DOCSLIB.ORG

The Pedi Polity Under Sekwati and Sekhukhune, 1828-1880 P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Pedi Polity Under Sekwati and Sekhukhune, 1828-1880 P THE PEDI POLITY UNDER SEKWATI AND SEKHUKHUNE, 1828-1880 Peter Nicholas St, TJartin Delius Thjesis submitted fo r the Degree of JDoctor of Philosophy, School of Oriental and African / Studies, University of London August 3980 ProQuest Number: 11010558 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010558 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT ’ THE PEDI POLITY UNDER SEKWATI AND SEKHUKHUNE, 1828-1660* Peter Nicholas St, Martin Delius. University of London, 1980 This thesis explores aspects of the history of the Pedi polity from 1828-1880 co verin g the p erio d from the emerjgence o f the p o lit y in the aftermath of the difaqane until its defeat in November of 1879. It sets out to f ill the lacunae in the existing literature caused by the failure to adopt a critical approach to historical sources or to provide a dynamic account of Pedi society. An analysis is provided of the changing nature and distribution of power within the polity. The economic changes and p o litical processes at work within the society and the impact of Christianity on it are explored. The development of the polity is also examined in the context of the processes of conflict and change taking place beyond its borders. The concluding chapters of the thesis draw on the insights afforded by the examination of these themes to attempt a substantive revision of the existing explanations and accounts of the conflicts in the 1870s which culminated in the defeat of the polity and the subjection of the Pedi to colonial rule. - i i - TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements iii L is t o f Flaps i v List of Abbreviations v Genealogy » after 26 SECTION ONE Introduction 1 Chapter One: The estab lish m en t o f fja ro te n g hegemony; the Ndwandwe and Sekwati’s rise to power; the Trekkers 20 SECTION TWO The Pedi Domain Chapter Two: The forms and nature of flaroteng dominance 67 Chapter Three: Fligrant labour 65 Chapter Four: Internal political process and external political relations 113 Chapter Five: Converts and missionaries in the Pedi domain i4 7 SECTION THREE The Z .A .R , Domain Chapter Six: Land, labour and legislation 171 Chapter Seven: From refuge to resistance; Botsabelo and Flafolofolo 216 SECTION f OUR War Chapter Eight; The 1876 War 249 Chapter Nine: The imperial factor and the destruction- of Pedi indepentleBce 301 Epilogue 346 Appendix I 346 Bibliography 360 - i i i - V\CKNOWLEDGEnENTS Acknowledgements and thanks are due to Anthony Delius who nurtured my Interest in Africa, and who has put up with me for all these years* to Richard Gray who shepherded me through -my undergraduate years and to Shula Darks who captured and shaped my interest in southern African history, and who bravely shouldered the burden of supervising this thesis - a task which she has performed with insight, -meticulous care and almost infinite patience. Stan Trapido rescued this thesis Cand its author] from a Brixton betting-§hbp and has contributed m aterially and intellectually to its completion, William Beinart far exceeded the dictates of reciprocity in his role as sounding board for and c ritic of the arguments presented in the thesis. I incurred a large number of debts of gratitude during my travels and researches. Ds. Ute Poershke, Bettina Gols and Gabriele flay gave me invaluable assistance in the Berlin Uissionary Society archives in T975. Phil and Chris Bonner's hospitality enabled me to escape from the 'Eureka Hotel' in Pretoria and they showed me great.kindness in trying times in 1976 and 1977. The Reverend and Urs, R. Schiele, Tebogo Tlaslkela and Godfrey and Isaac Sekhukfrune gave me sustained assistance during my field work in Sekhukhuneland. Flaureen Tayal edited, mapped and morale- boosted, helping to make the last stages of writing this thesis, incredibly, an almost pleasant experience. The bulk of the research for this study was done in the years 1974- 1977 during which I held a School of Oriental and African Studies Governing Body Postgraduate Exhibition, S.O.A.S,, in conjunction with the University of London CBhtral Research fund also funded -my research trips to Berlin and South Africa, fly present employers - Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford - have generously allowed-me time to complete the thesis, i -iv- LIST DF NAPS 1. The Transvaal fa c in g 19 2 . The eastern Tran svaal fa c in g 19 / -V- ABBREVIATIONS B.M.A. Berlin Missionary Society Archive B.M.B. Berlin Missions-berichte B.n.s. Berlin Missionary Society C.A. Cape A rchives N.A. Natal Archives T.A. Transvaal Archives U.A. University of South Africa Archives Z.A .R . Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek / SECTION ONE -1- INTRDDUCTIDN This thesis explores aspects of the history of the Pedi polity from 182B to 1080, covering the period from the emergence of the polity in the aftermath of the difaqane until its defeat in the closing months of 1879 by a contained B r itis h and Swazi fo rc e . The term Pedi presents a number of problems. It has been variously used to indicate virtually a ll the Sotho-speaking peoples of the northern and eastern Transvaal, restricted to the Maroteng chiefdom and groups which seceded from it, and used to refer to the population living within 1 the area o f hegemony o f the H aroteng paramountcy. I t is in th is l a t t e r sense that it is employed in this thesis. Even this usage is, of necessity, a loose one. The Pedi polity was a geographically fluid entity and the period under consideration witnessed marked changes in the area and peoples which fe ll under its sway. The subject population was not ethnically homogeneous. By the late eighteenth century a m ultiplicity of groups of diverse origins lived within the Pedi domain. This diversity was compounded in the nineteenth century by the movement of groups of refugees into the area of the polity -/rom throughout the Transvaal and beyond, Hence while a common culture was in the process of emerging, differences of language, self-identification and culture remained, The history of the polity is a clear illustration of the fact that political and cultural boundaries were far from coterminus in nineteenth century African society in southern Africa, 1 M H.O. rionnig, The Pedi [Pretoria, 1967), v-^vir I follow the example of Andrew Roberts1 study of the Bemba in using the term polity in preference to state or kingdom. The proper definition of state remains a ‘thorny subject’ and the problem posed by the distinction between kingship and chieftainship is also unsolved. See A. Roberts-, A History of the Bemba, (London, 1973), :xxiii'-.xxxiv, There is, in comparison to other African communities in the Transvaal, a considerable body of secondary literature on Pedi history and society. The historical literature falls into two main categories. The first is principally based on extensive archival research in the records of the Z.A.R. and the British administration in the Transvaal (1877-18B1) i to a lesser extent it draws on published Berlin TUssionary Society sources. These accounts focus on the relationship between the Pedi polity and successive Transvaal administrations. They explore the conflicts which culminated in, and the course of, the m ilitary campaigns conducted against the Pedi in 1876-1877 and 1878-1879, The history of missionary activity in the eastern Transvaal, however, also forms an important if 1 subsidiary - theme. There are a number of weaknesses common to this literature. It is marred by an uncritical use of sources in relation to Pedi society. This has particularly serious consequences in a context in which almost a ll documentary material was generated externally to that society. The assumptions and interests of commentators on the polity are rarely examined, and these account^ draw m ainly on the explanations fo r events proffered by missionaries, officials and settlers without scrutinizing their basis in the evidence. This, despite the fact the evidence offered in support of these explanations is often ambiguous or contradictory. 1 The most important of these accounts are J.C, Otto, ‘Die SeRoekoeni Oorlog Tydens die Regering van President Burgers*, unpuh, 11,A,. thesis, University of South Africa, 1941 1 J.C, Otto, ‘Oorsake en Gebeurtenisse wat Indirek in Regstreeks Aanleiding Gegee het tot die Veldtog Teen Sekoekoene*, Historiese Studies, 7, 4 (19461 j T.S, Van Rooyen, ‘Die Verhoudinge Tussen die Boere, ~ Engelse en Naturelle in die Geskiedenis van die Oos^Transvaal tot 1882*, Archives Year Book. KIV 1(195!)j T.S, Van Rooyen, ‘Die Sendeling Alexander Tlerensky in die Geskiedenis van die Suid Afrikanse Republiek, 1B59-1B82', Archives Year Book, TSVII, 2(1954) * K,W, Smith, ’The Canpaigns against the Bapedi of Sekhukhune, 1877-1879', Archives Year Book, "XXX, 2 (1967lj ,K,W, Smith, ’The Fall of the Bapedi of the North-Eastern Transvaal’ , Journal of African History, 10, 2(1969)i D,W, Van Der Tlerwe ‘Johannes Dinkwanyane, 1842-1876’ , South African Historical Journal, 8(19761, -3- A major and related flaw that characterises these writings is the absence of any systematic attempt to explore the nature of economic and political processes, struggles and transformations within the polity, and to examine the extent to which these moulded the initiatives and responses of its rulers and subjects and shaped its ^historical role and experience.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GIPE-002633.Pdf
    .0 . EDmON SOUTH AFRICA. CATEWA.YOr TIlE C""trI'& 0' t;OO1J Hon SOUTH AFRICA (THE CAPE COLONY, NATAL, ORANGE FREE STATE, SOUTH AFRICAN . REPPBLIG, RHODESIA, AND ALL OTHER TERRITORIES SOUTH OF THE ZAMBESI) BY GEORGE M'CALL THEAL, D.Lrf., LL.D. NINTH IMPRESSION (SIXTH EDITION) 1on~on T. FISHER UNWIN PATBa.NOS1"Sa. SQUAIS COPVRJ(;HT BY T. FISHER UNWIN, 1894 (For Great Britain). CopfiRlGHT BY G. P. PUTNAM'S, 1894 (For the United Stal~ of America) Vb] (~ PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION. THE chapters in this volume upon the Cape Colony before 1848, Natal before 1845, and the Orange Free State, South African Republic, Zulu­ land, and Basutoland before 1872, contain an outline of my History of South Africa, which has been published in -England in five octavo volumes. In that work my authorities are given, so they need not be repeated here. The remaining c~apters have been written merely from general acquaintance with South African affairs acquired during many years' residence -in the country, and have not the same claim to be regarded as absolutely correct, though I have endeavoured to make them reliable. In prep,!ring the book I was guided by the principle that truth should tie told, regardless of nationalities or parties, and I strove to the utmost. to avoid anything like favour or prejudice. The above was the preface to the first edition of this book, which was __ puJ:>lished in September, 1893. As successive edition!;" aRB"ared the volume was enlarged, and nov: it has been my task to add the saddest chapter of the whole, the one in which is recorded the bc~inning.
    [Show full text]
  • Click Here to Download
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of South Africa and the Boer-British War, Volume I, by J. Castell Hopkins and Murat Halstead This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: South Africa and the Boer-British War, Volume I Comprising a History of South Africa and its people, including the war of 1899 and 1900 Author: J. Castell Hopkins Murat Halstead Release Date: December 1, 2012 [EBook #41521] Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOUTH AFRICA AND BOER-BRITISH WAR *** Produced by Al Haines JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN, Colonial Secretary of England. PAUL KRUGER, President of the South African Republic. (Photo from Duffus Bros.) South Africa AND The Boer-British War COMPRISING A HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA AND ITS PEOPLE, INCLUDING THE WAR OF 1899 AND 1900 BY J. CASTELL HOPKINS, F.S.S. Author of The Life and Works of Mr. Gladstone; Queen Victoria, Her Life and Reign; The Sword of Islam, or Annals of Turkish Power; Life and Work of Sir John Thompson. Editor of "Canada; An Encyclopedia," in six volumes. AND MURAT HALSTEAD Formerly Editor of the Cincinnati "Commercial Gazette," and the Brooklyn "Standard-Union." Author of The Story of Cuba; Life of William McKinley; The Story of the Philippines; The History of American Expansion; The History of the Spanish-American War; Our New Possessions, and The Life and Achievements of Admiral Dewey, etc., etc.
    [Show full text]
  • 11010329.Pdf
    THE RISE, CONSOLIDATION AND DISINTEGRATION OF DLAMINI POWER IN SWAZILAND BETWEEN 1820 AND 1889. A study in the relationship of foreign affairs to internal political development. Philip Lewis Bonner. ProQuest Number: 11010329 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010329 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The Swazi kingdom grew out of the pressures associated with competition for trade and for the rich resources of Shiselweni. While centred on this area it acquired some of its characteristic features - notably a regimental system, and the dominance of a Dlamini aristocracy. Around 1815 the Swazi came under pressure from the South, and were forced to colonise the land lying north of the Lusutfu. Here they remained for some years a nation under arms, as they plundered local peoples, and were themselves swept about by the currents of the Mfecane. In time a more settled administration emerged, as the aristocracy spread out from the royal centres at Ezulwini, and this process accelerated under Mswati as he subdued recalcitrant chiefdoms, and restructured the regiments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ethnobotany of Central Sekhukhuneland, South Africa
    The Ethnobotany of Central Sekhukhuneland, South Africa by Mahlatse Maromo Paul Mogale DISSERTATION submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree MAGISTER SCIENTIAE in BOTANY in the FACULTY OF SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG SUPERVISOR: PROF BEN-ERIK VAN WYK CO-SUPERVISOR: DOMITILLA CLAUDIA RAIMONDO FEBRUARY 2018 MSc Dissertation Mogale M.M.P The Ethnobotany of Central Sekhukhuneland, South Africa 0 | AFFIDAVIT: MASTER AND DOCTORAL STUDENTS TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN This serves to confirm that I (Full Name(s) and Surname) Mahlatse Maromo Paul Mogale ID Number: 8809056203082 Student number: 201467302 enrolled for the Qualification: Masters in Botany in the Faculty of Science Herewith declare that my academic work is in line with the Plagiarism Policy of the University of Johannesburg with which I am familiar. I further declare that the work presented in the dissertation is authentic and original unless clearly indicated otherwise and in such instances full reference to the source is acknowledged and I do not pretend to receive any credit for such acknowledged quotations, and that there is no copyright infringement in my work. I declare that no unethical research practices were used or material gained through dishonesty. I understand that plagiarism is a serious offence and that should I contravene the Plagiarism Policy notwithstanding signing this affidavit, I may be found guilty of a serious criminal offence (perjury) that would amongst other consequences compel the University of Johannesburg to inform all other tertiary institutions of the offence and to issue a corresponding certificate of reprehensible academic conduct to whomever requests such a certificate from the institution.
    [Show full text]
  • City Coins Post Al Medal Auction No. 68 2017
    Complete visual CITY COINS CITY CITY COINS POSTAL MEDAL AUCTION NO. 68 MEDAL POSTAL POSTAL Medal AUCTION 2017 68 POSTAL MEDAL AUCTION 68 CLOSING DATE 1ST SEPTEMBER 2017 17.00 hrs. (S.A.) GROUND FLOOR TULBAGH CENTRE RYK TULBAGH SQUARE FORESHORE CAPE TOWN, 8001 SOUTH AFRICA P.O. BOX 156 SEA POINT, 8060 CAPE TOWN SOUTH AFRICA TEL: +27 21 425 2639 FAX: +27 21 425 3939 [email protected] • www.citycoins.com CATALOGUE AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY ON OUR WEBSITE INDEX PAGES PREFACE ................................................................................................................................. 2 – 3 THE FIRST BOER WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1880-1881 4 – 9 by ROBERT MITCHELL........................................................................................................................ ALPHABETICAL SURNAME INDEX ................................................................................ 114 PRICES REALISED – POSTAL MEDAL AUCTION 67 .................................................... 121 . BIDDING GUIDELINES REVISED ........................................................................................ 124 CONDITIONS OF SALE REVISED ........................................................................................ 125 SECTION I LOTS THE FIRST BOER WAR OF INDEPENDENCE; MEDALS ............................................. 1 – 9 SOUTHERN AFRICAN VICTORIAN CAMPAIGN MEDALS ........................................ 10 – 18 THE ANGLO BOER WAR 1899-1902: – QUEEN’S SOUTH AFRICA MEDALS .............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Campaign Against Hinza with Sir Benjamin D'urban
    + r \t DECEMBER ft); 1929. EARLY DAYS OF SHEPSTONE CAMPAIGN AGAINST HINZA WITH SIR BENJAMIN D’URBAN FIRST PUBLICATION OF LETTERS AND DIARY ENTRIES By C. J. UYS. Below is published the first of an important series of articles compiled from the letters and diaries of Sir Theophilus Shepstone. The articles will appear daily in these columns, and will become more and more absorbing as the interests and importance of the young Shepstone developed. In this article the story is told of the great Natalian’s first command. Under Sir Benjamin d’Urban he served with Colonel Harry Smith against Hinza. His know- ledge of the native and his language ivas even then such that he was chosen to organise a force of 6,000 Fingos. This he did to the satisfaction of his commander and the surprise of the enemy. To-morroiv’s article deals with the acquisition to the Empire of “ Queen Adelaide’s Province,” and dramat­ ically describes the attempted escape and death of Hinza. It describes the establishment of a military post at Kingwilliamstown, of which the Governor said: “ There never was a site more perfectly prepared by nature for a splendid provincial town.” SOUTH AFRICA’S TALLEYRAND IR John Robinson, the first promotion, for the entry wag made S Premier of Natal, who was casually iu the margin. Many a Xosa intimately associated with the iinpi had to bite the dtist before the late Sir Theophilus Shepstone for swiftly delivered attacks of the de­ over thirty years, once stated that spired Amafengo under Shepstone, and while much had been said and lieard it was not long before Hinza realised about the building up of a South that 'he must give in.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Rhoicissus (Vitaceae) from Sekhukhuneland, South Africa
    South Afncan Journal of BotaflY 2001 67 230-234 Copyngitt O NISC Ply LId Pntlled In Soullt AfnCD - All rights res erved SOUTH AfRICANJOORNAL OF BOTANY ISSN 0254-6299 A new species of Rhoicissus (Vitaceae) from Sekhukhuneland, South Africa 11r l 2 E Retief , SJ Siebert and AE van Wyk , Nationat Herbarium, National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X101, Pre toria 0001, South Africa , HGWJ Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Pretoria , Pretoria 0002, South Africa • Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected]. za Received 5 January 2000, accepted in revised fo rm 30 June 2000 Rhoicissus sekhukhuniensis Retief, Siebert & A .E.van from which it can be distinguished by trifoliolate leaves Wyk, a rare new species from South Africa, is described, with coarsely toothed margins. Pollen grains are tricol­ illustrated and compared with other members of the po rate with a reticulate tectum. R. sekhukhuniensis is genus. It is a scandent shrub, rarely a robust climber, endemic to the Sekhukhuneland region, a centre of the young growth with a dense indumentum of reddish plant endemism associated with ultramafic rocks (main­ brown hairs. The species is closely related to the sim­ ly norite, anorthosite and pyroxenite) of the Eastern ple-leaved R. tomentosa (Lam,) Wild & RB,Drumm" Bushvetd Igneous Comptex, Introduction Rhoicissus comprises about 11 described species in south­ with midrib and principal lateral veins prominently raised, ern Africa and is presently under revision. The purpose of margins coarsely and bluntly toothed , densely fringed with th is contribution is to describe a distinct new member of the hairs; terminal leaflet obovate.
    [Show full text]
  • Sekhukhune II and the Pedi Operations Ofthe Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902
    Pedi operations Sekhukhune II and the Pedi Operations ofthe Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902 Felix Malunga' Introduction In this paper an attempt will be made to demonstrate how the Pedi under the leadership of Sekhukhune II took advantage of wartime conditions during the Anglo - Boer War to reshape the pattern of colonial relations imposed on them by the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, to attempt to re-establish the dominance of the Sekhukhune House in the eastern Transvaal and to negotiate favourable terms with the occupying British military forces once the ZAR was defeated. It will also be shown that often Sekhukhune II deliberately followed a policy of not eliminating republican govemment officials, Boer farmers and their families as well as the Berlin missionaries in order not to antagonise the British and Boer military authorities against him. However, Sekhukhune II subjected all these groups to frequent harassment. Another primary aim of Sekhukhune II was to concentrate on punishing "sell-out usurpers" of the Pedi paramountcy who had betrayed the Pedi polity by pledging allegiance to Abel Erasmus, the Native Commissioner, who had represented Boer hegemony over the Pedi between 1881 and 1899. Again, Sekhukhune II punished Pedi Christian converts of the Berlin missionary society who had abandoned and undermined Pedi traditions and culture by converting and adhering to Christian principles. In this respect, a number of Berlin mission stations became battlefields of the warring Pedi factions. In the process these mission stations were neutralised as centres of the Berlin missionary activities. It was only after 1902 that attempts were made by the missionary authorities to rebuild these mission stations.
    [Show full text]
  • Migrants, Comrades and Rural Revolt. Sekhukhuneland 1950 -1987
    The African e-Journals Project has digitized full text of articles of eleven social science and humanities journals. This item is from the digital archive maintained by Michigan State University Library. Find more at: http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/ Available through a partnership with Scroll down to read the article. ARTICLE TRANSFORMATION 13 (1990) MIGRANTS, COMRADES AND RURAL REVOLT. SEKHUKHUNELAND 1950 -1987* Peter Delius A daunting but pressing task facing the ANC in the 1990s is to build branches and support in the countryside. One view of the history of the movement has been that reserve and farm lands have been a major point of organizational weakness. This judgement has been qualified by recent research but the discus- sion of specific instances of rural organization remains sparse - an inadequacy made all the more serious by the present need to identify the possibilities and pitfalls facing organization in the countryside. The north-eastern Transvaal has been one of the epicentres of modern rural resistance. In the 1950s it was the site of the Sekhukhuneland Revolt while in the 1980s it was caught up in a struggle which Lodge has described as 'the most significant rural uprising' since the Pondoland revolt of 1960. There were significant elements of continuity between these revolts - not least of all in the role of a broadly Congress political tradition - but there were also major shifts in the composition and focus of the struggles. In the 1950s an ANC linked organisation of migrant workers - Sebatakgomo - played a crucial role. It rallied support both on the Rand and in Bopedi in defence of a residual but cherished economic and political autonomy grounded in chiefly power and communal tenure.
    [Show full text]
  • 19Th Century Tragedy, Victory, and Divine Providence As the Foundations of an Afrikaner National Identity
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History Spring 5-7-2011 19th Century Tragedy, Victory, and Divine Providence as the Foundations of an Afrikaner National Identity Kevin W. Hudson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hudson, Kevin W., "19th Century Tragedy, Victory, and Divine Providence as the Foundations of an Afrikaner National Identity." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2011. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/45 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 19TH CENTURY TRAGEDY, VICTORY, AND DIVINE PROVIDENCE AS THE FOUNDATIONS OF AN AFRIKANER NATIONAL IDENTITY by KEVIN W. HUDSON Under the DireCtion of Dr. Mohammed Hassen Ali and Dr. Jared Poley ABSTRACT Apart from a sense of racial superiority, which was certainly not unique to white Cape colonists, what is clear is that at the turn of the nineteenth century, Afrikaners were a disparate group. Economically, geographically, educationally, and religiously they were by no means united. Hierarchies existed throughout all cross sections of society. There was little political consciousness and no sense of a nation. Yet by the end of the nineteenth century they had developed a distinct sense of nationalism, indeed of a volk [people; ethnicity] ordained by God. The objective of this thesis is to identify and analyze three key historical events, the emotional sentiments evoked by these nationalistic milestones, and the evolution of a unified Afrikaner identity that would ultimately be used to justify the abhorrent system of apartheid.
    [Show full text]
  • Wz'th the Boers -In the Transvaal. Mary, 1854, Sir George Clerk Made Over to Them the Govern
    50 Wz'th the Boers -in the Transvaal. mary, 1854, Sir George Clerk made over to them the Govern.. ment of the country, in 80 Convention which was legally carried out by a Royal Order in Council on the 8th of April, 1854. The terms of the Convention were as follows:- "1. Her Majesty's Special Commissioner, in entering into 80 Convention for finally transferring the government of the Orange River Territory to the representatives delegated by the inhabitants to receive it, guarantees, on the part of Her Majesty's Government, the future independence of that cguntry and its government; and that after the necessary preliminary arrangements for making over the same between Her Majesty's Special Commissioner and the said representatives shall have been completed, the inhabitants of the country shall then be free; and that this independence shall, without unnecessary delay, be confirmed and ratified by an instrument, promulgated in such form and substance as Her Majesty may approve, finally freeing them from their allegiance to the British Crown, and declaring them, to all intents and purposes, a free and independent people, and their Government to be treated and considered thenceforth as 80 free and independent Government. "2. The British Government has no alliance whatever with any native chiefs or tribes to the northward of the Orange River, with the exception of the Griqua chief, Captain Adam Kok; and Her Majesty's {lovernment has no wish or intention to enter hereafter'into any treaties which may be injurious or prejudicial to the interests" of the Orange River Government.
    [Show full text]
  • Sekhukhune District Bioregional Plan
    SEKHUKHUNE DISTRICT BIOREGIONAL PLAN APPENDIX 1: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Draft for Comment Complied by: Limpopo Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism (LEDET) April 2018 Contents Contents ........................................................................................................................................ i List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. ii List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ ii PART 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Legislative context ................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 5 PART 2: BIODIVERSITY PROFILE ..................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Physical environment ............................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Natural environment ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]