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The Caste System As We Know, Is Both Hinduism And "The caste system as we know, is It must go if both Hinduism and India are lo Jive day to day." -Mahatma Gandhi. "In th~ context of soc1ety to·day the caste system and much that goes with it are wholly incompatiblr, reactionary, JCstrictive, and barriers to progress. There can be no equahty 1n status and opportunity within its framework, nor can thc1e be political democracy, and much less economic democrncy. Between these two conceptions conflict is inherent and only one of them can survive." -Pandit Shrl Jawaharlal Nehru. "The caste system is the main hindrauce in the way of achieving our goal of establishing casteless and eg'llitarian society. Identifieati<ln of soctally and educationally backward classes in terms o: caste is perpetuation of ·the evils of the caste system. Sooner we get lid of it the better for the nation." -Commission, CONTENTS VOLUME-I Paragraph Paget ' No. IntrGduction I, • •. ' [xv to xvii] . ,. ' Cbapter-1 • • Summary of the relevant provisiQns,of1 the C:onsti~ 1 tution of India providing for the promo:ion of ' ' educational and econo:n.ic interests and· the advance­ ment of sopially and. educatio®Uy backwar~ classes and other weaker sections of the society. The object of Articles 15(4) and 16(4) is to achieve 3 2 '. equality by removing inequality. The problem of determining who are socially and 7 3 educationally backward· is very co'mplex. • 1 , I Chapter-II The Casto .ey.stc;m ill' 'India... - 4 •· Caste . system, the main. oa.w;o... of• thei deplorablw "• 1 4 cond,ti~ns of .our mass\ls. ", 1 The meaning of the word 'caste'. , , ' 3 4 1 • Caste system in its present form W3s' not in existence 5 s in ancient Indi't. ... " ' ' ' .. ' .. Histor!rl .of ..ancillllt. ,J~ diride& itself into $CVilral· 6 s disti~J ,poriiJdS,JOIJ ePilChll., • ' ' · . · Soc~. life arulabsen001 eti casto.tsystem in the.v.edia., 11 6 period. ,, !\' • ) I J I I Caste system in the epic period. 14 7 .'. Distinctfotr !rltwee~ (he ancient caste' ·system 1 and ' l'S ' ' .Js:, that ' lit' the' •present· I age. • 1 1 I I I Caste &ystem in ~ubsequent 'periods. - 17 ... Extent of deterioration of the caste system. in thO' ' 20 modem age. Chapter-m Pernicious effects of the caste system: •• 11 . -. - Lol of Scheduled CasteS and Sc4ed~e,li Trib~s is 11 16 •I ' ' mi~~Crablo. Chapter-IV Relevant criteria, tests and factors for determining 18 who are socially and educationally backward classes '' [ vi l CONTENTS Paragraph Pag• No. in the hght of the dectstons of the Supreme Court. The backwardness must be both social and educational. 18 It need not be exactly stmtlar to that of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tnbes . .. .. ,. ,, Caste, poverty and backwardness. ' .. 2 18 Other factors relevant for dctermmmg backwardness. 3 19 Tests for determining educational backwardness. 4 19 Social backwardness can be determtned wtthout 5 20 reference to caste. Caste is also a class of citizens. .. 7 21 Tests for determining educational backwardness. 8 21 Observations in the case of Balaji explained. Poverty not to be the exclusive test. ... 9 21 A class can be identified on the basts of tnidttional ' 10 22 occupations. Low~r inco~e groups alone are backward. , ... , 11 22 Chapter-V Relevant critena, tests and factors for determining 24 who are socially and educationally backward in the light of the decistons of the Supreme Court ·(Contd.) Criterion of caste in relation to non-Hindus. .. 1 24 Relevant criteria, tests and factors enumerated. 9 26 Chapter-VI The lirst and the second backward classes commis­ 29 sions appointed by the President of India and Commissions appointed by the States. Chapter-VII .. Methodology. .. 31, I I j t Questionnaire No. 1 .. 3 31 Questionnaire No. 2 .. 4 32 Questionnaire No. 3 .. 5 32' Questtonnaire No. 4 .. 6 32 Questionnaire Nos. S, 6, 7 7 33 Extcnstve tour programme 10 34 Chapter-Vlll . • Factors contnbuling to social and educational 3S backwardness. tONTENfS ;[ vii l Paragraph Pages No. CMpter..:...lX • • Tests for deternuning educational backwardness of 37 the classes of citizens. Ratio of the relevant decisions of the Supreme 37 Court. Tests adopted by other Commissions--Andhra 4 38 Pradah. Jammu and Kashmir 5 38 '· Kamataka Commission 6 38 Bakshi Commission-Gujarat, .. 7 31 Mandal· Commiss10n. 9 4d I No hard and fast rule to determine educational 10 40 backwardness. Poverty, one of 'the main causes of educational H 40 backwardness, Tests applied by this Commission. 12 40 Chapter.... X • • Identification of socially and ' educationally ;,back- 42 ward classes without reference to castes is quite according to law. Relevant.. decisions of the Supreme Court. 1 42 Basis of classification by other Commissions. 4 43 • I ' '. Report of Jammu & KasWnit Committee considered s 44 by the Supreme Court. 1 1 , The hill and Uttmkhand areas in Uttar Pradesh 8 beld socially and educationally backward. Occupations :or citizens may contribute to soc1al 9 46 backwardness. • Chipter-XI ! : Identification · of socially and educationally back­ 47 ward 'classes without reference to caste would facl. litate promotion of welfare and educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people and accelerate the process of establishing an esalit-soclety. Census-abolition of caste for the purpose of 1 47 enumeration. Enumeration of caste for specifying Socially and 2 47 educationally backward classes iS perpetuation of th~ ~vii~ of caste system. r viii 1 • CON.T·ENTS Paragraph Pages No. Connection between census Iepor!!>r prior to. the • 3 • '-(.4,7. year 1951 and desire for upward mobility. , . • .. Method adopted by .castes for raising. status, .... ' 4 48 Process of Sanskritization. s 48 •. 1-." •.• - Westernization.. 7 49 ..,. Movement for urward mobility. ·. , . 8 so ... Back11ard Classes movement in Qujarat•: 1,, 9 50 Forces. that had started .... eakening ·.the rig:d:.caste" ·.. :. '' 10 so system. 0 .,[,I • • I :f.,, ' l!oOo!! I Evil of caste system still persists-instances. 11 51 ~· • r ! . Co-operative schemes and caste solidarity. ·! ' "·'" •. 12 Sl ... Caste loyalties prominent in: .. political relations .. ··:'·­ 13 Sl Organized efforts for being considered soci~lfr arid.,. 14 52 educationally backward-cautious approac.h necessary while identifying such classes. ·.' ' Jdentifi~tion of socially._ 11nd .. educa~ionally pack· . IS 53 ward classes in terms of caste, wii,J,.perpetua~e the evils of caste system. · ' ..'· .. How some castes degraded themselves. 16 53 • ;:1: ' l 1- '' J'' •'' ', • ; I I '• Identification of socially and educationally back~ 17 '. 53 ~·~ ward. classes in terms of caste ilot' a ·possible -in the ' cases of non-Hindu communities,' ' ' ' Method · of d~temu~in{ sc:icial!y ·~d edueatio~y ·. ·; 18 ' ' • ' ' ' I ' • ' ' • ' t ~ ' 53 backward classes without niference to caste. beneficial ' ' ' to all sec:tions of people ·inespet;tive. · of.. the .ca,~~tes., . to which they belong. :·,:J· .... , .. Opportunity· to promote•. the!" educational at1d1: · · ' 20. 1}.- .,:.5~, 1 : economic irtterests of.. w.eaker .• sections •. ,UrgellCY.oof;,, getting .. rid of the,easter:system. .. , "", ... ,., . ', ' • 1'. I' , • ,• ' Inherept·defects in the sy.stel!l ~f:id~tifrillssocially, .. ,, 21 S4 and educationally backward classes in terms of caste.' . ' : . : ~ : Chapter-Xll .. Only· the lower income groups in certain castes/ 56 communities{classes constitute socially and educa· tionally backward classes. Only· lower income· groups are ~ocially and educa­ 1 56 tionally backward. 'CON'tENTS l ix 1 Paragraph Pages No. Benefits of reservation are snatched away by the 2 56 to,P creamy layers of the backward easte or class. Kerala Backward Classes Commission fixes income 4 S7 limit for identifying socially and educationally backward classes. Social or educational backwardness does not extst s 57 in the cases or well-to-do sections. Income limit fixed by this Commission. .. 6 57 Fixing of income limit cannot be challenged on 9 58 the ground that it is fluctuating. Meaning of the term 'family'. Chapter-Xm . Suggestions to modify the classification of sodally 59 and educationally backward classes made by the Bakshi Commission, in order to provide uniformity. Decision to Identify socially and educationally 59 backward cla!SeS without reference to Cllllte, insp1te of the fact that the Baksbi Commission has identJ... fied them in terms of caste. Sufficient justification to fix income limit proposed 2 59 by us also in reaard to socially and educationally backward ~":lasse.s Identified by the Bakshl CommissiOn. No useful purpose would be served by eontlnuing 4 60 to matntaio the list of socially and educationally ba.c:kward classe.s prepared by the Bakshi Commission. Chapter-XIV Identification of socially and educationally back· .• •61 '• warcl• claaea. Terms of reference. Scope of term (i) explained. 61 Identification of socially and educationaUy back­ 3 61 ward classes in terms of occupation is both equita· ble and realistic. Criteria adopted by the Mandai Commission for 4 62 Identification or sociaUy and educationally backward classes among non-Hmdu communities is neithet logical nor just. Criterion ahauld be sucll as caa be uniformly applied to Hindu castes and non· Hindu communities. Feeling of high and low on caste basis disappearing. 6 63 Several sections of certain castes resent the label 8 63 of backwardness. (X] CONTENTS Paragraph Pages No. Trans1tion from a caste to a class. 9 63 The concept of social equality IS never fully practtced, 10 64 even in England and America. Position of manual \\orkers and other low ancome 12 65 groups in 1ndia. Observations m the S1xth Five Year Plan m regard 13 66 to manual \\Orkers. Progressive steps taken by the cr>twlulc State of 15 67 Bombay to get rad of classli'icatlon of backward classes on caste basis. Progressive steps have been eontmued in the State of 16 68 Gujarat. While making provisions for the educational and 17 68 economic advancement of socially and educationally backward classes of Citizens under Articles 15 (4) and 16 (4), the State is giving effect to the directive prmciples enshrined in Artacle 46 of the Constitution.
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