RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES National Geophysical Committee RUSSIAN NATIONAL REPORT Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences 2011–2014 for the XXVI General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (Prague, Czech Republic, june 22 – july 2, 2015) МОСКВА – 2015 Содержание Preface . 4 Atmospheric Chemistry ...........................................5 I. K. Larin Atmospheric Electricity ..........................................18 E. A. Mareev, V. N. Stasenko, A. A. Bulatov, S. O. Dementyeva, A. A. Evtushenko, N. V. Ilin, F. A. Kuterin, N. N. Slyunyaev, M. V. Shatalina Climate.......................................................35 I. I. Mokhov Clouds and Precipitation . .55 N. A. Bezrukova, A. V. Chernokulsky Dynamic Meteorology ...........................................98 M. V. Kurgansky, V. N. Krupchatnikov Middle Atmosphere . 142 A. А. Krivolutsky, А. А. Kukoleva Ozone .......................................................171 N. F. Elansky Planetary Atmospheres..........................................199 O. I. Korablev Polar Meteorology .............................................222 A. I. Danilov, V. E. Lagun, A. V. Klepikov Atmospheric Radiation . .240 Yu. M. Timofeyev, E. M. Shulgina Preface This report of the Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences Section (MASS) of the Russian National Geophysical Committee presents information on atmos‑ pheric research in 2011–2014 in Russia. It was prepared for the General Assem‑ bly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) which in‑ cludes the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS). This MASS report is based on reviews of 10 National Commissions: 1. Atmospheric Chemistry (Chairman I. K. Larin, Institute of Energy Prob‑ lems and Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences); 2. Atmospheric Electricity (Chairman V. N. Stasenko, State Research Center “Planeta”); 3. Atmospheric Ozone (Chairman N. F. Elansky, A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences); 4. Climate (Chairman I. I. Mokhov, A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospher‑ ic Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences); 5. Clouds and Precipitation (Chairman N. A. Bezrukova, Central Aerologi‑ cal Observatory); 6. Dynamic Meteorology (Chairman M. V. Kurgansky, A. M. Obukhov In‑ stitute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences); 7. Middle Atmosphere (Chairman A. A. Krivolutsky, Central Aerological Observatory); 8. Planetary Atmospheres (Chairman O. I. Korablev, Space Research Insti‑ tute of the Russian Academy of Sciences); 9. Polar Meteorology (Chairman A. I. Danilov, Arctic and Antarctic Re‑ search Institute); 10. Radiation (Chairman Yu. M. Timofeyev, St. Petersburg State University). Previous MASS report was published in 20111. Igor I. Mokhov MASS Chairman 1 Russian National Report. Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences. 2007–2010. Ed. By I. I. Mokhov and A. A. Krivolutsky. National Geophysical Committee RAS, MAKS Press, Moscow, 2011, 213 p. Atmospheric Chemistry I. K. Larin Institute of Energy Problems of Chemical Physics RAS [email protected] A brief overview of the work of Russian scientists in the field of atmospher‑ ic chemistry in 2011–2014 years, including work on the chemistry of the tropo‑ sphere, the chemistry of the ozone layer and on the role of chemistry in climate change is presented. Review has been prepared in the Commission on atmos‑ pheric chemistry and global pollution meteorology and atmospheric sciences section of the national Geophysics Committee. Key words: chemical processes, the troposphere, the stratosphere, climate. Note first of all that in 2012 the work “Russian research in atmospheric chem‑ istry in 2007–2010” was presented [1]. 1. Chemistry of the troposphere In the area researchs of elementary processes of tropospheric chemistry of compounds of natural and anthropogenic origin has been continued. So, in [2] method of resonance fluorescence in the flowing reactor were used to measure the rate constants of homogeneous reactions of chlorine atoms with C3F7I (kI) –12 ‑1 3 ‑1 –13 and CF3I (kII): kI = (5.2 ± 0.3)∙10 molecule cm s , kII = (7.4 ± 0.6)∙10 mol‑ ‑1 3 ‑1 ecule cm s . In [3] the reaction of Cl + CH3I has been investgated, which, as it turns out, occurs on the walls of the reactor. “Proceeding on a wall” in a range of temperatures 298–363 K there was also reaction CO + IO [4]. C3F7I, CF3I and CH3I are used in quality firefighting means and in itself (despite presence of atoms of iodine) do not represent danger to ozone layer owing to the short atmospheric lifetime which is insufficient for achievement of heights of the stratosphere. It is not excluded, however, that as a result of reactions with atoms of chlorine more long-living components which can be dangerous to the ozone layer of the Earth are formed. We will specify also in work [5] in which reaction of atoms of fluorine with pentafluoropropionic acid has been studied by mass spectral methods at temperatures 262–343 at which the basic products are HF, C2F5 and CO2. In other work of these authors have been similarly studied the mechanism and kinetics reactions of atoms of fluorine with trifluoroacetic acid [6]. Studying of destiny of other chemically active particle of troposphere — rad‑ icals OH — has been devoted the work [7] in which interaction of radicals OH with carbonaceous surfaces in the top troposphere has been investigated. It was revealed, that the factor of absorption OH poorly depends on temperature, being 6 I. K. Larin in range from 0,1 to 1, measured in conditions of a flow with use ionizing mass spectrometry. This conclusion has been used for an estimation of the sink of OH on carbonaceous aerosols in conditions of the top troposphere. Calculations of authors have shown, that loss of OH on this channel in the top troposphere can be rather considerable, that can be explained both low diffusion restrictions, and weak temperature dependence of the effect. Besides laboratory measurements quantum‑chemical calculations of rate con‑ stants of atmospheric chemical reactions were studied also. So, in [8] quan‑ tum‑chemical research of a primary stage of joining of ozone to double bond of ethylene, and in [9] — to acetylene has been made. In [10] influence of defor‑ mation of double bond in chlorine ethylene on the rate and the mechanism of reaction with ozone, and in [11] — a competition of the co-ordinated and not co-ordinated joining of ozone to double bond has been considered. In [12] reac‑ tion of ozone with butene has been studied by methods of quantum chemistry. It has been similarly studied adsorption of ammonia by water clusters [13]. At last, note a work on water clusters, captured molecules of methane [14] that is direct‑ ly connected with a formation of clathrates of methane huge stocks which are in zones of the permafrost menacing by strengthening the global warming at its thawing. The important data on the chemical processes proceeding in polluted city air, can be received from data about a chemical composition and acidity of city precipitations. Such data are reported in works of researchers of the Meteoro‑ logical observatory of Geographical faculty of the Moscow State University [15]–[25]. It is shown, in particular, that in 2005–2013 acidity of precipitations in Moscow has raised in comparison with long-term observations. It is shown also, that last years there is prevalence of chloride-ions over sulphates that can be explained by growing use of containing chlorides anti-icing reagents. Like it in [26] results of long-term investigations (1999–2010) of the ionic and ele‑ ment composition of atmospheric precipitations at stations of monitoring in the Baikal region (Irkutsk, Lisnvjanka, Mondy) are presented. Annual flux of stud‑ ied components on underlaing surface are calculated. The various factors in‑ fluencing interannual and intraannual dynamics of a chemical composition of precipitations are considered. It is shown, that in Irkutsk and Lisnvjanka the total content of the basic ions and water-soluble elements in precipitations has increased. In conclusion of this part we will refer to the works of the general character connected with chemistry of the troposphere. So, in [27] the mechanism of trop‑ ospheric oxidation of methane, in [28], [29] the tropospheric chemical processes occuring at night are considered, and in [30] the question of day and night life‑ times of small atmospheric components in troposphere is analyzed. Atmospheric Chemistry 7 2. Heterophase processes The significant amount of works in 2011–2014 has been devoted to studying of heterophase reactions and processes with participation of aerosol particles. We remind, that these processes have played a key role in depletion of the ozone layer in the end of 20th century and in formation of the Antarctic and Arctic ozone holes. As an example we refer to work [31] in which long-term changes of the basic characteristics of spring Antarctic ozone anomaly are considered. It is shown, that since the end of 1980th change of the basic characteristics of ozone anomaly for the first 10 years in appreciable degree have been connected with changes in temperature in the low stratosphere, and the next 10 years of changes in temperature and ozone were not observed. In [32] occurrence of polar strato‑ spheric clouds over Tomsk on January, 10th, 2010 which could be formed over the Scandinavian mountains and over mountain ridges of Polar Urals Mountains and New Land is described. Besides high-altitude processes, aerosol particles make considerable