ No visitor buildings or similar facilities will be provided in this area.

Actions

¥ Further sampling is required to determine whether cinnamon fungus infection is present within these areas.

¥ Implement quarrantine procedures for the stand of Banksia serrata to prevent the introduction of cinnamon fungus.

¥ Implement suitable control strategies identified in the feral pig management plan developed for Flinders Island to reduce the number of feral pigs in the nature reserve.

5.4.6 Assessing Development Proposals

Policy

¥ Except for the provisions of the Recreation

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6 Involving the Community

6.1 Community Support ¥ Encourage community involvement through the Wildcare structure. Community recognition of the importance and support for the nature reserve is very important. Although limited use is made of the nature 6.2 Working with Neighbours reserve, community acceptance of the objectives of the reserve and the management problems it Much of the nature reserve shares boundaries faces is critical for the future well-being of the with private land, comprising predominantly area. rural holdings. The management of the nature reserve will affect landowners in regard to Initiatives such as Wildcare can be utilised to policies and actions relating to fire, feral animal develop partnerships between volunteers and the and plant disease management and general use of Parks and Wildlife Service to deliver community the reserve. The nature reserve can also be action for natural and cultural heritage affected by surrounding private land, in terms of conservation. Interested groups can seek weed and cinnamon fungus invasion and fire financial support for partnership projects under control. the Wildcare program.

Objectives Objectives

The objectives of fostering community support The objectives of working with neighbours are are to: to:

¥ develop community appreciation of and ¥ take account of concerns of neighbours in support for nature reserve values; managing the nature reserve;

¥ promote a positive image of the nature ¥ encourage conservation and sound land reserve and its contribution to the management practices on lands adjoining the community; and nature reserve; and

¥ encourage community involvement in ¥ enlist the cooperation of neighbours in nature reserve management. conserving nature reserve values.

Policies Policies

¥ Relevant people, communities and groups ¥ Neighbouring landowners and land will be consulted when their interests may be managers will be consulted when their affected. interests may be affected.

¥ Partnerships will be developed with local ¥ Establish liaison with neighbours in relation and other communities and groups that wish to minimising impacts on the reserve of to be involved in the management of the adjacent land-use practices on adjoining nature reserves in accordance with this properties (e.g. reducing fertiliser drift), with management plan. a view to achieving positive outcomes.

¥ Volunteers will be encouraged when ¥ Management agreements may be developed suitable, planned and programmed works with neighbours. and adequate supervision are available.

Action Actions ¥ Regularly liaise and develop good working ¥ Develop mechanisms and opportunities for relations with adjacent landowners and land consulting with people interested in managers on management issues and management of the nature reserve. projects of common interest.

32 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

7 Other Issues

7.1 Boundaries There are no authorised gravel pits within the nature reserve. There are a number of sites that The nature reserve shares boundaries with a are no longer used or have been put in without number of private blocks mainly on its external authority. These occur beside the various tracks in the nature reserve. boundary. When the Wingaroo Nature Reserve was proclaimed in 1991, there were two large Flinders Council holds an annual licence for a private parcels within the reserve boundary two-hectare rubbish tip on the western side and which became wholly surrounded by the reserve. within the nature reserve. The Council pays an At the time of proclamation it was generally annual licence fee in order to keep using the agreed that negotiations would be entered into rubbish tip. A set of general conditions applies for the purchase of private land captured by to this licence. This rubbish tip should be reserve boundaries, preferably by exchange with managed on a best-practice basis in accordance Crown land further to the south. In 1992, one of with the licence conditions and relevant these blocks was acquired and automatically became a conservation area. This block should Tasmanian environmental legislation. If this be added to the nature reserve as soon as cannot be guaranteed then consideration should be given to closure at the expiry of the current practicable. licence with Flinders Council. The remaining privately held block at the northern end of the reserve is completely Objectives surrounded by the reserve on all sides. It is imperative that this private block is added to the ¥ The objectives of leases, licences and reserve. The continued presence of private land authorities are to: within the nature reserve poses a considerable concern for future management. Any development of the block would necessitate ¥ provide efficient and high-quality infrastructure requirements such as roads and facilities and services to the public; power. In addition, future development could ¥ manage and control uses and activities result in enormous management problems, such not undertaken by the managing as increased access, introduction of cinnamon authority; fungus disease, fertiliser drift and increased fire risk. All these factors would impact on the ¥ contribute to recovery of costs arising visual or environmental values of the nature from leased, licensed or permitted uses; reserve. and

¥ ensure nature reserve values are Actions protected. ¥ Add the existing conservation area to the nature reserve. Policies ¥ Investigate the options available to secure ¥ All leases, licences and authorities will be the remaining parcel of private land at the consistent with the goals, objectives, and northern end of the nature reserve. prescriptions of this management plan.

¥ Subject to the National Parks and Wildlife 7.2 Leases, Licences and Authorities Act 1970 and this management plan, leases and licences to provide services within the The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970 nature reserve may be issued for limited requires commercial activities undertaken in the tourism or education purposes. nature reserve to be licensed. There are currently no licences issued for commercial tourism ¥ No leases or licences for commercial operators to utilise the nature reserve for guided development will be issued for the nature tours and activities. reserve. However, authorities may be considered.

33 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

¥ Authority to conduct infrequent, organised ¥ assess impacts of and long-term cumulative events or activities within the nature reserve, changes caused by development or use of the of not more than one week duration, may be nature reserve; and issued by the Director. Where Section 25B ¥ assist and improve management of the nature of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970 reserve. applies, a business licence will be required.

¥ Leases, licences and authorities may be Policies issued for any zone in the nature reserve, provided that they conform with the ¥ All research proposed in this management objectives and prescriptions for that zone. plan will depend on availability of funding Authorities to conduct scientific research and other necessary resources. may be issued for the nature reserve. ¥ All proposed research which may have an ¥ Consistent with Section 4.6 of this plan, an impact on the nature reserve will require environmental and heritage effects written approval of detailed study proposals assessment may be required before lease, and methods before research begins, and be licence or authority proposals are considered. subject to this management plan.

¥ Compliance with the terms and conditions of ¥ Fungicide treatment will be required for leases, licences and authorities will be equipment used in direct scientific sampling monitored and reviewed prior to any to prevent cinnamon fungus infection renewal. transfer (see Section 4.2.3).

¥ Researchers will submit to the managing Action authority not less than three copies of all work produced during the period of the ¥ The licence conditions for the rubbish tip research. The managing authority will should be reviewed to ensure that best determine requirements for the form of practice at the site is occurring. If this representation, its timing, confidentiality, cannot be demonstrated then the licence for and any other matters. the tip should not be renewed. ¥ Authorities for the collection of research material within the nature reserve will not be 7.3 Research and Monitoring issued where the managing authority determines that it is possible and appropriate Research, involving surveying, recording, to collect the material outside them. monitoring and analysing, is a requisite for ¥ Only research that does not have long term conservation of the values of the nature reserve. adverse effects on the environmental, Scientific research is permitted in all zones of the heritage, or aesthetic values of the nature nature reserve provided that the researcher has an reserve will be permitted. authority to conduct the research and does so in accordance with the conditions of the authority. ¥ The approval of the TALC and the Flinders Island Aboriginal community will be obtained for any research involving Objectives Aboriginal heritage. The objectives of research in the nature reserve are to: ¥ Research that improves the documentation and understanding of the environmental features and processes of the nature reserve, ¥ document and improve the understanding of or assists with management, will be environmental and heritage features and encouraged. processes; ¥ Research that improves the documentation ¥ use the nature reserve as a scientific and understanding of Aboriginal and historic reference area; heritage and archaeological features of the nature reserve, or assists in management of ¥ improve knowledge and understanding of visitor behaviour; them, will be encouraged. ¥ Research that improves the recording and

34 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

understanding of visitor numbers and characteristics, behaviour, needs and ¥ enforce the management plan and relevant expectations, or assists visitor management, Acts and Regulations. will be encouraged. 7.4.1 Search and Rescue, First Aid

¥ Use and development practices will be Tasmania Police and the State Emergency monitored for their effects on nature reserve Service have primary responsibility for all search values and, where necessary, modified. and rescue within the nature reserve. Parks and Wildlife staff are often called upon to provide ¥ The efficacy of management practices in the local knowledge. nature reserve and the effects of management actions on nature reserve values will be monitored and, where necessary, modified. Policy

¥ Any cumulative changes in reserve values ¥ Resources for the nature reserve will be will be documented at regular intervals. maintained at a level sufficient to provide a reasonable response to emergency situations.

Priorities for research Actions ¥ Establishing baseline data on the geoheritage, flora, fauna and cultural ¥ Cooperate with Tasmania Police and State heritage of the nature reserve. Emergency Services in search and rescue operations. ¥ Monitoring and researching the distribution, numbers and control of feral animals, weeds ¥ Maintain a reasonable store of first-aid and diseases, particularly cinnamon fungus supplies. disease. ¥ Educate and encourage visitors to adopt safe ¥ Monitoring of ground water at the rubbish practices and provide them with sufficient tip to assess the risk of contamination to information about potential hazards to enable ground water in the nature reserve. them to make responsible decisions.

¥ Systematic, reliable recording and analysis ¥ Establish a risk-management system that of visitor numbers, profiles and impacts. provides for regular identification, inspection, reporting and amelioration of existing and potential risks to public and 7.4 Administration staff safety.

¥ Ensure the training of staff in incident Administratively, the nature reserve is part of the response procedures. Northern Region of the Parks and Wildlife Service. The Senior Ranger (Furneaux Group) and two field officers are based at Whitemark on 7.4.2 Enforcement Flinders Island. These staff have day-to-day management responsibility for all conservation Policies reserves and Crown land in the Furneaux Group. In addition to Parks and Wildlife staff, certain works in the nature reserve involve contractors ¥ Within the nature reserve, authorised staff of and temporary staff. the Parks and Wildlife Service will be responsible for enforcing the provisions of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970, the Aboriginal Relics Act 1975, the National Objectives Parks and Reserved Land Regulations 1999, the Wildlife Regulations 1971, the The objectives of administration of the nature Aboriginal Relics Regulations 1978, and any reserve are to: other Acts for which staff may be authorised. ¥ ensure management responsibilities are efficiently and effectively carried out; • Other law enforcement will be the responsibility of Tasmania Police. ¥ ensure public safety and prompt response in emergencies; and

35 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

8 Implementation

8.1 Implementation of the Plan plan that are to be implemented by their program areas. Implementation of the actions proposed in this ¥ Program managers are to review the plan will be undertaken in stages and will be the implementation of the requirements of the responsibility of the relevant program areas management plan annually and revise their within DPIWE. Achievement of these individual service agreements as necessary. management actions will be evaluated as part of Base any revision on analysis of past the service agreement process negotiated annually between the various program areas progress and incorporate newly identified within DPIWE and operational staff. requirements. Add a further year s program of tasks in each annual service agreement.

¥ Annually evaluate the outcomes of Objectives management against the objectives of the management plan through the Department s The objectives of implementing the plan are to: service agreement process. ¥ ensure that management actions are addressed in a timely and effective manner; 8.2 Plan Revision ¥ implement the actions identified in the management plan with the assistance of and ¥ Review the plan ten years after gazettal of its direction from relevant program areas. approval by the Governor, or sooner if research, monitoring, or other circumstances show this to be needed. Policies ¥ Take into account the findings and ¥ The actions proposed in this plan are recommendations of the relevant program summarised in Appendix 1 of this areas in addressing and evaluating nature management plan. reserve management priorities in order to guide and progressively improve ongoing ¥ The actions in this plan have been prioritised management of the nature reserve. in accordance with Appendix 1 and will be subject to the provision of funding and other ¥ The management plan may only be varied in resources sufficient to meet them. accordance with the procedures set out in Sections 19 and 20 of the National Parks ¥ To coordinate effective implementation of and Wildlife Act 1970. this management plan, service agreements between program areas and operational staff will be reviewed annually to assess whether management priorities for the nature reserve have been met.

¥ As a general rule, higher-priority management tasks must be met prior to undertaking lower-priority management tasks. However, if opportunities arise to fund and implement lower priority works, these tasks can be undertaken, provided they are agreed to by program areas and operational staff.

Actions

¥ Inform program managers (see Appendix 1) of the relevant actions in the management

36 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

Glossary

Biodiversity (biological diversity) means the variety of life forms: the different plants, animals and micro- organisms, the genes they contain, and the ecosystems they form. It is usually considered at four levels: genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity and community diversity.

Conservation means all the processes and actions of looking after a place so as to retain its significance, always including protection, maintenance and monitoring.

DPIWE is the Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment.

Earth processes are the interactions, changes and evolutionary development of geodiversity over time.

Geoconservation means the conservation of geodiversity for its intrinsic, ecological and heritage values.

Geodiversity means the range or diversity of geological (bedrock), geomorphological (landform) and soil features, assemblages, systems and processes that exist naturally.

Geoheritage means those components of natural geodiversity that are of significant value to humans for purposes such as scientific research, education, aesthetics and inspriration, non-destructive recreation, cultural development and contribution to the sense of place experience by human communities.

Indigenous species means a species that occurs at a place within its historically known natural range and that forms part of the natural biodiversity of a place.

ICOMOS means International Council on Monuments and Sites.

Introduced species means a translocated or alien species occurring at a place outside its historically known natural range as a result of intentional or accidental dispersal by human activities.

Natural integrity means the degree to which a natural system retains its condition and natural rate of change in terms of size, biodiversity, geodiversity and habitat.

Natural landscape means a large, relatively undisturbed area with topographic and catchment integrity where natural processes continue largely unmodified by human intervention.

Protection means taking care of a place by maintenance and by managing impacts to ensure that significance is retained.

TALC is the Tasmanian Aboriginal Land Council.

Threatened species means a species listed in the Schedules of the Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.

37 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

References

BARKER, P. 1994, Phytophthora cinnamomi: The susceptibility and management of selected Tasmanian rare species: A report to Forestry Tasmania and the Australian Nature Conservation Agency.

BLAMEY, N. 1987, Walking track management manual: A guide to the construction, restoration and maintenance of walking tracks, Department of Lands, Parks and Wildlife, Tasmania and Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Australian Capital Territory.

BRYANT, S.L. 1991, The Forty-spotted Pardalote Recovery Plan: Management Phase, Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage, Tasmania.

BUCHANAN, A.M. (Ed) 1999 A census of the vascular plants of Tasmania, Tasmanian Herbarium Occasional Paper No. 6 3rd Edition.

CHOQUENOT, D., McIIROY, J. and KORN, T. 1996, Managing Vertebrate Pests: Feral Pigs, Bureau of Resource Sciences, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra.

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LAND MANAGEMENT 1994, Fire Management Policy on Reserved Lands.

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LAND MANAGEMENT 1997, Plant Diseases Policy.

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LAND MANAGEMENT 1997, Introduced Plants Policy.

DIXON, G. 1996, A Reconnaissance Inventory of Sites of Geoconservation Significance on Tasmanian Islands, Report to Parks and Wildlife Service and Australian Heritage Commission, Canberra.

FLORA ADVISORY COMMITTEE 1994, Native higher plant taxa which are threatened in Tasmania, Edition 1, Species at risk, Tasmania — Flora, Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania.

FORESTRY TASMANIA, DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LAND MANAGEMENT, and TASMANIA FIRE SERVICE 1996, Inter-Agency Fire Management Protocol 1996, unpublished inter-agency agreement, Hobart.

HARRIS, S. 1986, Report on a Reconnaissance Survey North of Gin Bottle Lagoon, Flinders Island. A Report to the Wingaroo Sub committee of the Rural Subdivisions Committee, unpublished report, Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania.

HARRIS, S. 1993, The Vegetation and Flora of the Wingaroo Nature Reserve and the North East River Game Reserve and its management in relation to fire, internal report, Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania.

HOPE, G. 1992, An Assessment of the Objections to the inclusion of Mount Boyes — Wingaroo Area, Flinders Island, Tasmania in the Register of the National Estate, Australian National University, Canberra.

INVERTEBRATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE 1994, Native invertebrates which are threatened in Tasmania, Edition 1, Species at risk, Tasmania — Invertebrates, Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania.

KERR, J.S. 1996, The Conservation Plan: A Guide to the Preparation of Conservation Plans for Places of European Cultural Significance, 4th edition, National Trust (NSW), Sydney.

KIRKPATRICK, J.B. 1977, The Disappearing Heath: A study of the conservation of the coastal health plant communities of North and East Tasmania and the Furneaux Group, Tasmanian Conservation Trust, Hobart.

38 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

KIRKPATRICK, J.B. and HARRIS, S. 1999, The Disappearing Heaths Revisited: A Guide to the Conservation and Ecology of the Flora and Communities of Tasmanian Lowland Heathlands, Tasmanian Environment Centre Inc, Hobart.

LADD, P.G, ORCHISTON, D.W. and JOYCE, E.B. 1992, Holocene vegetation history of Flinders Island, New Phytology 122, pp. 757-767.

LOVEGROVE, T. 1990, A Walkers Guide to Flinders Island and Cape Barren Island, Ron Smith Whitemark Printers, Flinders Island, Tasmania.

LYNCH, A.J.J. 1993, Conservation Biology and Management of 16 Rare or threatened FABACEAE Species in Tasmania, Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Project No.4, Canberra.

MARQUIS-KYLE, P. and WALKER, M. 1992, The Illustrated Burra Charter, Making good decisions about the care of important places, Australia ICOMOS Inc, Sydney.

NORTH, A., JOHNSON, K., ZIEGELER, K., DUNCAN, F., HOPKINS, K., ZIEGELER, D., and WATTS, S., 1998, Flora of recommended areas for protection and forest nature reserves in Tasmania: nature reserve reports: volume 1: Furneaux IBRA region / Ben Lomond IBRA region, Forest Practices Board, Forestry Tasmania and Parks and Wildlife Service, 1998 Hobart, Tasmania.

PARKS AND WILDLIFE SERVICE 1983, A Nature Reserve Proposal for the Central Northern Flinders Island, National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart.

PARKS AND WILDLIFE SERVICE (in prep.), Draft Fire Management Plan for the Wingaroo Nature Reserve.

PARKS AND WILDLIFE SERVICE 1998, North East River Game Nature Reserve Management Plan, Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment and Land Management, Tasmania.

PARKS AND WILDLIFE SERVICE 1998, Walking Track Management Strategy for the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, Volume 1 Main Report January 1994, Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment and Land Management, Tasmania.

PINKARD G.J. and RICHLEY L.R. 1982, Land systems of Tasmania: Region 2, Tasmanian Department of Agriculture, Hobart.

SIM, R 1989, Flinders Island prehistoric land use survey: A report to the National Estate Grants Program on behalf of the Tasmanian Archaeological Society.

SIM, R. 1999, Prehistoric Human Occupation in the Furneaux Region, Bass Strait, paper delivered at the Launceston Historical Society Symposium, March 1999.

TOURISM SPORT AND RECREATION 1989, The Furneaux Islands: a tourism study, Research and Development Division, Department of Tourism Sport and Recreation, Hobart.

TOURISM TASMANIA 1995, Flinders Island Visitor Survey, Occasional Paper 3/36, Tourism Tasmania, Hobart.

TOURISM TASMANIA, PARKS AND WILDLIFE SERVICE and FORESTRY TASMANIA 1998, Tasmanian Walking Track Strategy and Marketing Plan.

VERTEBRATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE 1994, Native vertebrates which are threatened in Tasmania, Edition 1, Species at risk, Tasmania — Vertebrates, Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania.

39 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

Appendix 1

Implementation Priorities and Responsibilities

Note: The Program Areas nominated are responsible for the actions outlined in this schedule and for ensuring that they are implemented during the lifetime of the plan.

The figure(s) in brackets under the Action column is the relevant section of the management plan in which the action is prescribed.

ACTIONS BY ISSUE TYPE PRIORITY RESPONSIBLE PROGRAM AREA Nature Conservation Prepare a detailed vegetation map and High Nature Conservation Branch description of communities and species for the nature reserve. (3.4)

Prioritise the protection of the remnant, fire- High Nature Conservation Branch/Fire excluded plant communities where possible to Management Section exclude wildfire. (3.4, 4.1)

Limit access to designated tracks in the nature High Nature Conservation Branch reserve to minimise the spread of cinnamon fungus. (3.4, 4.2.3, 4.4, 5.3.2, 5.4.5)

Implement quarantine procedures for the stand High Nature Conservation Branch of Banksia serrata to prevent the incursion of cinnamon fungus. (4.2.3, 5.4.5)

Monitor the population of Banksia serrata in High Nature Conservation Branch the south-west corner of the nature reserve for any sign of cinnamon fungus. (3.4, 4.2.3, 5.4.5)

Permanently close and stabilise those tracks and High Nature Conservation Branch vehicle tracks not required for public access, management use or for access to private blocks. (4.3, 4.2.3, 4.4, 5.4.3)

Prepare programs of ecological management, High Nature Conservation Branch setting out the fire frequencies necessary to maintain habitat and viable populations of species of conservation value. (3.4, 3.5, 4.1)

Maintain a mosaic fire regime in some parts of High Nature Conservation Branch/Fire the nature reserve to provide habitat for the Management Section New Holland mouse. (3.5, 4.1)

Prepare and/or implement management High Nature Conservation Branch programs for threatened flora species or communities of conservation significance. (3.4)

Conduct fauna surveys to fill gaps in High Nature Conservation Branch knowledge useful for management and protection. (3.5)

Liaise with Flinders Council and Transend to High Nature Conservation Branch develop alternatives to grading under transmission lines adjacent to the nature reserve. (4.3)

40 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

Rehabilitate, re-vegetate or otherwise stabilise High Nature Conservation Branch disturbed or eroding areas, including unwanted vehicle trails. (4.3)

Implement the relevant prescriptions of any Moderate Nature Conservation Branch relevant threatened species recovery plans for species occurring in the nature reserve. (3.5)

Populations of rare species should be surveyed Moderate Nature Conservation Branch to determine their vigour and whether regeneration is occurring. (3.4)

Implement suitable control strategies identified Moderate Nature Conservation Branch in the feral pig management plan developed for Flinders Island to reduce the number of feral pigs in the nature reserve. (4.2.1, 4.2.3)

Monitor introduced animal populations and Moderate Nature Conservation Branch remove other introduced fauna species where practicable. (4.2.1)

Monitor and respond to user impacts in Nature Moderate Nature Conservation Branch 1 and Nature 2 Zones. (5.4.2, 5.4.3)

Prepare and disseminate an inventory of sites of Low Nature Conservation Branch geoconservation significance. (3.2)

Monitor and prevent any impacts on Low Nature Conservation Branch geodiversity values. (3.2)

Prepare weed management programs for weeds Low Nature Conservation Branch in the nature reserve as they become identified. (4.2.2)

Rehabilitate existing gravel pits within the Low Nature Conservation Branch nature reserve. (4.3, 5.4.4)

Cultural Heritage Make safe any dangerous structures. (3.6.2) High Cultural Heritage Branch

Remove damaging uses, activities and High Cultural Heritage Branch developments, that intrude upon or detract from heritage values. (3.6.2)

Where possible, mitigate natural processes that High Cultural Heritage Branch have an adverse effect on heritage values. (3.6.2)

Consult with the Aboriginal community on the High Aboriginal Heritage Section management of Aboriginal heritage. (3.6.1)

In cooperation with the Aboriginal community, Moderate Aboriginal Heritage Section identify and record Aboriginal sites. (3.6.1)

Monitor Aboriginal sites for, and protect from High Aboriginal Heritage Section damage or interference. (3.6.1)

Identify, record and assess the significance of High Historic Heritage Section any historic features. (3.6.2)

41 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

Conserve and interpret key historic places for Low Historic Heritage Section /Visitor interaction with the general public. (3.6.2, 5.2) Services Branch

Fire Management Prepare a fire management plan for the nature High Fire Management Section reserve. (4.1)

Maintain fire trails and fire breaks as necessary. High Fire Management Section (4.1, 4.4, 5.3.2)

Fit fire management tracks not designated for High Fire Management Section public use with secure, locked gates. (4.1, 4.2.3, 4.4, 5.3.2)

Inform fire crews of the cinnamon fungus threat High Fire Management Section to the reserve so that they can take measures to avoid transporting the disease. (4.1, 4.2.3)

Liaise with Flinders Municipal Council to Moderate Fire Management Section /District regularly maintain the roadside verges of Manager Palana and North East River Roads by slashing or mowing to reduce the fire hazard during the summer period. (4.1)

Visitor Services Inform visitors of the cinnamon fungus threat to High Visitor Service Branch the nature reserve and explain measures required to control its spread. (4.2.3, 5.2)

Ensure all visitors and management staff High Visitor Services/District Manager comply with the requirements of a cinnamon fungus management program. (4.2.3, 4.5)

Make visitors aware that dogs are not permitted High Visitor Services Branch in the nature reserve. (4.2.1)

Inform visitors of, and encourage them to apply High Visitor Services Branch techniques for minimal impact use of the nature reserve. (4.5)

Educate and encourage visitors to adopt safe High Visitor Services Branch practices and provide them with sufficient information about potential hazards to enable them to make responsible decisions. (5.2, 7.4.1)

Provide prospective visitors with pre-visit High Visitor Services Branch information; in particular the cinnamon fungus threat to the reserve, make information available to local tourism operators, airport and information centres. (5.2)

Improve road signage to the nature reserve from Moderate Visitor Services Branch the Palana Road. (5.2)

Bring tracks designated for public and Moderate Visitor Services Branch management use to an adequate standard. (5.3.2, 5.4.1)

Maintain and clearly mark all designated Moderate Visitor Services Branch walking tracks. (5.3.3, 5.4.1)

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Develop interpretation of any Aboriginal Low Visitor Services Branch /Cultural heritage of the nature reserve in consultation Heritage with the Aboriginal community. (3.6.1, 5.2)

Collect visitor arrival information at the main Low Visitor Services access point to the nature reserve. (5.1)

Monitor and investigate visitor pressures on the Low Visitor Services nature reserve. (5.1)

Consider the nature reserve in the development Low Visitor Services of any interpretation plan for conservation areas on Flinders Island, as part of a wider visitor strategy to guide development of interpretation facilities and resources. (5.2)

Designate and signpost vehicle tracks available Low Visitor Services for bicycle use. (5.3.4)

Prepare, disseminate and enforce a code of Low Visitor Services practice for the use of bicycles in the nature reserve. (5.3.4)

Critical Incident Response Ensure the training of staff in incident response High Visitor Services (Critical Incident procedures. (7.4.1) Response)

Respond to incidents involving pollution by oil High Visitor Services (Critical Incident and other hazardous or noxious substances Response) within or adjacent to the nature reserve. (3.3)

Park management staff to maintain a reasonable High Visitor Services (Critical Incident store of first-aid supplies. (7.4.1) Response)

Establish a risk-management system that Moderate Visitor Services (Critical Incident provides for regular identification, inspection, Response) reporting and amelioration of existing and potential risks to public and staff safety. (7.4.1)

Community Partnerships Regularly liaise and develop good working High Community Partnerships relations with adjacent landowners and land managers on management issues and projects of common interest. (6.2)

Seek the cooperation of the local community to Moderate Community Partnerships undertake rehabilitation works. (4.4)

Develop mechanisms and opportunities for Moderate Community Partnerships consulting with people interested in management of the nature reserve. (6.1)

Encourage community involvement through the Low Community Partnerships Wildcare structure. (6.1)

Liaise with other relevant government agencies Low Community Partnerships and neighbouring landowners to ensure integrated management of the catchment of the nature reserve. (3.3)

43 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

Resource Use Cooperate with and provide advice to Flinders High Crown Land Services Council on the rehabilitation of the gravel pit located beside the nature reserve. (4.3, 5.4.4)

Liaise with Flinders Council to identify sites on Low Crown Land Services Crown land suitable for gravel extraction. (5.4.4)

Nature Reserve Additions Investigate the options available to secure the High Integrated Policies & Strategies remaining parcel of private land at the northern (Conservation Initiatives) end of Wingaroo Nature Reserve. (7.1)

Environmental Management Review the conditions of the licence for the High Environment, Planning and Technical rubbish tip to ensure best environmental Services management practice for the site. (5.4.4, 7.2)

Liaise with the Flinders Council to manage Moderate Environment, Planning and Technical gravel pit with regard to the adjacent nature Services reserve. (4.3)

Assess the potential for ground-water Moderate Environment, Planning and Scientific contamination in the nature reserve, in Services particular with relation to the rubbish tip on the western side of the reserve. (3.3, 7.3)

Plan Implementation Inform program managers of the relevant High District Manager actions in the management plan that are to be implemented by their program areas. (8.1)

Program managers are to review the High Individual program managers implementation of the requirements of the management plan annually and revise their individual service agreements with the District if necessary. Add a further year s program of tasks in each annual service agreement. (8.1)

Annually evaluate the outcomes of management High Program Manager/District Manager against the objectives of the management plan through the Department s service agreement process. (8.1)

44 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

Appendix 2

Flora of Wingaroo Nature Reserve

E = Endemic to Tasmania I = Introduced to Tasmania T = Listed in the Schedules of the Threatened Species Protection Act 1995

FAMILY Species Name Common Name

APIACEAE Centella cordifolia Centella Xanthosia pilosa Woolly Xanthosia Xanthosia tridentata Hill Xanthosia

ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium obtusatum Shore Spleenwort

ASTERACEAE E Ammobium calyceroides Spiny Swamp-daisy Argentipallium dealbatum White Everlasting Brachyscome cardiocarpa Blue Daisy

CASUARINACEAE E Allocasuarina monilifera Necklace Sheoak

CENTROLEPIDACEAE Centrolepis aristata Pointed Centrolepis Centrolepis strigosa Hairy Centrolepis; Bristlewort

CRASSULACEAE Crassula helmsii Swamp Stonecrop

CUNONIACEAE Bauera rubioides Bauera, Wiry Bauera, Dog Rose

CUPRESSACEAE Callitris rhomboidea Oyster Bay Pine

CYPERACEAE Baumea juncea Bare Twig-rush Gahnia radula Raspy Cutting-grass Gahnia trifida Coast Cutting-grass Hypolaena fastigiata Tassel Rope-rush Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Lepidosperma concavum Sand or Hill Sword-sedge Lepidosperma filiforme Thread Rapier-sedge Schoenus lepidosperma ssp. Slender Bog-rush lepidosperma

DILLENIACEAE Hibbertia acicularis Prickly Guinea-flower Hibbertia empetrifolia Scrambling Guinea-flower Hibbertia prostrata Bundled Guinea-flower Hibbertia riparia Erect Guinea-flower

DROSERACEAE Drosera glanduligera Scarlet Sundew Drosera macrantha Climbing Sundew Drosera peltata ssp. peltata Slender Sundew Drosera pygmaea Tiny Sundew

EPACRIDACEAE Astroloma humifusum Native Cranberry Epacris impressa Common Heath Leucopogon collinus White Beard-heath Leucopogon ericoides Pink Beard-heath T Leucopogon esquamatus Swamp Beard-heath Leucopogon virgatus Common Beard-heath Sprengelia incarnata Pink Swamp Heath

45 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

EUPHORBIACEAE Pseudanthus ovalifolius Oval-leaved Pseudanthus

FABACEAE Aotus ericoides Golden Pea, Common Aotus Daviesia ulicifolia Native Gorse, Gorse Bitter-pea Dillwynia glaberrima Smooth Parrot Pea Gompholobium huegelii Bladder-pea, Pale Wedge-pea, Karella Platylobium triangulare Ivy Flat-pea Pultenaea gunnii Golden Bush-pea Pultenaea juniperina Prickly Beauty

GOODENIACEAE Dampiera stricta Blue Dampiera Scaevola hookeri Creeping Fan-flower

HALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus tetragynus Common Raspwort

HYDATELLACEAE Trithuria submersa Tiny Trithuria; Tiny Juncella

IRIDACEAE Patersonia fragilis Blue Iris, Short Purple-flag Iris

LAURACEAE Cassytha glabella Slender or Tangled Dodder-laurel Cassytha pubescens Hairy Dodder-laurel

LINDSAEACEAE Lindsaea linearis Screw fern

LYCOPODIACEAE T Phylloglossum drummondii Pygmy Clubmoss

LYTHRACEAE Lythrum hyssopifolia Hyssop Loosestrife

MALVACEAE Lawrencia spicata Salt Lawrencia

MIMOSACEAE Acacia genistifolia Spreading or Early Wattle Acacia mucronata var. mucronata Variable Sallow Wattle Acacia myrtifolia Myrtle Wattle T Acacia retinodes Wirilda Acacia suaveolens Sweet Wattle

MYRTACEAE E Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus Tasmanian Blue Gum Eucalyptus ovata Swamp; Black or Marrawah Gum E Eucalyptus nitida Smithton Peppermint Kunzea ambigua White Kunzea; Tick-bush E Leptospermum glaucescens Semi-glaucous Tea-tree Leptospermum scoparium var. Manuka scoparium Melaleuca gibbosa Small-leaved Paperbark Melaleuca squamea Swamp or Heath Honey-myrtle Melaleuca squarrosa Scented Paperbark

ORCHIDACEAE Corybas diemenicus Stately Helmet Orchid

POACEAE I Poa annua Tussock Grass T Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch

POLYGALACEAE Comesperma calymega Spike or Blue-spike Milkwort Comesperma ericinum Heathy Milkwort Comesperma volubile Blue Love Creeper

POTAMOGETONACEAE T Potamogeton pectinatus Fennel Pondweed

PROTEACEAE Banksia marginata Silver Banksia, Honeysuckle T Banksia serrata Saw-leaved Banksia Hakea nodosa Yellow Hakea

46 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

Hakea teretifolia Dagger Hakea T Hakea ulicina Furze Hakea T Isopogon ceratophyllus Horny Cone-bush E Lomatia tinctoria Guitar Plant E Persoonia juniperina var. brevifolia Prickly Geebung

RESTIONACEAE Empodisma minus Spreading Rope-rush Leptocarpus tenax Slender Twine-rush

RHAMNACEAE T Pomaderris intermedia Shrubby Dogwood T Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paralia Shore Dogwood Spyridium parvifolium Dusty Miller

RUTACEAE Correa reflexa Native Fuchsia

SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella gracillima Tiny Selaginella; Tiny Clubmoss Selaginella uliginosa Swamp selaginella

STERCULIACEAE Lasiopetalum macrophyllum Shrubby Velvet Bush

STYLIDIACEAE T Stylidium despectum Small Trigger Plant

TREMANDRACEAE Tetratheca pilosa Common Lilac-bells, Hairy Pink-bells

VIOLACEAE Viola sieberana Tiny Violet

XANTHORRHOEACEAE E,T Xanthorrhoea arenaria Sand Grass-tree; Yacca Xanthorrhoea australis Yacca Gum; Austral Grass-tree E,T Xanthorrhoea bracteata Grass-tree, Black-boy

XYRIDACEAE Xyris operculata Tall Yellow-eye

Note: This is not a complete flora species list. Other rare, threatened and uncommon species are expected to occur in the nature reserve.

Sources: Kirkpatrick, J.B. 1977; Kirkpatrick, J.B. and Harris, S. 1999; Tasmanian Herbarium, 2000; GT Spot (DPIWE Database); Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.

47 Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000 Appendix 3 Known Fauna of Wingaroo Nature Reserve

E = Endemic to Tasmania I = Introduced to Tasmania T = Listed in the Schedules of the Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 * = To be verified if present in Wingaroo Nature Reserve

Mammals T Pseudomys novaehollandiae New Holland mouse Rattus lutreolus velutinus swamp rat Antechinus minimus* swamp antechinus Sminthopsis leucopus* white-footed dunnart I Rattus rattus black rat I Rattus norvegicus norvegicus brown rat I Felis catus feral cat I Sus scrofa feral pig I Mus musculus house mouse

Reptiles Egernia whitei White s skink

Amphibians Limnodynastes dumerili banjo frog Imnodynastes tasmaniensis spotted marsh frog or spotted grass frog

Birds Zoothera lunulata bassian or White s thrush Acanthiza pusilla archibaldi brown thornbill Coracina novaehollandiae black-faced cuckoo-shrike Melithreptus affinis black-headed honeyeater Emblema bellum beautiful firetail Strepera fuliginosa black currawong Ninox novaeseelandiae boobook owl I Lophortyx californicus california quail I Sterna vulgaris common starling Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera cresent honeyeater Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris eastern spinebill T Sterna nereis nereis fairy tern Petroica goodenovii flame robin E Pardalotus quadragintus* forty-spotted pardalote Corvus tasmanicus forest raven E Platycercus caledonicus green rosella Strepera versicolor grey currawong Rhipidura fuliginosa grey fantail Colluricincla harmonica grey shrike-thrush T Accipiter novaehollandiae* grey goshawk Pachycephala olivacea olive whistler I Anas platyrhynchos mallard Falco peregrinus peregrine falcon Petroica rodinogaster pink robin Sericornis magnus scrub-tit Zosterops lateralis silvereye Pardalotus striatus striated pardalote Melithreptus validirostris strong-billed honeyeater Cacatua galerita sulphur-crested cockatoo T Lathamus discolor* swift parrot E Acanthiza ewingii Tasmanian thornbill Podargus strigoides tawny frogmouth

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T, E Aquila audax fleayi wedge-tailed eagle (Tasmanian) Sericornis frontalis white-browed scrubwren Calyptorhynchus funereus funereus yellow-tailed black cockatoo Lichenostomus flavicollis yellow-throated honeyeater Anthochaera paradoxa yellow wattlebird

Fish Galaxiella pusilla native galaxia

Insects Hemiphebilia miriabilis damsel fly

Sources: Hocking, G. 1999; GT Spot (DPIWE Database); Threatened Species Protection Act (Tasmania) 1995.

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Wingaroo Nature Reserve Management Plan 2000

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