A Preliminary Study of the Genus Carex in Utah County, Utah

Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1952-08-01

A preliminary study of the Genus Carex in Utah County, Utah

William R. Liechty Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Liechty, William R., "A preliminary study of the Genus Carex in Utah County, Utah" (1952). Theses and Dissertations. 8083. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8083

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. IN p ilRI'IAL l!'ULFILL"'JTifflor THE

DEGRE!:OF MAST.ER OF ARTS

W. R. Limll'l'Y

PROVO,UT.AH

JllJGU&r1952 This thesis by W. R. Leehy is aceped in its :resent for by th Tesis Coittee as satisfying th thesis ruir• mens tor the degre of Master of As, Ast. 1952. A.CKNO~-JLEDGEMENTS

The writer in gratitude a.oknol\fledges the help of Dr. B. F.

Harrison, tor suggesting this problem and the work he has contributed to its completion. To Dr. F. J. Hermann of the u. s. national Herba:rium for his prompt identification of' the plants collected by the writer. To Y.i.r.

Monte Lewis of the Forest Service for help in fomiDg son1e of the data used in this wol!k. To Mr. Conrad Head for help and encouragement toimrd this accomplishment. To Mr. and Mrs. Ivan Sanderson who did the illustrations. To a.11 others who have aided to a e;reater or lesser degree in the completion of' the writing in its present fom.

ii :Page • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iv Obapter I. nrraoOOCT.lON .i~l!J OF PROBW/t • • • • • • • • • • • • l PROO.EOOlUt:, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 !:rI • D/.3!A • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • , • • • • • • • • 8 Key ot tho Carices o:f 'Utah County

IV• DI~£USS?Oi."1• • • • • • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • , • • • 101 v. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 106 • • • • • • • • • • • • •••• • • • • •• • •• 107

1:U. LIST OF FIGURES

Page Fig. l. Illustration of C9t£8iei&e~Fi1 • • • •• •. • • • • • • • • 16 Fig. 2. Distribution map of C12zi£SP;;&erii • • • • • • • • • •• • • l'l Fig. 3. Illustration ot C~ ve;:pagyJ.a, •••• • •• • • • • • • • 19 Fig. 4. Distribution map ot Oirs verycula... • • • • • • • • • 20 Fig. 5. Illustration of Ca.ree sioca;\A ••••••••••• , • • • 21 Fig. 6. Distribution map of O§F!e s~ogata • • • • • • •. • • • • • 22 Fig. 7 • Illustration of C§ES R!:l\f!'it~ffic:J,lis• • • • • • • • • • • • 24 Fig. e. Distribution mapot c,rs Pll!rWllncilis. • • • • • • • • • 25 Fig, 9. Illustration of C~ dsrna,asi1 • • •••••• • • • •• • 28 Fig. 10. Distribution :mapot C1E5 doppjlo.s11 • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 Fig. ll. Illustration of Cli£S e;t;eocma,:t,s• • • • • • • • • • • • • 30 Fig. 12. Distribution map of Cai£!X e;\!QCha£iS • • • • • • • • • • • 31 Fig. 13, Illustration of c,rexva1i1oola...... • • • • • • • • 32 Fig. 14. Distribution map of C~ng; mJJ.icola •••••••• • • • • 33 Fig. 15. Illustration of 01rei hoodii.. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35 Fig. 16. Distribution map of Osrex hoodii.. • • • • • • • • • • • 36 Fig. 17. Illustration of C§.fg oc,o,!dent.alis •••••••• • • • • 38 Fig. 18. Distribution map of Oa:;e1 oceidentalis...... • • • • 39 Fig. 19. Illustration of CfH:eJ Ath£Rstael;!la.. • • • • • • • • • • 40 Fig. 20. Distribution map of Cwr:eas.a,throst!!CPl!i • • • • • • • • • • 4l Fig. 21. Illustration of C01 strwnotoe783,s. •. • • • • • • •. 43 Fig. 22. Distribution ma:p of 0§1:tS strE!Pgf2!11'QS • • • • • • • • • 44 Fig. 23. Illustration ot oa:;:e6 phaeoeeJWIJA... • • • • • • • • • 45 Fig. 24. Distribution map of Car5 meocepbp.ln • • • • • • • • • • 46 Fig. 25. Illustration of Oare1 ,meb,Y;staopm... • • • • • • • • • 48 Fig. 26. Distribution map of C&rei EAChYataehYa•••• • • • • • • 49 Fig. 27. Illustration of Cg,rex pubtcol1 • • .• • • • • • • • • • • • 50 Fig. 28. Distribution map of OaNJ nub1co]a.. • • • • • • • • • • 51 Fig. 29. Illustration of C;:rex testiyell§.... • • • • • • • • • 53 Fig. 30. Distribution map of p,mx festJvell& • • • • • • • • • • • 54 Fig• 31. Illustration of .Qa,r..s,yp.croJ2tet1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 56 Fig. 32. Distribution map of' Oare0 miOl)U!tea • • • • • • • • • • • 57 Fig. 33. Illustration of Ca:rex bass11.... • • • • • • • • • • • 59 Fig. 34. Distribution map of Cgex lMS1~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • 60 Fig. 55. Illustration of Ca:ree aur!§; • • • • • • • • • • • •. • • • 61 Fig. 36. Distribution map ot ON::!,Xaur9 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62 Fig. 37. Illustration of Cy:e; jellop&,i ••••• •... • • • • • 64 Fig. 38. Distribution map of Ca,rgkelloggii.. • • • • • • • • • • 65 Fig. 39. Illustration of Op.rg neb[&Skeµsis.... • • • • • • • • 67 Fig. 40. Distribution map ot C9J:!Xnebmskensis • • • • • • • • • • 68 Fig. 41. Illustration of 0Jilll8t a:pel'ta... • • • • • • • • • • • • 71 Fig. 42. Distribution map of om.e; maeiQa.. • • • • • • • • • • • 72 Fig. 43. Illustration of Cp,;r;&aquati~is •. • • • •. • • • • • • • 73 Fig. 44. Distribution map ot Ca;:exISUM!ztilis. • • • • • • • • • • • 74 Fig. 45. Illustration ot cmc rosm!l • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 75 Fig. 46. Distribution map of ggex rossil • • • • • • • • • • • • • 76

iv Page Fig. 47. Illustration of C~ lYY.GiJNS§... • • • • • • • • • • 79 Fig. 48. Distribution map ot Oarex lanBfaiA9sa.. • • • • • • • • • 80 Fig. 49. Illustration of OA£s vaM1+. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 81 Fig. 50. Distribution map ot CHS vQ,Iy.*!• • • • • •. • • • • • • 82 Fig. 51. Illustration of caw nel@oPA:i.• • • • • • • • • • • • • 83 Fig. 52. Distribution nap o:r £~iR2i:lSne;r.son11 • • • • • • • • • • • • 84 Fig. 53. Illustra:tion of .0.§.15 a'Dap1U,o,sa,• • • • • • • • • • • • • 86 Fig. 54. Distribution map of Cm;. es;oi+J.oae_• • • • • • • • • • • 87 Fig. 55. Illustrution of Cll5 rn...... 88 Fig. 66. Distribution me.:pof CA+'5 ..!3QD, ••••••••••••• • 89 Fig. 57. Illustration ot Carg OQMC!S?JceR&s• • • • • • • • • • • • 91 Fig. oo. Distribution Illa.Pot Oa,a p):mloiolepis ••••••• • • 92 Fig. 59. Illustration of Cil:".&1tra~,g_.. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 93 Fig• 60. Distribution map ot 0&,tB A!imt1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 94 Fig. 61. Illustration of C3'EeJ,§~es, • • • • • • • • • • • , • 96 Fig. 62. Distribution map of c~ a,therodes. • • • • • • • • • • 97 Figs 63. Illustration of Clt!2li ~~i£lY&. • •. • ••••• • • • • 99 Fig,. 64. Distribution map of c~ ~str,gta. ••••• •.. • • • • 100

V CHAl?TERI

INTRO:OOCTIOMAND STAffl.ifENT OF PROBLm

The genus Qa;nq,is perhaps the largest genus of plruits represented

in the Great Basin ..Area. ll.1ackenzie (8} lists 533 species and varieties of

Carexin North ,\merica, and states that there are over 1 1 000 species in

all the countries of the ;forld. Since the time ot Maekenzie's work there have certainly been brought to light sane additional species and varieties.

This genus of :plants, co:mmonly called sedges, is characterized by having an achene type of fruit, borne in e. sac-like structure called a

perigynium, triangular stems, three-ranked leaves, and fibrous roots. Some species have underground stems, or rhizomes, called root-stocks. The roots

and underground stem.a tom dense mats, or turf's, which are capable of holding the soil well and anchoring the plants to the soil most tenaciously. In sane localities the early ;unerican Indian took advantage or this matted growth by cutting bricks trom the clay beds which sup:ported dense

stands ot Ca,rex. 1u'ter removing the herbage above ground they were sun• dried and used in the building of their adobe pueblos. This type of adobe brick, 'With the roots acting as a binder, held up viell as compared to

those 'Without a natural binder. The writer has seen buildings in New

Mexico constructed from these adobe bricks, and the beds nom.which these briekS were cut. Usually there remained enough rootstalks in the cut-out sections to generate another stand of care.a;.

The importance of these grass-like plants is relatively unknoWA.

Perhaps the reason :for this is that the'IJ commonly occur, closely matted

l 2 in moist. marshy places. making collecting undesirable, and the identifi• cation of these plants is somewhat difficult since the mature t'ruit must be had for positive detennination. These factors may be in part the reasons (13) this large group of' plants has been somewhat negl.ected. Few ta:x:onondov.orks in tbis areo. have dealt very mu.ch with the

Carices. Garrett {4) lists seven species in his 1•S:pring Flora of the

Wasatch Region". Holmgren ( 6) lists twenty-six species in the "Handbook of the Vascular Plants of the Northern Wa.ootchn, and Tidestrom (12) lists sixty-seven in bis "Flora of Utah and Nevada". f!erman (5) reported one hundred a:Ild.thirteen species from a single county in eastern Pennsylv:ania.

From this it would appear that much t\!Ork l"8lllains to be done 1n the Wasatch area or that the Ca.rices are not especially abundant here.

This is a preliminarJ study of the various Carioes in a small area known as Utah Oounty, Utah, located in the central part of the state; containing approximately 2.143 square miles. Most of the area is muntainous with the exception of Utah Valley which occupies some 560 square miles.

This valley has a.n average elevation of 4.550 feet above sea level and is some thirty-eight miles long and fifteen miles wide. The valley is bordered on the east by the Wasatch ra.11geof mountains which at several Points exceed 11,000 feet in elevation. located in the west side of the valley is the once beautiful body of v~ter called Utah Lake. It is more or less crescent shaped being some twenty•t?JO miles long and ten miles wide occupy- ing about 93.000 acres. This lake is very shallow averaging only eight feet in depth. Its shore line fluctuates with the amount of precipitation in tho mountains and the amount of water pwnped from 1 t for irrigation.

The west side of the valley 1s f la.nked by the Oquirrh :range and a low :mountain called Lake Mountain. 3

.All natural drainage from the east, south, west and north flows into Utah Lake. There is one drainage out ot the valley, the Jordan River,

which f'lows north throU{~h a low na.rrov, f"ftP into Salt Iake County and

empties into the Great Balt Lake. In the southeast corner o:f the county

is a. small area which drains into the Colorado River drainage. This l)Ortion

of' the county vm.s not included in this work.

The climate of this area varies vd.th its topography. The valley

is a typical arid desert having between thirteen and fifteen inches pre-

cipitation a. year, while higher on too mountains the a.m:,unt ot precipita-

tion increases 1:dth altitude. Bllioon (3) re:ports that tlle alt!Ount of

precipitation east of Ephraim, Utah increases 4.94 inches per 1,000 feet

gain in elevation. His observations were made in a sinilnr area some

fifty miles to the south ao his findings may be closely applicable to

Utah County.

Moro than half of the yearly precipitation falls from Decertier to

May. The greater portion of this is in tlle tomi of snow from. Decenber to

February. Very little :moisture falls in the valley during the au.mm.er months• this being typical of the desert climate. The mountains on the

other hand receive more aDd. more evenly distributed moisture as is evi-

denced by the types of vegetation gro•wing there.

The temperature of this area 1s !lX'lderate and typical of the nlild

tampel'ate region. The yearly rr.axi:numand :minimumtemperature ranges

from app:roXimately -30o Fahrenheit to 110° Fahrenheit• with the greatest

range during the summ.ermnths. The valley has a frost-free period from mid..J,f;a_yto rilid-Septomber averaging s01ne 122 days per year. Higher in the mountains the g..,""'OWi,ngseason starts later and has fewer frost-free days.

Tb.Elgeologic origin of the w.ajor pa.rt of this area is sedimentary. 4

The :mountains show thousands of feet of sedimentary lir11estones a.Dd sand-

stones, mostly ot :paleozoic age. There a.re small area.a of granite and

other material of igneous origin. Most of this area has a neutral or slightly basic reaction.

Utah Valley ims once a part of the lake bed. of the great Lake Bonneville. The shore lines of this ancient lake are clearly marked on

the mountain sides by the terraces wh:t.oh were formed by the continual

washing of the waves. Below these tei·races lie th~ fertile desert valley

\\Jl1ose c.eep soil t,1as fo:uuod from the sedirien.ts of' the lake. 'l'here a.re

many deltas fonned at the :r:nouthsof the drainages where the streams have

deposited their loads. Here the Bonn.Gville sediments nay have been re- moved or overlaid With materials of post Bonneville age.

Today this valley is now a putch1.'ft>rkoi' fe.rma, towns, orchards,

roads and eaDaJ.s. The side of the valley east oi' Utah Lake, since the

time of the pioneers, has been tilled anu now Irlany far.ms 11 pastures and

tovms are found, varying 1n size from a fe-r,1hundred in population to approximately ro,ooo. Industry has begun to make inroads on mu.ch of this

area. The United states Steel Corn11aeywith its two plants at Ironton and

Geneva., The Pacit'io States Cast Iron Pipe Company are aroollg the larger

industries here. The areas occupied by these sprawling establishments were onoe the ha.bitat of Carex. The advent of agriculture and industry in this area has brought about great changes in the habitat and presumably in the vegetation. Perhaps there have been some changes 1n the species found here; certainly there have been changes in the number and distribution of

sone species. It is likely that the sedges !lave been less disturbed than many other plants such as the wheat grasses because the habitat they occupy is often land of low economic value. 5

It has been the purpose of the author in this study to determine, as far as possible in the available tim.e, the munber and kinda of C&ex which ooour in Utah Gounty; their distribv.tion in relation to region, soil, moisture and other factors, and to provide keys to the species and a description of each one that occurs in this ne:tural area.

A 1rork of this kind can be sue oessfttlly completed onl,y by systematic work extending over a. period ot years, so there al.'.'0 doubtlessly nlaicy" im- portant omissions. It is the ·00.-1ter 'a hope th.at the work done 'IiJEt:3'be the groundwork for a more com1Jrehensive study ot the Genus G§i£ex of' the Ut\sa:tch Area. CIUi.PTBRII

In order to ascertain what Ca.rices occur in this area, the writer examined all the !'18.terial in the principal herbaria of the state and pre• po.red a list ot thoBe species already collected in the county. To this list were added those species of' Cs,;,.:s nentioned in works v:hi c.h include the flora o:t' Utah County. 'llhe summers ot 1950-1952 were spent in collecting throughout the county. Collecting was done along all roads accessible by ca..r-a.a · well as numerous areas accessible only by horsebc.ck or on foot• The species were identified by Dr. F. J. Herman of the United Htatea Department of

Jl{~riculture Bureau of Plant Industry• Soils and Agriculture E.ngineerinr:;,

These records ~~re th.en added to the previously prepared list.

Since the various species of Ca.re:x:11m.ture at different timos of. the season, and only plants baa...'"ing mature :f':rt1.it can be fully identified, it is difficult to get all the species of' an area, ,\.s a result the v.rriter was unable to personally collect all species which appeared on the initial list.

Conbining material from all sources gave the writer a check list from ,mich to work. Each species was plotted on a map of Utah County show-

1:og the place collected and altitude,

Usine Mackenzie's (8) and Herman's (5) keys as ;:,.guide, a key for the species o~ C$3,rex ot Utah Cmml::y was prepared, Accof'l.panying the key a.re descriptions of each species, a si.:-aple drawing of each showing the roe+.• leaves• spike I and an enla.rsed sketch of the bra.ct and the perigynium. A glossary of' terms used in the key was prepared am included,

6 7

The various herruria exa:mined for specirlens are listed below and preceding ea.ch one is a letter by which it is designated, where the source

of reco1'ds is given followim each of tho species descriptions.

Y--Brigham Young University Herbarium, Provo, Utah.

U--University of Utah Rerbarium, Salt Luke City, Utah.

F-Forost Service Herbarium, Ogden, Utah.

I--Intermounta.1n Herbarlurn, Utah Stut:e t\griculturul College, Logan, Utah.

Records of collections :made by the author are indicated by 8.11 "L".

Note: There is one source of collected rnateritl l'thioh the wrtter vms not able to review. That is the Marcus J£. Jones collection me.de 5-n

Ute.h, which is nov1the property o:t Pomona. Colleee, Pomona, California. DATA

.A total of thirty-two :J.l>,,:;ieo or Ca::.,ax waa found to occur in Utuh

County. Spcciueus for all but twJ of this nutioex• were e.xw:G.inedby the writer. ':.:'hose two exceptions were Cp.l"e:x:uwrtu and Carex ha.ss.U which were reported by Got·eau (2} but no s:;;iecir.:tells from lJtall Coun:t;y could be found.

Those wore l1owe·ver. included i.11 the key wl1ich was prepared.

In6'Uff'icient numbers of speoilllt¾ns ot ea.ell species made a true dis- t.r·iln1tional study 1n location and altitude impossible. ;:,any of the existing

specimens lacked adequate data, such as elevation, dates, exact locatiou and ecology., A brief condensation of data concerning each apecios aocompa- nys the description of each species contained in the key.

8 9

e;i""~ L. Sp. Pl. 9'72. 1753

Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks. CUlms mostly triangular, leaves three-ranked, the upper (bracts) elongate or short, and subte:nd- ing the spikes of :flowers, or wanting. Plants .monoecious or sometimes di- oecious. Spikes one to l.'l'lB.ny,either wholly pistillate, wholly stwninate, androgynous or gynaecandroua, sessile or :peduncled, the base of the peduncle often with a perigynium-like or spathe•like organ ( clado:prophyllum} surrounding it. :rnowera solitary in the axils of scales. Peria.nth none. St1uninate flowers of' three (or rarely two) stall'l8ne, the :f.'1laments filiform. Pistillate

:flowers ot a single pistil, with a style and two or three stigmas. Style either jointed with the apiculate-tipped or rounded achene and withering and at length deciduous; or continuous with achene, persistent, indurate and not w::.thering. Achene triangular, lenticular or :plnno-convex, completely surrounded by the :perigynium or rarely rupturing it in ripening. Peri 6ynia cha:rtaceous, membranaceous, or coriaceous, from closely enveloping the achene and not at all inflated to strongly inflated, sessile or stipitate, nerve• less or nerved or ribbed, glabrous or pubescent or hispid or rarely vesicular• papillose, often granular or papillose, frequently puncticulate; sometimes spongy at base, frequently flattened and more or less winged, bea.kless to strongly beaked, the beak at apex entire or obliquely cleft or bidentate, the dorsal suture in many species developed and conspicuous, in others entirely absent. A short setifonn very 1neo11Spieuous raohilla developed in a very few m.onostaceyous species. 10

1. Spikes one, stigmas 3. • • •. • • • • ••• , • , • • • l • .Q.• sezerii 1. Spikes IO.Orethan one. 2. Stigmas 2; achenes lenticular. 3. Lateral spikes short and sessile; terminal spike androgynous or incomplete gynaecandrous. 4. Culms arising singly or few together trom long-creeping root stocks. 5. Spikes densely segregated into a globose or ovoid head• appearing like one spike • • • • • • 2. 2.• vernacula 5, Spikes, at least the lower, distinct.

6. Perigynia much flattened, wing-margined, at least, above, the beak deeply bidentate. • ••• 3 • .Q..,siceata 6. Perigynia pla.no-oonvex, sharp-edged but not winged, the beak obliquely out, bidentulate in age. 7. Plants monoeeiou.s, the head androgynous; culms sharply trigonous, roughened on the angles above, leat blades tlat or somewhat channeled; rootstocks stout, bl.a.ck, perigynia blackish in age, tJ:1e beak one-third to one-ha.lf the length o:t the body ot the perigyn1a •••••••••• 4. Q.• pra!farac1l1~ 7. Plants dioec1ous or nearly so; cul.ms obtusely trigonous, smooth; leaf blade involute, at least above. a. Perigy:nia long-beaked, style long ••• • ••••• • • • • • a. Perigynia short•b&l.ked, style short • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6. £• eleocharis 4. Cul.ms cespitose or the rootstocks little-prolonged with short 1nternodes but not loDg-ereeping.

9, Spikes androgynous.

10. Beak of perigynium little or not at all bidentate, obli~uely clett on the dorsal side •••••••• 7, .Q_.vallicola ll

10. Beak ot peri.gylli.um bidentate • usually conspicuously so. 11. Inflorescence ovoid, the spikes densely capitate; cul.ms densely cespitose ••••••••••• a. o. hood.ii ll. Inflorescence oblong or linear• - oblong, not capitate, culms loosely cespitose •••• 9. c. oceidentills 9. Spikes gynaeca.ndrous. -

12. Bracts conspicuously longer than the head in length Without winged margins, at most thin edged •••• • 10. £• athrostaehya 12. Bracts not longer than the head in length.

13. Beak of perigynium tla.t and margined at the tip• serru.late to the apex, perigynia. flattened, conca.ve-oonvex, membrana.- eeous, with wide thin margin conspicuously crinkled on the side • • 11. £.• st~nofomis 15. Beak of perigynium slender and terete, scarcely margined at the tip, its upper l to 2 mm. little, if at all, serrul.a.te. 14. Scales about the same lerigth as the perigynia, concealing them above or nearly so 11 cul.ms and head stiff, beak of perigynium bye.line at the apex • .12. £.• maeocepbala 14. Scales shorter and narrower than the perigynia, the perigynia thus conspicuous in the spikes. 15. Perigynia plano-conves, with thick :firm walls, nerveless or inconspic• uously nerved on inner- face. Perigynia 3.5 nm. or longer, beaked at tip 11 brownish or blackish tinged .13 • .£.•2aclqsta.cm 12

15. Perigynia much flattened, thin and soale•like, except where distended by the achene.

16. Perigyn.ia 4.5 to 6 mm. long, nerveless on the ventral side ••• 14. £• nubicola 16. Perigynia 3. 5 to 6 mu. long, lightly few-nerved at least at the base on the ventral side.

17 • Perigynia strongly margined, ovate, appressed. 15 • .2.•fest1vella 17. Perigynia very narrowly margined• lanceolate• ovate, ascending or spreading •••••• • • • 16. £• J?UCf'O~era 3. Lateral spikes elongated pElduncled or sessile, terminal spike staminate or, if (rarely) gynaeeandrous, the lateral spike peduneled. 18. Lowest bract long-sheathing; pulveru.lent, or golden-yellow a.t maturity.

19. Mature perigynia whitish-pulverulent, not fleshy or trans- lucent; scale appressed •••••••••• 17. £• hassii 19. Mature perigynia. golden ...yeUow to brownish, fleshy trans- lucent; see.le divaricate at maturity • • •• 18 • .Q.. a;urg

18. Lowest 1•acts sheathlesa. perigynia not pulverulent or golden-yellow at maturity. 20. Perigynia conspicuously nerved or ribbed on the ventral side. The nerves raised.

21. Perigynia n1.e!Ubranous,slender stipitate. the beak entire; plants cespitose, stolons lacking ••• • • • • • •• • • ••• •. • • 19 • .£• kello5gii 21. Perigynia coriaceous, the beak bidentate• spikes sessile o:r nearly so, the pl.ants strongly stoloniferous ••••••••••• 20 • .£• nebr!skensis 20. Perigynia nerveless on the ventral side or with obscure impressed nerves. 13

22. Perigyllia turgid; scales divari- oate ••••••••••••• 21. £• aperta 22. Perig;ynia not tUl'gid, nerveless, tho scales appressed •••••• 22. 2.• aquat~lis 2. Stigmas 3; achenes tr1gonous.

23. Perigynia pubescent or puberuleut.

24. Cul.ms 0.5 to 2.5 dm. high, leat-blades 1.0 to 2.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 3 to 20-tlowered; perigynia 3. O to 4. 5 mm. long, the beak longer • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 • .£.•rossii 24. Culms 3.5 to 10.0 d:m. high; leaf blades 2.0 to a.o rmn. wide; pistillate spikes 7 to 25-tlowered; peri&,ynia densely and pemanently soft-hairy • • • ,.. • • • • • • 24. £• l!:!':!Sinose. 23. Perigynia. gla.brous (occasionally eiliate-serrulate on the :margins).

25. Style jointed with the achene, at le.ngth Withering and deciduous, lowest bract sheathless or With very short sheaths. 26. Terminal spike gynaecandrous not pistillate; pistillate scales small 1.5 to 3.5 :mm.in length; obtuse or acute, perigynia with a short but prominent minutely bidenta.te beak ••••• • ••••• • 25. £. vahlii 26. Terminal. spike gynaecandrous, tem.J.na.l flowers pistillate, pistillate scales larger or sharp pointed or both; perigynia with oonapicuous beak, 1 nm. long.

2?. Perigyuie. nearly round or obtusely triangular in cross section, little or not at all flattened; spikes fo:rming a dense head • • • 26. £.• nelani

27. Perigynia strongly canpressed. 1 spikes 3 to 6, not oblong-cylindric. 28. Perigynia not granular ro\l8hened (under a lens) the margin• at least, green or whitish- green • • • • •• • • • • 27. £• eruillosa 26. Perigynia roughened (under a lens) especially on the upper margin; yellowish•brown or dark tinged. 29. Spikes contiguous, sessile, very densely aggregated; scales purplish-black with very inconspicuous hyaline upper margins •••••••••••• 28. £• nova 14

29. Spikes o:r lowest spike strongly peduneled usually distant• ereet or noddingo 30. Upper pistillate scales exceeding the perigy:nia in length •••••••• • • • • • • • • 29. £.• chalaiolepis 30. Upper pistillate scales not exceeding the perigynia in length •••••• • • •••• • ••• • 30. Q.. ~y~at4 25. style continuous with the acllr~ne, indurated and persis• tent. 31. Per1gynia subooriaeeous and finn •• 31. £.• athe:rodes 31. Perigyni.a memb:rana.oeous;spreading at maturity; lower sheaths not filamentose; root stocks long- oreeping; leaves strongly nodulose • 32. Q, rostrata 15

1. C§J:S g~y;e;1 Boott. Trans. U.nn. Soc. 201 118. 1846. F;J.k Sedge.

Loosely eespitose; rootstocks long, thick• woody, brown, scaly; cul.ms l to 4 mm.• stift; blades 1 to 3 dm. long x 2 to 3.5 mm. wide, thick; spike solitary, braetless; staminate scales obtusish, ciliate at apex; pistillate scales awned to aeutish or obtusish, f'ulvous with white•hya.line margins; perigynia l to 4 mm. long x 2.5 nn. wide, laxr::ely concealed by scales, greenish atra.\1 colored or brownish•ti:oged; achenes 4.2 mm. long x

2.3 Imll. wide. i\J.berta to British volumbia, south to Colorado and Califor- nia.

0 Type locality, "Rocky Uiountains •

This species is an exception to the belief that sedges gl'O\Y ex- clusively in moist soil. This sedge grows in well-drained dry soil under timber and oak brush. It forms dense :mats, its fruiting stocks not nearly as long as the leaves. It can be very easily n:dstaken for a grass. Growth starts very early am :remains green until tall. Consumed by elk at higher elevations.

Y - Hope picnic area, 7 ,ooo f'eot; l - Silver lake, 1\1.nerican Fork Canyon, 6,800 teet; L - Hope picnic area, 7,000 feet. 16

Fig. 1. Carex geyeri Boott. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 10' 112.·oo' !50' 40• 111·30' 20• 10' 1woo· so'

t. DISTRIBUTION MAP ii, of Carex geyeri Boott for UTAH COUNTY

·~ ii_ ~- SCA LE. 4 2. O 2. 4 ....Ii j - -

·o COMPIL~O &Y

i v"AMl!.:J W, BE.£. 0

1546

.(l 19.,

10' 112.•oo' !JO' 40' IJ1'P' 2.0· 10 111•00· 50' Fig. 2. ======Distribution map of Carex geyerii 18 2. Cfll':'eiltemacul3a L. II. Hailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 417. 1893 Rootstocks creeping• the cul.ms in small clumps, 1 to 2 dm. high, usu.ally exceeding the leaves. Iea.f•blades stiff, 5 to 12 cm. long, 2 to

4 mm. wide; spikes few to several, androgynous, aggregated into a dense orbicular head, the spikes not distinguishable and the staminate flol,ers inconspicuous; seal.ea ovate• brown, shar:r,,-pointed; perigynia. ovoid 1 3. 5 to 4 mm.long• l.5 mm. vdde, :plano-convex, membranaoeous, not margined; book smooth alld s

Type locality, Western United States.

Found growing in Alpine slopes, does not attain great size.

Characterized by a dark globose head. Y ... Mt. Timpanogos. 10,000 feet.

3. Clf& siss?!U§ Dewey, Jan. Jour. Sci. 10: 2?8. Pl. F, t. 18. 1826

Root stocks long II culm.s 2 to 9 dm,. , roughened on the sharp angles above; blades l to 3 am.long x 2 to 3 .nm. wide; spikes 6 to 12 11 the lowest pistillate, the middle staminate• the temina.l gynaeeandrous, in a head 2 to 3.5 em. long x 5 to 10 :mm.wide; scales obtusish to acute, light-reddish o:r yellovdsh-brown with silvery-white hyalin.e lllargins and apex and 3-nerved green cents:-: :perigynia 4.5 to 6 nm. long x 1.7 to 2 mm. wide; beak 2 to

3 m. ; achenes 2 mm. Maine to Mackenzie, south to New Jersey, Nebraska,

Arizona and Utah.

fype locality, ~festi'ield, 1>la.ssachusetts.

Usually fO'Wld in dry soils a.lo~ open hillsides. This species is often contused with .£.•nr!!,,mr4oili§, which has stout blackish rootstooks, while £. i&Qgo,t1, has slender brown rootstooks. Y .. Mt. Ti11panogos, 8,600 feet. 19

•

c. a.

Fig. 3. Carex vernacula Bailey. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 10' 112.#00' •o• 40' lf/"30' 20' 10' 11/"00' 50'

t, DISTRl§~TION MAP II'_ Carex vernacula L. H. Bailey - for UTAH COUNTY

l>'.

'o l\:) 0 SCALE. 4 2. o 2. ... • ! r j - -

·o COMPIL~D 8Y i. $ 0 tTAME.~ W, S£.E.

·~

2.0.------10' 112.'oo' 40' IJt"'j,O ,o 111•00' 50' Fig. 4. Distribution map of Carex verDacula 21

c. perigynium.Fig. 5. Carex siccata Dewey. a. habit sketch, b. bract, 7 7 10 112.·oo' 50' 40• !11°30 20• ro' 111·00' 50'

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of ~- Carex siccata Dewey - for UTAH COUNTY

2 ~-

·~ oil ro SCA LE. ti, 4 2. O 2. 4 r j - - .

·g -~ COMPILkO 8Y t. .TAMI!.~ W, S£.IE. 8_

IS4G

·~ ~'

\O"i" 112.•0o' 50 +o• Ill . ii~' 2.0• ,. 111•00- 50' Fig. 6. Distribution map of Carex siccata 23

4. 9~§Z. 11r~racilis W. Boott, J:~ot. Ga.z. 9: 8'1. 1884 Rootstocks long, stout; cul.ms 2 to ?.5 dm., dark-brown or black; blades l to 2.5 dm. long x l.5 to 3 :Mir.. t'!ide; spikes 5 to 15 1 androgynous, in a head 1 to 5 cm. long x 6 to 10 mm. wide; scales cuspidate, the upper a.cumin.ate I light•olwstnut brown with hya.11ne margins and lighter midrib, at maturity dull-brownish straw colored; :perigyn1a 10 to a spike, concealed by scales, beelc l l'ltUe or more, bidentate, the hyallne edges overlapping; achenes 1.2 mn.. long. UtaJ:11 '.Michigan to Yukon, south to California. Type locality, San Diego, Oalifomia.

Found in meadows; perhaps tho :in.oat widely distributed species in the western United States. Highly variable. !/'hen found in wet meadot'TS it is usually on hummocks which a.re above the water. Size is greatly variable depending on the soil and moisture present. I - 13 mi.lee so. of Thistle, 5,950 feet; U - Peat bog w. of Provo,

4,200 teet; South of Provo, 4 1200 feet; Y ... Powell's Slough, 4,500 teat;

L - Ooslum Reservoir, 4,600 feet; Roolc Ca.nyon, 7,000 feet; Salem. Pond,

41600 :teat; Soldier's Summit,'1,200 feet; West of Provo, 4,500 feet; Rock Canyon, 7 ,ooo feet; Botany Garden, B. Y. U•• 4,500 feet. 24

Fig. 7. Carex praegracilis w. Boott. a. habit sketch, b. bra.ct, c. perigynium. 7 10 112·00' !So' 40• 11,·30' 20• 10' IIJ"OO' 50'

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of ~- praegracilis w. Boott for UTAH COUNTY

2 ~-

·~ SCALE 01 t 4c • 0 £ _ _± -" .! ~-

·o COMPIL~D BY t. i 0 .TAMI!.~ W, Bl!:.£. q_ 194~

·1; d.lt~~m~gSJ,~~

- 110•00' 50 40•- ill.l-"'' 2.0· 10 111•00· 50' Fig. 8. Distribution ma~ of Carex praegraoilis 26 5. 9s.rez. doUf-JgQt Boott: in Hook. n. P..or. .~. 2: 21:;. 1859 RootstocJ;:s l to 2 mm. thick• long, brown with i'ibrillose scales;

cums 6 to 30 en. obtusely triangular, stiff, clothed with old loaves;

blades 5 to 15 em. long x 1 to 2.5 mm. vdde; spikes in dense usu.ally u.ni•

sexual heads; sta..."ninate heads 1.5 to 4 e;m. long :.x:7 to 15 mm. wide, the

scales acute or acum1nate 1 str,atv-colored or brownish w1t:t1 hyaline margins;

f'ila:ments exserted; 11istillate heads 1.5 to 5 em. lo:ng :x 1 to 2.5 om. wide,

the spikes 5 to 15 nm. long x 4 to 8 r:::n::.wide, the scales aeuminate to cus-

pidate; perigynia 3.5 to 4 l'.!!!l. lo.ng x l.7 mm., covered by scales; beak api•

cuJ.ate. Manitoba to British Columbia., south to New Manco, California a.rid utah.

Type locality. Northv,est Coast end Rocky Mountains.

Found on dry soils in op8Il. sunny places. So.M.emention it as being

alkaline tolerant, to what extent is undetermined. This species seems to be widely spread in the mounta1n area.

Y - America.nFork Cansron, 61 000 teet; U - Indianola, 6,000 feet; I - Soldier's Summit, 7.ooo feet; L. Mt. Timpanogos, 7,ooo feet.

s. C,Dle,t eJ,!99MUI Bailey, M:em. Torrey Club l: s. 1889 Rootstooks l to 2 n1. thick, long, scaly; culms 2.0 to 20 em.,

blades 3 to 15 cm. long (shorter on fertile shoots) x 1 to 1.5 mm. wide at

base, narrower arii involute above; spikes androgynous. in a dense head 5 to

20 mm. long x 5 to 10 mm. Wide; bracts ovate• cuspidate; scales rounded and

ouspidate to a.cut ish awl obtusi sh, chestnut or reddish ...brown. with white

hyal1ne margins; perigynia 1 to 8 to f:i spike, 2.5 to 3 nw. long x l.5 to

1.7 Dn. wii:h,,straw colored or black; beak o.5 to o.a mm..,sarrulate, bi• dentulate; achenes 1.7 mm..long x 1.5 mm..wide, apiculate. ll!anitoba to

Yukon, south to NewMen co, Oregon and TJtah. 27

fy'J.)e locality, Chn,g Creek 1 ,Ubany Cou..'lty-, 'Jyo!ning.

In tlrJ su1my places on the plains, footltllls emcl.open valleys of tho interior.

Y .. Mt. Tim.p,..mogos, 10,000 feet•

'l. CveA YJ!Ji,;J.;l.oolaDewey, Am. J'our. Sci. II. 32i 40. 1861 Cespitose; rootstocks short; culms 2.5 to 6 dm.. blades 8 to 30 cm. long by l mm. wide; spikes androgynous. in a head 1.5 to 3 cm. long x 5 to

7 mn. wide; scales acute to cuspidate, greenish-bys.line with l-3 nerved brownish or straw colored center; perigynia 2 to 10 to a spike, exceeding sea.lea; beak l :mm.; achenes 2 mm. long x 2 nm1. wide. South Dakota to Oregon,

Nevada and Utah. fype locality, Jackson Hole, Snake River.

Dey slopes on :mountain sides. This species is not uncommon in the motmtains in good rich soil. L ... Rock Canyon, '1,500 feet; .!:\.spanGrove. a,ooo teet. 28

b. c.

Fig. 9. Care; douglasii Booth. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium, d. immature perigynium and stigmas. 10' 112·00' 50• 40• II!' 30' 20• 10' 1woo· 50•

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. ~- of Carex douglasii, Boott for UTAH COUNTY g ~-

of( ti) SCA L.E Cl) 4__ • 0 L______± • j_ ~-'r-

·o ; COMPILltO &Y .. .TAME.~ w. 13£./E.

1546

•o "' It,

10 112.•oo• ,o' -4-0• II I '·:,~' 2.0• 10 111-iio' 50' Fig. 10. Distribution· map of Care:x douglasii 30

,, ~J

a. c.

Fig. 11. Carex eleocharis Bailey. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 10' 112•00' •o• 40' 111'30' 20• 10' IWDO' 50•

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of 11'. Carex eleocharis Bailey for UTAH COUNTY

oil SCALE 4 2. O 2. -+ 8

j - -

·o COMPIL~O 6Y t 0 i 0 ,TAME.:!, W BE.£.

-~ K'.

4 ,o" 112•00• 50 40• u1·.,a' 2.0• 10 111•00· 50 Fig. 12. Distribution-map of Carex eleocharis 32

c. a.

Fig. 13. Carex valllcola Dewey. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 7 10 112.·oo' ,o• 40• !l/'30' 20• 10' 1/1"()() ,;o•

DISTRIBUTION MAP of ! Carex vallicola Dewey - for UTAH COUNTY

2 ~-

·~ 0 SCALE 'r- 42.02.4,5,g j - -

·g COMPIL~O BY vAME.:J W, 13£1£. 1 1946

·~

,o~ 112.•oo• ,o· 4,o•- iJI. ~""""5"' 2.0· 10 111•00; 50' Fig. 14. Distribution map of Carex vallicola 34 a. c~ 480:'U•Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. iua. 2: 211 pl. 211. 1839 Densely oespitose; rootstoeks short, stout, black; cul.ms 2.5 to

8 dln..; blades l to 3.5 dm. lonz by l.5 to 3.5 Ill!.!?.• wide; spikes 4 to a, androgynous, in a head l to 2 am. long by 8 to 15 mm. wide; scales acute

to cuspid.ate, ehestnut-brevm. with h:ya.li?W rnargins and green midribs;

perigynia 5 to 10 to a spike, green or brownish; beak o.9 to 1.2 lllI!'.\aj achenes 2 mm. long by 1.7 m. wide. South Dakota to British Columbia., south to Colorado, Utah and Cal1:for.o.ia. Type locality, Columbia River.

In mountain meadows and grassy slopes, very oOlllOOnin the mountains of this area. U - :,rt. Timpanogoe, no elevation given; Y - ....spen Grove, G.aoofeet; Ht. T:1mpanogos, no elevation given; Hidden Lake Circ1ue, 10.000 feet; Emerald Lake. 10,000 feet; L ....American Fork Canyon, 6,000 feet; Rook Canyon, 7,500 feet; Fisher.man's Home, Provo Canyon, 6,000 feet; Rock Canyon. 10,000 feet. 35

c. b.

Fig. 15. Carex hood.ii Boott. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 7 10 112.·oo' !JO" 40• ur 30' 20• 10' 1/1"00' so·

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of ~- Carex hoodii Boott for UTAH COUNTY

2 ti_

·~ SCA LE. 4 2. 0 2. 4 " _.§. ~- j - -

·g COMPILED BY . ,ot, -~ 1,/, BE.IE. o. 1946

·~ g, •I

,o• 112..'00' oo' .:.:o• /11• 1~' 20•- 10 111•00• .,,. Fig. 16. Distribution map of Carex hood.ii 37

9. Cra;;:e,xoccisei:\kJ.j.s L. II. Hailey, Mem. Torrey Club. l: 14. 1889 Rootstocks short, stout. black; cul.ms 2.5 to 7 am.; blades l to 2.5 am.long by 1.5 to 2.5 mrn. wide; spikes 6 to 10, in a head 1.5 to 5 cm. long by 6 to 8 mm. ,ride; scales aouminete to short-awned, brownish w1:th opaque margins and 3-nerved green center; perigynia 10 or fewer to a spike; largely concealed by scales, sharp,,,edged; beak o.5 to 0.9 mm.., bidentate; achenes 2 lmll. long by l .5 mm. wide jointed with the short style which is enlarged at the base. Wyoming to Utah. south to mawMexico and

.ti.l'izona.

fype locality, N'i<>unte.ina,Montana to I,.riwna.

Dry places and hillsides in tlw mountains.

Y .. Mt. Timpanogos, 'l ,200 teet; Big Tree Jlicnic Area, 7,700 feet;

U - :Mt. T1m:panogos, '7,200 teei:.

10. Care 0 at}£oe~ach:VA Olney, Proc. ;;un. l,ca.d. 7: 39:;. 1868

Cespitose; rootstoeks short. black, cul.ms 5 to 60 Clll. tall, clothed with old leaves, spikes 4 to 20 gynaecandrou.s, dilated, the upper sea.le ... like; scales acute to cus:pidate. J)eri0,;ynia l5 to 40 to a spike, 3 to 4.5 mm. long, light green or straw colored or bro"WD.ish,cilia.te-sarrulate above, achenes l.2 to l.5 m. long. Saskatche1mn to Alaska, south to

Colorado, Oa.11:fornia and Utah.

Type locality• Yosemite Valley, California.

In ,mt meadows and in small clumps of soil which has been raised above the surrounding area. Y - Payson Lake, s,200 feet. 38

b. c. a.

Fig. l?. Carex occidentalis Bailey. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 10' 112·00' !50i 40' 111·30' 20' 10' 111°00' so·

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of ~- Carex occidentalis ~. H. Bailey - for UTAH COUNTY

2 \\~~ ~-

SCA LE. 'r 4 2. 0 2 .... " 8 j - -

·g COMPIL&O 8Y

.TAME.:!. W, Bl!:.E. 0

1946

·~ ~I

40______~-~--- 10' 112•00' ,o IJt"jO' 2.0• 10 111•00· •o Fig. 18. Distribution ma.pot Carex occidentalis 40

b. c.

Fig. 19. Carex athrostachya Olney. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 4 10' 112·00' 50 40• Ill' 30' 20• 10' 1woo' ~o•

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of ii. Carex athrostachya Olney for UTAH COUNTY

'2 ~-

011 SCALE >- 'l • 0 .!_ ___± . -'-

·o $ COMPIL~O BY vAMI!.~ W, 13£.£. !o_

194'=>

•o "' jj;a;'.NJN,;jr~

-~~,.- ~~~~~~~______J_11s•oo' ,o +o' 111•1,::,' ui" 10 111•00' 50' = Fig. 20. Distribution map of Carex athrostachya 42

11. Ca;t:ex s:jmI!4agto;ms L. H. Bailey, Alem. Torrey Club l: 24. 1889

Densely cespitose; culms 2.5 to 4 elm. high, slender, leaf blades

2 to 3 mm. v.ride; head 1.5 to 2.5 em. long containing 3 to 6 closely aggregated su.borbioular spikes 6 to 9 nm. l.ong and nearl.y as vdde with many spreading-ascending perigynia; bracts inconspicuous; scales ova.te-lanceolate, a.cute a.I!d shorter than per1gynia., redd1sh-brovm with lighter mid• vein and hyaline margins; perigynia ovate, 5 ram. long, 3 mm. wide• serrulate to middle, winged to the rounded base, 1na.rgins conspicuously wrinkled dorsally, abruptly beaked, the beak flat, bident1:1te, one-third length of body; achenes lenticular; style slender, jointed with achene. WashiDgton through Oregon to Northern California, Nevada and Utah. Type locality, Mt. Shasta, California.

!:lOuntain summits.

Y - Mt. Timpanogos, 10,000 teet.

12. Oa.rg ~cepall, Piper, Oontr. u. s. Nat. Herb. 11: 1'72. 1906 Cespitose; rootstocks short, matted; culms l to 3 run.;blades 5 to 15 cm. long by 1.5 to 2 mm. wide• canaliculate or involute; spikes

2 to 4 occasionally to 7, gynaecandrous 1 in a head 12 to ~5 Dll. long by 5 to 12 mm. wide; scales acute 'bro1:mish-blaek, brownish or reddish-brown w1th whi te-hya.line margins and l to 3-nerved lighter center; perigynia

10 to 20 to a spike, concealed by scales, wing-margined; beak l xrm.; achenes 1.5 nm. long by l ntn. wide, 1Uborta to British Columbia, south to Colorado, Ute.hand California.

Type locality, Oregon.

In high mountain summits a.nd da;m:ppla.coa at high elevations.

Y - Mt. Tilnpa.noeos, 10,000 teet; U ... Mt. Timpa.nogos,10,000 feet. 43

Fig. 21. Carex straminoformis Bailey. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 10' 112.·oo' 50• 40• 111· 30' 20• 10• ,woo· SO'

DISTRIBUTION MAP of Carex straminoformis L. H. Bailey - for UTAH COUNTY

011 SCA LE. t t 4 2. O 2. 4 • !_ i - -

·o COMPIL~D BY i vAME.:5 W, 131!.£.

1946

·~ ... """' 1l~~1J~~ ,o 40• 111·;w to• 10 111•00• Fig. 22. Distribution map of Carex straminofonnis 45

Fig. 23. Carex ppaeooepnla Piper. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 7 to' 112.·oo' !5oi 40° Ill" 30 20• 10• ,woo· so•

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of ~- Carex phaeocep.1ala Piper for UTAH COUNTY

·~ SCA LE. 4 2. o 2. 4 • ! r j - -

·g COMPIL~D IIY .. .:TAME.~ W, 13£.1£. 0

154'1>

•o .., ~.,

10' 112.•oo' ,o 4o" 111·,iQ' ~• JO 111•00- $0' Fig. ·24. Distribution map of Carex phaeocephala 47

13. Caris JJ&\OAXs;tacJutaCham.; Steud. Syn, Cyp. 197 • 1855

Densely cespitoae; rootstoeks short, blackish; cul.ms 3 to 10 dm.. long by 2.5 to 3.5 mm. wide at base; blades 1 to 3 dm. long by 2 to 4 mm. wide; spikes 4 to 12, gynaeoandrous, 1n a head l to 2.5 om. long by- 7 to 15 mm. wide; bracts scale-like, or the lowest awned; scales acute, chestnut brown or blackish with greenish or yellowish midrib; ;perigynia 10 to

30 to a spike 1 copper-colored 1 wing-margined; beak l to 1.5 mm.; achenes l.5 mm. long by o.a mm. wide. Alberta and il..laaka, south to California and Utah.

Type locality, Unalaska.

Found in dry soils from medium to high elevations. This species 1 s very variable in tom.

U - Mt. Timpnnogos1 10,000 teat.

14. Csrg Bleli>l22J.IMackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 480. 1909 (Q.. bm(depi&P:AOlney). Densely cespitose; rootstocks short, dark; cul.ms l to 4 dm., erect, curving, or decum'bent; blades 4 to 18 cm. lo:ng by 1.5 to 4 mm. vdd.e; spikes 4 to"• gynaecandrous. in a dense head 9 to 18 mm..long; scales aeute, brownish-tinged, winged; beak 1.6 to 2 lmll.; achenes 1.7 mm. long by o.7 mm. wide. ,1i.J.berte.to Oregon, south to Colorado 1 Californ1a and Utah.

Type locality, Pa.gos Peak, Colorado. In the surmnits of the high mountains.

U - .Mt. T1rn:panogos, 10,000 feet. 48

Fig. 25. Carex pachystachya Cham. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. to' 112.·oo' ,io' 40' llr' 30' 20' ,o• 1/1"00' so•

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. ~- of pachystachya Cham. for UTAH COUNTY

;; if:,. SCALE t.O O 2. 4 2 "- _ _! i - -

·g COMPILlO 8Y ·~ vAME.:J W, 13£.IE.

1946

,o• 112•00• ,o· +o~ 111•00• 5, Fig. 26. 50

b. c.

Fig. 27. Carex nubicola Mackenz. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 1 7 10 112.•oo' •if 40• Ill" 30 20• 10' 11/"00' ,!JO'

t. DISTRJPUTION MAP II'_ nubicola Mackenzie for UTAH COUNTY

I I

(1 \;:,.-, o. SCALE. (JI l':' ...,, 4 2 O 2. 4 • ! I-' i·-- >- j - - ~-;, \---~ ..: ;.~.1 2;.; c-·'\,,.-· ll·g 2· E~i COMPIL~0 BY .TAME.:!> W, 13£.1£. i0 ·~·~- C...,,•·, 1946 f""t.. ,..-,a.,...,_, ..... ;. 1 t r~-~ / ; ,-...__ ~- '- y, ,, •o ~-·~, ii'., <-

10' 112.•()0' 50' 40' !JI"":,' 2.t1• JO 111•00' 50' Fig. 28. Distribution map of Carex nubicola 52

15. 0~ tfHl:U:teJJAI!iaekenzie 1 Bull. Torrey Club 42: 609. 1915

Caspitose; rootatocks short. matted 1 blaokish; cul.ms 3 to 10 d:m.. long by 2.5 to s.5 mm. vdde at base. aphyllopodic; blades 1 to 2 dm. long by

6 to 6 mm. 1dde; spikes 5 to 20. gyn.aeoandroua, in a dense head 12 to 25 mm. long by 10 to 18 mm. wide; scales obtuse or acutish, dark chestnut to brownish•blaol,. shining with hyaline rnargins and tip with lighter midvein; pe:rigynia 15 to 30 to a. spike, 317 to 5 mm. long by l.5 to 2 mm. wide; achenes 1.5 nm. lo~ by l mm. vdde. Manitoba to British Columbia, south to New Mexico am California and Utah.

Type loeali ty,. 1Ubany County, Wyoming.

On meadows and on mountain slopes i:n oaloa.reous districts. This species is widely distributed. and eorm:nonin this area.

U - Mt• Tb1pa.nogos, 10,000 feet; Y - Above ranger station, Pnyson Canyon, 7,000 feet; &nerald Lake, 10,000 feet; F ... Payson Canyon Hole in the Rock, s,ooo feet; L • Provo Canyon, 6,000 feet. 53

"if\,,,:. . : \ , I •',,, I'~, I,'') ' ·; \~JJ \ ' b. c. a.

Fig. 29. Carex festivella Mackenz. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 4 7 10' 112•00' !50 40• Ill' 30 20• 10• 11/"00' .so•

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. or ii'_ Carex festivella Mackenzie - for UTAH COUNTY

2 ~-

0 SCA LE. ;- -l • 0 .!... -± ·- !

·o i COMPIL~O BY vAME.:J W, 13£.IE. 1 1546

•o iifff!JfJE ~~,zg3:J.;j;-~

==d~,,-~~~~~===k-b--______L- 112•00' ,o 40• l]l'Js>' 2.0• 111•00• ' ,o, = " Fig. 30. Distribution llla,p of Carex festivella 55

16. C!i\l:S m,crgptem JHackenzie, Muhlenbeigia. 5t 56. 1909

Cespitoae; rootstocks short, stout; cul.ms 3 to 10 dm.. long by 2.5 to 4 mm. wide at base; blades l to 3 d.m. loDG by 2 to 4.5 nm. wide; sterile shoots conspicuous. the leaves near top; spikes 5 to 10, gynaecand1-ous. in a head 12 to 18 mm. long by 10 to 16 m. wide; lovrest bracts awned, the upper scale-like; scales acute; perigynia 15 to 30 to a spike, wing• margined; beak l. 2 to l.5 r.:im. sorrulnte • b:i.dentate; achenes 1.2 rnrn..long l:y 1 nm. wide. Alberta. to v~-ashington south to Wyoming, :Nevada, Oregon and. Utah. Type locality, Elk County, Nevada.

This species is widely distributed in this area aLd is very common wherever the soil is rather moist in the mountain!'\.

Y - Salnma.nder Lake, 7,500 feet; L - Payson lake, 61 200 teet; Fisherman's Home, Provo Canyon• s.ooo feet; Aimarica.nFork Canyon, 5,000 teat; iwerican Fork Canyon, 6,000 feet; Big Tree Picnic Area, a,ooo feet; Salamander Lake, '1,500 feet; Hope Picnic .Area, '1,000. 56

c. b.

Fil!• :31, g_ar'!i,.J!!i.cropt•U. ldol>l<"'"'" a. babit a1<.-tch, b. bract, e. -perig-yni'Olll• 10' 112.·oo' 50' 40• Ill' 30' 20• 10' 1woo' so'

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. ~- of Carex microptera Mackenzie for UTAH COUNTY

2 ~-

o_ 01 SCALE r ' 0 2. ± • J. "

·o ; COMPIUO &Y .TAME.~ W, BE.£. t I 94e.

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10' 112.•oo' 40• IJ1·;;;:, 2.0• 10 111•00' ... Fig. 32. Distribution map of Carex microptera 58 17. C§!:e;&.l:ll§di Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 21: 5. 1896

Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous; cul.ms 5 to '70 om.; blades 5 to

20 om. long by 2 to 4 rmn. wide; terminal spike ste:minate or gynaecandrous;

lateral spikes 5 to 5, pistillate, the lower on long rough peduncles; lower bracts short-sheathing, oladoprophyllum conspicuous; scales obtuse to a.cute or the pistillate acmrJ.nate or muo:ronate, red.d1sh•broi·m. with hy'aline margins and 3-nerved lighter eente:r; perigynia 10 to 30 to a spike, whitish-pul:veru.lent, beakless; achenes 1.6 mm. long br 1.2 mm. wide, brownish. Mackenzie and Yukon, south to Utah and Oalifornia.

Type locnl1 ty, San iuitonio Canyon, Se.n Bernardino Mt•, .California.

Usually found on river banks and on wet rocks in calcareous districts.

Reported tor this al.'ea by Cottam (2). Mo specimens were observed.

18. Cr;y;:ex~a Nutt. Gen. 2: 205. 1818 Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous; culms 5 to 55 cm. tall, blades

3 to 25 om. long by 2 to 4 mm. t•;ide• flat above, channeled below, terminal

Sl}ike stand,na.te; lateral spikes 3 to 6, pistillate, bracts leaf like, sheathing; scales obtusish to acutish or the pistillate cuapidate; perigynia

4 to 20 to a spike, 2 to 3 mm. long, ~olden-yellow or brownish, pu.nticulate. beakless; achenes 1.5 mm. long, by 1.2 nm. wide. Mewf'oundland to British Oolumb1a, south to Conneoticu.t, Nebraska, NewMexico, California and Utah.

fype locality, Shores or LAlcel.liehiga.n. Wot meadows am banks in calcareous areas. This species seems to va:ry a great deal in size and appearance. Y - Stewart's Cascade, s,aoo feet; Near Charleston Road (Utah co.),

8 1 500 feet; Mt. Timpanogos, no elevation given; U - Boy Scout Cam.Pt Mt.

Timpanogos, 61 500 feet. 59

Fig. 33. Carex hassii Bailey. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 10' 112.•oo' !Jo' 40' Ill' 30' 20• 10' Hl"Dc) .50•

t. DISTRIB 0 ~TION MAP 11'. hassii Bailey for UTAH COUNTY

"o N ll'_

011 C)) SCA LE. 0 4 2. 0 2. 4 -'- >- j - - .

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1946

·:g lt~Jt~~ w~,ID~~ ~I

111··:1"'' 2.0• 111•00· $, ~;;;;~112.•o~O' ~~•o,------c4L_o• " Fig. 34. Distribution·map of Carex bassii 61

Fig. 35. Carex aurea Nutt. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 7 10 112.·oo' 50• 40' 111· 30' 20• 10' ,woo· so·

DISTRIBUTION MAP t, ~- of Carex aurea Nutt. for UTAH COUNTY

2 il'

iill en SCALE ti) >- 'l • 0 _!__ ± "- .!

·g COMPIL•O DY " .:TAME.5 W, 13£.£. C!. 1946

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,. 112.·oo' ,o' 40' 20· 10 111"GO' 50 ====;::=:======Fig. 36. Distribution map of Care:x aurea 63

19. Cfflike:u,se;:PJ.~Boott. in n. l'le:ts. Bot. C~:llif'. 2: 240. 1880 Ces:pitose; rootstooks short or lone;. slender; oullua l to 6 c1.tn•• the blades 1 to 3 dm. long by 1.5 to 2.5 mm. wide, flat above, ollannelled. towurds base, old leaves oons:piououa; temina.l s:uika strunina:te; lateral spikes 3 to 5, p1st1ll~te scales obtuse or ncutiah, pucylish~brovm or dark pur:pllsh•brown with hyaline oa.rgin.s and lighter center; po:rigynia nu.merous, light green stip1tate; beak 0.1 to 0.2 nw. entire, usu.ally blaokt:lppod; achenes 1 r.ll'lle long, blackish. Alberta to 1Uaska 1 south to

Colorado, Uta.h and California.

'fyy:ie locality, ..:Uta, Sierra Nevada. l'buntains.

SW'aropsand wet meadows. Y • Wo.satchMtns. • no elevation given. 64

Fig. 37. Carex kelloggii Boott. a. habit sketeh, b. braet, c. perigynium. 10' 112.·oo' •o• 40• Ill' 30' 20• 10• 111"00' so•

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of ~- Carex kelloggii Boott for UTAH COUNTY Wasatch Mountains 2

·~ oil en SCALE (JI " . 0 £_ " -'-

COMPIL~D BY 1 ,TAME.:!> W, 13£.E. ! 1946

-~ II.

,. 112.•oo' 40•- lli'JP' 2.0• 10 111•00' ,o· Fig. 38. Distribution map of Care:x: kelloggii GS

20., .n.ebr!J.ekepp!J3,Deweli·, ft..m,. Jou:r. Soi. II 18: 102. 1854

Cesritose and stoloniferou.s; ctolorts lore.. horizontal; cul.ms 2.5 to 12 d'm. stout, papillate, the old leaves conspicuous; blades l to 4 um. long by 3 to 8 :mm. wide, roughened towards a:pex; terminal spike staminate, usually with an additional smaller one at base; lateral e:pikea 2 to 5, pistillate; senles obtuse to acu.'llinete, the stal!"J.wite brownish or :purplish- blaok to reddish-brown vlith lryal1ne rriara1ns und li1]',hter eentar, the pist:i.llate purplish or browniah•bl.nclc witb l to 3-narved lighter canter and sometit:l&a hyaline margins; :perigyn1n 30 to 150 to a spike, red•dotted; beak 0.6 to 1. nr.; achenes 1.5 !F.le lont~• 8011th Dakota to British Columbia, south to Iiew Mexico, California. and Utah. Ty:r:,elocality, Uebraska.

Found wherever there is a. swamp or wet meadow. Sometimes it grows standing in the water 'but as the swamJ?sometimes dry up later in the season they may be growing far from water. T.his is by f'~:r the :most vddely dis• tributed am comm.onspecies of O!;fU in Utah County, accounting for much o:t' the wat meadow :pastures and native meadow hay. This species is variable as to the size to which it m.ay attain. In l'.l1aily areas it reproduoea mainly by rootstocks because the spikes are eti.ten be:fore they can develop.,

Y - Peat bog w. of Provo, 4,500 feet; Denny Creek, Payson Canyon,

6 1000 teet; L • Provo Canyon, 6,000 feet; Goshen Reservoir, 4,600 feet;

Soldier's Summit, 6,700 feet; Payson Lakes, 6,200 feet; 1\meriean :&'ork

Canyon, 51 000 feet; Soldier's 8ummit1 7,200 feet; Indiaoola, 6,000 feet. 67

Fig. 39. Carex nebraskensis Dewey. a. habit sketch, b. bra.ct, c. perigynium. DISTRIBUTION MAP of Carex nebraskensis Dewey - for UTAH COUNTY

en SCA LE. co 1. - t 0 2._ .± . -'-

COMPILkD IIY .:TAMI!.~ W, 13£.1£.

194'=>

IJl.1'-"' 2.0· 10 ======;;;;; n··istribution map of Carex nebraskensis 69

21, .Qc.~~ !\.t'°~ T:iOott. in Ilo'lk. l'."l. nor • .1~. 2: 218. Pl. 219, 1839

Culr:1s :from stout, r;roody, sc1:i.ly, dark :purplish-bi•ovm :rootstoclce •

3 to 10 dm,. tall, slui.r:ply triar1L:,"'Ulu1,,.the old. lea-vaa cons:pieuous; loaves tlat with :revolutc margins, :3 to 5 nun.. wide; ligule as long as wide; terminal spike Stu.minute; lo-:i1est bract leii.f•like, oheathless, the upper reduced; scales obtuse to acumir:.J.to, r-addi sh•h--own or :pu.r11lish black ,,;1th l1i;;;lrt center and L'.il'.trgins; peril,--.ynia 2.7 to 3.2 mn. lone; aeh'lnes 1.5 mn. long, t1pic11late. !1ontnna. to British ColUEJbia, south to O:regon, Utah and Idaho,

fy:pe locality, Colu.:.":!lbiuRiver.

Meo,dows and low areas•

Re,o:rted by Cottam. (2} as occurring in th.is area but no specimens observed.

22. Oarax aqua:tilis Wahl, sv. Vet. itltad. Nya Handl. 24: 165. 1803

Cespi tose; stolons long, slender• Acaly; cul.ms 2 to a dm. obtusely triangular bel.ov1, oore sharply above, papillate, pr...yllopod:ie, reddish- tinged at base, the old leaves conspicuous; blades 2 to 4 dm. long, sheaths eepnrata nodulose, his:pidulose dorsally• lateral spikes 2 to 4, piatillute, seal.es a.btuse to a.etite or the :r1st1D.a.te uo1.:ullinate,. the staminate pur:plish- blr:a.ck to l)row.n• the :oistilla.te blackish, with scarcely developed hyaline margins end lighter midrib; porigynia. 2,5 to 3 r:im. long, erect-appresseC1., li.s;ht-greon gla.:ndu1ar-dotted 1 subst5.pitato; head 0,1 to o.3 mm., achenes 1.5 to 1.7 m. long, yellowish. Greenland to ,Alaska., south to ,,;11ebee,

New Mexico, Utah and Calitornta..

Type loeo.11ty 1 h.urope. Swampyplaces in eaJ.oareous or non-acid areas. One of the most widely distnbuted opecjJ:JS in cooler parts of North i.unerica. and the 70 mountains of the West. Often abundant, greatly va.rl able in size, growing large and vieorous in sheltered. areas.

Y ... PMiture, south :Provo, Utah, 4 1 200 feet.

23• Ci.£!X mssii Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 222• 1839 Ceapitose; rootstocks stout, lignesoent, branching.; oul:ms 5 to 30 cm\ ; blades less than 6 cm. long by l to 2 .6 mm. wide, channeled above; terminal spikes staminate; ltltaral spikes 3 to 6, pistillate; sea.lea obtuse to cuspidate or the pistillate awned, gremish or reddish or purplish-brown with hya.line margins and &-nerved green center; perigynia 3 to lo to a spike, short-pubescent, 2•keeled, the stipe o.5 to l.6 mm. lone;; beak o.7 to 1.5 nm..;achenes obtusely triangular with convex sides and prami.nent 8Jlgles. .Michigan to Yukon, south to Colorado, Utah and Calii'ornia.

Type loca.li ty, Horth west Coast.

Usually found in the :mountains in dry soils, however the only

:record in Utah County was listed as t'rom the mouth of Provo River.

Y - Mouth of Provo River, 4 1400 feet. 71 IJ 1f I/

a. 0c. b. Fig. 41. Carex aperta Boott. a. habit sketch, b. bra.et, c. perigynium, d. perigynium side view. 7 7 10 112•00' 50• 40• Ill' .30 20• 10' ,woo· so•

DISTRIBUTION MAP t, of ~- aperta Boott for UTAH COUNTY

oil ..:J SCALE. 4 2. o 2. ... • ! I - -

·o -~ COMPIL~O IIY .TAME.~ W, B£.£. t 1946

•o

4 10 40' IJl.i'O 2.0· 10 11(•-oo• •o· Fig. 42. Distribution, map of Carex aperta b. c. •

Fig. 45. 2,_aT•~l!!luatiiis Wahl-• a. babit sketch, b. bra.Ct, c. -perigyniUJII.• 10' 112"00' •ii 40• Ill' 30' 20• 10· IIJ"oo' so·

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of ~- aquatilis Wahl. for UTAH COUNTY g ~-

·~ oil '1 SCA LE. ,i:,. 'r 'l 2 0 2. .

·g COMPIL~O BY t; i 0 tTAMl!.S W, 13£.IE.

,.. 112•00-, 40' ,1]1'1':>' 111°00' 50 Fig. 44. Distribution map of Carex aquatilis 75

b. c.

Fig. 45. Carex rossii Boott. a. ha.bit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 10' 112.•oo' •o• 40' HJ" 30' 20' 10' 10-00' so•

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of ii'_ Carex rossii Boott - for UTAH COUNTY g ~-

·~ oil ...:, SCALE Ol >-·· 0 ± • ! "' t

·g COMPIL~O BY ,.

1946

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6 10 112:00• 30 40• 111·1-:-' ... ,. 111"00' 50 Fig. 46. Distribution map of Q~ rossii Ceapitose and stoloniferous; stolons loll€,;, scaly; culms Z to 10 um., a.:phyllopodio, dark pm.~:pu~:u-red ,i.r',Ob.Se; bl.ail.es 2 ;;;o b &i.. lone by l.b to

5 mr.1. wide; usually 2 UJ)per spikes s·tu.mi:uate; lower 2 to ;; sxiikes pist.illate; stw.ili.na:te scules <:1Cuteto euspidt:1.te, light l'eddish-brown with dull-r.yaline n..a:rgins &nd lightor center; pistillate sculea acumina:te• reddish-br•own witll llyalin~ :mai'f;iua and !3-nel'Ved ~reen center; pe::t.'igynie.

25 to r15 to a s;1ike, i.ufla:'t.ed• donaol:y hai:i.';l; beak l 11!Ll•• bide:uttt.te; achenes 1.7 to 2 z.:m. long by l.b rii.C..wide, triangular wi·th concave sides an.ablunt a.Ilgles. Ne111B:t'U.uswick to Britit¾h Columbia, south to i'exas, California and Utah.

11111.,alocality, lid la.oua l.Iistas.si:ns, Canada.

Usually found in we·t swampy pl.aces in calcareous soils.

Y • :Lt. Titpimogos. no elevation given; L ... Soldier's SUmmit• 6,700 feet.

25. CaJl'!. y~U Schkuhr. R1edgr. 87. 1801

Loosaly cespitcse and stoloniferous; cuJ:ms 2 to 8 era. hie;h• slender. erect to dectur~ent, phylloJJOdia, last years leaves conspicuous; leat-bl&des

6 to 15 cm. lo:ng, 2 to 5 mru. wide, roughened on the m.argi:n.s; spikes usually

3, the late1-al pistillate, the terr,innl c.~;fna.eeand:t."Ous,the lower short• peduncled, the upper sessile, closely flowered, lowest bract little sheath• ing; scales small 1.3 to 2 .5 l:im. lor;,i);; }Jerigynia obovoid 2 to 5.5 mm. long,

1.2 mm. wide, tri;;:i.ngular, 11ern.b:ranuceous, gJ.abroua, 2 ribbed; the beak .short,

:minutel~t bidentate; achenes obi;noid, triangular with concave sides. style slender, and more 01· less exserted. Greenlaml to Alaska, south to l1Iew i1e:doo a.w Utah. Type looality, "In alpibus norvegia.e rarius, e.g., in Soder Raner." 78

y ... •

26. OA19 uil.m&i Viac:kenzie• in Rydb. 1n. Hooky !i.tts. 137. 191'1 Loosely' oespitose, cul.ms 2 to 4 dln. hish, Etti.ft, smooth, erect, fibrillose at base; leaf-bhu:les 5 to 4 mBie wide; rrpikes 2 to 3, oblong or c»bovoid, 10 to l2 mm. lot~, 5 to 8 :rm:i. wide, laternl densely' 15 to 515 tlowe:Nd; sonles black, midvein obsolete; pori~a 4 nra. long, l.5 lll'n. wide, mUt;henoo on edges above, tho beak black bidentate end conspicuous.

¥.'yoniing and uta.b.

fyp.e locality, Ml Pltii:u !'iinen, ;:yomillG• This species is t'uwxl in dump pluoae um ~admi,s in the lilOUntains, 1t is not veey ab~nt nor widely dist:r1bute4 in too western Unitod .:Jtates. U - Mt. Timpsnogos, no elevation giv~n. c. b. a. 1'ls• 4? • l!>nuRinO"!. }liChX• ... habit sketch, b. bract, c. perl.gyni'Ulil• 10# 112.·oo· 50• 40' !lf".30' 20' 10' 1/1"00' ,io•

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of ~- lanuginosa Michx. for UTAH COUNTY

.. rt_

0 (X) SCALE 0 t 4 2. O 2. 4 • ! j - -

·o ; COMPILtD BY t vAME.:!> W, 13£.IE. g

1946

-~ ~I

1 112•00' 30 4-o" 1J1'):i' 2.0--.---- 10 111°00' 50 " :=;;;======::;;;;;;===== Fig. 48. Distribution mapot cm lanuginosa 81

b. c. a.

Fig. 49. Carex vahlii Schkuhr. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigyniUIIJ.. 4 10' 112.·oo' 50 40' HI' 30' 20• 10' 111"00' so·

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of ~- Carex vahlii Schkuhr for UTAH COUNTY

2 o."'

·~ 0 SCALE 'l • 0 2. • ! ~--r

·g COMPIL~O er vAME.~ W, Bl!:./£. l 1946

-~ ~-

,o• 112.•oo;- oo· +o• !JI',~, 111•00' Fig. 50. Distribution·map of Carex vahlii 83

Fig. 51. Carex nelsonii Mackenz. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 10' 112.·oo' so• 40' 111·30' 20• 10' IIJ"Oci' .,,..

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of ~- Carex nelsonii Mackenzie for UTAH COUNTY

2 ~-

0 SCALE 4 f o 2. 4' • ! r j --

·o $ COMPIL&O &Y v"AME.:5 W, 13£.£. !o_ 194~

·~

112.0 00' oo' 40' IJI. 11~' 20· 10 111•00' •o· " Fig. 52. Distribution·ma.p of Carex nelsonii 85

27. Carea; eRAJ?1,:LloaAMackenzie, in Rydh. Fl. Rocky-Mts. 1:38. 191'7

Cespltose; rootstoeks short; eulms 1.5 to 6 dm. • dark purplish to red-tinged and brown-fibrillose at base, the old leaves oo.nspicuous; blades 5 to 20 cm. long to 3.5 to 7 rmn. wide, stiff; bracts ahaathless; scales acuminate or cuspidate, blackish with light m1dve1n; perigynia 30 to 60 to a spike, 3 to 4 mm. long by l.7 to 3 mm. wide; beak 0.5 mm.; achenes 1.5 mm. long by l mm. wide, dull-yellowish-brown. Wyoming to

Washington, south to Utah and California.

Type locality• Marysvale, Utah. This species is found mostly in wet meadows in the mountains. The type locality is interesting as it is from Marysvale, Utah.

Y - 1'merald Lake, 10,000 feet; U - Mt. Timpanogos, no elevation given.

28. Cills mm, L. H. Bailey, ;\mer. J'ourwu. Bot. 26: 322. 1888 Cespitose; rootstocks short, slender; cul.ms 1.5 to 6 dm.; blades 5 to 15 cm. long by 2.5 to 5 mm. wide; spikes 3 to 4, the terminal gynae~ candrous, the lateral pistillate, in a dense head 8 to 18 mm. long; soales obtusish to acutish or cuspidate. purplish-black with hyaline margins; perigynia 3 to 4 mm. long by 2.3 to 5 :mm.wide, purplish-black with green :margins and straw colored at base, s:pari:ngly ciliate scabrous; beak o.5 to

1 mm.. Montana to New Mexico and Utah.

Type locality, New 1':ngland..

Found along streams and in mountain meadows at higher elevations.

U - Mt. Timpa.nogos, no elevation given. 86

b. c.

Fig. 53. Carex epapillosa Mackenz. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 10' 112•00' !Jo• 40' Ill' 30' 20• 10• ltl"f>O' so•

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. ~- of Carex epapillosa Mackenzie for UTAH COUNTY

'2 ~-

SCALE 00 t 4 2. O :z. 4' . -..i j - -

·o COMPIL~O BY

i .TAME.:!> W. /!JE.I!:.

1946

-~~"· ~~~===:±b------_____L_11,•oo' ,o 4o" !Jt"ilO' 20° JO 111°00' ' 50' ======Fig. 54. Distribution mapof C~ epapillosa 88

/~ !I >i ~1\ ~\/ \:; \ I c. b. Fig. 55. Carex Bailey. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 4 to7 112.·oo' !50 40• 111· 30' 20' 10• 1woo· so·

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. ~- of Carex !:.2.!! L. H. Bailey for UTAH COUNTY

£ ~-

·~ 011 0) SCA LE. tO .1r 0 2. • j_ "' .

·g COMPIUD BY t, i 0

194f>

·~ JH~y/1~~~~

..~-~~~~~==±=,.------~ 112°00• >o' 4o" Iii.ii'-'' 20' 111•00• •.. Fig. 56. Distribution map o:f .~ 90

29. Cg;:e~ cru:;lcioletiisHolm.;-®. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 28,29 1 t. 1•5• 1903 Densely cespitose; rootstocks short, the cul.ms slender am :nodding,

2 to 7.6 dm. high; spikes 2 to 4, contiguous, oblong to broadly ovoid, 1.2 cm. lo.ng, 5 to 10 mm. Wide, closely aggregated; temit1al gynaeoandrous. the lateral pistillate, short-peduncled to sessile, scales very thin, copper. colored., much narrower but longer than the :perigynia., the mid-vein indis- tinct; perigynia 3 to 4 mm. long, 2 to 3 mm. wide, with broadly oval or obova.te body, rounded at ends; achenes short stipita.te, narrowly obovoid, triangular With sides slightly concave; short-beaked; short slender style.

Montana to Utah and Arizona. Type locality, Pagosa Peak, Colorado. Mountain slopes, wet places and mountain meadows usually at higher elevations.

Y - tft. Timpanogos, 8,600 feet.

30. C11::e1 1tri3i1 L. Sp. Pl. 976. 1753

Ceopitose; rootstocks slender, cul.ms l.5 to 5 dm. tall, nodding above, the old leaves conspicuous; blades 5 to 20 am.; spikes 3 to 7 • the teminal gynaecandrous, the lateral pistillate, lowest bract leaflet-like, the upper reduced; scales obtusish to acute, black: or fa.ding brownish-black w1th whi tish•hyaline margins and apex and lighter nidri b; perigynia 15 to

50 to a spike, 3 to 4 llJl'l. long, beak o.o ri:rm., emarginate; achenes 2 to 2.5 mm. loz,g, triangular vJith blunt angles and sides concave below. Greenland to Alberta, south to Colorado, Nevada and Utah.

Type locality, "liabi tat in •.J.pibus h.'u:ro:pe".

Found usually in ":.retie or ,\.. lr,ine meadows in calcareous districts.

I - Silver lake, American Fork Canyon, 61800 feet. 91

---b. c.

Fig. 57. Carex chalciolepis Holm. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 7 10 112.·oo' 50• 40' 111· 30' 20• 10• 11/"00' so•

DISTRIBUTION MAP t, of ~- Carex chalciolepis Holm for UTAH COUNTY

2 11

·~ 0 SCALE r 4c t 0 2. ± " l

·g COMPIL~D BY vAME.:, W, SI!:./£. t 1946

·~ lilti!lJl!Jlt!i£tr~];JN-1w~

Ill' ~o' 2.0• 10 111•00· •o' =-~~•~1>•00' ..-~~~~______L_ ~±·· 40' Fig. 58. Distribution map of Carex chalciolepis 93

/! ;i

Fig. 59. Carex atrata L. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 10' 112.•oo' 50' 40' 11,· 30' 20' 10' ,woo· so·

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. or !!_ Carex atrata L. for UTAH COUNTY

2 ~-

~·· 0 SCALE 4 • 0 L______± • !.

·g COMPIL~O 8Y t.0 .TAME-:!> W, 13£.1£. 0

1546

0 10' 112. 00' 40• Ill.,~- u• 10 111-0o· •o· Fig. 60. Distribution map of Oarex atrata 31. p~ Atl&Wila@ sr-reng. ayn, s: cm?. 1826

loosely cespi tose und stolon11"orous; culms 3 to 15 elm, ttphyllopo- dio; blades l to 5 dm. lone:, sptu-sely hs.iry beneath towards b~, l'OU('Jlened above; sheaths long, soft-hairy; u:nper 2 to 6 spikes staro;illl!ite, lower 2 to

4 spikes pistillate or iLUdrof~us, seulea rough aristRte, ciliate, per1f::.7Dia 30 to 100 to u spike, 7 to 10 mtn, long, suliorbicular, 1nfla:ted; f:l.Cb.enes2.5 rn. long, triangular with aides concave bolow and blunt angles,

Ontario to Yul"..on,south to New Yo:rk, Colorado, Oregon and Utah.

Type locality, ;;retie ,wnerioa,

Mtu•shes, s,mmpa and wet places in enloaraous districts,

Y • fJouth of Moaidt1, 4 1 500 feet. 96 I

b. c.

Fig. 61. Carex atherodes Spreng. a. habit sketch• b. bract, c. perigynium. 10' 112•00' 50' 40• 111'30' 20• 10' 111'00' ~·il

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of ~- atherodes Spreng for UTAH COUNTY

'2 ~-

•o ~·· 0 SCAL.E \0 "' t 0 -•-± • ! ...::1

·g ·~ COMPIL~O &Y W, SE.IE. !o. 1546

•o

10' 112.'00' ,o· 40' 111·10' 21)' 10 111•00' •o Fig. 62. Distribution-map of Carex atherodes 98

::52. Cf.1ir~ rpatr9ata Stokes. With. Pl. ed 2. 2: 1009. 1789

Cosp1tose and stoloniferous; oulns stout, r,hyllopodie, 3 to 12 dm. high• rough above the lowest spike; lea.f ...blados 2 to 12 mn1. wide, sheaths strongly nodulose dorsally and filamentose ventrally; staminate spikes 2 to

4• slender, 1 to 6 cm. long, 4 mm. ll'llide; piotillate spikes 2 to 4• erect, remote, cylindric, densely n:.any•flowered, sessile or short-:peduncled, 5 to

15 em. lotlS, 6 to 20 :mrr,.wide, the perigynia at maturity spreading; lower bracts exceeding culm; scales lanceolate. narrower than the :perigynie., acute; perigynia ovoid• 4 to 6 mni. long, 2 ra11.,,i.de, several nerved, membrQllaeeous, inflated, greenish or darker tinged, abruptly beaked, the beak smooth l.5 to 2 mm.. lone. with teeth 1 mm. long or less; achenes triangular; style slender. continuous vrith achene. Lubrador to Alaska, south to New Mexico, Utah and Califom1a. Type locality, "Bogs of Great Brita.inn.

Found 1l1 swat:1ps,marshes and bogs; very widely distributed in the

United States and in this area.

U - west side of Utah Lake, 4,500 f'eet; F - Red Rock pasture, Nebo Loop, 6,500 feet; L - ;w.ierican Fork Canyon, 6,000 feet; Payson Lake, 6,200 feet; Soldier's Summit, 6,700 feet; Soldier's Summit, 7,200 :feet; Provo, Utah, 4,500 teet. 99

Fig. 63. Carex rostrata Stokes. a. habit sketch, b. bract, c. perigynium. 4 7 10' 112.•oo' !50 40' If!" 30 20• 10• 111"00' ~·il

DISTRIBUTION MAP t. of ~- Carex rostrata Stokes for UTAH COUNTY

"2 rt

0 SCA LE. 4c • 0 ~- ± . -"- 8

·o ·i COMPIL~D BY § .TAME.:!. W, S£.£. o. 194~

-~ ... lt~ILE

112.•oo' ,o 40• ill'")" 20• 10 111°00' $0 Fig. 64. Di stri but ion· map of Carex rostrata OH.:\..PTJ.m IV

D!OOUSSIOI;

The Carez. flora of Utah Valley has noubtleasly undergone many

or~es since the tirr2e of settlen'..ant, if n.ot in kind, at least in amounts due to the ehangee in the habitat. Many of the SW'd.mps and oreeks and other natural le.nd features have been entirely obliterated by the spreading of town.a and by the diversion of water from natural channels into canals and culinary water S"JsteM. Irrigation of the bench lands has leached minerals from the soil and carried the soluble salts to the lowlands where they have become evident in the ever increasing alkalinity of these lands.

The use of con:meroia.l fertilizers has added to the amounts of salts carried to these lowlands {9).

Utah Lake, once a body of fresh water, is gradually becoming more alkaline. Cottam reports changes in salts in total parts per million as follows: 1884, 306 ppm.; 1926, 2,600 ppm. Dr. T. L. Martin (9) states that the concentration or salt in Utah Lake is increasing steadily. How- ever• great fluctuation in the concentration is dependent also on the amount of' water in the lake, the seasons of the year, a.nd places in the lake where samples are taken. --To this change is nlso added the increasing a.mc•u.utsof wastes which are dumped into this lake aJmually. The amount and kind of soluble salts present in the lake waters and around the shores would presumably in:fluence the growth of various sedges as well a.s v.ould the presence of various waste materials.

Drains in some areas have ohane;ed swamps into dry soil and in 101 102 some places the accumulation ot waste irrigation t,vater may have created small swanrpy areas. All these and many other factors are still changing the ecology of the valley. The mountain area on the other hand has not undergone such major changes. Here the habitats of plimts h..«ivere.t1a.ined nearer to the original state, although ove~razinth logging and tires have caused considerable change in some areas.

The Carices have been thought relatively uni:m.r,orta.nt a.s forage plants, although many of the natural pastures and :meadows oontain great quantities of this plant which are consumed by the livestock when confined to these pastures. Many of these wet land :rastures t~nd meti.dows support these native plants and a.re not artificially reseeded. These plants con ... sist largely of s:peciea of Ca:rex, Soi£IDl:J!.1uncu.a and various grasses {13).

In many areas where meadow hay is produced, a large percentage of

when compared to other types of hay. The Wl"iter has observed many sections ot Utah County wher~ the wet meadows produce this type of hay, the princi• pal species of Ce.rex noted being .f!..•nebraskensis.

ttTl:le Ra.Jlge Plant Hand Book" (10) gives the following inf'omation:

Various speciee of moist @d wet--mea.dowsedges COllll)rise a large percentage of the hay crop in such western areas as the agricultural mountain valleys, where livestock are winter fed. Although natural in 1:.1ost of the hay meadows, the sedges have, in many instances. increased greatly as a result of over-irrigation. Conversely, on some swampy lands drainage has sometimes resultied in their replacement by grasses. Most species cure well and make a :palatable hay• but, because or their light \'leight and short, smooth leaves and stems• are lllON dif' ficult to handle than grain ti.ays. Sx:perimental work indicates that sedges C:'1.eteriorateless than grasses as a. result of late cutting. They also show a less rapid decline in protein content than the common associated, and introduced bluegrasses and bromes. Another interesting discovery is that the nutritional velue of sedges, at least so far as crude protein and nitrogen-free extra.ct (carbohydrates) are con.earned, apparently increases with altitude more than is the case with grasses. Comparative chemical analysis of various species of Carex. and of grasses shov1 that their nutritive properties u.re similar in most cases, the 103

sedges tending to produce lest crude fiber and ash and ll10re crude protein and nitrogen-tree extract.

In the mountains there are several s:peoiee of Oarex which furnish considerable forage to livestock and game although the exact am.ount which is consumed by animals is unknown. One canmon species, 09irex sezeri, develops very early in the spring and may furnish some early forage. The moat abundant species du.ring the sl.ll!l!1er in the mountain areas are Oarex hgsuUi,C&'\tS mi:P.ro:etm, Ca.rec testive)J&. as well as others. These toms may not be consumed in any great quantities because there are more succulent plants available at this time. Elk graze sedges rather freely (lo), especially on the summer ranges at higher a.lti tudes. In most localities deer apparently do not utilize sedges very much.

One underlying reason why' the true forage value of Oarex is not wholly kDOwnis that they a.re often mistaken tor grasses. They COWllOnly occur associated with grasses. There is need for a. detailed study of the consumption of the sedges by game and livestock alike, to obtain a true picture of their role as a forage plant.

tt8o.in quoting from lfThe Range l'lant Handbook" (10) :

A common tendency exists to underrate the forage value of sedges on tha western ranges. 'l'his is due, in part, to the di:t'ticulty of 1dent1:tyii:g the numerous species of sedges, and also to the tact that many sedges are mistaken for grasses, as may be noted in the erroneous use ot such oo:mmonnames as hairgrass f'or three.dleaf sedge and elk:gra.ss for elk sedge. A common practice, even l!IX!longteclmically train.ad men, is to group the sedges in one to several large classes according to leo.t width or moisture req,uirement s • but with.out regard to taxonomic relationships. Such treatment is convenient and often desirable, but has the obvious tendency to perpetuate inaccurate general! ties. Fur- thermore, under such conditions. the characteristics and forage value of individual species are not accurately observed or recorded.

The truit, an achene, is known to furnish considerable feed for wild fowl. *rhe seeds a.re often large and nutritious and their occurrence in :marshy :paces makes them a natural food for water birds. 'l'hey are 104 doilbtlessly consumed in considerable qu..1u,tity by other birds and by rodents.

Sedges are usually thoug~st of as marsh :plJ~.:.ntsthat grow iu ao1ls containing a. high :percent of oreuru.c mat·ter and usually of an acid :r-~ac- tion. Sedges are u3Uully adaptable to soils of various types provided they are moderately fertile o.n.d tl1a.t rwisture conditions aN tavoruble.

It is :rororted - these plants :::re limited ·;rholly to soils ot noutral or ucid reuotion (13). H.owever, some sedges o.re distiJ1ctly knovm to prof'er soils of c::1.lcareous origin (l}. In the r,min, the ia•1te1• has Oiiaerved throughout his colleotiiu tllut sedges 1.re totally la.eking from o.:roos which are al.ks.line suoll. as areas fm.md on the sh.ores of Utah Laike. The only sedges found on the shoreo of Utah take were those found in the fresh water springs and drainages. In rriany areas :Jtlcr1 as r3:panish Fork Canyon where mineral waters are found, as the sulphur springs at Oastella and in

D18100nd Fotic, no sedges ,.. ere found in the ilmlediate vicinities of these wt and sometimes marshy areas.

Contrary to the belief that sedges a1"e lllarsh plants, the writer noted that only eight speoies, one-fourth of the plants considered in the study, ty"pically occur in vmt marshy habitats. :e1e,;-enother species, apl)?'oximately one-third• typically oeeur in a moist meadow type of habitat. but not one that is \rot and 11,arshy. 'l'hirteen species, nearly one-half of those considered• are known to prefer a dry well-dn.ined habitat. The marsh species are characterized by having broad leaYEUlt tt1e dry land species having vary narrov,1 leaves and the meadow species "te.rying in between the two extremes. 105

Plants growi»g in rtJarshes and swamps with roots submerged or partially submerged• at least for a period of time are:

Plants growing in moist meadows or on moist soil are: c~rs a;tp;at, CIJ.:ftiAW:7 8 1 C§i£!e ~tlll9stA9hYa CN::5 c9&lc1plepis C!fS em;w.J;J,osa C1rea5testiveil§ Ca.t,15 ae;\§Olli.1 CBUX P!l~eocep!!ula C~re,1 Pi£9i8fil§Oi•i§ 09Ee,x;aop~§t~ohl

:Plants grovrl.ng on dry soil are t CllAI:1fER V

l. A study of the Ca.rices of Utah County, ute.h, exclusive ot the southeast corner, was made during the yea.rs 1950-52. .ill available literature on the subject was :reviewed and that which was pertinent to the Ca.rices of Utah County was noted.

2. Herba.ria at tho Um.varsity of Utah. Salt lake City; Forest Set"V"ice a.t

Ogden; Utah State t,.griculture College at lL>g4tl and. Brighmn You:t1gUnive:r:sity at Pl'ovo were examined for specimens collected in this area and tor ecological notes concerning the occurrence ot the various specimens. 3. Extensive systooiatic collecting during the period of study was made by the author. Notes on habitat and ecological. condition were recorded. •• 'fhe foregoing studies revealed thirty-t-wo species of Carex found within the borders of Utah County.

5. A key was then pre:pa.red for the thirty-two species, accompanied by descriptions, distribution maps and illustrations showing a. habit sketch, the bract and perigynium. of' each s:peoies. 6. or the thirty-tv10 species, eight were found to prefer a west marshy habitat, eleven preferred a meadow type of habitat a:nd thirteen preferred a dry well ...dmined soil.

'I. The importance of the Ca.rices as forage, hay' and f'ood tor birds and ani:ma.ls was discussed..

106 LIST OF REFERENC.ES

l. Abrams• LeRoy. Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States, Vol. 1., Stanford University Press, Stanford University, California 1 1940. 2. Cottam., Walter Pace, An Ecological Study of the Flora of Utah lake, Utah. 1926. Unpublished Doctor's Dissertation.

3: Ellison, Lincoln, .Precipitation 1n Relation to Altitude i:n Central Utah, Ecology 1 31 i pp. 479-484, 1950. 4. Garrett, o. Aa, Spring Flora of the Wasatch Region, 5th Ed..,Salt Lake City II Stevens an,d Wallis, Inc., 1936.

5 • Hermann, F. J • , The Genus oil& in Kansas• The .A.merioan:Midland lie.turalist, Vol. 11, Mo. 5. • The University Press, Notre .De.me, Indiana., pp. 849-865, 1936. 6. Bol.me;ren, Arthur n., Handbook of the Vascular Plants of the Northern tiasatch, l.ith o. fy!)8 Process Company, San Francisco, Ca.l.ifornia. 1948.

'I. Lewis, Mont, Personal Interview. a. Mackenzie, Kenneth Kent, North Awerican Flora, Vol., la, ?lew York Botanical Gardens, New York, 1931-1935.

9. :Martin, T. L., Personal Interview.

10. Range Plo.nt Hand.book, Prepared by the Forest Service, Washington, 1937.

11. Rydberg, P. A., Flora ot the Rocky Mountains and Adjacent Plains, Sec. Ed., New York. 1922.

12. Tideetrom, Ivar, Flora o:f 'Utah and Nevada.1 Washington. 1925. 13. United States De:po.rtment of }\griculture, Yearbook, 1948.

14. Wakefield, J'ohn Homer, Early Ecology of Salt Lake and Utah Valleys. 1933. Unpublished Masters Thesis.

10'1