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YERIN KULAGI.Pdf Yazan: JAMES BAMFORD Tercüme: ISAAC JOSEPH OZKAYNAK ABD’NİN EN-GİZLİ MİLLİ GÜVENLİK TESKİLATI (NSA), 11 EYLÜLDEN SONRA, AMERİKAYI VE TÜM DÜNYAYI NASIL İZLİYOR? 2 İÇİNDEKİLER Önsöz ………………………………………………………….5 Giriş …………………………………………………………...7 1. KİTAP: 11 EYLÜL HÜCUMU Sanaa ………………………………………………..……….12 Yakalanan Mesaj ……………………………………..……..18 San Diego ……………………………………………………26 Sağır ………………………………………………………….32 Mesa ………………………………………………………….35 İnce Dokuma …………………………………………………41 Totowa ………………………..………………………………45 Gevezelik ………………………………………………..……53 Cambrils ……………………………………………………...56 Uyarma ……………………………………………………….61 Fort Lee ………………………………………………………69 Keşfetme ……………………………………………………..73 Laurel …………………………………………………………75 Sürpriz………………………………………………………...82 Pentagon……………………………………...……………..89 3 2. KİTAP: HEDEFLER Fırsat ………………………………………………………….98 Avcılar…………………………………………………………106 FISA …………………………………………………………..115 Görev ………………………………………………………....123 Highlander ……………………………………………………128 Suicast ………………………………………………………..141 Savaş ………………………………………………………….151 3. KİTAP: İŞ BİRLİĞİ Yonca …………………………………………………….…..171 QWest ………………………………………………………..181 Kablolar ………………………………….…………………..188 Ayırıcı …………………………………..…………………….202 Endüstri ………………………………………………….…..213 Transit ……………………………………………….……….226 Ortaklar ………………………………………………………232 Gizli Bağlantıcılar ……………………………….………….260 Tekno Zulüm ………………………………………..………272 4 4. KİTAP: KEŞİF Çatlaklar …………………………………………………….283 Acilliyet ……………………………………………………...292 Teşhir ………………………………………………………..303 İfratlar ……………………………………………………..…311 Bağışıklık ……………………………………………………321 5. KİTAP: GELECEK Exabit’ler …………………………………………………..332 Öncü …………………………………………..…………...350 Çalkantı ……………………………………………………357 Uçurum …………………………………………………….369 5 ÖNSÖZ Bu kitap, ABD’nin Milli Güvenlik Teşkilatı (National Security Agency – NSA) üzerindeki tanınmış uzmanı ve NSA’nın varlığını ilk defa1980’lerde umuma ifşa etmiş yazar, James Bamford’un “The Shadow Factory – Gölge Fabrikası” başlıklı kitabının kısmen kısaltılmış tercümesidir. Kitap, ABD Milli Güvenlik Teşkilatının (MGT), ileri teknoloji tele kulağını gittikçe artan şekilde ABD halkına döndürerek, 11 Eylül 2001’den sonra geçirdiği gelişim ve değişiklikleri anlatır. Yerin Kulağı, MGT’nın 11 Eylül hava korsanlarının önlemesinde kaçırdığı imkanı ve bu hatanın ABD içinde izlemenin artmasına nasıl sebep olduğunu izah eder. Bu kitapta, her Amerikalının kişisel verilerinin nasıl bulunup çıkartıldığı ve bunlarla ne yapıldığı, teferruatla anlatılır. Amerikan hürriyetlerinin ABD Kongresi tarafından korunduğunu sanan her okuyucu, bu kitapta açıklananlara şok olup, afallayacaktır. Bu kitap beş ana kitapçıktan düzenlenmiştir. Birinci kitap, ABD’ye yapılan 11 Eylül saldırısının nasıl planlandığını, nasıl yürütüldüğünü ve bu saldırının ABD istihbarat teşkilatlarını nasıl etkilediğini teferruat ile anlatır. İkinci kitapçık, 11 Eylül saldırısına karşılık olarak MGT’nin izleme ve dinleme hedeflerini nasıl seçtiğini, tüm ABD’yi izlemede haberleşme, telefon ve internet şirketlerinin gönüllü veya gönülsüz, fakat gizli işbirliğini nasıl sağladığını, geniş ayrıntıları ile inceler. 6 Üçüncü, dördüncü ve beşinci kitapçıklar, MGT’nın ABD içindeki kanunsuz izleme ve dinlemelerinin nasıl keşfedildiğini, medyaya nasıl yayıldığını ve mevcut şartlar altında, geleceğin nasıl göründüğünü inceler. Tercümedeki kısmen kısaltılma, Türkiye’de ABD ile derinen aşikâr olmayan okuyucuyu ilgilendirmeyen vasıftaki mahal ve manzara tasvirlerine yöneltilmiştir. 7 GİRİŞ Georgia ve Güney Carolina eyaletleri arasındaki sınırda, Leburda’nın “Grits N’ Gravy” ve “Cracker Barrel Old Country Store” lokantalarından birkaç mil ötede ve dünyadaki en gizli tesislerden birinde, büyük bir genişletme inşaatı sürmektedir. (2008 yılı itibarı ile). Tamamlandığında, dört binden fazla sivil ve asker “dinleyiciler” ve diğer uzmanların istihdam edildiği ve muhtemelen şimdiye kadar yaratılmış en büyük ve en geniş “Kulak misafiri olma – Tele Kulak” tesisi olacaktır. ABD’nin Milli Güvenlik Teşkilatı tarafından işletilen bu tesiste, binlerce mil öteden Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika’da “Kulak Misafiri” olur. Dikenli telle çevrili tesis duvarları arkasında, ağır silahlı koruyucular, şifreli kilitli kapılar, kulaklıklı erkekler ve kadınlar, Afganistan sınırları boyunca El-Kaide üyelerinin cep telefonları ile yaptıkları gevezeliklerini ve isyankârların Irak’da hücum planlamalarını, gizlice dinlerler. Üstelik de, o bölgelerdeki, iş adamı, muhabir ve Kızıl Haç işçisi Amerikan vatandaşlarını hedef alarak, bunların memleketlerindeki kendi eşleri ile olan şahsi, gizli veya evlilik samimiyetindeki konuşmalarını veya işlerindeki konuları kapsayan tartışmalarını dinleyip kaydederler. “Çoğu zaman, onların aileleri ile görüştüklerini anlarsınız”, bu Amerikalıları dinleyen bir MGT dinleyicisi anlatmıştı. “İnanılmaz derecede şahsi ve yakın konuşmalar … Temelde, MGT bütün kaideleri pencereden dışarı atmıştır. MGT, Amerikalılar üzerinde casusluk etmeği haklandırmak için her mazereti kullanır.” 2008’e kadar, MGT, dünyanın şimdiye kadar bildiği en büyük, en zengin ve teknolojik olarak en üstün bir casusluk teşkilatı olmuştur. Aynı zamanda da, yüz binlerce isim ve telefon numarasını gözlemek ve dinlemek için yazılımlandırılmış cihazlar ile 8 uluslar arası ve ABD’de içinde saatte milyonlarca telefon görüşmesi ve e-postayı gizlice filtre eden en sokulganı olmuştur. Bütün bunları elemek için, teşkilat, veri - yiyen ve dünyanın en geniş süper bilgisayar koleksiyonuna maliktir. Bu koleksiyonda en yenisi, on altı adet uzun dolaplarında binlerce işlemcinin bulunduğu “Siyah Dul” kod-adlı 17.5 Milyon dolarlık CRAY bilgisayarıdır. Bu bilgisayar, yüzlerce teraflop’a (bir teraflop saniyede bir trilyon bilgisayar işlemi, tera =1012 ) muktedirdir. Teşkilat, bilgi bulmak için bir manyak gibi güdüm azminde, şehir büyüklüğünde bir merkez sitesi gerektirir. Bu merkez sitesi, o kadar çok elektrik enerjisi tüketir ki, sağlanan elektrik gücü yetersiz kalıp, karanlığa gömülebilir. ABD Kongresi Araştırma Servisine göre, içinde boğulduğu tüm verilerini depolamada MGT’nin zaten fazla yeri kalmamıştır. “Bazı gözlemciler, gittikçe yayılan şifreli haberleşmeden dolayı MGT’nin sağır olma tehlikesinde olduğunu” belirttilerse de, görünüyor ki, MGT aslında veri yükü altında “boğulma tehlikesindedir”. Araştırma Servisi raporu, “Bazı istihbarat veri kaynakları, şimdi artık, ayda dört petabit ( peta =1015 ) büyüyor . ve bu büyüme oranı da artmaktadır.” Bu oranda, bir sene içinde, MGT’nin veri tabanı 48 petabit’e ulaşacaktır ki bu, takriben tamamen dolu bir milyar dört dolaplı dosya kabinesine eşdeğerdir. Keza, bu miktar aynı zamanda, yirmi-dört trilyon sayfalık bir metin’e de eşittir. MGT’ ye ne kadar verinin aktığını bilen nadir birkaç kişiden biri de, Eric J. Haseltine’dir. Disney’in “Imageneering” Laboratuarı şirketinin eski başkanı olan Haseltine, 2002’de Teşkilata direktör müsteşarı olarak atanmıştı. İki sene sonra, MGT’nın büyük bilgisayar gücünün veri akım hacmi ile zor baş ettiğinin farkına vardı. “MGT’da bilgi seli ile MGT dışındaki insanların bir veya iki nesil göremeyecekleri bazı zorlukları yaşıyoruz.” demişti. “Sanki, geleceğe gittik ve dev veri dalgalarının problemlerini gördük”. İlaveten, “Ya bu dalgalarda boğulacağız veya tahtamızı ele 9 alıp bu dalgaların bizi itmesi ile üzerinde kayacağız. Şüphesiz, yaptığımız da bu ikincisidir.” diye eklemişti. Gerçekten de, şu anda MGT’na giren veri hacmi, MGT dışındaki dünyanın gelecek yirmi veya kırk sene içinde göreceği ise, teşkilatın sindirdiği bilgi miktarı hakikaten astronomiktir. Muhtemelen, veri hacmini petabit ile ölçmekten exabit ( exa =1018 ) ile ölçmeğe geçmektedirler. Havsalaya yardım için, diyebiliriz ki, beş exabit ABD Kongre Kütüphanesinin takriben otuz-yedi bin mislini veya bu dünyadaki her erkek, kadın ve çocuk için on metre yüksekliğinde bir kitap yığınını temsil eder. Tüm izlenen veya yolu kesilen telefon çağırıları ve e-postaları, gizli şehrinde sığdırıp depolayamayan Teşkilat, şimdi de, Texas eyaletinin San Antonio şehrinde yeni bir veri deposu inşa etmiştir. Onarımları ile birlikte, 130 milyon ABD Dolarının üstünde mal olan 143,3 bin metrekarelik bu tesis, Texas’daki Alamodome Stadyumundan daha büyüktür. Küçük bir Flaş Bellek kartına ne kadar veri sığdırılabileceği düşünülürse, yeni MGT binası, dünyadaki tüm bilgiyi tutmaya muktedirdir. Bütün bu veri ve işlemin asıl nihai ürünü olan isim listesi, memlekete (ABD) tehlike arz edeceği zannedilen Amerikalı ve Yabancı kimselerin oluşturduğu bir Kara Listedir. Geçmişte, sadece yirmi ismin oluşturduğu bu liste, bu gün, yarım milyonun üstüne çıkmış olup, her gün hızla büyümektedir. Bu listedekilerin çoğu ne teröristtir, ne de memleket için tehlikelilerdir, çok kimse de o listede yanlışlıkla yer almışlardır. O listedeki masumane pek çok kimse, Massachusetts senatörü Ted Kennedy’e pek çok defalar olduğu gibi, durumlarını uçaktan atıldıkları zaman keşfederler. Mamafih, diğerleri de, hiç bilmeyebilirler. Bunun yerine, Küçük Ticaret İşleri İdaresi kredisine yaptıkları müracaatın hiçbir sebep bahsedilmeden reddedilir veya başarılı ve parlak 10 bir öğrenci olan oğlunun veya kızının bir askeri akademiye kabulünün hiçbir sebep gösterilmeden reddedildiğini görürler ve hatta bu listedeki isimler yabancı ülkelerle paylaşıldığı için, bir şahıs, tatil veya iş için gittiği Londra’dan – hiçbir sebep bahsedilmeden – geri çevrilebilir. Terörist Kimlikleri Veripazarı Ortamı, TKVO (Terorist Identities Datamart Environment, TIDE), Uçturmama Listesinin de dahil olduğu bütün diğer türetilen kara listelerin ana listesidir. Bununla beraber, gene de, CIA (ABD’nin Merkezi
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