DOCSLIB.ORG

State of the New York Lake Ontario Basin Project

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
State of the New York Lake Ontario Basin Project The State of the New York Lake Ontario Basin: AA ReportReport onon WaterWater ResourcesResources andand LocalLocal WatershedWatershed ManagementManagement ProgramsPrograms Finger Lakes-Lake Ontario Watershed Protection Alliance 309 Lake Street, Penn Yan, New York 315-536-7488 ©2000 Correspondence on this report may be forwarded to: Water Resources Board 309 Lake Street Penn Yan, New York 14527 315-536-7488 e-mail: [email protected] — ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS — Funding for this project was provided by New York State through an appropriation in the Environmental Protection Fund for the Finger Lakes – Lake Ontario Watershed Protection Alliance (FL-LOWPA). The 25 counties of FL-LOWPA express their gratitude to Governor George Pataki and the New York State Legislature for support of the FL-LOWPA program. The principal investigators for this project were Elizabeth Moran, Ph.D. and John Roebig, Ph.D. of EcoLogic, LLC in Cazenovia, New York. Several individuals affiliat- ed with FL-LOWPA contributed substantially to the project, including county rep- resentatives Jim Balyszak (Yates County), Warren Hart (Ontario County), Charlie Knauf (Monroe County), Russ Nemecek (Onondaga County), Karen Noyes (Oswego County) and staff members Betsy Landre and Marion Balyszak (Water Resources Board)/. Mercury Print Productions in Rochester, New York designed the layout and printed the report. An endeavor to characterize water quality status and programming at the local level across a region as vast as the New York Lake Ontario Basin depends upon infor- mation from many sources. Dozens of water resources professionals at the federal, state, regional, county and local levels and water quality coordinating committees in the Basin provided valuable information that made this project possible. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Water is acknowledged for contribution of state-level water quality data and information, as is Mike Stoogenke for mapping assistance. — TABLE OF CONTENTS — ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER ONE: THE STATE OF THE LAKE ONTARIO BASIN: PROJECT OVERVIEW . .1 Purpose of the Report . .1 FL-LOWPA’s Role in Resource Management . .1 FL-LOWPA Funding and Resource Allocation . .2 Study Area . .3 Information Sources . .3 Defining Watershed Terms in the Report . .4 Report Organization . .4 CHAPTER TWO THE LAKE ONTARIO BASIN: THE RESOURCE AND ITS MANAGEMENT . .5 Overview of Natural Resources . .5 Watershed Management Agencies and Responsibilities . .17 CHAPTER THREE RIVER BASIN AND DIRECT DRAINAGE AREAS PERSPECTIVES . .21 Introduction, Framework, and Methods SECTION A: . .24 SENECA-ONEIDA-OSWEGO RIVERS BASIN PERSPECTIVE Description of the River Basin . .24 Water Quality Status . .29 Local Priorities . .32 Gap Analysis: Congruence between Impairments and Local Priorities . .33 SECTION B: . .35 GENESEE RIVER BASIN PERSPECTIVE Description of the River Basin . .35 Water Quality Status . .38 Local Priorities . .42 Gap Analysis: Congruence between Impairments and Local Priorities . .42 SECTION C: . .45 BLACK RIVER BASIN PERSPECTIVE Description of the River Basin . .45 Water Quality Status . .48 Local Priorities . .51 Gap Analysis: Congruence between Impairments and Local Priorities . .52 SECTION D: . .54 LAKE ONTARIO DIRECT DRAINAGE AREAS PERSPECTIVE Description of the River Basin . .54 Water Quality Status . .56 Local Priorities . .60 Gap Analysis: Congruence between Impairments and Local Priorities . .60 CHAPTER FOUR CONCEPTS OF WATERSHED PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT . .62 The Watershed Approach in the Local Context . .62 Elements of Watershed Planning and Management . .62 Barriers to Effective Watershed Planning . .66 The Importance of Local Context . .67 CHAPTER FIVE COMMUNITY-BASED WATERSHED PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ACROSS THE NEW YORK LAKE ONTARIO BASIN . .69 Introduction . .69 Comprehensive Watershed Management Planning Projects . .69 Watershed Restoration Projects . .69 Case Studies and Project Descriptions . .70 Planning: Canandaigua Lake . .70 Cayuga Lake . .73 Cazenovia Lake . .74 Conesus Lake . .74 Honeoye Lake . .76 Keuka Lake . .77 Oneida Lake . .78 Otisco Lake . .79 Owasco Lake . .80 Sandy and South Sandy Creeks . .80 Seneca Lake . .81 Silver Lake . .82 Skaneateles Lake . .82 Canadice and Hemlock Lakes . .84 Irondequoit Creek . .84 North Chili Tributary of Black Creek . .85 Northrup Creek/Long Pond . .85 Oatka Creek . .85 Wayne County Watersheds . .85 Creek Committees . .85 Restoration: Irondequoit Bay . .86 Onondaga Lake . .87 Beaver Lake . .89 Chittenango Creek . .89 Kendig Creek . .90 Johnson Creek . .91 Lake LeRoy Reservoir . .90 Eighteenmile Creek Remedial Action Plan . .90 Lake Neatahwanta . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Manhattan 41 North Main Gimlet Chocolate Sazerac Smoking Apple Rum Fashion Hop Collins New Pal Highland Park Rosemary Paloma
    SPIRITS MANHATTAN 12 RUM FASHION 10 rye whiskey • carpano antica • taylor adgate port wine • white rum • muddled orange & cherry • vanilla syrup • almond syrup cio ciaro amaro • aromatic bitters • brandied cherry HOP COLLINS 10 41 NORTH MAIN 12 gin • fresh lemon juice • IPA • honey CLASSICS vodka • cucumber • basil • simple syrup • fresh lime juice NEW PAL 12 GIMLET 12 SIGNATURES gin • aperol • lillet blanc • grapefruit bitters vodka • elderower liqueur • fresh lime juice HIGHLAND PARK 12 CHOCOLATE SAZERAC 10 rye whiskey • fresh lemon juice • simple syrup • port wine • egg white rye whiskey • crème de cocoa • simple syrup • absinthe rinse SMOKING APPLE 14 ROSEMARY PALOMA 14 mezcal • apple pie moonshine • apple cider • fresh lime juice tequila • fresh grapefruit juice • rosemary simple syrup • rosemary salt rim DRAUGHT BEER PINT or TASTING FLIGHT // 8 LOCAL BEER SELECTIONS your server would be happy to describe our beer on tap this evening. BOTTLED BEER MICHELOB ULTRA 5 SAM ADAMS SEASONAL 6 PERONI 6 COORS LIGHT 5 YUENGLING LAGER 6 STELLA ARTOIS 6 LABATT BLUE 5 HEINEKEN 6 GUINNESS DRAUGHT 6 LABATT BLUE LIGHT 5 BALLAST POINT GRAPEFRUIT SCULPIN 6 BECK’S N/A 5 CORONA 5 WAGNER VALLEY IPA 6 MODELO 6 BLUE MOON 5 1911 CIDER SEASONAL 6 BROOKLYN LAGER 6 WINE SPARKLING DESTELLO • Cava Brut Reserva • Catelonia, Spain G 10 B 32 ZARDETTO • Prosecco NV • Veneto, Italy G 11 B 38 RUFFINO • Moscato D’Asti DOCG • Piedmont, Italy G 10 B 32 BY THE BY GLASS ROSÉ JOLIE FOLLE • Grenache-Syrah • Provence, France G 12 B 46 WHITES HOUSE • Rotating Selection G 9 SAUVION
    [Show full text]
  • Front Door Brochure
    012_342020 A 4 4 l b H a n o y l l , a N n Y d A 1 2 v 2 e 2 n 9 u - e 0 0 0 1 For more information about the FRONT DOOR, call your local Front Door contact: Finger Lakes ..............................................855-679-3335 How Can I Western New York ....................................800-487-6310 Southern Tier ..................................607-771-7784, Ext. 0 Get Services? Central New York .....................315-793-9600, Ext. 603 The Front Door North Country .............................................518-536-3480 Capital District ............................................518-388-0398 Rockland County ......................................845-947-6390 Orange County .........................................845-695-7330 Taconic ..........................................................844-880-2151 Westchester County .................................914-332-8960 Brooklyn .......................................................718-642-8576 Bronx .............................................................718-430-0757 Manhattan ..................................................646-766-3220 Queens ..........................................................718-217-6485 Staten Island .................................................718-982-1913 Long Island .................................................631-434-6000 Individuals with hearing impairment: use NY Relay System 711 (866) 946-9733 | NY Relay System 711 www.opwdd.ny.gov Identify s s s s s Contact Information Determine s Assessment Develop Services Support The Front
    [Show full text]
  • Hemlock-Canadice Unit Management Plan
    Division of Lands & Forests Bureau of State Land Management HEMLOCK-CANADICE UNIT MANAGEMENT PLAN Final Livingston County towns of Livonia, Conesus and Springwater Ontario County towns of Richmond and Canadice January 2015 NYS Department of Environmental Conservation Region 8 Sub-Office 7291 Coon Rd. Bath, New York 14810 Hemlock-Canadice Unit Management Plan New York State Department of Environmental Conservation’s Mission “The quality of our environment is fundamental to our concern for the quality of life. It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State of New York to conserve, improve and protect its natural resources and environment and to prevent, abate and control water, land and air pollution, in order to enhance the health, safety and welfare of the people of the state and their overall economic and social well-being.” - Environmental Conservation Law 1-0101(1) Preface It is the policy of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYS DEC) to manage state lands for multiple benefits to serve the people of New York State. This Unit Management Plan (Unit) is the first step in carrying out that policy. The plan has been developed to address management activities on this unit for the next 10 year period. Some management recommendations may extend beyond the 10 year period. Factors such as budget constraints, wood product markets, and forest health problems may necessitate deviations from the scheduled management activities. Vision Statement for All State Forests State Forests on the Hemlock-Canadice Unit will be managed in a sustainable manner by promoting ecosystem health, enhancing landscape biodiversity, protecting soil productivity and water quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Ontario Maps, Facts and Figures
    Lake Ontario maps, facts and figures A project by the FINGER LAKES-LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE and NEW YORK SEA GRANT 1. Origins of Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Basin 2. Population by Census Block Groups 3. Detailed Surface Water New York’s Lake Ontario . shown in maps, facts & figures Lake Ontario, the 14th largest lake in the world, is the smallest of the Great 4. Topography Lakes. Bordered to the north by Ontario, Canada, and to the south by New York State, it is the smallest in surface area, fourth among the Great Lakes in maximum depth, but second only to Lake Superior in average depth. The basin land area is largely rural with a significant forested and Lake Ontario at a glance 5. Land Use Types agricultural portion. The Lake is nestled between the mighty Niagara River Lake Ontario is the 14th largest lake in the world. to the west...and the picturesque St. Lawrence River Valley to its east. Length: 193 mi / 311 km Width: 53 mi / 85 km Almost one-third of the land area of New York State drains Published by Finger Lakes-Lake Ontario Watershed Protection Alliance (FLLOWPA) Average depth: 283 ft / 86 m 6. Wastewater Treatment Plants and New York Sea Grant. into Lake Ontario, making the wise use and management of Maximum depth: 802 ft / 244 m All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval natural resources vital to the long-term sustainability of the system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, 3 3 photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Genesee Valley Glacial and Postglacial Geology from 50000
    Genesee Valley Glacial and Postglacial Geology from 50,000 Years Ago to the Present: A Selective Annotated Review Richard A. Young, Department of Geological Sciences, SUNY, Geneseo, NY 14454 Introduction The global chronology for The Pleistocene Epoch, or “ice age,” has been significantly revised during the last three decades (Alley and Clark, 1999) as a result of the extended and more accurate data provided by deep sea drilling projects, ice core studies from Greenland and Antarctica (Andersen et al. 2006; Svensson et al. 2008), oxygen isotope studies of marine sediments, and climatic proxy data from lake cores, peat bogs, and cave stalactites. These new data have improved our ability to match the Earth’s Milankovitch orbital cycles to the improved ice core and radiometric chronologies (ages based on radiocarbon, U-Th, U-Pb). However, the Milankovitch theory has recently been the subject of renewed controversy, and not all cyclical climatic phenomena are directly reconcilable with Milankovitch’s original ideas (Ridgwell et al., 1999; Ruddiman, 2006). Overall, it is evident that there must have been as many as 20 or more glacial cycles in the last 2.5 million years, not all of which necessarily resulted in the expansion of large ice sheets as far south as the United States-Canadian border. The International Union of Geological Sciences recently adopted a change for the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, extending the beginning of the Pleistocene Epoch back from 1.8 to 2.588 million years Before Present (BP). The average length of the most recent glacial- interglacial cycles (also known as “Stages”) is on the order of 100,000 years, with 10,000 to 15,000 years being the approximate length of the interglacial warm episodes between the longer cold cycles (also known as cold stadials and warm interstadials).
    [Show full text]
  • Erie Canalway Map & Guide
    National Park Service Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor U.S. Department of the Interior Erie Canalway Map & Guide Pittsford, Frank Forte Pittsford, The New York State Canal System—which includes the Erie, Champlain, Cayuga-Seneca, and Oswego Canals—is the centerpiece of the Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor. Experience the enduring legacy of this National Historic Landmark by boat, bike, car, or on foot. Discover New York’s Dubbed the “Mother of Cities” the canal fueled the growth of industries, opened the nation to settlement, and made New York the Empire State. (Clinton Square, Syracuse, 1905, courtesy Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Detroit Publishing Extraordinary Canals Company Collection.) pened in 1825, New York’s canals are a waterway link from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes through the heart of upstate New York. Through wars and peacetime, prosperity and This guide presents exciting Orecession, flood and drought, this exceptional waterway has provided a living connection things to do, places to go, to a proud past and a vibrant future. Built with leadership, ingenuity, determination, and hard work, and exceptional activities to the canals continue to remind us of the qualities that make our state and nation great. They offer us enjoy. Welcome! inspiration to weather storms and time-tested knowledge that we will prevail. Come to New York’s canals this year. Touch the building stones CONTENTS laid by immigrants and farmers 200 years ago. See century-old locks, lift Canals and COVID-19 bridges, and movable dams constructed during the canal’s 20th century Enjoy Boats and Boating Please refer to current guidelines and enlargement and still in use today.
    [Show full text]
  • Harmful Algal Bloom Action Plan Conesus Lake
    HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM ACTION PLAN CONESUS LAKE www.dec.ny.gov EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SAFEGUARDING NEW YORK’S WATER Protecting water quality is essential to healthy, vibrant communities, clean drinking water, and an array of recreational uses that benefit our local and regional economies. 200 NY Waterbodies with HABs Governor Cuomo recognizes that investments in water quality 175 protection are critical to the future of our communities and the state. 150 Under his direction, New York has launched an aggressive effort to protect state waters, including the landmark $2.5 billion Clean 125 Water Infrastructure Act of 2017, and a first-of-its-kind, comprehensive 100 initiative to reduce the frequency of harmful algal blooms (HABs). 75 New York recognizes the threat HABs pose to our drinking water, 50 outdoor recreation, fish and animals, and human health. In 2017, more 25 than 100 beaches were closed for at least part of the summer due to 0 HABs, and some lakes that serve as the primary drinking water source for their communities were threatened by HABs for the first time. 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 GOVERNOR CUOMO’S FOUR-POINT HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM INITIATIVE In his 2018 State of the State address, Governor Cuomo announced FOUR-POINT INITIATIVE a $65 million, four-point initiative to aggressively combat HABs in Upstate New York, with the goal to identify contributing factors fueling PRIORITY LAKE IDENTIFICATION Identify 12 priority waterbodies that HABs, and implement innovative strategies to address their causes 1 represent a wide range of conditions and protect water quality. and vulnerabilities—the lessons learned will be applied to other impacted Under this initiative, the Governor’s Water Quality Rapid Response waterbodies in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Hudson River - Black River Regulating District
    Document 2016 Control No. ____ Hudson River - Black River Regulating District Emergency Action Plan Sixth Lake Dam NYS Dam ID: 140 - 0860 Lat. 43˚ 33’ 00” N. Long. 74˚ 45’ 00” W. Hazard Classification: Class C, High Hazard Project Location: Sixth Lake Dam Rd., Town of Inlet, NY, 13360, Hamilton County, Fulton Chain of Lakes, Middle Branch of the Moose River. Inundation Area: Along the shorelines of Seventh, Sixth, Fifth and Fourth Lakes, Hamilton and Herkimer Counties. Quick Reference: How should this plan be implemented? – Part 1, Section D Who are the key players and what do they do? – Part 1, Section E Who should be called and in what order? – Part 1, Section A If the dam breaks, which areas are threatened? – Part 1, Section G Confidential Critical Energy Infrastructure Information (CEII) Do Not Release Sixth Lake Dam, EAP Hudson River – Black River Regulating District Inside Cover Emergency Action Plan Sixth Lake Dam NYS Dam Id. No. 140B – 0860 Hudson River-Black River Regulating District 350 Northern Boulevard Albany, New York 12204 518-465-3491 [email protected] S:\Engineering\Black River Area\Emergency Action Plans\Sixth Lake Dam EAP\SL EAP 2016\Files for Edit\Inside Cover SL 11-8-16.docx Sixth Lake Dam EAP TOC Hudson River - Black River Regulating District Page 1 0f 1 Table of Contents Section Last No. Pages Revised Title Page/Inside Cover Sheet .................................................................. Cover 2016 Table of Contents .................................................................................... TOC-1 11/8/16 Part I: EAP Information A. Emergency Condition Communication Sheets & Notification Flow Charts High Flow Flooding is occurring, no dam failure Condition Assessment & Communication Sheet .............................
    [Show full text]
  • New York State Canal Corporation Flood Warning and Optimization System
    K19-10283720JGM New York State Canal Corporation Flood Warning and Optimization System SCOPE OF SERVICES K19-10283720JGM Contents 1 Background of the Project........................................................................................................... 3 2 Existing FWOS features ............................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Data Import Interfaces ............................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Numeric Models ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Hydrologic Model............................................................................................................. 6 2.2.2 Hydraulic Model .............................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Data Dissemination Interfaces .................................................................................................. 6 3 Technical Landscape ................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Software ................................................................................................................................. 7 3.1.1 Systems......................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.2 FWOS Software ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Town of Seneca
    TOWN OF BRISTOL Inventory of Land Use and Land Cover Prepared for: Ontario County Water Resources Council 20 Ontario Street, 3rd Floor Canandaigua, New York 14424 and Town of Bristol 6740 County Road 32 Canandaigua, New York 14424 Prepared by: Dr. Bruce Gilman Department of Environmental Conservation and Horticulture Finger Lakes Community College 3325 Marvin Sands Drive Canandaigua, New York 14424-8395 2020 Cover image: Ground level view of a perched swamp white oak forest community (S1S2) surrounding a shrub swamp that was discovered and documented on Johnson Hill north of Dugway Road. This forest community type is rare statewide and extremely rare locally, and harbors a unique assemblage of uncommon plant species. (Image by the Bruce Gilman). Acknowledgments: For over a decade, the Ontario County Planning Department has supported a working partnership between local towns and the Department of Environmental Conservation and Horticulture at Finger Lakes Community College that involves field research, ground truthing and digital mapping of natural land cover and cultural land use patterns. Previous studies have been completed for the Canandaigua Lake watershed, the southern Honeoye Valley, the Honeoye Lake watershed, the complete Towns of Canandaigua, Gorham, Richmond and Victor, and the woodlots, wetlands and riparian corridors in the Towns of Seneca, Phelps and Geneva. This report summarizes the latest land use/land cover study conducted in the Town of Bristol. The final report would not have been completed without the vital assistance of Terry Saxby of the Ontario County Planning Department. He is gratefully thanked for his assistance with landowner information, his patience as the fieldwork was slowly completed, and his noteworthy help transcribing the field maps to geographic information system (GIS) shape files.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix a References 12-20-02
    Appendix A: References Adams, C.C. and T.L. Hankinson. 1928. The Ecology and Economics of Oneida Lake Fish. Roosevelt Wild Life Annals of the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station. Volume 1, Numbers 3 and 4. November 1928. A bulletin of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Adams, C.C., and T.L. Hankinson. 1916. Notes on Oneida Lake fish and fisheries. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 45: 155-169. Alerich, C. L. and D. A. Drake. 1995. Forest Statistic for New York: 1980 and 1993. Forest Inventory and Analysis Unit Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Radnor, PA. Baird, G. 1996. Biological Assessment and Survey of the East Branch of Fish Creek, Tug Hill, Lewis County, New York. New York Rivers United, Rome, New York. August 1996. Baker, F.C. 1918. The productivity of invertebrate fish food, on the bottom of Oneida Lake, with reference to mollusks. N.Y. State Coll. For, Tech. Pub. 9: 1-264. Baker, F.C. 1916. The freshwater mollusks of Oneida Lake, New York. Nautilus 30: 5-9. Bode, R., M. Novak, and L. Abele. 1993. Twenty Year Trends in Water Quality of Rivers and Streams in New York State Based on Macroinvertebrate Data 1972-1992. Stream Biomonitoring Unit, Bureau of Monitoring and Assessment, Division of Water, NYS Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York. Breidenbach, M. February 17, 2000. Foreclosure papers served on Oneidas. The Syracuse Post- Standard, Madison County Edition, page B1. Breidenbach, M. December 5, 1998. Oneida Nation buys marina at lake.
    [Show full text]
  • REFERENCES CITED __.(1920). Animal Life and Sewage in The
    REFERENCES CITED BAKER, F. C. ( 1911). The Lymnaeidae ofNorth and Middle America - Recent and Fossil. Chicago Acad Sci. Special Pub. 3:1-539. PI. 1-57. __.(1920). Animal life and sewage in the Genesee River , N.Y. Amer. Nat. 54:152-161. In Ill. Bio. Mono. Vol. VII . April 1922 . NO . 2. Forbes, Trelease and Ward (Eds.), Univ . of Ill. Press. __. (1928a). The freshwater mollusca of Wisconsin, Part 1. Gastropoda. Wisconsin Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bul. 70(1):1-507. PI. 1-28. __. (1945). The molluscan family Planorbidae. Univ. Ill. Press, Urbana, 530 pp. BINNEY, G. W. (1865). Land and freshwater snails of North America. Smithsonian Mise. Coll. No. 144, pt 3, p 113, Fig 225 . CHANDLER, A. C. and P. R. CLARK. (1961). Introduction to Parasitology, John Wiley (lOth ed.). DeKAY, J. E. (1843). Zoology of New York, Part 5. Mollusca of New York . Carroll and Cook, AJbany, 271 pp, PI. 1-40. FOREST, H.S., J. Q. WADE and T. F. MAXWELL. (1978). The Umnology of Conesus Lake. In Bloomfield, J. A. (ed.), Ecology of the Finger Lakes of New York State, AcademJc Press . HARMAN, W. N. and C. O. BERG. (1971). The freshwater Gastropoda of Central New York, with illus. keys to the genera and species. Search: Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., Ent.lthaca, 1(4):1-68. HYMAN, L. H. (1968). The Invertebrates: Mollusca, Vol. 6. McGraw-Hill. Book Co. New York. MAURY, C. J. (1916). Freshwater shells from central and western New York. Nautilus 30:329-33. PENNAK, R. W. (1953). Freshwater invertebrates of the United States.
    [Show full text]