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University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland. THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND JUBILEE CELEBRATIONS i ill 1! 1 im ml

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THE JUBILEE PROFESSORIAL BOARD OF THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND (Photograph taken 22 March 1961) Front rou\ from left, scaled: S. A. Prentice (Electrical Engineering) , R. H. Greenwood (Geography) , F. J. Schonell (Vice-Chancellor) , L. J. H. Teakle (Agriculture, President) , T. G. H. Jones (Chemistry, Deputy President) , G. Greenwood (History and Political Science) , C. J. Connell (Registrar) . Second rcne, from left: D. Hill (Research Professor, Geology) , W. N, L. Harrison (Law) , R. P. Cummings (Architecture) , J. \\'. H, Tyrer (Medicine) , D. A. Herbert (Botany) , G. W. Bassett (Education) , J. K. Gifford (Economics) , H. C. ^Vebster (Physics) , N. G. Sutton (Surgery) , J. V. A. Sprent (Parasitology) , S. F". Lumb (Dentistry) . TJiird row, from left: C. G. Cooper (Classics) , V. N. Lahe^ (Research Professor, Chemistry) , J. C. Mahoney (French) , E. A. Campbell (Acting Professor, Animal Husbandry) , ^V. Stephenson (Zoology) , O. E. Budtz-Olsen (General Physiology) , J. Francis (\'eterinary Preventive Medicine) , A. F, Wilson (Geology and Mineralogy) , A\'. M. Kyle (Philosophy) . Fourth row, from left: A. K, Thomson (Second Professor of English) , M. F. Hickey (Anatomy) , R. W. Hawker (Physiology) , F. T. M. ^\'hite (Mining and Metallurgical Engineering) , M. Shaw (Mechanical Engineering) , J. J. Mahony (Applied Mathematics) , C. S. Davis (Mathematics) . Fifth row, from left: H. Bryan (Librarian) , D. Gordon (Social and Preventive Medicine) , .\. J. Canny (Pathology) , J. H. La\ery (Ci\il Engineering) , A. C. Cawley (English Language and Literature) , R. D, Goodman (Acting Director, External Studies) , D. ^V. McElwain (Psychology) . ,\'o( in pholograpli: Sir Albert Axon (Chancellor) , T. K. Ewer (Animal Husbandi7) , F. J. Olsen (Director, External Studies) , H. R. .\nderson (Public Law, deceased 23 February 1961) . THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND JUBILEE CELEBRATIONS 25, 26, and 27 May 1960

The Chancellor SIR ALBERT AXON K.B.E., M.E., M.I.E. (Aust.) The Deputy Chancellor HERBERT GEORGE WATKIN B.A., Dip.Ed. The Vice-Chancellor FRED JOYCE SCHONELL M.A., Ph.D., D.Lit., F.B.Ps.S., F.A.C.E. The Registrar CYRIL JOHN CONNELL B.Com., F.A.S.A., F.C.A.A., A.A.U.Q.. A.C.I.S. Printed and bound for the University of Queensland Press 1966 by Wilke and Company Limited, Melbourne Designed by A. R. Stokes Registered in Australia for transmission by post as a book

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•3 •"^ FOREWORD

By the Chancellor

I accord it a privilege to contribute, with the Vice-Chancellor, a foreword to this small volume that records our celebrations on the occasion of the Jubilee of the University. Not that fifty years is very long in the life of a University, but it does enable us to look back and assess the results in those important formative first decades. Undoubtedly the status that we have assumed so far in that great assembly of universities of the world has been due to the ability, the imagination, and the devotion of many people. And I think, in the first place, of the past Chancellors of this now large University of 8,700 students which, in 1910, opened with 83 students. The first Chancellor was His Excellency Sir "Wil liam MacGregor, and then there followed Sir Alexander Cooper (Chief Justice of Queensland), His Excellency Sir Matthew Nathan, The Honour able Andrew Thynne, Sir James Blair (Chief Justice of Queensland), The Honourable William Forgan Smith, and Dr. Otto Hirschfeld. All of them were men who made a distinctive contribution. In this they were aided by the great service given them by the Senate of the University and by the loyalty, the ability, the hard work and, above all, by the faith of the men and women who staffed the University. This book will serve, in one way, as a permanent appreciation of the great part they have played in making us so justifiably proud of our achievements on this the fiftieth anniversary of the University of Queensland. The celebrations, carefully recorded, were outstandingly successful and I should like to thank the Vice-Chancellor, the Registrar, and all those responsible for their organization. In addition I should like also to thank the Deputy Chancellor for his help at this time.

^'. Q>. /T>c^(y-n^ Chancellor FOREWORD

By the Vice-Chancellor

The Chancellor in his foreword has indicated that our Jubilee celebra tions were an outstanding success. I should like to record the sincere thanks of the University to the many members of the staff who gave so generously of their time and creative powers in planning such eminently successful ceremonies. In particular I should like to thank Mr. H. B. Green, Officer in Charge of Ceremonies, for his very effective organization of the entire Jubilee celebrations. The presence with us of so many eminent scholars from sister universities and institutions all over the world, bearing greetings of goodwill, was indeed a warm encouragement to us to continue to strive for those standztrds and ideals so important to us all. It is ray fervent hope that fifty years from now the University will be able to look back upon a comparable era of progress and service, and that this record may serve as a reminder of the joy experienced by us and the honour accorded to us by the presence of so many distinguished guests on the occasion of our first half century of development.

h^ick^vdUi/ Vice-Chancellor CONTENTS

The Address of Loyalty 1 Invitations $ Programme of the Celebrations 4 Formal Registration of Delegates 5 The Reception at the City Hall 5 The Garden Party at the University, St. Lucia 5 The Official Welcome to Delegates and the Oration by Sir Robert Lowe Hall 6 Message from Her Majesty the Queen 7 Message from Her Majesty the Queen Mother 8 Message from Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra of Kent 9 Address by the Chancellor 10 The Oration by Sir Robert Lowe Hall 12 Vote of Thanks to Sir Robert Hall by the Vice-Chancellor 28 The Ceremony of Conferring of Honorary Degrees and Presentation of Addresses by Delegates 30 The Conferring of Honorary Degrees 31 Address by the Chancellor 42 The Presentation of Addresses of Salutation 46 Reply to the Chancellor's Address by Sir Alex Reid 50 Reply to the Chancellor's Address by Sir Leslie Martin 52 The Garden Party at Parliament House 54 The University Banquet 55 Toast of the University of Queensland by Professor H. Burton 56 Response by the Vice-Chancellor 59 Toast of the Sister Universities by Professor G. Greenwood 63 Response by Professor Sir George Paton 66 The Buffet Luncheon in the Darnell Art Gallery at the University, St. Lucia 69 The Late Afternoon Party at Government House 69 Members of the Senate, May 1960 70 Members of the Professorial Board, May 1960 71 ILLUSTRATIONS

The Jubilee Professorial Board of the University of Queensland frontispiece An Aerial View of the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, in 1960 facing p.4 A Selection from Addresses of Salutation Presented by Other Universities: University of Cambridge facing p.5 University of Sydney facing p.20 University of Calcutta between pp.20-21 University of Zurich between pp.20-21 University of British Columbia facing p.21 University of Hong Kong facing p.40 Ohio State University between pp.40-41 Humboldt-University of Berlin between pp.40-41 The Vice-Chancellor Presents Professor T. G. H Jones to the Chancellor for Conferring of the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws facing p.41 The Governor of Queensland, His Excellency Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith, is congratulated by the Chancellor of the University at the Conferring upon Him of the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws facing p.41 Photographs Taken at the University Banquet between pp.56-57 THE ADDRESS OF LOYALTY

To Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Elizabeth II:

AY IT please your Majesty: On the occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the University of MQueensland which is being celebrated in May 1960, the Chancellor, Deputy Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor, members of Senate and of Council, and the whole community of teachers and students of the University beg leave to present their humble assurances of continued loyalty to Your Majesty. The University was inaugurated and endowed by an Act of the Legislature of Queensland which received the Royal Assent on 10 December 1909, fifty years after the establishment of responsible government in the state. But the appointment of the members of the first Senate on 15 April 1910 marks the date on which the University is deemed to have been constituted. The University is therefore now celebrating the Fiftieth Anni versary of its constitution. During its first half-century the University has grown so vigorously that it is now one of the largest universities in Your Majesty's Commonwealth of Australia. This development has been made possible by the devoted labours of many able scholars and administrators, outstanding among whom is Mr. J. D. Story, member of Senate since its inception and Vice-Chancellor from 1938 to 1960. The University has been most fortunate, too, in the encouragement and assistance it has received from the Governors of Queensland in their capacity as Official Visitors to the University. The University is proud of its past achievements and of the distinguished contribution made by its graduates to the intellectual and material well- being of Queensland and its people. Today the University is entering on a new phase in its development—a phase of rapid growth in which students, teachers, and biiildings will all have an important part to play. In the future the expanding resources of the University are likely to exert an ever-increasing influence on the community, both through the parent 1 University in Brisbane and through its University centres in Townsville and elsewhere in Queensland. On this, its Fiftieth Anniversary, the University is acutely conscious of its duty to maintain and improve its academic standards for the benefit of Queensland and of mankind at large. However, encouraged by its past record and strong in its loyalty to Your Majesty, it looks forward with confidence to the future. Given under the Seal of the University of Queensland on the first day of March in the year of Grace nineteen hundred and sixty and handed to Your Majesty's representative. His Excellency Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith, K.C.V.O., D.S.O., Governor of Queensland, for transmission to Your Majesty.

A. E. AXON, Chancellor FRED J. SCHONELL, Vice-Chancellor INVITATIONS

THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND sends warmest greetings. Next year our University will complete the fiftieth year of its life, and we desire to celebrate this occasion in a worthy manner. We invite you to send a representative to share our joy and witness our pride, and to add distinction and grace to the ceremony. The celebrations have been set down for the twenty-fifth day of May, 1960, and the two following days. Given at Brisbane on sixteenth day of November, 1959

The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia. Sixteenth day of November, 1959 Dear Colleague, The University has planned the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of its foundation on 25, 26, and 27 May 1960. We shall be greatly honoured if your University is able to accept the invitation to join with us on this joyous occasion. The presence of your representative would be a welcome expression of your goodwill and would add lustre to our celebration. If by reason of distance you are unable to send one of your number, we shall be happy to welcome any person whom you may wish to name as your delegate. I am. Sir, Yours fraternally, A. E. AXON Chancellor PROGRAMME OF THE CELEBRATIONS

FIRST DAY: WEDNESDAY 25 MAY

9.30 a.m. Registration of Delegates at City Hall. 11.30 a.m. Civic Reception at City Hall. Academic Dress. 2.45 p.m. Garden Party at University, St. Lucia. A cademic Dress. 8.00 p.m. Official Welcome and Oration at City Hall. Academic Dress.

SECOND DAY: THURSDAY 26 MAY

10.00 a.m. Conferring of Honorary Degrees and Presentation of Addresses at City Hall. Academic Dress. 3.00 p.m. State Reception at Parliament House. Academic Dress. 8.00 p.m. Banquet at Lennons—Convention Room. Full Academic Dress.

THIRD DAY: FRIDAY 27 MAY

11.00 a.m. Inspection of University. 12.30 p.m. Buffet Luncheon with Senate and Professorial Board in Darnell Art Gallery, University, St. Lucia. 5.00 p.m. Late Afternoon Party at Government House. Academic Dress. 0-;

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r ' • lb .utittc pro»t.'itritv'. WEDNESDAY 25 MAY IN THE MORNING FORMAL REGISTRATION OF DELEGATES Delegates attended in the Supper Room of the City Hall to sign the register and were presented with the following documents: University of Queensland Jubilee 1910-1960. A programme of the celebrations. A list of delegates attending the celebrations, set out in chronological order of the foundation of the university represented. A name tag with the crest of the University of Queensland. Invitations and entree tickets to Jubilee celebrations.

WEDNESDAY 25 MAY AT 11.30 A.M. A RECEPTION AT THE CITY HALL by The Right Honourable Lord Mayor (Alderman T. R. Groom) and the Aldermen of the City of Brisbane

WEDNESDAY 25 MAY AT 2.45 P.M. A GARDEN PARTY AT THE UNIVERSITY, ST. LUCIA given by The Chancellor and Members of the Senate of the University of Queensland 5 WEDNESDAY 25 MAY AT 8.00 PM. THE OFFICIAL WELCOME TO DELEGATES AND THE ORATION by Sir Robert Lowe Hall, K.C.M.G., C.B., B.E., M.A. Economic Adviser to Her Majesty's Government in THE CITY HALL The Deputy Chancellor Presiding

The Deputy Chancellor and the Vice-Chancellor received the Official Visitor, His Excellency Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith, K.C.V.O., D.S.O., Governor of Queensland, at 7.55 p.m. The Marshal led the procession into the hall at 8.00 p.m. He was followed by the Registrar, Warden, the President of the Professorial Board, the Vice- Chancellor, the Guest Orator, the Official Visitor, and the Deputy Chancellor who was preceded immediately by the Ceremonial Beadle and attended by the two Proctors. The National Anthem was played and the Warden read messages from Her Majesty the Queen, Her Majesty the Queen Mother, and Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra of Kent. BUCKINGHAM PALACE

6 April 1960 Dear Chancellor, I am commanded by The Queen to convey an expression of Her Majesty's warm thanks to you, to the Deputy Chancellor, to the Vice-Chancellor, to the members of the Senate and of the Council, and to the teachers and students of the University of Queensland for the kind and loyal message sent on the occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the constitution of the University. Her Majesty sends her best wishes for the continued success and prosperity of the University. Yours sincerely, MARTIN CHARTERIS The Chancellor, University of Queensland As Chancellor of the University of London I have much pleasure in send ing warm congratulations to the University of Queensland on the attainment of its Jubilee. Our two Universities have many things in common, not least the External degree system. Through it we have been able to confer degrees upon count less people who are prevented by circumstances from taking up residence, and we may justly be proud of this important contribution to the cause of higher education, I look back with great pleasure to my visit to the University two years ago. Few universities in the Commonwealth are blessed with a site so ample and so beautiful as yours at St. Lucia, Given the means to develop that site to the full, the prospects of the University are indeed bright. I send my sincere congratulations to the University on its achievements in the past fifty years. An even richer future, I feel sure, lies ahead of it,

ELIZABETH R, May 1960 Chancellor of the University of London

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KENSINGTON PALACE

I am very pleased indeed to send you my best wishes on this, the Fiftieth Anniversary of the University of Queensland, I recall so vividly, and with such very great pleasure, my visit to you eight months ago, when you did me the honour of making me a Doctor of Laws: this is a distinction of which I am immensely proud, and I shall always have the happiest memories of that day. As a member of the University, I send you my warmest congratulations: you may be sure that I shall be thinking of you all at this important moment in your history.

May 1960 ALEXANDRA The Deputy Chancellor then welcomed the delegates and read the Chan cellor's address.

The Deputy Chancellor:

OUR EXCELLENCY, Your Graces, My Lord Mayor, Sir Robert Hall, Representatives of Sister Universities, and Distinguished Guests: Y It is a pleasure and a privilege for me, as Chancellor, to be able to extend to the representatives of our sister universities and to our many other distinguished guests a very cordial greeting. It is particularly pleasing to see so many old friends here this evening and especially those who as students, staff, senators, and advisers have played their part in our development. To those who are paying their first visit to the University of Queensland, may I offer an equally hearty welcome and express the hope that at the end of our celebrations they, also, will be numbered among our old friends. It is fitting, in a Jubilee celebration, that we should honour those who have laid the foundations so well. The building of a university calls for both inspiration and enterprise, and I think it can safely be said that our founders and their successors were not lacking in either of these respects. The progress already made in this relatively short period of fifty years augurs well for the future. The constant aim of the University of Queensland has been to reflect the ideals and spirit of the older universities while modifying their procedures and institutions to meet the special needs of our own state. This, of course, was very evident from our earliest days. Whereas little more than half a century before, Sydney, true to the tradition of Bologna and Paris, had begun with faculties of arts and law, the University of Queensland opened its gates from the beginning to the arts, the sciences, and the technologies. At the inaugural ceremony itself, the claims of agriculture, of veterinary science, and of commerce were pressed; but many years were to pass before degree courses in these subjects could be instituted. However, development has been steady, and Queensland now has eleven faculties. Another of our distinguishing features has been present from the begin ning. This is our Department of External Studies, which in 1911 was respon sible for the instruction of three students. In some university quarters it would be considered a little indelicate to refer to the external student on an occasion such as this. However, I have no hesitation in asserting that 10 our Department of External Studies is one of the cultural adaptations of which Queensland can be proud. The 2,500 students not merely receive full notes of the lectures given to the internal students, they also receive carefully designed study guides, supplementary reading from the library, and special assignments set and corrected by a staff qualified both in their own discip lines and in the techniques of teaching external students. Those living within reach of the larger towns and cities of the state are also expected to attend the tutorial classes organized by the Department. As I do not wish to anticipate further any reflections our speaker may have on our early years, may I look forward for a brief moment to the pos sible path of development, in the next decade or two. In our first half century we have grown to a University of 11 faculties, 43 departments, an academic staff of 400 members, and 8,700 students — an enrolment which has risen by 3,000 in the past three years. The pattern of our development for the next decade is fairly clear. We will be faced with the problem of teaching some fourteen to fifteen thousand students by 1966. This great increase in student numbers over a single decade makes me apprehensive of the possibility that so large a part of the vital energies of our academic leaders will be diverted, that there may not be a corresponding advance in our standards of scholarship. It is of course highly desirable and, in fact, essential that our professors and senior lecturers should spend many months in planning the details of their new buildings and the extensions to those buildings, in recruiting staff, and training young staff, in planning new courses, and in deliberating university-wide issues. If, however, such activities make it difficult for our senior staff to maintain their place as leaders in their own field of knowledge, then our educational progress will lag. I regard with concern the possibility that our senior academics may be seriously overburdened in this way and consider that this may become as serious a problem as the ever-present shortages of buildings or of finance. Within the University of Queensland, the most notable change will prob ably be the creation of a separate school to regulate the work of the hundreds of students enrolled for higher degrees. The number of faculties will not be very much larger; but there will undoubtedly be many more courses and degrees. As knowledge becomes more specialized, I can well imagine two or three chairs in my own field of electrical engineering and perhaps ten or a dozen chairs in the engineering school, II Of course, our distinguished orator may prove me wrong in this respect. If Sir Robert Hall's return to Queensland should encourage others to follow his example, we may find that the most striking result of these Jubilee cele brations will be a mass exodus of our engineers into the field of economics. It is, I think, as true today as it was in the past that the quality of a country's system of education plays no small part in determining its national greatness. Since the extent to which the University of Queensland can cap ture the hearts and minds of the general public may determine the limits placed on our development, I suggest that the participation of so many dis tinguished representatives of other universities in these Jubilee celebrations may so attract the public imagination that this week may become a significant milestone in the path to greatness of this state and nation.

Sir Robert Lowe Hall:

HE PURPOSE of our meeting is to celebrate the Jubilee of the Univer sity of Queensland, I am very conscious of the great honour of being Tasked to address you on this occasion. But my own debt to the Uni versity goes very much further than this, for it was at this University that I was first introduced to the method and the ideals of the academic world, I have spent about half of my working life in universities and for the remain der have been involved in the world of governments — a much more earthly occupation, as you will think. Yet it is the duty of advisers to governments to try to apply the same standards — of regard for the facts, and of logical integrity — in the advice that they give, I have no hesitation in saying that I have never had any feelings other than those of gratitude to my teachers and of pride in my first University for the training which it gave me and for the standards which it set before me. On such an occasion, it is right that we should give some thought to the place of universities in our life. Essentially, they are places devoted to in creasing our knowledge and understanding of the world in which we live, of our own place in that world, and of the universe in the widest sense not 12 only the physical universe but the universe of discourse, all the things of which the mind can think. It is not a pun but a definition, to say that the universe is the subject of the university. In one sense, a university is not concerned with practical affairs — this is expressed by saying that knowledge is sought not for what it will bring but for its own sake. But of course, in a realistic sense, those who are concerned with practical affairs are completely dependent on universities, or on people who share their methods and ideals, for nearly all the advances that are made in practical matters. Though in the academic world it would be wrong to reject a line of thought or inquiry because it did not seem to have any practical application, it would be far worse, and quite foreign to the academic tradition, to reject a line of thought or inquiry because it had, or seemed likely to have, a practical application. Man is primarily a thinking being, and it is by taking thought that he has reached the position which he now holds. It is to the universities that we must look for the thinking that will help him to consolidate and extend that position. Fifty years, though it is a long time for an individual, is a very short period for a university, and our own University is still very much in its youth, a very vigorous and promising youth, if I may say so. In considering the choice of a subject for this address, my first thought was naturally to choose some thing about which I could at least claim to have some knowledge. I began my academic career as a student of applied chemistry, continued as a student of civil engineering, and proceeded to the study of philosophy, politics, and economics, concluding as an economist. It was by reflecting on this that I decided on my subject, since it is mainly through the work of the applied scientist that the great advances in the economic condition of humanity have taken place; but in recent years a further decisive step has been taken in a field which lies much nearer to that of the economist. Thus, an added reason for my choice lies in the fact that during the past fifty years it has become clear that the control of economic conditions is, for many of the peoples of the world, a perfectly practicable operation, so that we are reaching the time, foreseen by Maynard Keynes in his Essays in Persuasion, when "the Econo mic Problem will not be the permanent problem of the human race". It seemed to me, therefore, to be appropriate to try to review very briefly the developments in this field since this University was founded, and to speculate on some of the economic problems which will perhaps occupy the attention of students at this and other universities in the next fifty years. 13 To do this, I must traverse ground that is familiar both to scientists and to students of economic history, though one often wonders how familiar it is to the ordinary person who has benefited from the process — and who is usually, I think, unaware of how fortunate he is compared to most of his ancestors in the biological, as well as in the genealogical, sense of the word, "Economic conditions" is an expression which can perhaps only be properly applied to human beings, since the word itself has an implication of conscious management. As applied to other forms of life, it would be more usual to speak of "environment", but in either case we mean the material conditions, both for the individual and for the species: the climate, the food supply, the relation to other individuals and species, particularly so far as these things affect the survival of the species itself. As far as we know, the adaptation of the environment by the species to suit itself — what I mean by the control of economic conditions — is a very recent development in the history of the world. As we understand this process, it could hardly take place at all except through some form of conscious collective or social activity. But the process of natural selection, which has governed the develop ment of organic life, went on, so to speak, without any collaboration at all by individuals. If they happened to have tendencies which increased their chances of survival, they were more likely to have descendants who would themselves survive. But the whole process was strictly automatic in response to some tendency still very little understood and built into the living organism. This process was entirely empirical in that the qualities which make for survival are only known because they have in fact survived. Although certain types of life, the most familiar being ants and bees, have actually organized themselves in forms which might be said to have given them some advantage, this can hardly be claimed to mark them off very sharply from their competitors, since their forms of organization appear to be both very limited in scope and static. The general conditions I have described — the development of the species without conscious thought about the process — continued throughout the period since life first appeared, and for much of the period of man himself. Indeed, in some parts of the world they have continued almost to the present day. When Europeans first came to Australia, or to much of North America, the local inhabitants were far from having mastered their environment and could just as well have been regarded as part of the fauna rather than as being sharply marked off from their environment by their superior economic condition. 14 But in Asia, and in parts of Europe and Africa, quite new developments emerged at least tens of thousands of years ago, which led, among other things, to a quite substantial degree of control over the environment and to the rapid emergence of man as the dominant competitor, except for quite elementary forms of life which continued to survive with equal success and to plague him with all kinds of diseases. Yet, in spite of this, economic conditions were subjected to considerable ups and downs. When Hobbes, in Leviathan, described the life of man in unorganized societies as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short", he would not have been far out in applying all but the first of the adjectives to the life of the mass of mankind, even under the sovereign which he considered the essential safeguard against such conditions. Though man was the lord of creation, he had not established any very secure mastery: and indeed, two hundred years later, when Malthus put forward his principle of population, it seemed perfectly reasonable to believe that, whether this was what he said or not, in fact misery and starvation would always be waiting to keep down the numbers of any population that had managed temporarily to get ahead in the economic struggle. As is now everywhere realized, however, a great change was coming over the scene during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the form of the gradual adoption of the scientific method and the application of the fruits of this method to the processes of production. This led to the rapid increase in the capacity to produce material wealth which has gone on ever since and has indeed accelerated in the past fifty years. Adam Smith spoke of it as the division of labour, but it was much more than this, being no less than the adoption on a wide scale of the idea that human knowledge and ingenuity should be systematically applied to extending control over the material world. The basic contribution was made by scientists, and the application, to a large extent, was made by applied scientists and particu larly by those who came to be called engineers. The organization of societies in order to take collective action in dealing with environment had, of course, been a precondition of the earlier emerg ence of man as the dominant form at any rate over all but micro-organisms. But the new developments had more the character of an extension of indi vidual activities than that of an outcome of conscious decision by communi ties as a whole. It could indeed be argued that the economic philosophy of the period moved increasingly towards a belief in what was called Natural 15 Selection when Darwin discovered and christened the process — a process which had ruled the enormously greater part of the development of life itself. Adam Smith had argued that all the state should do was impose an orderly framework of police and justice. Within that framework, he advo cated complete competition, and there are, at any rate, marked analogies between the competitive society and the competition of natural selection. The principle was that everyone, within the limits laid down by the law, should do what he thought would be most in his own interest; and it was believed that economic competition would automatically result in the best use of resources and the most rapid rate of progress. Although this was never fully accepted, it became very widespread, and the enormous strides made in the use of economic resources in the nineteenth century were made pre dominantly in competitive societies. The result of these advances was the complete transformation of the con ditions of life, and indeed of the face of the land, in what we have come to call Western civilization. The fruits of this were a gradual lessening of eco nomic uncertainty and poverty, which up to then had been the usual lot of the ordinary man, and at the same time an unprecedented increase in the population of the countries adopting the new techniques. World population doubled between 1650 and 1850, and more than doubled again between 1850 and 1950, It had nearly always been the case that population increased with the food supply. But now man had the ability not merely to increase the food supply, but to do so at a rate which gave a margin not only for an improved standard of living but a margin sufficient for the accumulation of capital to take advantage of the new techniques and thus produce more of everything. At the same time the new techniques began to reduce the death- rate. The combination of applied science and competition seemed to be opening limitless prospects. But some time after production began to increase so fast, the Malthusian spectre began to be exorcised from another direction. It is easy to show that however fast production increases, the growth of population, well within human capabilities, can keep ahead of production and produce a situation in which there is literally standing room only. But for a number of rea sons, the principal one of which was a general knowledge of contraceptive methods — doubtless assisted once again by scientific advances — it began to seem likely that populations could adjust themselves without having to rely on wars, disease, and poverty. 16 Thus, at about the time this University was founded. Western civiliza tions, and those countries which had been mainly settled by English-speaking peoples, had gone through a period of scientific advance and economic com petition with spectacular results. In the rest of the world, very little had happened: industrial development had been much slower, and population had generally kept up with what there was, so that competition was still competition for survival. It is probable, however, that general opinion was that progress in the Western countries would continue and that competitive conditions and the demo cratic form of government would be gradually established elsewhere, so that the economic problem would be overcome. What has happened since then? The advance of scientific knowledge, and its application, has continued faster than ever. There are more universities and more students at them than ever before; and governments and large businesses now spend enormous sums on research and development, setting up what is in effect a new type of institution of higher learning. We are all so familiar with the results of this advance that the point hardly needs to be made, though there are two developments of great significance. The first is that we seem to be well on the way to conquering the bacteria on which our ancestors made so little impression. The effect of medical advances, coupled with higher living standards, is that the average expecta tion of life is being pushed nearer and nearer to the maximum: the great killing diseases nowadays are the diseases of old age. This has created a set of problems to which we are only now beginning to address ourselves. The second is that we have now created a possibility which only existed in a very minor way in the past, that of wiping ourselves out altogether, either through bacterial warfare or through nuclear explosions: the latter certainly through events that could take place in a few hours. It would be a bold man who would rule out these possibilities altogether. But aside from these painful thoughts, the general point — that our power to control our environment is still advancing very rapidly — is evident enough. What of the social framework, the conscious control over the application of these powers? As we have seen, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries this was left to the forces of competition, with a sort of family resemblance to the processes of natural selection. Some effort was made to remove what we could call the sharp edges by helping those who were unable to survive unaided. This was made possible by the growth of wealth itself and was 17 undoubtedly aided by the growth of democratic forms of government. These forms themselves were a startling departure from evolutionary forces where voting power depended on the survival of one's offspring. But economists on the whole were inclined towards the competitive view and were usually associated with laissez-faire. It is in this field that, to my mind, we have seen the most striking changes in the past fifty years and have created problems which will occupy much of our attention in the next fifty. The competitive and capitalist forms of organization, which were mainly responsible for the amazing growth of output, were seen increasingly to suffer from one great defect which to many observers was inherently more objectionable than the natural tendency for the weak to be trampled by the strong — a tendency which was in any case being alleviated by the pro vision of social services paid for through taxation. This defect appeared to be an inherent liability both to under-employment of resources and to in stability, or violent swings in output in the form of alternate booms and slumps, prosperity and depression. These reached their worst in the period from 1929 to 1934, the Great Depression, in which unemployment in indus trial countries rose to as much as 20 per cent or even more of the working population. While in primary producing countries, the results were even more disastrous, because, when the main source of income arose from the export of one or two products, the incomes could and did fall to a fraction of their normal levels. What made this process so objectionable was that it seemed so irrational. It was impossible to explain to the normal man — those who tried to do it had great difficulty in explaining it to themselves — why it should be sensible to have severe want on one hand and on the other fields, factories and men standing idle. There also seemed to be no relation between what a man did and what happened to him, and indeed it was hard to find any merits in this instability, since even those who believed most in competition must have been aware that few of the sufferers were actually eliminated. This contemplation of the fundamental under-employment and instability of economic systems led to the growth of conscious forms of control, which in some form or other have been so characteristic of recent economic de velopments — so much so as to be different in kind from what went on in the past. The establishment of a state was no doubt the big step. But there is little evidence that earlier societies thought in terms of growth, and they could hardly have done so before the scientific revolution. Their emphasis 18 tended to be on stability and order, and usually on order in the sense of preserving the established status of different members of society. The idea of competition was a marked change from this. And throughout the eighteenth century it was accompanied by a belief in progress and growth. This was almost lost by the severe depressions. The new idea was the re habilitation of growth through a deliberate control of economic forces, set ting up objects of policy to be encouraged by collective action, in the context of rapidly growing scientific and technical knowledge — this was a striking further change and one which has been accepted, though in varying degrees, with momentous consequences. The approach has, as is well known, proceeded from two very different positions, so different that to most of us they seem worlds apart. The first approach was the complete socialization of all economic processes, which began with the idea of eliminating the competitive system altogether and thus the inherent instability of which it was thought to be the cause. It was also hoped to reduce the inequality which was being accentuated by the competitive processes. This involves the complete planning by the state of the main lines, and often of the minute details, of economic life, and, since the Russian Revolution of 1917, it has come to be adopted by much of the world; although the emphasis has shifted away from both stability and equality of distribution, which were the early socialist objectives, towards laying most stress on rapid economic growth. This shift was accentuated because the countries concerned were mostly low-income countries where a mere redistribution of wealth offers very little. There is almost complete planning over the whole Soviet bloc, now probably most ruthless in China. Such planning has involved so much interference with personal freedom, and has often been applied with such indifference to the individual per sonality, that it has been, and still is, looked on with great repugnance in societies like our own which regard the value of the individual personality as fundamental. But at the same time, the general dislike of the economic instability which accompanied the competitive system, and the fear that stag nation might be replacing progress, led to great dissatisfaction in the West. There was a feeling of frustration because of the inability of economists to explain the conditions. This basic weakness was removed during the 1930's. Many people contributed to what was a response to the needs of the time, but their thought was crystallized in the work of Keynes, and the approach of economists to these problems was transformed. 19 Put very briefly, Keynes showed that fluctuations were caused by changes in the rate at which people spent their income, which tended to be cumu lative rather than self-correcting. The remedy was basically that the govern ment should act as a counter-weight, taking measures to increase spending when the actions of private business men were tending to diminish it, and vice versa. The system of ideas associated with the name of Keynes was rapidly accepted, and it has become the foundation of a new attitude towards economic policy in the period since 1945. In order to apply these ideas, it became necessary to establish a set of national accounts which measure the national income and its constituent parts, and, at the same time, to elaborate the study of the different forces at work so as to be able to take whatever action is needed to control, and as far as possible to eliminate, the swings which would otherwise have taken place. In the process of doing this, a great deal has been learnt about the nature of economic forces, and an instru ment has become available which is far more coherent and refined than anything previously existing. Thus a new profession was brought into being, that of economic adviser to governments, which in its present form could not very well have existed until the ideas themselves were accepted. I am myself, if not a foundation member then an early recruit to this profession, which consists of technical advisers whose duty it is to see that the proper information is collected and analysed, that forecasts are made of the way economic forces are moving, and that advice is given about the ways in which changes could be brought about if this is considered desirable. Practically all advanced governments either employ officials with these duties, or see that their senior officials dealing with economic affairs have access to such advice and know how to use it. In spite of superficial differences, there is now a great deal of simi larity in the way most governments think about these matters, and they or their advisers have a common language which was previously almost non existent and is comparable to the language which for much longer periods has allowed scientists of different countries to know that they are talking about the same things. 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rrt^iilf'til a common attitude and almost an international code of behaviour. This change has taken place partly through the great international organizations set up after the last war: those under the United Nations, and also the i.M.F.^ the i.B.R.D.^ and the G.A.T.T. But it has also been done through less formal but often even more effective arrangements, such as the O.E.E.C. in Paris, also attended by the United States and Canada, and meetings of Commonwealth economic officials which now occur regularly — I myself attended such a meeting last month. Although there were international economic discussions before 1939, they were constantly defeated because of the lack of a common set of ideas, of a common framework within which their problems could be understood. Nowadays it is generally possible to agree on a diagnosis, and to a large extent on what the situation requires, and even on what measures will actually be taken. A further consequence has been that it is easy to make the transition from a study of how to avoid fluctuations in the national income to the problem of how to make it grow — how to increase prosperity or the standard of living. As we have seen, growth and often very rapid growth, had taken place under the forces of competition, but in recent years it has become customary for governments to take a good deal of responsibility for economic growth and for their peoples to become highly critical if it does not seem to be proceed ing satisfactorily. This does not mean, of course, that competition has ceased to be an important force — the deliberate fostering of growth has been done to widely varying extents in different countries, but in almost all of them it has become a conscious national objective. There can be no doubt that the new methods have been, so far, as success ful in their ways as those of scientists and engineers in theirs. We have become so accustomed to high levels of employment that we have almost forgotten what a new thing it is or how great a change it has brought to the lives of ordinary men. In Britain for example, the average level of unem ployment since the war has been well under 2 per cent, which means that practically everyone able and willing to work could always find a job. This has removed the main source of uncertainty, for business men as well as for workers, and given a new sense of stability and security. The same can be said of nearly all advanced industrial countries. At the same time, the size of international fluctuations has been very much reduced, partly because the fluctuations in individual countries have been reduced and partly because governments can be more confident that swings 21 will not get out of hand elsewhere, thereby enabling them to take risks at home which would otherwise have been dangerous. It is true that primary producing countries still experience larger swings in world markets than the swings in employment experienced in industrial countries, but the ampli tude of these has been much reduced. Fifteen years ago there was a great deal of scepticism about whether high employment and stable international trade could be maintained. Today there is much less doubt, and Marxist economists have almost stopped talking about the inherent instability of capitalism. Finally, partly because severe fluctuations have been eliminated and partly as a result of deliberate policy, the rate of economic growth has begun to increase again, and the belief in growth, which we were in danger of losing, has been re-established. Though it could not be claimed with certainty that this growth has everywhere been faster than it would have been with no attempt to control competitive forces, it is certainly true for many countries — a characteristic of slumps in the past has been a check to the formation of capital, an important factor in growth. Thus, in the advanced economies, the economic situation of man seems to be more prosperous and secure than it has ever been in human history. The control of economic conditions has advanced indeed. It also seems fairly clear that many of the Soviet bloc countries are now well beyond the poverty line and that before long they will also be enjoying a high and increasing standard of living. Almost equally striking has been the attempt by the great bulk of the remaining countries — those which are neither industrially advanced nor belong to the Soviet bloc — to join in the move to become masters of their economic destinies. These are the so-called under-developed countries, in cluding large parts of Africa and Asia and parts of Latin America, charac terized by low incomes, rather primitive economic systems, and a strong tendency for population to keep pace with supplies. Most of these have now begun to make plans for their own development, with the help of technicians from both Western and Soviet countries, and are looking to the more pros perous parts of the world for capital assistance on a large scale to help them carry out their plans. The form of organization is generally somewhere between the detailed planning of the Soviet systems and the Western type which makes use of competitive forces within a general framework. But it is almost inevitable that the government has to take a larger part in the work

22 simply because of the need to get capital and technical help from abroad and the inability of backward countries to get this help except in the form of loans or gifts to the governments concerned. The best-known case is prob ably that of India, now on the point of her third five-year plan and already in possession of a respectable structure of high capital-using industries — power plants, steelworks, heavy engineering and chemical works, etc. Professor Rostow, in a book recently published called The Stages of Eco nomic Growth, has described the processes with which I have been dealing in terms of a series of stages, the most important of these being what he calls "the take-off"— the stage at which savings are high enough to enable output to grow faster than population. Although he pays ample tribute to the varieties of economic experience, he writes as if all his stages were in some sense inevitable. This view seems rather odd to someone engaged in practical affairs, to whom it seems, no doubt inevitably, as if a gieat deal depends on what is actually done; and, in particular, to one who sees the problem of under-developed countries very much in terms of the amount of help which they can get in capital and in technical advice from other countries. It is true that the economic problems of growth are very much the same whatever the underlying form of organization — the application of scientific methods, the accumulation of capital, and increasingly a more conscious control of economic forces by the state to eliminate swings and to promote growth. But in this, as in so much of human affairs, it would be a great mistake to think that anything is inevitable. We must decide where we want to go and do our best to get there. Before considering the problems which seem likely to face us in the future, let me try to summarize what we have achieved already. First, the combina tion of applied science and the discovery of methods of controlling economic systems generally has resulted in a degree of control over our economic environment which has created conditions until quite recently more or less unknown to man. He has now got productive powers which have made the age-long problems of food and shelter hardly problems at all over large parts of the world — Northwestern Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It seems very likely that they will soon cease to be problems in the Soviet Union and the European satellite countries. Second, the methods by which this can be done are now well known, and there is a world-wide desire to apply them, with the help of advanced

23 countries, to all those areas — with populations in the aggregate a good deal larger than those of the countries already mentioned — where harsh con straint is still the rule. How far these countries will succeed, and by what methods, remains to be seen. This is, of course, one of the great problems still unsolved, and we are witnessing today two great experimental areas — India and China — marked at present by the sharp difference of attitude towards the individual which is the basic difference between ourselves and the Russians. Their relative successes will have a profound effect on what happens in other areas, and we can hardly afford to allow India to fail. Let us suppose, as we must do if speculation about the future is to have anything useful about it, that we are clever enough to keep the devils we have unloosed at bay and that we do not exterminate ourselves. Can we say that economic conditions, in the sense in which these have applied in the past, will cease to trouble us in the future? We have found out how to apply our knowledge — what are we going to do with it? It would be idle to deny that there is a great deal of malaise on this subject. Just when we have reached material conditions far beyond the dreams of our ancestors, we find ourselves in uneasy speculation about the future. This is reflected in a number of recent books, especially Professor Rostow's The Stages of Economic Growth and Professor Galbraith's The Affluent Society. This "affluent society", which is recalled by Rostow "The Age of High Con sumption", is the period which if not reached is well in sight, when almost everyone has not only an abundance of food and shelter but an abundance of the products of mass production and especially of mechanical devices such as motor cars, refrigerators, and television sets, Rostow's view is that our most urgent problem is to use our wealth to maintain peace and to help the under-developed countries, and these are certainly formidable undertakings. Galbraith, who is mainly concerned about the United States and other countries when they get as rich as the United States, thinks that there is an increasing tendency to produce the wrong things, principally because we spend too much of our energies in persuading ourselves that we need more mechanical devices so that there will be a demand for them, and thus we will be able to go on expanding their production. His own suggestions are that more should be spent on social services instead of on industrial con sumption, that we should adjust ourselves to having more and more leisure, and that we should take more trouble to see that work itself is enjoyable. It seems to me, although there is much to be done in these directions and 24 we are far from the stage either of giving enough help to under-developed countries or making as good a use of our power over our environment as we would like, even taking our current values as the standard, that neither of these constitute our real problems. There is little reason to suppose that life would be very different for Western man even if he had more leisure and more social services, or very different in Soviet Russia or the under developed countries if they succeeded in producing as much for consump tion purposes as is now produced for example in the United States. To my mind, there are two fundamental problems, which taken together form something of a dilemma. The first is whether it is right to assume that we have really defeated the population problem. Because advanced countries have been able to increase their output so fast that the economic problem in the old sense is no longer a problem, is it true that they and all other countries will be able to continue in this way? The under-developed coun tries are still struggling with the problem of population and if they cannot overcome it all their efforts to develop will be frustrated. In many parts of the world population is still increasing faster than output, and the reduction in the death-rate, which has been brought about by the advance of modern medicine, is always in danger of being offset by an increase in deaths due to starvation. Two years ago, a United Nations report on the Future Growth of World Population summed up the result of applying existing trends to the popula tion of the world as follows: While it took 200,000 years for the world's human population to reach 2,500 million, it will now take a mere 30 years to add another 2,000 million. With the present rate of increase, it can be calculated that in 600 years the number of human beings on earth will be such that there will only be one square metre for each to live on. It goes without saying that this can never take place; something will happen to prevent it. The calculations assume that development will go on fast enough in these countries for the rest of this century to support such growth. The population in North America is expected almost to double in the next fifty years and in Latin America to increase by nearly four times. It is not surprising that some economists have begun to talk of a "population explosion". Increases of this kind, if they took place, would almost certainly outrun the increase in production which can be hoped for in Asia, and they would 25 begin to call into question the growth possibilities in some of the now de veloped countries. There is still plenty of room in some parts of the world, but all the best parts are already occupied. Thus, I think that there is little doubt that we are in danger of being too complacent about the degree to which we have overcome the old problem, and that, unless some means are devised for checking present tendencies, the world will remain a difficult place for a good many people. The other problem is for countries which have achieved mastery of their economic conditions and have been capable either of checking their rates of population increase or of keeping these within the limits of economic growth. For them the economic problem is solved. This means that survival will no longer depend on the efforts of the individual — the scientist and the economist have shown him how to satisfy his needs and how to remain in a position where he can do so. What grounds have we for thinking that we will not deteriorate when there is no longer any need to struggle? I do not mean that we are likely to deteriorate in the biological sense, since, as I understand it, the human being is by now a highly adaptable organism and it would no doubt take a very long time even in the easiest conditions to find that we had developed to the point where we lost the characteristics that have enabled us to get to the top. But it is obvious that in a very real sense our present way of life depends on what we have made of our existence by conscious effort, by taking thought, and by having the character and temperaments which enable us both to hold our very complex societies together and to find ways of dealing with new situations as well as bringing about the continuous improvement in our conditions which we have been considering tonight. The evolution of society by the conscious control of natural forces is quite different from the condition of natural selection, a very wasteful and essentially hit or miss process. It is therefore a very real question: to ask ourselves whether, if we do not have to struggle for existence any longer, we shall be capable of preserv ing and adapting our present conditions. I do not think that deterministic theories of history are reconcilable with the view, which seems to me to be almost self-evident, that by thinking about our problems we can help to solve them. All we can say is that historically some human societies have dealt with them and some have decayed, but there is much evidence that pros perity itself brings with it the danger of decay. It is therefore our own task

26 to find methods of keeping ourselves strong and vigorous even though nothing very serious seems likely to happen to any particular generation which takes advantage of the fact that there is no particular compulsion on us to do so. I think basically many people are worried about whether we can do this. If I am right, then we are likely to be preoccupied to an increasing extent not with the problem of how to make a living but with the problem of what sort of life to lead. In a sense, one might guess that we will find ourselves thinking more about personal happiness than about survival. And it will be a crucial choice: whether we seek to find this in competition or in security. Although one cannot say what problems are going to face society and therefore the University, what I have said suggests that there will be even more importance than there has been in the past in one thing which uni versities are especially fitted to do. This is the maintenance of high standards. Universities ought to attract the best students, and they should retain a pro portion of the best brains. It will remain for them to ensure that we still know and struggle for the best, that this has to be contrasted, not so much with what is obviously bad, but with a great deal that by past standards has been good. If those who are capable of reaching the highest standards never allow themselves to be content with anything less, they will form a perpetual irritant which will help to keep the rest of us from complacency. But we are so much richer than we were that our universities are growing very fast. This is both an opportunity and a challenge. In a large organiza tion, there is scope for much more advance than in a smaller one, but the average quality is bound to be reduced. It is essential that quality is not sacrificed at the top as size grows below. It should be a spur towards all this to reflect on the other horn of the dilemma I have mentioned. For, if the heavily populated countries use their economic advance to increase their population so that they become larger but remain poor and miserable, while the countries now rich use their own advance to remove the compulsions of the past and put nothing in their place, the outcome is easy to foresee. I conclude, then, with the thought that there is still plenty to be thought about by the universities; that they, as the custodians of the processes of thinking about the problems of the world, have had a large share in the creation of the extraordinarily favourable economic situation which we now enjoy; and that they will have to address themselves increasingly to a fresh

27 set of problems, which have emerged as a direct result of their success in solving those of the past. It is a comforting thought that there are still many things to be uncomfortable about. For it is in the ability to recognize and to face our problems that we find the best hope of a continuing and vigorous existence.

Vice-Chancellor's vote of thanks to Sir Robert Hall on the occasion of the Jubilee Oration:

R. CHANCELLOR^ Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am sure you will agree with me that Sir Robert has provided us M tonight, in this Jubilee lecture, with a brilliant and stimulating survey. The way in which he has moved on over the centuries, unfolding the discovery of knowledge in his own particular field, has created a due sense of humility to mingle with our pride during these celebrations. Sir Robert, we are proud of the very high standard you have set in this Jubilee lecture — there is obviously something to be said for starting as a scientist and finally settling to be an economist by way of a study of engineer ing and philosophy. Your discourse is one that will repay reading as well as hearing. Especially might this be so for many whose control of economic conditions relates to a somewhat simpler chain of economic events — I mean household budgeting, which needs at times all the engineering skill of an economist and the per suasiveness of a philosopher to satisfy members of the family unit. I feel certain too, that those in this hall would wish me to thank such a distinguished and doughty champion as is Sir Robert for his unqualified support of universities in undertaking all kinds of research whether they would appear to have practical applications or not. We are also grateful to one of Her Majesty's economic advisers for his insistence on the paramount importance of the part that universities have played, and must continue to play, in helping to solve many of the major world problems. Sir Robert has tonight given us a striking example of the quality of high level scholarship

28 and I would like to assure him that in respect to the challenges to which he refers we, in his alma mater, shall endeavour to meet them with scholarship and resolution. I would ask you to show your appreciation of our distinguished graduate's notable contribution on this Jubilee occasion.

29 THURSDAY 26 MAY AT 10.00 A.M. THE CEREMONY OF CONFERRING OF HONORARY DEGREES AND PRESENTATION OF ADDRESSES BY DELEGATES IN THE CITY HALL

The Senate and delegates, the candidates for degrees, and the members of the Professorial Board met the Chancellor in the Robing Room at 9.30 a.m. before proceeding into the hall at 10.00 a.m. After the procession entered the hall, the National Anthem was played and the Invocation was made by His Grace Archbishop Sir James Duhig,

30 THE CONFERRING OF HONORARY DEGREES The persons on whom degrees were to be conferred were presented to the Chancellor in the following order:

DOCTOR OF LAWS (honoris causa)

Presented to the Chancellor by the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Queensland, Professor Fred J. Schonell, M.A., Ph.D., D.Lit., F.B.Ps.S., F.A.C.E. HENRY ABEL SMITH, K.C.V.O., D.S.O., Governor of Queensland, Official Visitor to the University of Queensland.

Mr. Chancellor: It has pleased the Senate, on this occasion, to approve the conferring of degrees honoris causa on ten distinguished candidates. Of these candidates, the first is the Official Visitor to the University, His Excellency Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith, Governor of Queensland, After a distinguished career as a soldier, in which he rose to the rank of Colonel in the Corps of Household Cavalry, Sir Henry Abel Smith came to Queensland as the Governor in 1958. During the two years he has held this high office. Sir Henry has won the respect and affection of all sections of the community. He has travelled the length and breadth of this vast state by means of every conveyance known to man, and has made friends with Queenslanders from every walk of life. Agriculture, commerce, industry, education, sport have all engaged his attention, and all have benefited from the lively interest he has shown in them. Sir Henry Abel Smith has in the fullest sense been an outstanding repre sentative of Her Majesty, The personal warmth of his contacts, his deep understanding of human nature, the infinite care he devotes to his work as Governor, represent an expression at the highest level of the true democratic principles of the Commonwealth of Nations, As one would expect in such a humanist. Sir Henry has a deep and abiding interest in the educational problems of our state. In particular, this Uni versity has reason to be grateful to Sir Henry for his generous conception of the duties of Official Visitor, In this capacity he has always done more than 31 strictly required, and has always enjoyed doing so. We shall never have an Official Visitor who is prepared to take a keener interest in our welfare or who shows more concern for the good name and standing of our University. We are indeed proud to admit him to the distinguished band of honorary graduands. Mr. Chancellor, I present to you HIS EXCELLENCY COLONEL SIR HENRY ABEL SMITH Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, Companion of the Distinguished Service Order, Governor of Queensland for admission to the degree of Doctor of Laws, honoris causa.

GEORGE FRANCIS REUBEN NICKLIN, M.M., M.L.A. Premier of Queensland. Mr. Chancellor: The Honourable Frank Nicklin was born on his father's farm in New South Wales where he followed the estimable occupation of a farmer until 1914. At nineteen he enlisted in the A.I.F. The latent courage, ability, and leadership of the young countryman were first revealed when he won the Military Medal in France and received his commission in the field. After the war he moved into Queensland, and again his leadership was manifested as spokesman for the soldier farmers who were fighting a hard struggle for survival. Frank Nicklin, straight as a reed, tested in battle at home and abroad, was elected Member for Murrumba in 1932. For eighteen years he served his people, without fear or favour, in that electorate. In 1941, for the third time, his leadership was recognized at a higher level when he became Leader of the Opposition. And the crowning triumph of a career of fearlessness, devo tion, and integrity came in August 1957 when he was elected Premier of the state, the fourth time his leadership was acclaimed. As Premier, the Honourable Frank Nicklin has maintained in the highest sense the best tradition of parliamentary procedure. He has, moreover, always been a man of the people with a deep and abid ing interest in the problems of men and their families. It has ever been his concern that every boy and girl in Queensland should

32 have ample opportunities for tertiary education. This deep interest in edu cation has led to a close and fruitful association between the Government of Queensland and the University. Mr. Chancellor, I present to you THE HONOURABLE GEORGE FRANCIS REUBEN NICKLIN Premier of the State of Queensland, Holder of the Military Medal for admission to the degree of Doctor of Laws, honoris causa.

DOCTOR OF SCIENCE (honoris causa)

Presented to the Chancellor by the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Queensland, Professor Fred J. Schonell, M.A., Ph.D., D.Lit., F.B.Ps.S., F.A.C.E. ROBERT LOWE HALL, K.C.M.G., C.B., B.E., M.A., Economic Adviser to Her Majesty's Government. Mr. Chancellor: The University of Queensland takes its place, by right, in the great con clave of universities when its graduates win honourable repute in the more ancient and famous centres of learning and in the wider world beyond. Sir Robert Hall was educated at the Ipswich Grammar School and graduated as a Bachelor of Engineering from this University in 1922. He was the Queensland Rhodes Scholar for 1923 and, entering Magdalen College in that year, he graduated from Oxford with firsts in modern greats in 1926. From 1926 to 1938 he was successively Fellow, Dean, and Bursar of Trinity College, Oxford. When war came in 1939, Robert Lowe Hall's services as an economist were utilized by the government of the United Kingdom, and he served in the Ministry of Supply from 1939 to 1946. From 1947 to 1954, he was the Director of the Economic Section of the Cabinet Office. He also gave dis tinguished service to the United Nations Organization in various capacities. He was made a Companion of the Bath in 1950 and a Knight Commander

33 of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in 1954. Sir Robert Lowe Hall is a distinguished graduate of this University who has, to an exceptional degree, fulfilled the expectations of Cecil Rhodes by giving meritorious service to the United Kingdom government and, accordingly, to the whole British Commonwealth of Nations. Mr. Chancellor, I present to you SIR ROBERT LOWE HALL Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, Companion of the Bath, Economic Adviser to Her Majesty's Government for admission to the degree of Doctor of Science, honoris causa.

Presented to the Chancellor by the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Queensland, Professor N. G, Sutton, M.B., Ch.M., F.R.C.S., F.R.A.C.S. EARLE CHRISTMAS GRAFTON PAGE, G.C.M.G., C.H., M.B., Ch.M., D.Sc, F.R.C.S., F.R.A.C.S., Chancellor of the University of New England.

Mr. Chancellor: For more than half a century, the Right Honourable Sir Earle Page has been a leading figure in public life in Australia, devoting his intense energy, his political acumen, and his remarkable foresight to the furtherance of Australia's political, economic, and social development. As a doctor, he achieved a national reputation at an early age. At the same time, his con viction of the great potential of his native Northern Rivers district moti vated his entry into public life. On his return from military service in 1917, he sacrificed his career as surgeon to become the principal architect for the Country Party, which he led for its first nineteen years from 1921, His political skill and foresight earned him the Commonwealth Treasury portfolio as early as 1923, He was Minister for Commerce for six years and also served briefly as Prime Minister. He was Minister for Health on two occasions and, indeed, to many Australians he is best known for his devotion to the humane task of intro ducing legislation to provide for an ambitious national health scheme, the

34 conspicuous success of which reflects Sir Earle Page's intensive study of health administration and his personal understanding. In 1955, after thirty-four strenuous years in high-ranking political office. Sir Earle was enticed back to northern New South Wales to guide the des tinies of Australia's newest university. As Chancellor of the University of New England, as elder statesman, as doyen of his own Country Party, he can plan new dreams for the future and direct the training of those who will be qualified to make them a reality. Mr. Chancellor, I present to you THE RIGHT HONOURABLE SIR EARLE CHRISTMAS GRAFTON PAGE Knight Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George, Privy Councillor, Companion of Honour, Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, Chancellor of the University of New England for admission to the degree of Doctor of Science, honoris causa.

CHARLES BICKERTON BLACKBURN, K.C.M.G., O.B.E., M.A., D.Sc, D.Litt., LL.D., M.D., Ch.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.P.Ed., F.R.A.C.P., Chancellor of the University of Sydney. Mr. Chancellor: It is given to few men to be identified with a single university for more than sixty years and to follow, in the senior university of our Common wealth, a most distinguished career from brilliant medical graduate through almost every possible stage of achievement to the pinnacle of Chancellor. Sir Charles Blackburn qualified as Doctor of Medicine at the University of Sydney in 1903 and, following a decade of hospital work and research, was appointed lecturer in medicine from which he rose to become Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Fellow of the University Senate. At the same time he gave devoted service to his hospital work and played a leading part in the foundation of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians, becoming their first president. 35 He served in both World Wars with great distinction. In the first, he attained the rank of Colonel and was twice mentioned in despatches and awarded the decoration of Officer of the Military Division of the Order of the British Empire. Chancellor of the University of Sydney since 1941, his wise and generous counsel, depth of knowledge and administrative skill have provided inspired guidance over a long period of unprecedented university expansion. At the same time, he has sustained his reputation as an eminent consulting physician. Mr. Chancellor, I present to you LIEUTENANT-COLONEL SIR CHARLES BICKERTON BLACKBURN Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Bachelor of Arts, Doctor of Medicine, Master of Surgery, Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine, Chancellor of the University of Sydney for admission to the degree of Doctor of Science, honoris causa.

DOCTOR OF LAWS (honoris causa) Presented to the Chancellor by the President of the Professorial Board of the University of Queensland, Professor L. J. H. Teakle, B.Sc. (Agric.), M.S., Ph.D., A.R.A.C.I, ALEXANDER JAMES REID, C.M.G., I.S.O., LL.D., B.A., Chancellor of the University of Western Australia. Mr. Chancellor: Australia owes a great deal to her adopted sons many of whom have en riched her life and fostered her development. One of the most distinguished

36 of these is Alexander James Reid, graduate and Chancellor of the University of Western Australia. During nearly fifty years in the public service of Western Australia, Sir Alex occupied a number of important positions lead ing to his appointment as Under Treasurer in 1938. In particular, he made a notable contribution in 1925 to the economic life of this country by pre paring statistical data for the first basic wage declaration by the Court of Arbitration in Western Australia. He represented Western Australia in its claim to the Commonwealth Grants Commission and is now a member of this Commission. Sir Alex has distinguished himself in many other spheres of community life. He has devoted himself to youth activities, to his church, and to edu cational and cultural affairs of the state, including adult education and musical festivals. Throughout his life. Sir Alex has applied his outstanding capacity for co-ordinating and bringing to fruition those divergent views which are so often found in administrative, social, and educational circles. His wise counsel, coupled with a Scottish wit gently applied, has smoothed the way in many conferences. Mr. Chancellor, I present to you SIR ALEXANDER JAMES REID Knight Bachelor, Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George, Companion of the Imperial Service Order, Chancellor of the University of Western Australia for admission to the degree of Doctor of Laws, honoris causa.

DOCTOR OF SCIENCE (honoris causa) Presented to the Chancellor by the President of the Professorial Board of the University of Queensland, Professor L. J. H. Teakle, B.Sc. (Agric.), M.S., Ph.D., A.R.A.C.I. LESLIE HAROLD MARTIN, C.B.E., Ph.D., F.Inst.P., F.R.S., F.A.A., Lately Professor of Physics in the University of Melbourne, Chairman of the Australian Universities Commission.

37 Mr. Chancellor: Sir Leslie Martin's career is one that any academic person is bound to respect and is likely to envy. Educated at the University of Melbourne and at Trinity College, Cambridge, his brilliance as a physicist was recognized by his appointment to an associate professorship of Natural Philosophy in the University of Melbourne in 1937, This was followed by his appointment in 1945 to the Chair of Physics in the same University and by his election to a Fellowship of the Royal Society, His contribution to the scientific development of Australia has been immense. We have only to think of some of the important posts he has held and of the distinguished work he has done, whether as Defence Scientific Adviser, as a member of the Atomic Energy Commission, or as Chairman of the Committee in Charge of Defence Research and Development Policy. Now that Sir Leslie is Chairman of the Australian Universities Commis sion, we can rest assured that the Australian universities, in this crucial phase of their development, have a wise and extremely capable friend and adviser. In particular, we can be sure that he will never forget the older and broader meaning of "science" nor fail to encourage the humanities side by side with the natural sciences. Mr. Chancellor, I present to you SIR LESLIE HAROLD MARTIN Knight Bachelor, Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Fellow of the Royal Society, Chairman of the Australian Universities Commission for admission to the degree of Doctor of Science, honoris causa.

DOCTOR OF LAWS (honoris causa)

Presented to the Chancellor by the President of the Professorial Board of the University of Queensland, Professor L. J, H, Teakle, B.Sc, (Agric.), M.S., Ph.D., A.R.A.C.L

38 GEORGE WHITECROSS PATON, LL.D., B.A., B.C.L., M.A., Emeritus Professor of Jurisprudence and presently Vice-Chancellor of the University of Melbourne, Chairman of the Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee. Mr. Chancellor: Sir George Whitecross Paton is an outstanding scholar and university administrator. After a distinguished academic career at the Universities of Melbourne and Oxford, he was appointed to the Chair of Jurisprudence in the University of Melbourne at the tender age of twenty-nine. He has been both Dean of the Faculty of Law and President of the Professorial Board of that University. He became Vice-Chancellor in 1951. In 1946 Professor Paton published his Textbook of Jurisprudence, which prompted a learned English reviewer to suggest that one must go to the Antipodes in order to obtain a truer perspective of the common law and then re-import into England a deeper insight into that system. In the same year. Professor Paton founded the Australian Universities' Law Schools Association, through which the several law schools have overcome their previous isolation. In 1952 his second major publication. Bailment in the Common Law, appeared. Lawyers may regret the loss caused to legal literature and law teaching by Professor Paton's elevation to his present office, but the talents so eminently displayed in his earlier career now serve the whole cause of university edu cation in its present difficult phase of unparalleled expansion. Mr. Chancellor, I present to you PROFESSOR SIR GEORGE WHITECROSS PATON Knight Bachelor, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Melbourne, Chairman of the Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee for admission to the degree of Doctor of Laws, honoris causa.

Presented to the Chancellor by the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Queensland, Professor Fred J. Schonell, M.A., Ph.D., D.Lit., F.B.Ps.S., F.A.C.E. S9 HERBERT GEORGE WATKIN, B.A., Dip.Ed., Director-General of Education in Queensland, Deputy Chancellor of the University of Queensland. Mr. Chancellor: The career of Herbert George Watkin must serve as an inspiration to teachers and students alike, for it is a shining example of persistence and devotion to duty in almost fifty years of meritorious service to the teaching profession. As a young teacher, Mr. Watkin saw overseas service with the A.I.F. during World War I and later made an educational visit to the United Kingdom. Mr. Watkin has served in every branch of the State Education Depart ment, and this experience as teacher, lecturer, inspector, and principal of state high schools has contributed considerably to his philosophy in his present high position of Director-General of Education. His capacity for work, his fund of good common sense, and his warm humanity have made him a most acceptable leader. His first degree and post graduate diploma, both gained by night study after a day's work, typify the tenacity and drive of the man. As a champion of secondary education for all, he has rendered magnificent service not only to his state but also to his University in fostering a great programme of secondary school expansion. And in broader fields of education his own love of the arts has led to his constant support of music and drama in the community. The University is proud to honour Herbert George Watkin as Deputy Chancellor of the University, a post he has filled with distinction, and as Director-General of Education, for his constant endeavour to forge links between schools and the University and between town and gown. Mr. Chancellor, I present to you HERBERT GEORGE WATKIN Bachelor of Arts, Diplomate in Education, Deputy Chancellor of the University of Queensland, Director-General of Education for admission to the degree of Doctor of Laws, honoris causa.

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'•Prof'Pr. ^'Kurt '^Cifc-iff- '•Rfktor The Vice-Chancellor, Professor F. J. Schonell, presents Professor T. G. H. Jones to the Chancellor, Sir Albert Axon, for conferring of the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws.

The Governor of Queensland, His Excellency Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith, is con gratulated by the Chancellor of the University at the conferring upon him of the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. Behind the Governor is the Senior Proctor of the University, Mr. H. M. Finucan, and to the right of the Chancellor the University Registrar, Mr. C. J. Connell. THOMAS GILBERT HENRY JONES, D.Sc, F.R.A.C.I., F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry and Dean of the Faculty of Science in the University of Queensland. Mr. Chancellor: Few universities have been served as the University of Queensland has been served by Thomas Gilbert Henry Jones. He has been on the staff for forty-five years. Professor Jones had an outstanding career at the University of Sydney. At nineteen years of age he graduated as Bachelor of Science with a University Medal for mathematics and a University Medal for chemistry. In 1915 he was appointed to the teaching staff of this University at the age of nineteen, the youngest person ever to be so appointed. As a chemist, Professor Jones was an assiduous researcher into the essential oils of Australian plants, and work in this field led to his Doctor of Science degree in 1926. His scientific achievements were recognized by the award of the H. G. Smith Memorial Medal for Chemical Research in 1930 and by his appointment as Liversidge Research Lecturer at the University of Sydney for the year 1934. He is the author of numerous scientific papers. Professor Jones was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry in 1940 and has been Dean of the Faculty of Science and President of the Professorial Board. Since 1944 he has been a member of the Senate of the University of Queensland. Pro fessor Jones has been one of the outstanding leaders at the University, and the years have but consolidated the position which his ability, integrity, and fearlessness won him as a young man. Mr. Chancellor, I have the honour to present to you THOMAS GILBERT HENRY JONES Doctor of Science, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Queensland for the degree of Doctor of Laws, honoris causa.

41 At the conclusion of the presentation, the graduands and the delegates were addressed by the Chancellor, Sir Albert Axon, K.B.E., M.E„ M,I,E, (Aust.),

Sir Albert Axon:

OUR EXCELLENCY, Your Graces, Representatives of Sister Universities, Graduates honoris causa. Distinguished Guests: Y The ceremony which has just concluded and that which we are about to begin, together comprise the high point in the academic celebration of this, the Jubilee of the University of Queensland, In conferring its highest honours on the ten distinguished gentlemen who flank me on this platform, the University expresses its gratitude to those persons and institutions which have made possible its first half century. With the degree which His Excellency has been graciously pleased to accept goes our pledge of continued loyalty to the Crown, To Dr. Nicklin, and through him to a long series of governments of Queensland, go our grateful thanks for the continued provision of funds for our life and growth. These thanks are the more heartfelt since that provision has never been accompanied by such direction or conditions as would have jeopardized our academic independence. This independence we preserve as a sacred trust for the people of this state. Through Sir Robert Hall, our distinguished guest of honour at these celebrations, the University voices its pride in the reputation that he and his fifteen thousand fellow graduates have established for their alma mater. A Queensland graduate can hold his head high. Five honorary degrees to five honoured guests is but a poor return for the privilege, that this University continues to enjoy, of belonging to the comity of universities of the world. In honouring Sir Earle Page, Sir Charles Blackburn, Sir Alex Reid, Sir Leslie Martin, and Sir George Paton, we record not only their full qualification as individuals to bear our degrees but also our close links with the institutions which they represent and with the world of scholarship which they adorn. Without the full co-operation of the state education authorities, this Uni versity could not fulfil its proper role. That this co-operation exists and is appreciated is confirmed in the degree conferred this day on the permanent head of this important Department. Finally, through Professor Jones, the University can acknowledge publicly, 42 if inadequately, its debt to him and his colleagues of today and of yesterday. The true university is still, in a very real sense, a community of scholars. Queensland has not lacked scholars who were prepared also to face un daunted, and to overcome, problems of teaching and administration beyond the wildest dreams of the traditional don. The University is grateful. From the Ceremony of the Conferring of Honorary Degrees we turn to the Ceremony of Presentation of Addresses. From the four corners of the earth have come greetings and messages of congratulation. This is extra ordinarily pleasant for us, but it is also extremely important for the world. Here is a reaffirmation of the existence of a brotherhood of learning, an association that transcends national boundaries and those of colour or creed. In a disordered and apprehensive world, such assertions of ultimate unity are doubly to be desired. The addresses which the delegates from sister universities will present will demonstrate this world fraternity of universities. They will also record, by their congratulations, the achievement of this University. Yesterday evening, mention was made of the enormous growth in our student numbers in a mere fifty years, of the virtual quadruplication of faculties, and of the proliferation of courses. Perhaps today it would be appropriate to recall, within the limited time available, just some of the men who laid so well the foundations on which this modern skyscraper of a university has been erected. John Lundie Michie, first Professor of Classics; Bertram Dillon Steele, first Professor of Chemistry; Henry James Priestley, first Professor of Mathe matics and Physics; and Alexander James Gibson, first Professor of Engineer ing: these are names that are writ large in the University's history. To them must be added those of F. W. S. Cumbrae-Stewart, first Registrar and later first Professor of Law, and of Joseph Francis McCaffrey, the first paid em ployee of the University, its second Registrar and the real rock on which the University administration was founded. To them could well be added, too, the name of Walter Wyche, Janitor; for it is not only the scholars and the administrators who give character and soul to a university. Michie, Steele, Priestley and Gibson, Cumbrae-Stewart, McCaffrey and Walter. These, with Miss Olga de Tuety, who later became Mrs. Alcock, were the total University staff in 1911. They were outnumbered three to one by the members of the Senate whom it was their duty to serve. Fifty years is but a short period in the life span of some of the universities 43 which are represented here today. Yet into this mere half century our Uni versity seems to have crammed action enough. When one considers, too, how slowly the University grew in its first twenty years; how all progress was stifled for three years by the Depression; how, of its fifty years, a full nine have been war years; the story of its mushroom growth in recent times is all the more astonishing. This kind of enormously accelerated growth makes great demands on those who have to live with it, to direct it, and yet to adjust themselves to the new conditions it brings. The post-World War II years saw an invisible and almost overnight transformation of our University from a small to a giant- sized institution according to the standards by which it was accustomed to judge. These years also saw the almost complete passing of the early staff. By 1950 all three of the first four professors who had stayed after World War I were dead. Gone, too, were all the first lecturing and administrative staff. There remains yet, as that exception which we are told there is to every rule, one man who was closely associated with the foundation of the Uni versity and who has remained ever since actively controlling its destiny. As Under Secretary to the Department of Education in 1910, John Douglas Story signed the letter of appointment of the members of the first Senate. Among the names listed on it was his own. It has remained on the roll of the Senate ever since. Since the third year of the University's life, Mr. Story has been Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Senate. His was the guiding hand that led the University through the dull years of the twenties when an inadequate statutory endowment and a mere trickle of benefaction haltered its progress. His careful financing survived both the black days of the Depression and the heady excitement of the Silver Jubilee of the year of 1935, when the number of faculties doubled overnight and the dream of St. Lucia suddenly became a possibility. As Vice-Chancellor from 1938 to 1960, he saw the University's budget rise from £40,000 to £2 million a year. On 1 March this year he made way for the first full-time Vice-Chancellor, but he remains on the Senate, serving as Chairman of the Finance Com mittee, the institution he has done so much to mould. It is hard to imagine the University without him. Such then is the measure of our first fifty years. It has been growth, in this short span, to a size and at a rate that are more than notable among the universities of the British Commonwealth. It has seen a complete change 44 in character, at the same time, from a university operating in a restricted subject field to one that has secured for this state complete self-sufficiency in tertiary education. Yet all this has taken place in the active lifetime of one man. If the University of Queensland continues to enjoy the services of men of the calibre of Michie and Steele, of McCaffrey and Story, and of Professor Jones and his present colleagues, both academic and administrative, it cannot fail to make increasingly better use of the means for its support pro vided by understanding governments and appreciative individuals. As far as it is within the University's power to control the course of events, the year 2010 should see the Chancellor of the University of Queensland presiding at just such a ceremony as this. That he will receive, on that occa sion, addresses of congratulation presented by delegates from sister univer sities, will make the achievement of our centenary all the more memorable.

45 THE PRESENTATION OF ADDRESSES OF SALUTATION

The Registrar announced the presence of delegates of sister universities and salutations were then presented to the Chancellor by the following dele gates whose names appear below their universities and colleges. The univer sities and colleges are listed in the order of the dates of their foundation:

UNIVERSITIES

UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA (1088) Dr. Ghesini UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD (thirteenth century) Lieutenant-General Sir Edmund Herring UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE (thirteenth century) Professor T. K. Ewer UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS (1411) Professor C. G. Cooper CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF LOUVAIN (1425) The Most Reverend E. M. O'Brien UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW (1451) Professor J. Macdonald Holmes UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN (1494) Dr. I. Horn UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH (1583) Dr. S. J. McCafferty HARVARD UNIVERSITY (1636) Dr. T, Dunham, Jr. UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB (1669) Consul-General Z. Josilo YALE UNIVERSITY (1701) A. R, Trist PRINCETON UNIVERSITY (1746) Dr, J, A. Keats

46 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN (1817) R, S, Bradley McGILL UNIVERSITY (1821) Dr. T. W. L. MacDermot UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM (1832) Professor W. Stephenson UNIVERSITY OF LONDON (1836) Professor A. Kekwick QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY (Kingston, Canada) (1841) Dr, D, W. Kincaid THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY OF BELFAST (1845) Professor K. S. Isles UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN (1848) Dr. W. J. Halliday UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON (1850) Sir John Butters THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY (1850) Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Charles Blackburn Professor S. H. Roberts UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA (1851) Dr. R. J. Noble LAVAL UNIVERSITY (1852) L, H. Amyot UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE (1853) The Honourable Mr. Justice A. Dean Professor Sir George Paton MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (1861) I. McC. Stewart CORNELL UNIVERSITY (1865) Lieutenant-Colonel J. M. Grant UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA (1868) Professor M. J. Pickett UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO (1869) Dr, F. G, Soper

47 THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY (1870) Dr. C. Duncan UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN (1873) Professor O. E. Budtz-Olsen THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE (1874) H, B. Basten BRISTOL UNIVERSITY (1876) Professor C. S. Davis THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY (1876) Dr. W. D. Parkinson UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER (1880) Associate Professor I. Lauder THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PAN JAB (1882) I, Khan STANFORD UNIVERSITY (1885) J. G. Bayley UNIVERSITY OF WALES (Swansea) (1893) Professor F. J. Schonell THE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM (1900) Professor A. J. Francis THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL (1903) Professor B. B. Lewis UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD (1905) Professor M. Shaw UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN (1907) M. D. Friedman UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (1908) Dr. D. Corbett THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES (1908) Consul-General B. A. Umayam NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND (1909) The Most Reverend J. F. Norton THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA (1911) Sir Alex Reid Dr. S. L. Prescott 48 UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG (1912) Dr. R. W. Parsons HEBREW UNIVERSITY (1918) A. M. Cohen UNIVERSITY OF DELHI (1922) Dr. D. K, Singh UNIVERSITY OF HULL (1927) Dr. G, R. Morris THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY (1946) Professor A. D. Trendall UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES (1948) Dr. W. C. Wurth G. L, Macauley UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM (1948) Professor E. G. Hallsworth GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY (1949) S. Bahroem Sjah UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA (1949) Professor C. A. M, Gray UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND (1954) The Right Honourable Sir Earle Page Dr, R. B. Madgwick UNIVERSITY OF EXETER (1955) Dr. G. C. Fletcher MONASH UNIVERSITY (1958) Professor R. D. Brown

COLLEGES

AUCKLAND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE (1882) Professor F. Chong UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LEICESTER (1918) Professor C. J. Home 49 MAKERERE COLLEGE (1922) Dr. C. W. Rose CANBERRA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE (1930) Professor H, Burton UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE (1949) Dr. Monica Cole NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE (1951) Professor J. J. Auchmuty

The delegate of the University of Western Australia, Sir Alex Reid, C.M.G., I.S.O., LL.D., B.A., replied to the Chancellor's address on behalf of the sister universities.

Sir Alex Reid:

R. CHANCELLOR, Your Excellency, the Honourable the Premier, Your Graces, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen: M The hospitality extended to us by the University has been so bountiful as to render me incapable of expressing adequately our apprecia tion of it. Mr. Chancellor, let me say first how delighted we all are that it has been possible for you to attend this very important function this morning. We realize that your presence here has been made at some considerable incon venience to yourself and we greatly admire your fortitude in giving us the pleasure of your company. It was a grievous disappointment to us to learn, on our arrival in Brisbane, that, on account of illness, you would be unable to attend all the functions associated with the Jubilee celebrations. We realize, of course, that your own disappointment must be almost as great as our own, because we know of your intense interest in all things connected with the University, and how you must have looked forward with feelings of pleasurable anticipation to participating fully in the celebrations. We do 50 hope. Sir, that you will effect a complete and speedy recovery, and be able to carry out all the duties associated with your many activities. On reading through the citations covering the record of service of those whom you have so highly honoured this morning by conferring on them honorary degrees, I was most pleased, and, indeed, flattered to read that, among the many and outstanding qualities possessed by the Honourable the Premier is one which described him as being "as straight as a reed". Person ally, I cannot think of any better justification for making him an honorary graduate of your University, On behalf of the visitors let me say. Sir, how much we appreciate all that the University is doing to make our visit pleasurable, interesting, and in structive. The celebrations have been carried out with very great dignity, and have been most colourful and inspiring. The arrangements you have made for our comfort and entertainment have been most generous and have left nothing to be desired. Dr. Prescott, the Vice-Chancellor, and I have a special interest in your Jubilee celebrations, because in 1963 the University of Western Australia w,ill celebrate its Jubilee, and we are learning just how such an occasion should be fittingly remembered. If we can achieve anything like the success which is attending your celebrations, then we shall indeed be proud and satisfied. We congratulate all the officers of your Uni versity on the arrangements they have made for your Jubilee, and all that they have done to make this very important function the outstanding success it is. We have greatly admired your new buildings, and envy you for the beautiful site you chose for them. We trust you will be able to continue the dignified type of architecture signified by your present buildings, and I hope most sincerely that the speaker who follows me will be able to assure you that the funds necessary to enable you to do so will be forthcoming. It is with regret that I voice one disappointment, and that is in regard to your weather. In the information sent to us regarding the celebrations we were promised bright warm sunny days and pleasant cool evenings. But what have we had — rain. My wife and I spent a week in Melbourne before coming to Brisbane, and we experienced Melbourne's usual weather — cold and wet, but we consoled ourselves in the belief that when we reached Bris bane we would enjoy balmy sunshine and blue skies. We intend spending next week in your northern areas, setting out on a boat trip from Mackay, where, so we are told by the literature issued by your Tourist Bureau, we 51 would enjoy tropical sunshine in which we could laze in summer clothing. However, we read in this morning's paper that yesterday Mackay had 175 points of rain. Despite the rain, we have enjoyed ourselves thoroughly, and we can well imagine how even more delightful the proceedings would have been if you had had the weather for which Queensland is so rightly famous. We congratulate the University on the splendid progress it has made in the past fifty years, and we trust that the next fifty years will be as equally spectacular. My hope is that you will not allow the University to become unduly large, because I believe that a very large university can destroy the very purpose for which a university is founded. We are most grateful to you for inviting us to join with you in these im portant celebrations, and personally I very much appreciate the honour you have conferred on me in making me a graduate of your University. It is an honour I shall always treasure.

Sir Alex Reid was supported by the Chairman of the Australian Univer sities Commission, Sir Leslie Martin, C.B.E., Ph.D., F.Inst.P., F.R.S., F.A.A.

Sir Leslie Martin:

R. CHANCELLOR: It is a great joy for the sister universities to join Queensland in Mthis happy celebration of her fiftieth birthday. May I take this opportunity of thanking the University for the honour conferred upon me today. It was especially kind of you. Sir, to remember that not long ago I was a working scientist. One of the pleasant aspects of the Commission's work is the opportunity it provides of visiting the Australian universities. Each has developed a special personality. Perhaps the distinguishing characteristic of Queensland University is its impressiveness. The vista provided by the campus as viewed from the steps of the Women's College is difficult to match. 52 Looking into the future, it is easy to picture the magnificent central struc ture surrounded by new buildings, the whole softened and integrated with plantations of trees and landscape gardens. In a little time we all hope to see a noble building arise on the campus, the University Hall. Sir Alex expressed the hope that the Commission would carry on the good work of the Murray Committee. I can assure you, Mr. Chancellor, that we are behind the University in its determination to build a Hall. The Commission needs only a lead — a financial one, of course! The crucial problems which confront Queensland University and, indeed, all Australian universities during the next few years stem from the unprece dented increase in student numbers. The Australian community has always taken pride in the fact that university education is open to all children of ability, irrespective of the social and financial position of their parents. With the emergence of the technological era, more and more parents have come to identify university education with improved prospects for their children in the modern community. This, together with the sharp rise in births since 1943, has produced a dramatic increase in university enrolments. University statisticians predict that by 1966 the enrolments in Australian universities will reach somewhere between 95,000 and 100,000. Australia will have to find more than 3,000 new teaching staff for her universities to keep pace with this twofold increase in student numbers. The problem is not made easier by the awareness that the sum total of human knowledge is doubling about every ten years. It is difficult to imagine the successful recruitment of the large numbers of university staff needed in the next few years, and if standards are to be maintained our educational resources must be directed along fresh lines — some experimenting is necessary with improved techniques of teaching and learning. In spite of its fifty years, Queensland University is a young university, imbued with the vitality and enterprise which is always identified with your great state. This is the university which is ideally placed in space and time to carry out experiments in teriiary education. It has a magnificent opportunity of tackling these urgent new problems in a new way. Mr. Chancellor, I have much pleasure in seconding the words of praise and thanks moved by Sir Alex Reid. May your University experience again in the next fifty years the exciting and fruitful days of the past fifty years. 53 THURSDAY 26 MAY AT 3.00 P.M.

On the Occasion of the Jubilee of the Foundation of the University of Queensland A GARDEN PARTY

at Parliament House, Brisbane

given by THE PREMIER AND GOVERNMENT OF QUEENSLAND

54 THURSDAY 26 MAY AT 8 P.M. THE UNIVERSITY BANQUET attended by The Visitor, His Excellency Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith, K.C.V.O., D.S.O., Governor of Queensland; the Premier of Queensland, the Honour able G. F. R. Nicklin, M,M., M.L.A., and his Cabinet; Speaker of the House, the Honourable A, R, Fletcher, M.L.A.; the Federal Ministers for Queens land; the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor of Brisbane, Alderman T. R. Groom, B.A., B.Com., F.C.A.; the delegates; the Senate; members of the Professorial Board and leading citizens of Queensland.

IN THE CONVENTION ROOM, LENNONS HOTEL The Chancellor Presiding

TOASTS

THE QUEEN His Excellency the Governor, Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith.

THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND Proposed by: Professor H. Burton. Response by: The Vice-Chancellor, Professor F. J. Schonell.

SISTER UNIVERSITIES Proposed by: Professor G. Greenwood. Response by: Professor Sir George Paton.

55 Professor H. Burton:

R. CHANCELLOR, Your Excellency, Mr. Premier, and Gentlemen: I am very honoured indeed at being called on to propose this toast M on the occasion of the Jubilee of the University. Naturally, I would like first to offer congratulations from my own institution, the Canberra University College, and also from the Australian National University of which we are soon to become a part. The Australian National University is represented here tonight by the distinguished scholar. Professor A, D. Trendall, Master of University House and the Deputy Vice-Chancellor. I regret that the Chairman of our College Council, Dr. B. T. Dickson, is overseas and so is unable to be present. As the representative of one of the youngest universities, it is a great privi lege to be invited to speak for our elder sisters, not only in the British Com monwealth but from the whole world. Among so many distinguished repre sentatives, I am proud to have the honour of speaking on their behalf. The qualifications for such a role are exacting; after-dinner oratory re quires wit, and even my best friends have not accused me of having this social grace. I am reminded of a story in the book recently published by Dr. A. P. Rowe, the former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Adelaide, // the Gown Fits. A New York society woman wrote to a university president asking that a member of his academic staff should talk to a society in which she was interested, and she stipulated that his status should not be less than that of a dean and that he must be a wit. The president replied that he had no dean who was a wit, but he had two deans who were half-wits and that he would send them both. However, if wit is lacking, I hope I may atone to some extent by sincerity. I am particularly glad, like Sir Robert Hall, to have this opportunity to pay tribute to my first University; the University which first set my feet upon the academic path. It is especially pleasing to me also that you have asked Sir Robert Hall, my lifelong friend, to come as your honoured guest to give the special oration. It is equally pleasing to find as your Chancellor my old rugby team-mate. Sir Albert Axon. I entered this University with him and Sir Robert in the freshman class of 1919, as our American friends would say. Sir Albert was an ex-serviceman, while I was a "boy from the bush" and a very ingenuous fresher. The great stimulus we received from the more mature ex-serviceman was something very valuable, as it was again in 1946, 56 Tin: LNIXERSITY BANQLET Left to right: Lieutenant-General Sir Edmund Herring, The Most Re\erend Sir James Duhig, Sir Robert Hall, Sir Alan Mansfield (Warden of the Council of the University of Queensland) . Far right: Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Charles Blackburn.

THE UM\ERSITY BANQUET Left to right: Professor S. H. Roberts, Sir Kenneth Fraser, Sir Alex Reid, The Right Honourable the Lord Mavor of Brisbane, Alderman T. R. Groom. THE UNIVERSITY BANQUET Left to right: His Excellency Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith (Governor of Queensland), The Chancellor, The Honourable G. F. R. Nicklin (Premier of Queensland), The Vice- Chancellor, Sir Leslie Martin.

In the foyer of Lennons Hotel, before the University Banquet Left to right: The Honourable A. R. Fletcher, M.L.A., His Excellency Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith, The Vice-Chancellor, The Honourable G. F. R. Nicklin. It is hard to recognize the University of my time in the great institution of today. There are now thousands of students where we counted in hun dreds. But, from the beginning, the University was fortunate in the quality of its staff. I remember with gratitude and affection our teachers, warm and friendly people, and men of distinction. In Engineering and Science we had Hawken and Steele (F.R.S.), Parnell and Richards, Priestley and Harvey- Johnston. In Arts, my own faculty, we had Michie and Castlehow, Stable and Schindler, Alcock and Melbourne, Elton Mayo and Seymour. What a grand team they were; the mere mention of their names recalls to me the famous lines from Henry V:

. . . Then shall our names. Familiar in his mouth as household words, Harry the King, Bedford and Exeter, Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester, Be in their flowing cups freshly remember'd.

I hope no one will think the comparison far-fetched, for these scholars were engaged in constructive work. They deserve remembering even more than the captains of Henry V. His soldiers were pressing a preposterous claim to the French throne and despoiling the fair land of France; our pro fessors were laying the foundations of a great University. If the smallness of the University at George Street had some disadvantages, it had great advantages as well. These men left an impression upon us which students today do not so readily get in an atmosphere of great numbers. I am pleased to think also that many graduates of that generation have also left their mark, not only on this country but overseas. This gathering has by now had an opportunity to judge for itself the quality of Sir Robert Hall; but there were many others also who have made a notable contribu tion, often with little publicity. I recall in particular the late Oscar "Sandy" Tiegs, the first Queensland graduate in science to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He is affectionately remembered in Melbourne, where he held the Chair of Zoology, as a research scholar of the best type; one who was not interested in university politics or intrigue. The list is too long to enumerate, but this gathering has quite a few of them here tonight. The University has also owed much to wise administrators, legislators, and benefactors. My generation will never forget the dignified figure of 57 F. W. S. Cumbrae-Stewart, the first Registrar and Librarian, and later the first Professor of Law. Nor, in particular, can the University forget the fifty years of devoted service of Mr. J. D. Story, the last twenty years as Vice- Chancellor. Now that the University has a full-time salaried Vice-Chancellor, I congratulate it on having chosen for that post Professor F. J. Schonell, and I congratulate him on being chosen for this most responsible post. A humane scholar in the best liberal traditions, he is, I believe, the first Professor of Education in Australia to occupy such a position. I look forward to great things during his term of office. We shall long remember the help of men like Forgan Smith who did so much to get the University started at St. Lucia, and the generosity of the late Dr. Mayne who gave the site for the University. Dr. Mayne must always be remembered as one of our greatest benefactors. As to the quality of your students, we have no fears. This University turns out its first class honours men, Olympic athletes and swimmers. After all, many Australian universities do this. But how many have produced a Miss Australia? Only Western Australia, I believe, has so far matched this achievement. One of the greatest sources of strength to this University was the estab lishment of residential colleges from the earliest days. As an old John's man I hope you will allow me to pay my tribute to Wardens Baker and Stevenson; but I would also like to pay tribute to Dr. Freda Bage, for so long the Prin cipal of Women's College and a Senator of the University. Naturally, I was most interested in John's and Women's, but every college man will remem ber with gratitude his college and its principal. These colleges are absolutely essential in a state of this size, and I am glad to see them occupying so im portant a position on the St. Lucia site. I do wish to emphasize once again the importance to this institution of the quality of its staff. This University has been fortunate in maintaining quality, despite the fact that so far it has lacked the usual staff superannua tion scheme that is found in other Australian universities. I am extremely happy to learn that this is now being remedied, and I can think of no more fitting way to celebrate the Jubilee. For there is no doubt that in the years ahead there will be keen competition for staff, and no university can afford to be handicapped in the struggle to attract the best. While on this theme, I would like to tell a story that I heard some years ago from an academic colleague. One day he was driving his Vice-Chancellor home after a committee meeting, and they fell to talking about the filling of 58 a post in another Australian university for which one of their own staff was a candidate. My friend, as the doyen in this particular field, had been asked to rate the candidates in order of merit. "Well," said the Vice-Chancellor, "did you put X (naming the local candidate) first?" "Oh no," replied the professor, "there are several others better than him." "Well," snorted the Vice-Chancellor, "you take a grave responsibility on your shoulders. Professor; we may be saddled with him for the rest of his life!" In coming to my conclusion, I would like to commend the steps recently taken to establish a new University centre at Townsville. This must be the first step towards a second university in this state, and I am confident that the response will justify the decision. The rapid growth of the state is bring ing with it an even more rapid growth of demand for university facilities. The record of the University of Queensland gives us every reason to believe that the challenge will be accepted. Mr. Chancellor, it is with pleasure and with pride that, on behalf of the delegates and visitors, I give you the toast THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND

The Vice-Chancellor:

R. CHANCELLOR, Your Excellency, Mr. Deputy Chancellor, Sir Alan Mansfield, Your Graces, Members of the University, and Dis M tinguished Guests: I appreciate very much indeed the honour of replying to the toast to the University of Queensland. I am not a graduate of Queensland but of West ern Australia, the only partly free university in Australia — a point which troubled my conscience some time ago when I had to agree to an increase in fees in this University. I should like to thank Professor Burton for the generous sentiments so graciously expressed in his toast, one that he is so well fitted to propose. As a graduate of this University and a Rhodes Scholar for Queensland, having 59 got his foundations fixed and his bearings true, he was well prepared for whatever came later in his academic career. He spent some time at the University of Melbourne before moving to the select atmosphere of Can berra to become Principal of the University College Canberra. There is something very wonderful in being so closely associated with this the fiftieth birthday of our University and of having with us representatives from our sister, universities, particularly our two much older Australian sisters, the Universities of Sydney and Melbourne, to whom we owe much in our own development. It is, by the way, a matter of some pride that when our two older sister universities were established in Australia, there were only three universities in England. Our own inauguration, on 10 December 1909, was to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the establishment of responsible government in Queensland, a ceremony that took place in Old Government House (built in 1860). The then Governor, Sir William MacGregor, after signing the University Act, unveiled a tablet to mark the occasion. And now we are, fifty years later, meeting to celebrate our Jubilee and still preserving a very warm and deep association with our Governor, for here in person tonight is the University's Official Visitor, Sir Henry Abel Smith, who is held in great admiration and affection not only by the Uni versity but by the whole community. What a Visitor and ambassador he is for the Universityl Sir Henry visits not only the University but every part of the state from which our undergraduates come. I would like to remind this august gather ing that our first honorary degree. Doctor of Laws, was conferred on Sir William MacGregor, Governor of the state and first Chancellor of the University, just before his departure to England. Today, we conferred an honorary Doctorate of Laws on Sir Henry two days after his return from England. Looking over the history of the University during its fifty years of growth, up to what may be termed its "early adolescence", with its growing pains and uncertainties, I think we can fairly say that it has made a promising start. It now has 3,511 full-time students, 2,651 part-time students, and 2,510 external students. On this occasion it is fitting that we should do honour to J. D. Story, an outstanding administrator and a remarkably fine man whose sincerity and persistence of purpose have benefited the University during its entire fifty

60 years. During this time, J. D. Story's clear thinking, conscientious applica tion to his job, and warm human qualities have been an example and an inspiration to all. We are a little sad that J. D. Story, now in his ninety-first year and forced to live, as Charles de Gaulle says, somewhat in the shadows, is unable to be with us, but we rejoice that his son and son-in-law are able to share our pride and our happiness. The University of Queensland was established to give every boy and girl in Queensland, who has the ability, a chance to benefit from higher educa tion. To further this intention, we are opening a University College in Townsville next year to provide for North Queensland. Townsville, almost 800 miles from Brisbane, has a population of 47,000 and serves not only the rich Mt. Isa and Mary Kathleen areas, but as far north as Cairns and as far south as sugar-growing Mackay. While it is essential that in this rush of numbers we should keep up stan dards, I do hope we shall not have to introduce quotas. Matriculation results as a basis for selection have distinct limitations, particularly as they relate to some pupils from distant country areas or from high pressure town schools. This University has, for six years now, been engaged constantly in research on the entrance qualifications of students and their subsequent progress. For example, in one phase of our survey, we took all the full-time students who entered in 1955 and followed them closely through their courses for five years. We divided them into five groups according to their marks in the matriculation examination. Group I contained those with high marks — open scholars and others — while Groups IV and V were the lowest in matriculation results. By 1960 one student in six of Group I had not yet graduated, and in Groups IV and V one in four had graduated. Factors such as the quality of secondary school teaching, some very good, some bad, together with variations in levels of maturation and of motivation make accurate selection a very difficult matter. One fairly reliable form of selec tion would be to exclude those who have both a low matriculation score and low intellectual ability, as determined by Scholastic Aptitude Tests — these students are really poor prospects. The triffid-like invasion of the universities by the young has brought difficulties and problems amongst which is that of adequate accommodation, which most of us are managing to solve, even with considerable discomfort, thanks to the joint efforts of the state and Commonwealth governments to whom we are most grateful. 61 At this point, I would like to make brief reference to the pattern of rela tionships that exists between a university and the state and Commonwealth governments, with their intermediary, the Australian Universities Commis sion. The strength of these relationships, unique as they are, rests essentially on the goodwill and common sense of the partners. The less the structure of the partnership is rigidly defined, the better it will work provided there is always full and frank discussion between the partners. And provided that on the one hand governments recognize that the universities themselves are the bodies best fitted to plan and make proposals regarding the nature of their development and how it might best be carried out, and provided that, on the other hand, universities recognize that governments who provide the money are entitled to have a voice in policy formation in the broadest sense. The University is increasingly making its contribution to knowledge and to the needs of the community. Our research ranges from all kinds of prob lems in the social sciences — from Australian speech to spastic children — to studies in pure and applied sciences, from seismographical recordings to the search for a tick resistant cattle, from ventilation of mines to multiple sclerosis. In the promotion of goodwill and understanding within the community, under our vigorous Chancellor, "town and gown" are growing closer and closer — a communal mingling that we hope will be enhanced by our pro jected Great Hall and Staff House. Finally, let us take one very quick peep at the future. I believe that three major problems face Australian universities, in particular the University of Queensland, We have, foremost, a formidable responsibility for the national welfare and even for survival. The Industrial Revolution owed little to the uni versities, but now, for the first time in history, the survival of many countries depends largely on the universities. This responsibility is seen in three forms. Firstly, there is a technological revolution which is demanding more and more scientists and technologists — a challenge that universities must meet by changes in their courses and by a realistic acceptance of the need for training at both higher and lower levels. Secondly, a social revolution exists and with it the need to train people who will be able to have the requisite social sense. Many of our most urgent problems are those involving human values and human relationships, and hence they require social sense for their solution. 62 Thirdly, there is the necessity to train many more women for work in both the social sciences and the physical and biological sciences. Australia is far behind in attracting women into all kinds of professional vocations, and in providing for part-time employment of married women. But I feel confident that the University of Queensland, along with her sister universities, will meet these challenges. Virility and enthusiasm can provide the stimulus to imaginative creation. On behalf of the University, I wish to express my very warm thanks and gratitude for the visit of our distinguished delegates. We are sensitive of the honour you pay us by attending here today. We shall do all we can to be worthy of your good wishes during our next fifty years, and we shall look forward to the continued friendship and help from so many who belong to the great assembly of universities of the world.

Professor G. Greenwood:

R. CHANCELLOR, Your Excellency, Mr. Premier, and Gentlemen: I greatly regret that my secretary is not present on this occasion M since, as a good secretary should, she had gone to an inordinate amount of trouble in assisting me in preparing this speech. I value her criti cism, but, despite her advice, I feel I should deliver the speech. After all, it is the only one I have. It gives me particular and personal pleasure to propose this toast to the visitors, not least because I see among those present many with whom in one way or another I have been personally associated. Professor Roberts was my former teacher, though I do not suggest that he should accept the responsi bility for the result, and was subsequently my professorial head when I joined the staff of the Sydney History Department. Professor Trendall was first Dean of the Faculty and then President of the Board when I was in Sydney. Professor Burton gave generously of his advice when I was publish ing an early book. And Sir George Paton, in what now seem distant days, was leader of the Australian delegation to a session of the Institute of

63 Intellectual Co-operation in Prague immediately before the war, and I was a very junior member of that delegation. To these must be added the many other distinguished gentlemen, including our special guest, Sir Robert Hall, who have come, often considerable distances, to extend their greetings and celebrate this to us significant occasion. Some of you may recall the story of the funeral procession which was wending its way from the village up a steep hill to the cemetery. The wife of one of the villagers had died. Just as the cortege reached a sharp bend in the road, the coffin slipped off, and to the amazement of the mourners there were stirrings from within. The woman was rescued and the procession retreated back to the village. Some fifteen years later she did die and the procession once again wound up the hill. When it reached the same sharp bend the husband was heard to say, "Careful, boys — there was a very nasty accident at this spot last time!" Universities as institutions go through rather the same process. There have been many times in the past when people have felt that they had out lived their usefulness, that they were in a process of decay and dissolution — indeed, that they were dead, in any vital intellectual or social sense. And yet the critics have been confounded, and the universities have stirred and quickened into new and more vigorous life. The Australian universities have passed through identifiable stages of growth, expanding in particular periods, consolidating, and even at times showing symptoms of neglect or apathy. Yet it is clear today that we are entering upon a period of rapid growth, of enormous expansion in student numbers and facilities, in post graduate teaching, and in the multiplication of staff — always assuming that such staff can be discovered. This, of course, is not wholly new, at least so far as the rapid growth of student numbers is concerned. Those of us who taught in the universities immediately after the war are no strangers to rapidly rising numbers. I recall vividly how the population of the Univer sity of Sydney jumped from roughly 4,500 to something like 11,000 with no real corresponding increases in staff. Changes of the kind that we are now encountering breed new attitudes of mind among members of the governing bodies, among politicians who have to discover vastly increased resources, and not least among students. Ominous words, such as failure rates, resound through the community, and those who administer and those who pay for the universities are troubled. There is, too, the student insistence upon rights, the demand for easily

64 assimilated material in the form of pre-packed notes, and so on. There is, indeed, the belief and even the expectation that staff have an obligation to ensure that students do pass. Not all change is necessarily good, and, while there have been obvious gains in the new situation, something may also have been lost. I have an old-fashioned view that one of the virtues of the uni versity was that it bred self-reliance and that, while teachers could be ex pected to provide stimulus and opportunity, the student ultimately had to work out his own salvation. I cast my mind back to my own student days in the University of Sydney, and in doing so I find it exceedingly difficult, even in the wildest of dreams, to conjure up a view of men such as Professor Holme, Professor Todd, and Professor Roberts, who is here tonight and can testify on the point, tossing restlessly at night, their minds obsessed with the question of whether Greenwood would pass. I don't think they did, and I happen to believe they were right. This is a young university, young indeed in comparison with many of the universities represented here tonight. It is only comparatively recently that it has changed from being a quite small university and is now moving into that difficult but exciting transition stage where limited development is left behind and the University is becoming a large and varied institution, serving many needs of the community, stretching out towards post-graduate status, acquiring the men and resources which will enable it to join the ranks of other universities in contributing to knowledge. To be a member of such a university at such a stage is a challenging experience, because, while we are not without traditions built over the past fifty years, we are not as yet set in a mould of procedure. The situation is flexible, there is room for innovation, for experimentation, and those of us who belong to the staff find it an exciting adventure to play some part in shaping the way in which the University will develop. There are things which belong to the past, some to the immediate past, of which we can be justly proud, because they indicate that this University stands in the great tradition of indepen dence of thought and academic self-government. Other universities have fought similar battles against restriction and control, but this University can well be proud of the resolute fight which it put up only recently against actions which amounted to an attempt by the government of the day to control staff appointments and promotions. In the new situation upon which we are entering, not only here but in other Australian universities, we must bear in mind and try to reconcile 65 two important needs, both of which will, I believe, be essential to the health of the university in the future. Universities can no longer, like Stylites on his pillar, isolate themselves from their social environment. They must in legitimate ways serve and enrich the community. But at the same time they should insist that they remain homes for scholars, that they be not simply teaching institutions but also centres of learning in the best traditions of that word. As we enter upon the next fifty years, it is only fitting that we should celebrate this jubilee occasion with festivities and banqueting. I thank you, our many guests, for being present on this occasion and for celebrating with us. It gives me great pleasure to propose the toast to the visitors OUR SISTER UNIVERSITIES

Professor Sir George Paton:

R. CHANCELLOR: We from the poverty-stricken lands of the deep south have greatly M appreciated your lavish hospitality, even if it makes more difficult our return to home conditions of austerity. I appreciate the honour of being made a Doctor of Laws of your University and wish to convey my warm thanks. My task is the pleasant one of responding to the toast to sister universities. Why do we use the feminine gender in this context? Is it because men have more affection for their sisters than their own brothers? But that is hardly an explanation, for then all universities would be feminine and the love that women bear each other is not renowned in history. Is it because the conduct of universities, as of women, is irrational and unpredictable? That would be fair neither to universities nor to the ladies. The real reason is that universities, like our daughters, have "nothing to wear", "Daddy, I want a new cyclotron." "But I bought you one last month." "Yes, Daddy, but Christian Dior has produced a new model since then, and, if I wear last month's model, they will think that you're not even earning the basic wage."

66 What are universities for? As I do not believe in frivolity, I had adopted a text from St. Paul's Epistle to the Philippians, but later I changed to St. Rowe's Epistle to the Philistines. This is an excellent book, which we must all study, but running through it is the theme that a university is a home for idle professors with delusions of god-like grandeur. If we analyse the psychology of the writer, his real wish is that a university should be a throne for a god-like Vice-Chancellor, at whose slightest whim complacent coun cillors, subservient senators, spineless staff, and sober students bow in reverence. I have dreams like that too, but I usually wake up in time. Whether my brother Vice-Chancellors imagine that they possess divine qualities, I leave to them to answer. I would hate to destroy any delusions which they possess; nature is kind to us, for while stamping us with imperfec tions she makes us blind to our own defects. But I know that Paton rhymes more easily with Satan than with God; the article of furniture on which I sit bears no resemblance to a throne and frequently has more of the qualities of an electric chair. A university must engage in vocational training. We must put out a stream of lawyers, doctors, and perhaps even psychologists — we are told that the community needs them. I say nothing of the scientists, for sociologi cally they cancel out. Half of them are paid fabulous sums to exterminate us, and the other half cadge lesser sums to try to save us. Yet vocational training can never be the real end of a university. The task is to create an intellectual elite — men with "fire in their bellies". The uni versity should not be a home of lost causes but a collection of prophets of causes yet to be. Wisdom is the supreme attribute of the graduate, but any one who has attended a professorial board realizes all too well the truth of the old proverb that knowledge comes but wisdom lingers. To quote from the play Hassan: We are the Pilgrims, Master; we shall go Always a little further: it may be Beyond that last blue mountain barred with snow

There lives a prophet who can understand Why men were born: but surely we are brave Who take the Golden Road to Samarkand. "We shall go always a little further." That is not a bad motto for a 67 university, for it combines determination with a modesty that is not always a characteristic of academics. "But surely we are brave. . . ." Our Wilson Hall bears on its north wall a relief of the trial of the first social scientist, Socrates, to whom a grateful community presented the hemlock. If we search for the truth, we must not expect to be popular. I am enthusiastically in favour of equalizing the chances of education, but do not let us equalize our product. We must force the brilliant up, not down. This is one of our great problems — how to deal with the mass with out destroying the spark of the elite. Am I thus driven back to St. Rowe, that we the gods will try to create men in our own image? No, for universities are imperfect institutions, and we are weak human beings. We can only say to youth: "We are as the tomb of one shipwrecked, but sail thou on." Even the worst of us can serve as dread ful examples of what not to be. I wish to our host university a happy and prosperous voyage to the land of truth and social discovery and end, as I began, by expressing our heartfelt thanks for the warm, gracious, and understanding hospitality which we have all enjoyed in these unforgettable days.

68 FRIDAY 27 MAY AT 12.30 P.M. A BUFFET LUNCHEON IN THE DARNELL ART GALLERY AT THE UNIVERSITY, ST. LUCIA given by The President and Members of the Professorial Board of the University of Queensland

FRIDAY 27 MAY AT 5.00 P.M. A LATE AFTERNOON PARTY AT GOVERNMENT HOUSE given by His Excellency the Governor and Lady May Abel Smith

69 MEMBERS OF THE SENATE May 1960

Sir Albert Axon, K.B.E., M.E., M.I.E. (Aust.), Chancellor. Herbert George Watkin, B.A., Dip.Ed., Deputy Chancellor. Professor Fred Joyce Schonell, M.A., Ph.D., D.Lit., F.B.Ps,S., F.A.C.E,, Vice-Chancellor. Professor Laurence John Hartley Teakle, B.Sc. (Agric.), M.S., Ph.D., A.R.A.C.L, President of the Professorial Board. Professor Harry Ross Anderson, M.A., LL.B. Thomas Maurice Barry, Q.C., B.A. The Most Reverend Sir James Duhig, K.C.M.G., D.D., LL.D. (Qld., Ott., & Ireland). Douglas Were Fraser, A.S.A.A., A.A.U.Q. Abraham Fryberg, M.B.E., M.B., B.S., D.P.H., D.T.M, John Ward Greenwood, B.A., LL.B. The Most Reverend Reginald Charles Halse, D.D., M.A. Reverend Mervyn Henderson, M.A. Sir James Holt, B.E., M.I.E. (Aust.). Norman Jameson, F.C.A. Robert Mackie, B.A., B.Ed. Jack Mulholland, M.E., M.Sc, M.I.E., M.Am.Soc.C.E. Cecil Emil Petersen, A.C.I.S., A.A.U.Q. John Douglas Story, I.S.O. William Alan Thompson Summerville, D.Sc. Sir Kenneth Fraser, C.B.E., K.St.J., E.D., M.B., Ch.M., M.S., F.R.A.C.S. Mrs. Winifred Alice Freeman, B.Sc. Lieutenant-Colonel August Shaw Gehrmann, D.S.O., E.D., B.E., A.M.I.E. (Aust.), A.M.I.E.E. (Lond.), Professor Gordon Greenwood, M.A., Ph.D. Professor Thomas Gilbert Henry Jones, D.Sc, F.R.A.C.I., F.C.S. Jack Keith Murray, O.B.E., E.D., B.A., B.Sc.Agr., F.A.I.A.S. Leslie John Jarvis Nye, M.B., Ch.M., F.R.A.C.P., Hon.F.R.G.S.A. Henry Emmanuel Roberts, M.A.

70 PROFESSORIAL BOARD May 1960

Sir Albert Axon, K.B.E., M.E., M.I.E. (Aust.), Chancellor. Professor Fred Joyce Schonell, M.A., Ph.D., D.Lit., F.B.Ps.S., F.A.C.E., Vice-Chancellor. Professor Laurence John Hartley Teakle, B.Sc, (Agric.), M.S., Ph.D., A.R.A.C.L, President. Professor Thomas Gilbert Henry Jones, D.Sc, F.R.A.C.I., F.C.S., Deputy-President. Professor Harry Ross Anderson, M.A., LL.B. Professor Otto Egede Budtz-Olsen, M.D., Ch.B. Professor Alan Joseph Canny, B.Sc, M.B., B.S., F.R.A.C.P. Professor Arthur Clare Cawley, M.A., Ph.D. Professor Charles Gordon Cooper, M.A. Professor Robert Percy Cummings, B.Arch. (Qld.), F.R.A.I.A., F.R.I.B.A., A.A.Dip. Professor Clive Selwyn Davis, D.F.C., M.Sc, Ph.D. Professor Tom Keightly Ewer, B.V.Sc, Ph.D. Professor John Francis, D.Sc, M.R.C.V.S. Professor John King Gifford, M.A. Professor Douglas Gordon, M.B., B.S. Professor Gordon Greenwood, M.A., Ph.D. Professor Richard Harold Greenwood, M.A., F.R.G.S. Professor Walter Norwood Leslie Harrison, B.A. (Qld. & Oxon.), LL.M. Professor Ross Wilson Hawker, M.D. (Qld. & Syd.), B.S., Ph.D., M.R.A.C.P. Professor Desmond Andrew Herbert, D.Sc. Professor Michael Francis Hickey, M.A., M.B., B.S. Professor William Marquis Kyle, M.A. Professor John Hardie Lavery, B.Sc, M.E., A.M.I.C.E., M.I.E.(Aust.). Professor Sidney Firth Lumb, D.D.Sc, F.D.S.R.C.S., F.D.S.R.C.S.Ed., F.LC.D. Professor James Charles Mahoney, M.A., B.Litt., Ch. Legion d'Honneur. Professor Donald William McElwain, M.A. (N.Z. & Melb.), Ph.D., F.B.Ps.S. Professor Sydney Arthur Prentice, M.E.E., B.Sc, M.I.E. (Aust.), M.I.E.E. Professor Mansergh Shaw, M.E., M.M.E., M.I.Mech.E., M.I.E.(Aust). 71 Professor John Frederick Adrian Sprent, Ph,D„ D.Sc, F.R.C.V.S. Professor William Stephenson, B.Sc, Ph.D, Professor Neville Graham Sutton, M.B., Ch.M., F.R.C.S.Ed., F.R-A.C.S, Professor Andrew Kilpatrick Thomson, M.A. Professor John William Howard Tyrer, M.D., B.S., F.R.A.C.P., M.R.C.P. Professor Hugh Colin Webster, C.M.G., D.Sc, Ph.D., F.Inst.P. Professor Frank Thomas Matthews White, B.MeLE., M.I.M.M., M.I.Min.E., F.I.M., M.Aus.I.M.M., F.G.S. Professor Allan Fraser Wilson, D.Sc, F.G.A.A., M.Aus.I.M.M., F.G.S. Dr. Frank Jackson Olsen, B.Sc, M.Ed., Ph.D.

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