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Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art and Objects Of Case 2 (2012-13): A pair of Charles II silver-gilt flagons Expert Adviser’s Statement Reviewing Committee Secretary’s note: Please note that any illustrations referred to have not been reproduced on the Arts Council England Website EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Brief description of items A pair of silver gilt Charles II cylindrical flagons, London, circa 1660-1668, bearing the maker’s mark ‘orb with a cross’ on both bodies and covers, the flagons are both 15 ¾ in. (40 cm.) high; their combined present weight is 261 oz.(8,163 gr.). Supplied in 1668 for the Hon. Ralph Montagu (later Baron, then 1st Earl and finally 1st Duke of Montagu) as British Ambassador to the Court of Louis XIV for use in celebrating Holy Communion in the chapel attached to the British Embassy, Paris. The flagons are embossed with a frieze of flowers, foliage and three cherubim, with upper stiff-leaf border. Each has a hinged, slightly domed cover similarly chased with flowers and cherubim, with a central floral boss, a scroll handle engraved with the coat-of-arms of Ralph Montagu with a pierced scroll thumbpiece. The bases bear the inscription ‘Elizabeth Montagu, Duchess Dowr of Buccleuch and Queensberry 1817’. Both have a scratch weight; one with ‘129-10-0’ and again ‘129-10’ and the other ‘134=02=12’. The flagons are generally in excellent condition retaining their original gilding; there is a slight bash to the lid of the heavier of the two. 2.Context Provenance: The Hon Ralph Montagu, later 1st Earl and 1st Duke of Montagu (1638-1709); by descent to his granddaughter Mary Cardigan, Duchess of Montagu (1727-1788) wife of George, 4th Earl of Cardigan and 1st Duke of Montagu of the 2nd Creation (1712-1790) and daughter of John, 2nd Duke of Montagu (1690-1749) thence by descent to their daughter Elizabeth Montagu (1743-1827) wife of Henry, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and 5th Duke of Queensberry (1746-1812) and thence by descent to their great- grandson Lord Henry Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Beaulieu (1832-1905); Christie’s London, 26 May 1905, lots 64 and 65 (£200 and £220 to Harding) R.M.Wood; Christie’s London 28 May 1919 lot 71 (£1,181 to S.J.Phillips); purchased by 2nd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu (1866-1929) and thence by descent; Christie’s London 5 July 2000, lot 245. 3. Waverley Criteria These silver-gilt communion flagons form part of the allocation of silver in 1668 by the Royal Jewel House to Ralph Montagu, Charles II’s Ambassador to the Court of Louis XIV and meet Waverley Criterion (2). – they are of outstanding aesthetic importance. 1 The Montagu communion flagons meet Waverley criterion (3) – they are of outstanding significance to the study of the history and development of British silver, the history of diplomatic protocol and the use of silver to promote the status of the British ambassador abroad and the continued appreciation of that silver after completion of a diplomatic posting. In particular these communion flagons symbolize the important role that international diplomacy has played during the early modern period in promoting freedom of worship through chapels attached to foreign embassies during times of persecution of particular faiths in the host country. DETAILED CASE 1. The objects A pair of silver gilt Charles II cylindrical flagons, London, circa 1660-1668, bearing the maker’s mark ‘orb with a cross’ (fig.1) The flagons: The cylindrical body of both flagons is raised and embossed with a frieze of flowers, foliage and three cherubim, with upper stiff-leaf border; the hinged slightly domed covers are similarly embossed with a central floral boss. The hollow scroll handles are both engraved with the coat-of-arms of the Hon. Ralph Montagu and have pierced scroll thumbpieces. An earl’s coronet has been added to the coat-of-arms at a later date (between 1689-1705). In each case the base is engraved with the inscription ‘ Elizabeth Montagu, Duchess Dowr of Buccleuch & Queensberry, 1817’. One base bears the scratched weight ‘129-10-0’ and 129-10’ ; the other ‘134=02=12’. Marks: The flagons are marked on both the lids and the sides of the bodies with the maker’s mark usually identified as ‘an orb with a cross’ . 2. Aesthetic Importance (Waverley 2) The Maker: ‘orb within a cross’ mark – this mark has been variously described as an orb and star, a grenade (Crown Jewels, II, p.402) or a wheatsheaf. The use of a device rather than initials suggests that this is the mark of an ‘alien’ goldsmith working in London. The embossed decoration has been attributed to Wolfgang Howzer or Houser (working 1652 – 1688; Oman 1970, p.34). Howzer came originally from Zurich becoming free of the Goldsmiths’ Guild there in 1652 after serving an apprenticeship with his father Hans Jacob II. In Zurich his name was spelt Husar but in England it is variously spelt Houser or Howzer. He is first recorded in England in 1657 when he was received into the Dutch church in Austin Friars, London, on the recommendation of the minister of the church at Middelburg in Zeland. Howzer made a large set of altar plate for Bishop Cosin’s chapel at Bishop Auckland, County Durham, in 1660-1. The altar dish and flagon from this set epitomize sophisticated continental forms and rich embossed decoration although they are marked by Francis Leake (fig.2). The Bishop’s steward noted of the goldsmith ‘he is a good man but deere’ as his charge for gilt plate was 9s per oz (Oman, English Church Plate, p.185). Although Howzer supplied silver-gilt for royal use, he never received an official appointment from the Lord Chamberlain and initially relied on leading native goldsmiths Francis Leake and Henry Greenway to mark his work. 2 The ‘orb within a cross’ maker’s mark, attributed to Howzer, appears on the grandest ecclesiastical and secular silver commissioned on the restoration of the monarchy for Charles II. This includes a silver-gilt basin hallmarked for London 1660-1, with a celebrated provenance. It descended in the British Royal Family; was sold to Rundell Bridge and Rundell in 1808; was subsequently purchased by William Beckford, sold at the Fonthill Abbey Sale 2 October 1823 lot 824 and then acquired by Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex. It was sold again at Christie’s after that Duke’s death (23 June 1843 lot 305) when it was described as ‘an ancient English circular dish, with the rose and crown in the centre, four of the labours of Hercules in medallions round it and military trophies on the border’ weighing 108 oz (fig.3). The basin was then acquired by Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (1808-79) and passed through the collections of Leopold de Rothschild (1845-1917) and Anthony de Rothschild (1887-1961). The basin was reacquired for the British Royal Collection in 1940 by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (Royal Treasures: A Golden Jubilee Celebration, ed. Jane Roberts, 2002, no.172. RCIN 100007). Wolfgang Howzer is also credited with the chased decoration on the magnificent dish which adorned the high altar of Westminster Abbey for Charles II’s Coronation in 1661 (fig.4) subsequently part of the altar plate of the Chapel Royal, St James’s Palace (RCIN 92012). Howzer is also associated with the embossed decoration on a very similar dish bearing the arms of the Duke of York, later James II, and probably supplied for the Duke’s private chapel in the Palace of Whitehall in 1664. This bears the maker’s mark for Henry Greenway (Crown Jewels 1998, II, pp.433- 5; Anna Keay, The Crown Jewels, 2011, p.193; RCIN 31745). In addition to these spectacular altar dishes attributed to Howzer, a pair of communion flagons, 1660-1 (illustrated Keay, pp.84; 88-9) are similarly lavishly chased with flowers and foliage with a Tudor rose surmounted by a royal crown; they also bear the mark of Henry Greenway and may have been decorated by Howzer (RCIN 31750.1-2). The same goldsmith supplied the set of four state salts made for the Feast of the Order of the Garter each crowned with the figure of St George (H.M.Jewel House, Tower of London, Glanville, Silver in Tudor and Early Stuart England, Victoria and Albert Museum, 1990, p.285). By 1664 Howzer had registered a mark of his own at Goldsmiths’ Hall, ‘HW above a cherub’. This suggests that, if the attribution to Howzer is correct, the pair of flagons under consideration may date from 1660-1664 and may have been supplied to Ralph Montagu for his embassy to Paris in 1669 from existing stock held at the Royal Jewel House. Howzer is still recorded in London in 1681 when he employed English workmen as well as his nephew Hans Heinrich but there are no further records of Howzer’s presence in London after 1688. Rarity of the pieces and significance for scholarship (Waverley 3) Ralph Montagu’s embassy to Paris is well documented. Charles II sent Montagu as an envoy on a five-month mission from October 1662 to February 1663 to seek closer co-operation with France (ODNB). Six years later, Montagu was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary to France on 1 January 1669. A diary of his first embassy survives in the Beinecke Library, Yale University (James Marshall 3 and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection). It covers the period 29 Nov 1669 – 26 June 1671, is written in French and English and covers diplomatic, social, political and commercial affairs in Europe.
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