Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.1 Starflower Image Herbarium Grasses, Sedges, Rushes
© Starflower Foundation, 1996-2007 Washington Native Plant Society
These species pages has been valuable and loved for over a decade by WNPS members and the PNW plant community. Untouched since 2007, these pages have been archived for your reference. They contain valuable identifiable traits, landscaping information, and ethnobotanical uses. Species names and data will not be updated. To view updated taxonomical information, visit the UW Burke Herbarium Image Collection website at http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php. For other useful plant information, visit the Native Plants Directory at www.wnps.org.
Compiled September 1, 2018
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.2
Contents
Carex amplifolia ...... 4 Bigleaf Sedge ...... 4 Carex canescens ...... 4 Grey Sedge ...... 4 Carex cusickii ...... 5 Cusick's Sedge ...... 5 Carex obnupta ...... 6 Slough Sedge ...... 6 Carex pachystachya ...... 7 Thick-head Sedge ...... 7 Carex stipata ...... 8 Sawbeak Sedge ...... 8 Carex vulpinoidea ...... 9 Fox Sedge ...... 9 Deschampsia cespitosa ...... 10 Tufted Hairgrass ...... 10 Eleocharis palustris ...... 11 Creeping Spikerush ...... 11 Elymus glaucus ...... 12 Blue Wild-rye ...... 12 Eriophorum chamissonis ...... 13 Chamisso's Cotton-grass ...... 13 Festuca rubra ...... 14 Red Fescue ...... 14 Glyceria elata ...... 15 Tall Mannagrass, Fowl Mannagrass ...... 15 Glyceria grandis ...... 16 Reed Mannagrass ...... 16 Hordeum brachyantherum ...... 17 Meadow Barley ...... 17 Juncus acuminatus ...... 18 Tapertip Rush ...... 18 Juncus ensifolius ...... 19 Daggerleaf Rush ...... 19 Juncus tenuis ...... 20 Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.3
Slender Rush ...... 20 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani ...... 21 Softstem Bulrush ...... 21 Scirpus maritimus ...... 22 Seacoast Bulrush ...... 22 Scirpus microcarpus ...... 23 Small-flowered Bulrush ...... 23 Sparganium angustifolium ...... 24 Narrowleaf Bur-reed ...... 24 Sparganium eurycarpum ...... 25 Broadfruit Bur-reed ...... 25 References ...... 26
About Ann Lennartz
Founded in 1996 by Ann Lennartz, Starflower Foundation assisted with the creation, rehabilitation, and stewardship of Pacific Northwest native plant communities in Seattle, Washington, by supporting community-driven restoration and education projects. Having met the founder’s expectations, Starflower Foundation ceased operations in December 2007.
Resources developed by Starflower Foundation included an array of educational materials, plant ID cards, project case studies, and this image herbarium. All resources contain Western Washington native plant information and images for use in education, restoration and landscaping projects. As mutually agreed upon with Starflower Foundation, Washington Native Plant Society has made Starflower's learning and education materials available on our website.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.4
Carex amplifolia Bigleaf Sedge
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Graminoid.
Photo © Ben Legler
Carex canescens Grey Sedge
At a Glance: Photo © Ben Legler
Growth Form: Graminoid.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.5
Carex cusickii Cusick's Sedge
At a Glance: A woodland sedge with grass-like leaves and small clusters of tiny greenish flowers.
Growth Form: Graminoid. Stems: Has red or coppery dots on sheaths. Leaves: Leaves are generally shorter than flowering stems; size: 3-5 mm. Flowers: Has more than 10 spikes in an uninterrupted head that tend to occur at irregular intervals; size: 3-8 cm.
Hydrology wet
Wetland Indicator Status: OBL (obligate wetland) Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.6
Carex obnupta Slough Sedge
At a Glance: Large grass-like plant creating thick patches in coastal wetlands.
Height: 1-5 feet (30-150 cm). Growth Form: Graminoid. Stems: Coarse and stiff.
Leaves: Leaves are coarse, firm and shorter than stems. Shape: flat to channeled, with margins rolled under; size: 3-10 mm wide; color: green. Flowers: Spikes elongate. Upper 1-3 spikes are male, often drooping; lower 2-4 spikes are female or with male flowers at top, cylindrical, drooping, stalkless or on short erect stalks. Flowering Period: May. Fruits: Brown achenes.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mostly shady 60%-80%
Hydrology wet
Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Sloughs Swales or wet ditches Marshes or swamps Shorelines and Riparian: Stream or river banks
Saltwater Areas: Saltmarshes Brackish water
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.7
Carex pachystachya Thick-head Sedge
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Graminoid.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.8
Carex stipata Sawbeak Sedge
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Graminoid.
Name Info: The species name stipata means with a stipe or stalk and probably refers to the stub-stalked base of the perigynia (the inflated sac enclosing achenes in sedges).
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.9
Carex vulpinoidea Fox Sedge
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Graminoid.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.10
Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hairgrass
At a Glance: Densely tufted perennial grass.
Height: Up to 4 feet (120 cm) tall. Growth Form: Graminoid. Leaves: Flat to folded, narrow, rather stiff; no auricles;
prominent ligules, pointed, 3-8 mm long; size: 2-4 mm wide by 8-20 cm (3-8 in) long; color: green. Flowers: Many minute flowers in an open, loose panicle 8-35 cm long, often nodding, silky. Spikelets bronze and glistening, usually darkening at maturity, 2-3 flowered. Lemmas thin (4mm long), hairy at base, awned from near base. Flowering Period: June.
Wildlife Value Thickets and shelter Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Birds: Dense hummocks provide nesting foliage. The stems and flower stalks Bogs, fens tend to remain upright all winter providing perching spots for songbirds. Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Sun/Shade Tolerance Stream or river banks full sun > 80% River bars Saltwater Areas: Hydrology Tidal areas Can not tolerate year-round inundation. Saltmarshes moist Brackish water Seashores Elevation Range Coastal dunes or beaches low elevation Rocky or Gravelly Areas: mid elevation Rocky slopes sub-alpine Forests and Thickets:
Forest edges, openings, or clearings Soil Preferences Meadows and Fields: Grows vigorously in nutrient-rich sites. Meadows or grassy areas gravelly soils nutrient rich soils
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.11
Eleocharis palustris Creeping Spikerush
At a Glance: A wetland plant with leafless, grass-like stems topped by small brownish spikes of flowers.
Height: Up to 3 feet (100 cm). Growth Form: Graminoid.
Stems: Stems are oval in cross-section, arising singly or in clusters from long, dark-brown rhizome, with reddish sheaths at base. Leaves: All basal leaves and reduced to mere sheaths without any leaf blades; sheaths are small, thin, dark reddish, and tightly girdle the bases of the stems. Flowers: A solitary, terminal spikelet with 2-3 empty scales at the base; fertile scales several, spirally arranged; 2 stigmas; 40-100 flowers per spike; primary color: brown; size: 5-25 mm long; shape: lance to egg-shaped. Fruits: Achenes, lens-shaped, surmounted by a conical tubercle (nose cone), surrounded by typically 4 bristles a bit longer then the achene; size: 1-1.5 mm long; color: yellow-brown.
Wildlife Value Birds: These plants produce a large clusters of water-dispersed seeds that are eaten by swans, geese, mallards, pintails, gadwalls, widgeons, teal, rails, and coots. The underground tubers may also be eaten by several bird species.. The stems provide a perching site for many bird species. Other Wildlife: The stems are used as egg-case attachment sites by pond- breeding amphibians, including the Pacific treefrogs and long-toed salamanders.
Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes Shallow pools Swales or wet ditches Sun/Shade Tolerance Seasonally inundated areas full sun > 80% Marshes or swamps mostly sunny 60%-80% Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Hydrology Bog margins wet Saltwater Areas: Wetland Indicator Status: Tidal areas OBL (obligate wetland) Brackish water Seashores Elevation Range Meadows and Fields: low elevation Meadows or grassy areas mid elevation Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.12
Elymus glaucus Blue Wild-rye
At a Glance: Tufted perennial grass usually forming small clumps, 0.5 to 1.5 m tall.
Height: 20-40 inches (0.5-1 meter).
Growth Form: Graminoid. Leaves: Blades are hairless to densely hairy, flat or slightly inrolled, usually lax; auricles well developed, claw-like and clasping; ligules short (1mm long); size: to 0.75" (12mm) wide; color: green. Flowering Period: May. Fruits: Stiff narrow spikes, 2-8" long, sometimes bear awns 3/8- 3/4" (1 1/4") long.
Habitat Preferences Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs Rocky slopes Forests and Thickets: Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas
Wildlife Value Sun/Shade Tolerance Mammals: Provides forage for both domestic stock and wildlife. full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Name Info: Elymus is from the ancient Greek elumos, a name for some Hydrology type of grain. The blue-grey color (glaucus) and the resemblance to rye moist (Secale cereale) are the reasons for the species and common name. dry Interesting Facts: Can be confused with meadow barley (Hordeum Soil Preferences brachyantherum). well drained soils
Elevation Range Below 2500 meters. low elevation mid elevation Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.13
Eriophorum chamissonis Chamisso's Cotton-grass
At a Glance: Extensive beds growing from spreading rhizomes or stolons with tufts of cotton-like seed heads.
Height: 8-28 inches (20-70 cm). Growth Form: Graminoid. Stems: Rounded. Leaves: Dark-brown sheaths at base; blades grass like, narrow, channeled throughout; size: .5-2 mm wide. Flowers: Solitary spikelet at tip of stem; no leafy involucral bracts. Spike subtended by 4-6 large, sterile, dark-brown scales. Obscured by cotton ball. Fruits: Seed-like achenes, each surrounded by numerous long, normally cinnamon-colored bristles; scales blackish, the slender midrib not reaching the tip; shape: oblong-egg-shaped; size: 2-3 mm long; color: brown.
Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences full sun > 80% Aquatic and Wetland: mostly sunny 60%-80% Swales or wet ditches Bogs, fens Hydrology Saltwater Areas: wet Seashores moist Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Wildlife Value Birds: Bristles are used as nesting material by some birds.
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Name Info: Named for Albert Ludwig von Chamisso de Boncourt, a German poet-naturalist and the botanist on board the ship Rurik, which visited Alaska in 1816-1817. Erion is Greek for wool and phoros is Greek for bearing. Interesting Facts: In some aboriginal languages, it is given the same name as is eagle down. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.14
Festuca rubra Red Fescue
At a Glance: Perennial grass with thread-like leaves forming small patches.
Height: Can grow up to 4 feet (1.2 meters) tall. Growth Form: Graminoid. Stems: Slowly creeping. Leaves: Super slender leaves less than 1/8 inch wide, practically
thread like, folded-inrolled, hairless, no auricles; ligules short, less than 0.5 mm long; color: bluish-green. Flowers: Violet-colored panicles on purple stems; each spikelet 3/8-1/2" long. Flowering Period: June.
Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences full sun > 80% Aquatic and Wetland: mostly sunny 60%-80% Marshes or swamps partial sun and shade 40%- Shorelines and Riparian: Soil Preferences 60% Stream or river banks Will withstand inundation if soil is mostly shady 60%-80% River bars well drained. full shade > 80% Saltwater Areas: sandy soils Coastal dunes or beaches gravelly soils Elevation Range Forests and Thickets: well drained soils Below 2500 meters. Open forests Forest edges, openings, or low elevation clearings mid elevation Meadows and Fields: sub-alpine Meadows or grassy areas high elevation
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Many cultivars of red fescue have been developed for horticultural and agricultural purposes, and they are widely used in lawns, as forage and in grass-seeding mixtures for erosion control. Name Info: So-called because of the reddish bases of the stems and the often reddish spikelets.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.15
Glyceria elata Tall Mannagrass, Fowl Mannagrass
At a Glance: Tall wetland grass. Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Height: Up to 5 feet (1.5 meters). Sloughs Growth Form: Graminoid. Swales or wet ditches Leaves: Flat, lax, 6-12 mm wide, green-yellow; no auricles; Forested wetlands ligules 3-6 mm long, short-hairy. Bogs, fens Flowers: In a loose, open panicle with spreading branches 15-30 Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores cm long; spikelets flattened, egg shaped outline, 6-8 flowered; Bog margins glumes small, 1mm long or less; lemmas about 2 mm long, firm, Stream or river banks prominently 7 veined. Forests and Thickets: Flowering Period: May, June, July. Forest edges, openings, or clearings
Meadows and Fields: Sun/Shade Tolerance Hydrology Meadows or grassy areas full sun > 80% FACW+ mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- wet 60% moist mostly shady 60%-80% Wetland Indicator Status: Elevation Range FACW (facultative wetland) low elevation mid elevation
Wildlife Value Seeds
Birds: Food for waterfowl. Cover for waterfowl such as gadwalls, mallards and wood ducks. Mammals: Food for muskrats and deer. Cover for muskrats.
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Food Uses: The grain can be hand threshed and collected, but the Northwest Natives did not use this plant as food. Name Info: Glyceria means sweet and probably refers to the sweetness and palatability of the grain to livestock.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.16
Glyceria grandis Reed Mannagrass
At a Glance: very similar to G. elata
Height: up to 5 feet (1.5 meters) Growth Form: Graminoid. Stems: fat and soft near the base
Leaves: flat, bright green when young, 6-18 mm broad, 2 ranked, with brown patch at leaf node; shape: lance; size: 6-18 mm wide; color: bright green. Flowers: inflorescence is 20-40 cm long, loose, open, with numerous spreading branches, stames occasionally number 2 but usually 3; lemmas has obvious veins, spikelets 4-7 flowered; primary color: purplish; size: lemmas 2-3 mm long. Flowering Period: June, July, August.
Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences full sun > 80% Aquatic and Wetland: mostly sunny 60%-80% Sloughs partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Swales or wet ditches mostly shady 60%-80% Bogs, fens Hydrology Shorelines and Riparian: wet Lake shores moist Bog margins Elevation Range Stream or river banks low elevation Wildlife Value mid elevation Seeds
Birds: Food for waterfowl. Cover for waterfowl such as gadwalls, mallards and wood ducks. Mammals: Food for muskrats and deer. Cover for muskrats.
Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Food Uses: The grain can be hand threshed and collected, but the Northwest Natives did not use this plant as food. Name Info: Glyceria means sweet and probably refers to the sweetness and palatability of the grain to livestock.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.17
Hordeum brachyantherum Meadow Barley
At a Glance: Grass with erect stems that are bent at the base and sometimes hairy on the leaf sheaths.
Height: Up to 3 feet (90 cm). Growth Form: Graminoid. Stems: Stems erect but bent at base.
Leaves: Flat, 3-8 mm wide, hairless to spreading hairy; no auricles; ligules short, about 0.5 mm long, minutely frilly at tip; color: green. Flowers: In a usually erect, soft, spike-like cluster that isbrittle and easily shattering when ripe; spikelets three per node; central spiklet stakless, lateral spikelets usually sterile, on short curved stalks; glumes slender and awn-like; size: 4-10 cm (1.5-4 in) long.
Sun/Shade Tolerance mostly sunny 60%-80% Hydrology moist Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation sub-alpine
Habitat Preferences Shorelines and Riparian: Stream or river banks Riparian corridors Saltwater Areas: Mud flats Tidal areas Saltmarshes Name Info: Hordeum is the Latin Seashores name for barley. Forests and Thickets: Forest edges, openings, or clearings Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.18
Juncus acuminatus Tapertip Rush
At a Glance: Tufted perennial grass-like plant.
Height: Up to 32 inches (80 cm). Growth Form: Graminoid. Stems: Stems are leafy and rounded. Leaves: Half rounded, hollow, prominently joined by crosswalls; auricles prominent on leaf sheaths; shape: linear; color: green. Flowers: Terminal inflorescence with erect to spreading branches that are longer than involucral bracts, usually with 5 to many small, compact, 5-flowered to 20-flowered heads. Each flower has 3 or 6 stamens; primary color: straw colored to greenish- brown; size: 3-3.5 mm long. Fruits: Aapsules, 3 edged, uniformly tapered to pointed tip, about as long as scales; seeds oblong and long-tapered.
Hydrology wet Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Swales or wet ditches Marshes or swamps Bogs, fens Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Bog margins Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas
Wildlife Value Birds: The seeds are eaten by mallards, widgeons, pintails, teal, wood ducks, grouse, pheasants, house finches, towhees, sparrows, and juncos. Mammals: Muskrats feed on the rootstalks.
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.19
Juncus ensifolius Daggerleaf Rush
Height: Can grow up to 2 feet (60 cm) tall. Growth Form: Graminoid. Stems: Stems solitary or few, flattened, 2-edged, leafy. Leaves: Leaves are laterally flattened like iris leaves, 2-6 mm wide, 3-4 per stem.
Flowers: Terminal inflorescences with 1-10 ball-like flower clusters, each with several to many flowers; lowermost bract 1-10 cm long, flower scales greenish-brown to brown-purple; 3-6 stamens; size: 3-4 mm long. Flowering Period: May. Fruits: Capsules, rounded at tips; seeds cylindrical and minutely pointed at the tips; shape: oblong.
Hydrology wet Wetland Indicator Status: FACW (facultative wetland) Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation sub-alpine Soil Preferences sandy soils muddy soils Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Marshes or swamps Bogs, fens Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Bog margins Stream or river banks
Wildlife Value Birds: The seeds are eaten by mallards, widgeons, pintails, teal, wood ducks, grouse, pheasants, house finches, towhees, sparrows, and juncos. Name Info: The Latin name ensifolilus means sword-leaved. Mammals: Muskrats feed on the rootstalks. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.20
Juncus tenuis Slender Rush
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Graminoid.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%
Hydrology wet moist
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.21
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Softstem Bulrush
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Graminoid. Flowering Period: June, July.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80%
Hydrology wet Wetland Indicator Status: OBL (obligate wetland)
Elevation Range
low elevation mid elevation
Soil Preferences sandy soils muddy soils
Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes Sloughs Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.22
Scirpus maritimus Seacoast Bulrush
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Graminoid.
Flowering Period: June, July.
Soil Preferences sandy soils clay soils muddy soils
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% Hydrology wet Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes Shallow pools Sloughs Swales or wet ditches Marshes or swamps Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Saltwater Areas: Saltmarshes Brackish water
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.23
Scirpus microcarpus Small-flowered Bulrush
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Graminoid. Flowering Period: May, June.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60%
Hydrology
wet moist
Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation
Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Sloughs Swales or wet ditches Seasonally inundated areas
Seeps, springs Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Stream or river banks
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.24
Sparganium angustifolium Narrowleaf Bur-reed
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Graminoid. Flowering Period: June, July, August.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% Hydrology wet Elevation Range low elevation
mid elevation sub-alpine
Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes Shallow pools
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.25
Sparganium eurycarpum Broadfruit Bur-reed
At a Glance:
Growth Form: Graminoid. Flowering Period: June, July, August.
Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60%
Hydrology wet
Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation sub-alpine
Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes Shallow pools Sloughs Marshes or swamps
Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.26
References
Carex cusickii Suggested References
Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 158. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 590. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 403. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 393.
Carex obnupta Suggested References
Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 160. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 587. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 400.
Deschampsia cespitosa Suggested References
Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 324. Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 149. Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 286. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 84.
Eleocharis palustris Suggested References
Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 292. Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 162. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 340. Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 286. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 406.
Elymus glaucus Suggested References
Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 146. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1254. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 638. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 364. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 363.
Eriophorum chamissonis Suggested References
Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 293. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 599. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 415. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 195. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 407. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Grasses, Sedges, Rushes – pg.27
Festuca rubra Suggested References
Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 332. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1260. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 642. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 368. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 376.
Glyceria elata Suggested References
Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 334. Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 205. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1262. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 643. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 352. Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 287. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 380.
Glyceria grandis Suggested References
Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 335. Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 205. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1262. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 643. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 419. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 380.
Hordeum brachyantherum Suggested References
Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 146. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 362.
Juncus acuminatus Suggested References
Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 242. Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 164. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 423. Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 288. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 414.
Juncus ensifolius Suggested References
Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 247. Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 92. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 338. Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 288. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 413.