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Social Pharmacy As a Field of Study in Undergraduate Pharmacy Education

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Social Pharmacy As a Field of Study in Undergraduate Pharmacy Education Pharmaceutical Education Social Pharmacy as a Field of Study in Undergraduate Pharmacy Education Jan Kostriba, M.S.a,*, Abdullah Alwarafi, Ph.D.b and Prof. Jiri Vlceka aFaculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic bFaculty of Dentistry, Ibb University, Yemen Submission Date: 8-10-2013; Review completed: 20-12-2013; Accepted Date: 21-1-2014 ABSTRACT Objective: To ascertain and compare the differences, extent and depth of education in Social Pharmacy and reveal international regional variations. To analyze Social Pharmacy education at different pharmaceutical faculties. To examine the range and scope of teaching subjects partially related to the social, behavioral and administrative pharmacy sciences. Methods: A questionnaire survey was developed based on the examination of the study plans of 15 pharmacy schools around the world. A questionnaire was created based on the analysis of the curricula and mailed to 371 deans (or heads of Departments of Social Pharmacy) at colleges and schools of pharmacy in Europe, North America and developing countries (Latin America, Asia and Africa). Results: Fifty-one usable surveys were returned to the authors (a 53% response rate). 41% of the respondents reported that their school of pharmacy had a Social Pharmacy Department. In addition, 41% of the schools featured Social Pharmacy as a separate subject. This article describes regional differences and different representation of sub-disciplines. Conclusions: Although the most of surveyed schools had Social Pharmacy and related sub-disciplines in their curricula, there were large differences in approach and scope of teaching. Regional trends were discovered connected with the economic, political and social environment of particular regions. Keywords: Social Pharmacy, curriculum, undergraduate, pharmacy education. INTRODUCTION lines, different curriculum studies have recently been conducted.1,2 DOI: 10.5530/ijper.48.1.2 Many changes regarding how health care and its role in society is viewed, as well as The role of the pharmacist has been Address for correspondence how the role of the pharmacist is perceived described as having eight functions: care- Jan Kostriba, M.S. in particular regions. Creating policy with giver, decision-maker, communicator, man- Department of Social and the goal of increasing the safety, quality and ager, life-long learner, teacher, leader, and Clinical Pharmacy Faculty of 3,4 Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove effectiveness of medicines has required researcher. Within this context, there is a Charles University in Prague the development of study programs such need for future pharmacists to be trained Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203 in all aspects related to Social Pharmacy, as Hradec Kralove 500 05 as Social Pharmacy as well as associated Tel.: +420 495 067 271 subjects. The rapidly developing need for this provides the background for provid- Email: such programs as Social Pharmacy can be ing the patient-oriented services associated [email protected] 5 mirrored in the emergence of dissimilar with each function. sets of guidelines regarding how to teach To achieve this goal pharmacy educators these subjects. It is therefore necessary to must develop a multi-professional edition of study how these needs have in fact been the Curriculum Guide, a text which can then responded to in university departments. be used to inform, support and assist health With regard to addressing this need for an care professionals, ensuring that patient safety overview of developing trends along these is a top priority in health care education.6 www.ijper.org 6 Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research | Vol 48 | Issue 1 | Jan–Mar, 2014 Jan Kostriba, et al.: Social Pharmacy as a Field of Study in Undergraduate Pharmacy Education Social Pharmacy is an interdisciplinary discipline which The knowledge gained by the study of Social Pharmacy enables the pharmacy professionals to participate in should be considered essential in synthesizing the asso- and take responsibility for decisions regarding drug- rted bodies of knowledge taught in pharmacy, including related issues at the societal level. The rapidly devel- subjects such as (1) the traditional fundamental sciences oping discipline of Social Pharmacy is likely to have such as chemistry, pharmacology, physiology, law and a central position in the future curricula of pharmacy legislation, (2) clinical subjects such as clinical pharmacy, schools.7 and (3) social science subjects such as communication 10 Social Pharmacy may be defined as the discipline deal- skills. The main objective of our work is to identify ing with the role of medicines from social, scientific subjects in study plans of schools of pharmacy which and humanistic perspectives. It draws on theories of can be connected with social pharmacy in a broad scope. the social and behavioral sciences, including health The second step is a comparison of the representation psychology. Social Pharmacy may be seen as con- of these subjects by region. sisting of all social factors influencing the use of a particular drug, such as medicine-related beliefs, regu- MATERIAL AND METHODS lations, policy, attitudes, medicine information, ethics The first step in the development of our investig- and behavior. Several approaches, however, towards ation questionnaire was an examination of the study a definition of Social Pharmacy have emerged from plans of 15 pharmacy schools around the world. The numerous authors and researchers. In what has subjects taught at these institutions were divided into 4 become a widely accepted definition, one group of different categories: basic, medical, pharmaceutical and authors terms Social Pharmacy as “The endeavor social pharmacy courses.13 Subjects in the social pharmacy to integrate drugs into a broader perspective and to group (specifically Social/Behavioral/Administrative and include legal, ethical, economic, political, social, com- Clinical Pharmacy Sciences) were divided into 14 main municative, and psychological aspects into their evalu- branches – Communication, Education and Research ation in order to contribute to the safe and rational Methods, Ethics, Health and Drug Policy, Industrial use of drugs.”8 Pharmacy, Patient Safety, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharma- There is no single, superlative model for the education coeconomics, Pharmacoepidemiology, Pharmacy Leg- and training of pharmacists which has been accepted islation, Law and Regulations, Pharmacy Management, world-wide, but there are common concepts, principles Pharmacy Practice, Psychology, Social Pharmacy. and practices that should be employed by pharmacy The next phase was the actual creation of a question- education policy-makers to meet the needs of commu- naire based on the results from the first step. The nities at the local, regional and even global level. Toward survey had three parts: the first contained 5 general this end, schools and faculties of pharmacy should questions to obtain descriptive information related share knowledge and educational resources with their to the apposite university/faculty, i.e. name and posi- colleagues world-wide.9 tion of contact person (respondent) and his/her email Social Pharmacy courses in pharmacy curricula are address. Other questions dealt with the number of becoming more important because of the various fac- departments at the respondent’s faculty. The respon- tors that can influence the health of a society. A deep dents were also asked if their faculty had a Social understanding of the issues related to Social Pharmacy Pharmacy department or a similar institution under will help the profession further progress toward improv- a different name and, if so, how many lecturers this 10 ing population health. department had. It can be difficult for somebody to Social Pharmacy deals with the study of human behav- understand exactly what Social Pharmacy is and what ior and as a behavioral science is often associated with it entails, thus a definition was included: “Social phar- disciplines that deal with individuals as well as large macy deals with the role of medicines from the social, and small groups, including psychology, sociology and scientific and humanistic perspectives. It draws on anthropology.11 As a relatively new discipline, the theo- theories of the social and behavioural sciences, and retical bases of research in the area of Social Pharmacy includes health psychology.”14 12 are still in the process of development. The second part of the questionnaire dealt with ques- The objective of our study was to compare the repre- tions regarding 14 selected courses and subjects. sentation of individual disciplines in a wide range of Respondents answered as to if a particular subject was institutions around the world dealing with aspects of offered in their curriculum, if the content of the field Social Pharmacy. Our aim is to describe significant of knowledge was taught in another course, or if this regional differences and identify deficiencies in the con- issue was not included in the curriculum at all. The sec- tent of particular study programs. ond question in this part of questionnaire was about Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research | Vol 48 | Issue 1 | Jan–Mar, 2014 7 Jan Kostriba, et al.: Social Pharmacy as a Field of Study in Undergraduate Pharmacy Education whether the said course was obligatory (compulsory) in type of health care systems, economic status18 and or elective (optional). The third question concerned the role of pharmacists,
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