Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13984-8 — Dictators and Their Secret Police Sheena Chestnut Greitens Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13984-8 — Dictators and their Secret Police Sheena Chestnut Greitens Index More Information

Index

2-28 Incident, 86 , 185 , 187, 192 , 196 , 239 agencies of People’s Republic of China 2-28 Settlement Committee, 189 , 192 Ministry of Public Security, 302 agencies of the Philippines Abadilla, Rolando, 136 Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) “afforestation” (nokhwasao p̆ ) 172 112 , 116 , 117 – 18 , 129 , 130 , 216 , agencies of Chad 217 , 219 Direction de la Documentation et la Guardia Civil (GC) 113 – 15 Sécurité, DDS 28 Integrated National Police (INP), agencies of Chile Philippines, 134 , 135 , 230 Central Nacional de Informaciones Intelligence Services of the Armed Forces (CNI), 272 , 275 – 76 of the Philippines (ISAFP), 216 , Dirección de la Inteligencia Nacional 227 – 28 , 230 (DINA), 272 , 274 – 75 Metrocom Intelligence and Security agencies of East Germany Group (MISG), 136, 222 , 228 Inofi zielle Mitarbeiter (IM), see also Metropolitan Command (Metrocom), 8, informants 279 – 80 120 , 121 Stasi, 277 – 82 Metropolitan Police (Metropol), 120 agencies of Iraq Military Intelligence Group (MIG), General Directorate of Intelligence, see 136 , 228 Iraq: security forces National Defense Intelligence Ofi ce General Security Directorate, see Iraq: (NDIO), 8 , 135 security forces National Intelligence and Security Iraqi Army, 284 – 85 Agency (NISA), 136 Iraqi National Police, 28 National Police Commission Republican Guard, 284 – 86 (Napolcom), 120 , 226 Saddam’s Fedayeen (Martyrs), 285 Presidential Security Unit 123 Special Republican Guard, 284 – 85 Regional Unii ed Commands Special Security Directorate, 28 (RUCs), 136 Special Security Organization, 8 , 284 agencies of Republic of China, see agencies agencies of North Korea of Taiwan Military Security Command, 302 agencies of South Korea Ministry of Public Security, 302 Agency for National Security Planning State Security Department, 302 (ANSP), 169

309

310 Index

Army Security Command (ASC) 162 – 64 , KMT Sixth Division, 203 252 , 253 Military Bureau for Intelligence and Capitol Garrison Command, 8, 162 , 164 Statistics (MBIS, Juntong ), 79 , Combat Police (Ch ŏnt’u Kyŏngch’al ), 80 , 96 – 97 158 , 167 , 169 – 70 Ministry of Justice’s Investigative Counter-Intelligence Corps Bureau, (Diaochaju, MJIB) 96 ( Pangch’ŏptae , CIC), 162 , 247 Ministry of National Defense’s Defense Security Command (Kukkun Intelligence Bureau (Qingbaoju ), Poan Saryongbŭ ), see also Unity 96 , 102 in South Korea , 8 , 14 , 142 , 163, National Defense Council, 95 166 , 169 National Security Bureau (NSB, Guojia Homeland Reserve Forces (Hyangt’o Anquanbu ) 95 – 96 Yebigun ), 158 police 85 , 96 , 185 – 86 , 192 Joint Military Provost Marshal/Joint Political Action Committee (PAC), 94, Provost Marshal Command 95 , 198 (JMPM/JPMC), 147 Public Security Bureau, 80 , 81 , 82 KCIA, 150 , 154 , 156 – 57 , 169 , 240 , 253 , ROC military 97 – 99 , 100 , 194 254 , 260 Youth Anti-Communist National Korean National Police (KNP) 146 – 48 , Salvation Corps, 94 , 102 152 , 245 , 247 Agency for National Security Planning Martial Law Command, 256 (ANSP), see agencies of South Korea National Intelligence Service (NIS), see Agoncillo, Teodoro, 129 also KCIA , 150 , 240 Aguinaldo, Rodolfo, 220 National Student Defense Corps (Hakto al-Bakr, Hassan, 283 Hoguktan ), see also agencies of Alawite, 28 South Korea , 155 Allen, Henry, 116 police 169 – 70 , 238 Allende, Salvador, 272 Presidential Security Service (PSS), 254 American Volunteer Group, Flying Tigers, Riot Police (U igyo ̆ nğ ), see also agencies 78 of South Korea, 170 amnesty, 250 , 281 Republic of Korea (ROK) military 142 , Amnesty International, 214, 215 , 226 143 – 45 , 165, 241 , 256 anocracy, 141 Special Police 147 Anti-Communist Law (ACL), South Korea, Special Task Command (T’ungmudae ), 160 , 240 , 241 see also agencies of South Anti-Communist Youth Corps, 94 , 102 Korea , 147 Apostol, Gina, 220 Special Warfare Command (SWC) 256 April Revolution (1960) 141 Supreme Council for National Aquino, Benigno, 123 , 214 Reconstruction (SCNR), 154 Aquino, Corazon, 130 , 223 agencies of Taiwan Arab Spring, 3 , 4 , 11 , 19 Central Bureau for Intelligence and Argentina, 4 , 61 Statistics (CBIS, Zhongtong ), junta 25 77 , 96 – 97 Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), Central Reform Committee (CRC), 101 see also agencies of the Philippines, Coni dential Data Group, 198 112 , 116 , 117 – 18, 129 , 130 , 216 , Council of Grand Justices, 92 217 , 219 Garrison Command (TCG), see also Army Security Command (ASC), see also Garrison Command, 81, 92 , 95 , 96 , agencies of South Korea, 162 – 64 , 102 , 192 252 , 253 General Political Warfare Department Arrest, Search, and Seizure Order (ASSO), (GPWD), 94 , 97 see also executive decrees, 127

Index 311

arrests, 212 , 230 , 240 – 42 , 247 baoandui/baoantuan , see also Peace and mass arrests, see also Kwangju , 200 , Preservation Corp 248 , 249 , 253 , 264 baojia system, see also hoko system, 21, audience costs, 305 82 – 83 , 86 , 99 , 106 – 8 , 186 authoritarian regimes, see also Basic Media Act/Law, 166 autocracy , 3 – 11 Batac, Vic, 220 , 222 domestic intelligence in, 5 , 9 – 10 , 11 – 12 , Baylosis, Rafael, 230 14 – 16, 17 – 18 , 31 – 32 , 34 – 35 , Blue House Raid, 149 42 – 49, 89 – 90 , 118 Brazil external threats and, 30 – 31 , 32 , military junta, 4 33 – 34 , 60 – 61 budget, military, 133 , 145 information distortion, 34 – 35 Burma (Myanmar), 38 internal competition, see fragmentation militaries in, see security forces, see also case selection, 67 – 71 agencies of 3 – 4 , 26 , 40 Cairo Conference (1943), 75 nepotism in, 27 – 30, 128–132 , 222 , 286 Cambodia, 254 study of, 5 – 7 , 9 – 11 , 19 – 21 Camp Crame, 221 , 224 threat landscape, 18 – 21 , 76 Cannu, Ramon, 123 use of youth, 79, 94 , 103 Capitol Garrison Command, see also variation in, 10 – 11 agencies of South Korea, 8 , autocracy, see also authoritarian regimes 162 , 164 internal security: structure of, Carter administration 232 , 251 , 265 25 , 149 – 55 Catholic Church, 213 , 232 – 34 , 250 autocrats Central Bureau for Intelligence and relation to elite, see also threat landscape, Statistics (CBIS, Zhongtong ), see also coercive dilemma, 23 , 77 , 96 – 97 27 – 30 , 33–34 , 42 , 56 , 76 Central Club (C-C) clique, 79 , 88 relation to population, see also threat Central Executive Committee, 101 landscape , 23 , 30 , 33 Central Nacional de Informaciones (CNI), “Law of Coercive Response” 54 –56 272 , 275 – 76 use of minorities 28 , 29 , 45 – 47 , 85 – 86 Central Reform Committee 101 relation to security forces, 23, Central Supervisory Committee 101 24 – 25 , 26 – 30 Ch’a Ji-Ch’ŏl, see also Presidential Security responsibilities of, 17 – 71 Service, 163 , 254 staying power of, 11, 17 – 20 Chad, 9 threat assessment Direction de la Documentation et de la methods of, 35 – 36 Sécurité, DDS 28 misperception of, 34 , 56 , 64 under Hissené Habrè, 28 use of mercenaries, 29 Chang Do-yŏng, 148 , 149 , use of security forces, 8 , 13 – 14 , 20 , 251 27 – 30 , 77, 81 – 83 , 97 – 99 , 100 Chang Il-hun riot police 15, 31 , 167 , 169 , 170 , 260 Changchun, China, 86 secret police 96 , 103 Chen Cheng, see also indigenization , 84, 92 , 98 , 100 Ba’th party (Iraq), 103 , 282–283 , Chen Guofu, 79 , 88 286 – 87 Chen Lifu, 79 , 88 Baguio, Philippines, 135 Chen Qimei, 79 Bai Chongxi, 189 Chen Yi, see also Political Science Clique, baise kongbu , see White Terror (Taiwan) 84 , 86 , 185 , 189 , 190 Balbanero, Pedro, see also Reserve Ofi cer Chennault, Claire, see Flying Tigers Training Corps: rivalry, 132 Chiang Ching-kuo, 13

312 Index

Chiang Kai-shek, see also China, civilian, see military: relations with society, Republic of, see also Taiwan , 13 , see popular uprising, see threat 77 – 78 , 139 – 40 landscape: popular threat assessment under 76 Civilian Home Defense Forces, 218 Chile, see agencies in Chile, see state civil war, see also Chinese Civil War, 43, violence in Chile, see coercive 68 , 299 institutions of 4 , 9 , 15 Clark Air Field, see also Philippines: US under Augusto Pinochet 36 , 48 , Military Base Agreement, 119 272 – 77 coercive dilemma, 17 , 18 , 22 , 30 – 32 , 292 shift in threat perception 275 , 276 coercive institutions, 4 , 7 – 9 , 17 –71 threat perception 271 , 273 change in, 18, 76 , 86 – 108 fragmentation in, 273 , 276 elite-oriented, 56 , 76 – 86 , 294 threat fragmentation/competition in, 49 –51 elite, 273 fragmented and exclusive, 145 – 48 , 294 popular 275 institutional change, 62 – 64 China, People’s Republic of, see also intelligence and, 17 – 18 agencies of People’s Republic of internal competition of, 49 – 51 , 79 – 81 China, see also Mao Zedong 303 organizational tradeoff, see also coercive Tiananmen Square 3 dilemma , 11 – 12, 17 – 18 , 30 – 32 China, Republic of (see Taiwan ) origins, 17 – 18 Chinese Civil War, 77 – 78 , 79 , 82 external inl uence, 18 , 32 , 39 , 76 , 81 , Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 52 87 , 109 – 10 , 113 – 18 , 142 , 295 Choi Kyu-ha, 166 institutional inheritance, 18 , 37 – 39 , Chŏlla, see also South Korea: regionalism, 76 , 109 , 138 – 39 , 295 see also Kwangju Uprising, 169 , popular-oriented, 54 – 58 , 76, 237 , 244 292 , 298 – 99 Chon̆ T’ae-il, 239 reasons for chongch’i kyujepop , see political creation, 17 – 18 , 56 – 58 control laws difference among, 9 , 17 – 18 Chonğ Ho-yong, 256 role in success of autocratic regimes, 10 Chonğ Il-gw on,̆ 148 state violence and, 17 – 18, 41 – 64 , Chonğ Sǔng-hwa, 168 56–58 , 271 – 91 Chonnam̆ National University, 256 structure of, 17 – 18 , 27, 30, 32 , 62 , Ch ŏnt’u Kyŏngch’al , see Combat Police 63 – 64 , 293 Chun Doo Hwan, see also South Korea, exclusive 5 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 24 , 27, 33–34 , 13 – 14 , 166 – 72 40 , 41 , 45 rise to power, 36 , 166 – 67 fragmented, see also fragmentation, 5, Ch’ungch’ŏng, 154, 164 , 165 , 171 8 , 12 , 13 , 24, 25 , 33–34 , 41 , 45 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), United inclusive 5 , 8 , 12 , 31 – 32 , 33 – 34 , 42 States, 48 , 89 , 150 , 195, 303 unitary 5 , 8 , 12 , 31 – 32 , 33 – 34 , 42 CIRI, see also human rights abuses: study of, 9 – 11, 37 – 39 , 62 – 63 measurement, 66 unitary and inclusive, see coercive citizens institutions: popular-oriented autocratic regimes and coercive institutions of Chile, 8, 50 , compliance with 3 , 46 , 129–131 271 , 291 resistance to, 4 , 15 , 52– 53 origins, 273 , 276 – 77 effect of coercive institutions on, unitary and inclusive, 272 17 , 18 – 21 coercive institutions of East Germany, 271 , military relations to, see military: 8 , 47 , 291 relations to society unitary and inclusive, 279 , 282 social hegemony of, 45 – 47 coercive institutions of Iraq, 8, 271 , 291

Index 313

coercive institutions of the Philippines, 8 , Congo, Republic of (Brazzaville) 16 , 112 – 13 , 128 – 38 , 293 – 94 under Denis Sassou-Nguesso, 28 effect on state violence, 211 – 36 coordinating authority, see also unity , 8 , external inl uence, 121 – 22 , 139 –40 13, 25 , 199 fragmented and exclusive, 123 , 127 –38 of KCIA, 149, 150 , 162 institutional inheritance, 138 – 39 Corpus, Victor, 135 origins, 138 – 40 Council of Grand Justices, see also agencies unitary and inclusive, 119 of Taiwan, 92 coercive institutions of South Korea, 8, counterinsurgency, see also popular unrest, 13 – 14, 16, 146 – 48 , 167 , 174 – 75 31, 43 , 45 , 46 effect on state violence, 237 – 67 Counter-Intelligence Corps (Pangch’ ŏptae , external involvement, 142, 173 –74 CIC), see also agencies of South fragmented and exclusive, 142 – 43, Korea, 162 , 247 145 – 48 , 156 , 157 – 65 , 246 – 47 coup d’etat, see also threat landscape: institutional inheritance, 172 elite threat, see also coup-prooi ng, origins, 172 – 75 see also Park Chung Hee: rise to unitary and inclusive, 142 , power, see also Philippines: 1986 143 – 45 , 262 transition , 23 , 24 coercive institutions of Taiwan, 8, 13 – 16 , coup-prooi ng, se e also coercive 102 , 210 , 293 institutions: fragmented, 4, 11, 17 , effect on state violence, 185 , 200 –6 20 , 25 – 32, 41, 63 – 64 , 88 – 89 , 113 , fragmented and exclusive, 75, 271 , 292 76 – 86 , 184 – 96 fragmentation and exclusivity, 24, mainland models, 83 – 86 25 , 76 – 86 origins, 109 – 10 organizational tradeoffs of, see coercive reform of, 93 – 108 dilemma unitary and inclusive, 75 , 76 , 107 – 8 social exclusivity and, 27 , 81 – 83 coercive outputs, see state violence in South Korea, 142 Cojuangco, Eduardo, see “Rolex 12” study of, 26 Cold War, 39 – 40 , 69 , 208 criminal laws coercive institutions during 39 –40 , 208 use against political dissidents, 242 colonialism cuadrilleros, 114 American, 41 , 60 – 61 , 113 – 18 , 138 – 40 curfew, see also martial law Japanese, 77 , 103 – 6 , 184 , 186 Spanish, 113 – 18 , 138 – 40 Dai Li, see also Military Bureau for Combat Police (Ch ŏnt’u Kyŏngch’al ), see Intelligence and Statistics, 79 also agencies of South Korea, 158 , decompression phase (yuhwa 167 , 169 – 70 kungmyon̆ ), 259 Combined Forces Command (CFC), see Defense Security Command (Kukkun Poan also South Korea: relations with Saryongbŭ ), see also South Korea: United States, 253 unity in , see also agencies of South commissar/political commissar, 41, 89, 90 , Korea , 8 , 14 , 142 , 163 , 166 , 169 98 , 103 , 110 Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) 145 , 245 communism, 52 , 80 , 89 – 91 , 227 , 230, Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), 240 , 283 Taiwan, 183 Communist Party of the Philippines Democratic Republican Party (Minju (CPP), 230 Konghwadang , DRP), South Korea, community-based policing 43 , 85 – 86 155 , 156 – 57 Compensation Foundation, 182 democratization, 60 , 70 , 243 Coni dential Data Group, see also agencies detainee, 214 , 225 of Taiwan, 198 détente, 155

314 Index

Diaochaju , see Ministry of Justice’s executive decrees, see also martial law, see Investigative Bureau also Emergency Measures, 127 Diaz, Tomas, see also “Rolex 12” , 129 Arrest, Search, and Seizure Order Diokno, Jose, 125 (ASSO), 127 Dirección de la Inteligencia Nacional Garrison Decree, 149 , 159 , 161 (DINA), see also agencies of Chile, Presidential Commitment Order 272 , 274 – 75 (PCO), 127 Doe, Samuel, 28 dominant indicator, 48 factionalism, see also fragmentation , 89, dominant perceived threat, see also 97 , 151 , 153, 198–199 coercive institutions: organizational Northeast, 148 tradeoffs, see also coercive Northwest, 148 , 153 dilemma , 17 , 18 , 76 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) Dominican Republic United States, 48 under Rafael Trujillo, 26 Federalist Papers , 22 Dongyuan Kanluan Shiqi Linshi Tiaokuan , Fifth Constabulary Security Unit, see also see Temporary Provisions Philippine Constabulary Druze minority, 28 Filipinization, see indigenization Flying Tigers, American Volunteer Group, East Germany, see also agencies of, see also 78 state violence in, see also coercive forms of repression, see state violence, intuitions of 8 , 9 , 16 , 108 4 , 296 inclusivity in, 279 , 281 high-intensity/indiscriminate, 65 , 185 , intelligence, 279 188 , 190 , 216 , 245, 282 Socialist Unity Party (SED), 278 arrests, see arrests threat extrajudicial killings, see also popular, 278 , 281 executions 213 , 214 , 240 threat perception 278 mass killings 4 Stasi’s role in, 277 – 82 torture, see torture Egypt, 11 , 24 lower-level/targeted, 43 , 276 , 280 Emergency Measures 248 – 58 , 266 surveillance, see also informants, 14 , Enrile, Juan Ponce, see also “Rolex 42 – 49, 197 , 200 – 6 , 217 , 221 , 260 12” , see also Philippines, 1986 Fort Bonifacio, see Philippines: US transition , 130 , 131 , 135, 136 , 137 , relations with , 119 , 221 , 224 , 225 222 – 23 , 229 fragmentation, 25 – 26 , 79 – 81 Espino, Romeo, see also “Rolex 12” , see as a tool for internal security, 162– 64 also Armed Forces of the Philippines violence and, 49 – 51 , 53 –54 (AFP) , 130 , 135 – 36 Free China , see Taiwan: Lei Chen espionage, see also intelligence capabilities, Fujian, 199 240 , 259 , 263 Estares, Nelson, 230 Gao Minghui, 202 Ethiopia, 50 , 52 Garcia, Eduardo, see also Philippine ethnicity, see also Philippines: ethnicity in, Constabulary, 124 , 202 see also South Korea: regionalism Garrison Command in, see also native Taiwanese, see in South Korea, 8, 162 , 164 also Gorane , 28 , 45 in Taiwan, 81, 92, 95, 96 , 102 , 190 , 192, ethnic cleavages, 285 , 299 193 , 202 , 203 – 4 exclusivity, 81 – 83 Garrison Decree, 149 , 159 , 161 violence and, see also state violence, 51 – 54 Gatan, Romeo, see “Rolex 12” execution, see also forms of repression: General Directorate of Intelligence, see high-intensity, 181 , 183 , 202 , Iraq: security forces, see also 239 , 249 agencies of Iraq

Index 315

General Political Warfare Department Ileto, Rafael 118 , 129 (GPWD), see also agencies of Ilocano, see also Philippines: exclusivity Taiwan 94 , 97 in, 131 General Security Directorate, see Iraq: Ilongo, see also Philippines: exclusivity security forces, see also agencies in, 137 of Iraq incentives 185 , 193 – 94 , 197 – 200 , 211 , Germany, see also East Germany 222–227 , 228 – 31, 236 , 253 , 280 , Nazi Germany, 5 , 26 282 , 287 , 288 – 89 Under Hitler, 34 incentives pathway 17 – 20 , 42, 49 – 53 , Gleysteen, William, 256 185 , 193 – 94, 197 – 200 , 280 Good Harvest Project (P’ungny ŏn indictment 240 – 45 , 252 Saŏp ), 159 indigenization 100 , 115 Gorane, 28 Indonesia Green Gang, 98 under Suharto 26 Green Island, 201 ini ltration 157 , 163 , 172 , 219 Guardia Civil, see also agencies of the communist 80 , 89 – 91 Philippines , 113 – 15 informants, see also intelligence Gulf War, 284 , 285 capabilities , see also Inofi zielle Gun Dealer’s Daughter, The , 220 Mitarbeiter, see also xianmin Guojia Anquanbu , see National Security 9 , 99 , 107 , 116, 193 – 94 , 219 , Bureau 276 , 279 – 80 Inofi zielle Mitarbeiter (IM ), see also habeas corpus , see also martial law, 116 , informants , see also agencies of East 127 , 128 Germany , 279 – 80 Habrè, Hissené, see Chad institutional change 5 , 33 , 62 – 64 Haeju, 145 institutional inheritance 138 – 39, 172 , 290 Hakto Hoguktan , see National Student Integrated National Police (INP), see also Defense Corps agencies of the Philippines, 134 , Han Fei Tzu, 44 135 , 230 Hanahoe, see also Chun Doo Hwan , 156 , integrees, see also Reserve Ofi cer Training 161 , 162 , 163 , 167 , 171 , 253 Corps , 137 , 231 Hitler, Adolf, 34 intelligence, see also authoritarian regimes, hoko system, see also baojia system, see also coercive institutions, see 104 – 6 , 186 also state violence 5 , 9 – 10 , 11 – 12 , Holocaust, 10 14 – 16 , 17 – 18 , 31 – 32 , 34 – 35 , 42 – 49 , Homeland Reserve Forces (Hyangt’o 97 , 102 – 3 , 150 , 154 , 252 , 260 Yebigun ), see also agencies of South intelligence capabilities, see also Korea, 158 informants 5 Honasan, Gregorio, 137 in Iraq 282 , 287 Hsieh Cong-min, 183 in the Philippines 118 , 136 , 211 Huaihai campaign, 87 effect on state violence 216 Huang Chieh, 203 , 204 in South Korea 150 , 154 , 252 , 260 Hukbalahap (Huk) insurgency, 112 , 118 in Taiwan 89 – 90 , 97 , 102 – 3 , 200 – 6 human rights abuses, see also state effect on state violence 179, 185 , violence , 4 , 10 187 – 88 , 200 – 6 Human Rights Watch 289 requirements of 45 Hussein, Qusay 28 , 285 , 287 role of technology in 47 Hussein, Saddam, see also Iraq , 26 , social exclusivity and 45 – 47 , 53– 54 29 , 282 – 91 use of secret police 103 Hussein, Uday 285 use of youth 103 Hyangt’o Yebigun , see Homeland Reserve Intelligence Bureau (Qingbaoju ), see also Forces agencies of Taiwan, 96 , 102

316 Index

intelligence collection Jieyan Shiqi , see Martial Law Era United States 43 , 48 Joint Military Provost Marshal/Joint intelligence pathway 17 – 18 , 42 – 49 Provost Marshal Command Intelligence Services of the Armed Forces (JMPM/JPMC), see also agencies of of the Philippines (ISAFP), see also South Korea 147 agencies of the Philippines 216, Jopson, Edgar 230 227 – 28 , 230 Juntong , see Military Bureau for International Police Academy 40 Intelligence and Statistics Investigative Bureau, (Diaochaju , MJIB), see also agencies of Taiwan, 96 Kabataang Barangay youth movement 21, Ipil Rehabilitation Center 224 193 , 218 Iran 28 Kang Ch’ang-sŏng, 162 , 253 Iranian Revolution, see also Iraq: Kaohsiung 94 relations with Iran, 283 KCIA, see also agencies of South Korea, Iran-Iraq War, see also Iraq: relations with 142 – 43, 148 , 149 – 51 , 154 , 156 – 57 , Iran , 283 169, 240 , 251 , 254 , 260 Iraq, see also Kurds , see also Ba’th Party , fragmentation around, 142 – 43 , 251 see also coercive institutions of Iraq, Kennedy administration, see also United see also state violence in see also States: Cold War , 121 intelligence capabilities, 9 , 16, 25 , Kerr, George 86 , 106 29 , 282 – 91 KGB, see also Soviet Union, 40 Alawite minority 28 Kiangan Incident 81 dominant perceived threat 271 Kim Ch’ang-nyong, 147 , 247 exclusivity in 285 – 87 Kim Chi-ha 239 fragmentation in 284 – 85 , 287 Kim Dae Jung, 157 , 168 , 249 , 250 , Gulf War 284 , 285 253 , 255 , 258 , 260 , 263 , history of 282–283 265 , 266 Iraqi Communist Party 283 Kim Dong-ha, 149 , 252 nepotism in 286 Kim Hyŏng-uk, 156 , 162 relations with Iran 283 Kim Il Sung, see also North Korea, 64 Saddam’s Fedayeen (Martyrs) 285 Kim Jae-gyu, 144, 162 , 254 , 255 security forces 284 – 85 Kim Jong Il, see also North Korea, 26 – 30, threat 39 , 301 – 2 , 304 external 283 – 84 Kim Jong-pil 154 , 155 , 156 , 161 , 164 , popular 283 251 , 252 under Saddam Hussein 26 , 29 , 282 – 91 Kim Jŏng-nyŏm, 159 shift in threat perception 282 Kim Jong Un, see also North Korea, 39 Iraqi Army, see agencies of Iraq Kim Sang-jin 239 Iraqi National Police, see agencies of Iraq Kim Sŏng-gon, 156 Ireland, Northern 39 Kim Young Sam, 168 , 254 Israel 52 Kintanar, Galileo 222 , 231 Italy Koo Sang-Jin (Ku Sang-jin), 151 , 239 under Benito Mussolini 34 KMT Sixth Division, see also agencies of Taiwan , 203 Janissaries, 29 Korea University, 159 , 161 Japan, see also colonialism , see also Koreagate scandal, 158, 163 , 254 retrocession, see also hoko system, Korean Military Academy (KMA), 145 , see also Sino-Japanese War 152 , 163 relations with South Korea 149 , 172 KMA 8th Class, 152 , 161 , 164 , 252 relations with Taiwan 75 , 77 , 103 – 6 , KMA 11 th Class, 161 , 256 109 , 184 Korean Democratic Party, 147

Index 317

Korean National Police (KNP), see also Malacañang 223 agencies of South Korea, 146 – 48 , Mao Renfeng 94 , 96 152 , 245 , 247 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), 34, 301 – 3 , Korean People’s Republic, 146 303 , 304 , 305 Korean War 144 , 245 Marcos, Ferdinand see also Philippines , Krahn, see also Samuel Doe , 29 13 , 119 – 40 Kuomintang (KMT), see also Taiwan , see compared to Chiang Kaishek 139 –40 also Chiang Kaishek, 75 – 111 Marcos, Imee, see also Kabataang Kurds/Kurdistan 283 , 288 , 290 Barangay , 218 Kwangju/Kwangju Uprising 166 , 238 , 239 , Marcos, Imelda 122 , 136 243 , 255 – 58 , see also South Korea: martial law 75 , 78 , 92 – 94 , 101 , 119 , regionalism in 122 – 28, 179 , 180 – 82, 211 , effect popular perception of Chun, 259 214 – 15 , 234 – 35 Kwantung Army, 148 , martial law (kye ŏmnyŏng ) South Korea, see kyeo mnyŏ nğ , see martial law also political control laws, 141 , 159 Kyŏngsang, see also South Korea: Martial Law Command, see also agencies exclusivity in , see also South Korea: of South Korea, 256 , regionalism in 14 , 143 , 149 , 153 , Martial law era (jieyan shiqi ), Taiwan, 154 , 164 , 171 , 243 , 244 , 294 75 , 78, 92 – 94 , 179 , 180 – 82 Mata, Ernesto 128 Lacson, Pani lo 222 McKinley administration, 115 land reform 101 , 118 , 122 media control, see Basic Media Act/Law Latakia, 28 Mendoza, Cesar 273 Law of Coercive Response 54 – 56 mercenaries 29 Lee Hu-rak (Yi Hu-rak), 156 , 162 , Merino, Jose Toribio 273 163 , 253 Metrocom Intelligence and Security Group Lei Chen, see also Free China , 202 – 6 (MISG), see also agencies of the Leigh, Gustavo 273 , 275 Philippines , 136 , 222 , 228 Leninist party 102 Metropolitan Command (Metrocom), see Li Shijie 199 also agencies of the Philippines, 8 , Li Tsungjen (Li Zongren) 88 120 , 121 Liberal Party, Philippines, see also Metropolitan Police (Metropol), see also Aquino, Benigno, 123 , agencies in Philippines, 120 125 – 26 military Liberia 28 effectiveness, see also autocrats: use of Libya 8 security forces, 31 under Muammar Qadhai 27 , 29 relations with civil agencies, see also Lopez family, Philippines 125 fragmentation, see also agencies of, Los Angeles, see also United States: 9 , 20 , 22 fragmentation, 50 relations with society, 3 – 4 , 45 – 47 , Lu, Annette 183 , 205 50 , 99 , 166 , 185 – 86 , 218 , 244 , Luzon, Philippines, see also Hukbalahap 246 , 256 (Huk) guerilla, 128 , 221 , 227 under democracies, 22 , 46 , 50 effect of rotation policies on, 30, 46, Machiavelli, Niccolo 23 , 44 97 , 116 Madison, James 22 effect of using conscripts on, 260 – 62 Magsaysay, Ramon 118, 231 Military Advisory Group (Philippines) see Mainlander, Taiwan 85 , 86 , 92 , 99 , 100 , also Philippines: relations with US 179 , 183 – 84, 185 , 195 – 96 , 207 Military Assistance Agreement violence against 183 – 84 , 185 , (Philippines) see also Philippines: 195 – 96 , 207 relations with US

318 Index

Military Base Agreement (Philippines) see National Guidance League (Kungmin Podo also Philippines: relations with US Yonmaenğ ) 246 Military Bureau of Intelligence and National Intelligence and Security Agency Statistics (MBIS, Juntong ), see also (NISA), see also agencies of the agencies of Taiwan 79, 80 , 96 – 97 Philippines 136 Military Intelligence Group (MIG), see also National Intelligence Service (NIS), see also agencies of the Philippines, 136 , 228 agencies of South Korea, see also Military Security Command, see also KCIA, 150 , 240 agencies of North Korea, 302 National Police Commission (Napolcom), Mindanao 121 , 137 , 214 , 218 see also agencies of the Philippines, Ministry of Justice’s Investigative Bureau, 120 , 226 ( Diaochaju , MJIB), see also agencies National Security Bureau (NSB, Guojia of Taiwan, 96 Anquanbu ), see also agencies of Ministry of National Defense’s Intelligence Taiwan , 95 – 96 Bureau (Qingbaoju ), see also National Security Law (South Korea), 160, agencies of Taiwan, 96 , 102 239 , 240 , 241 Ministry of Public Security, see agencies National Student Defense Corps (Hakto of People’s Republic of China, see Hoguktan ), see also agencies of agencies of North Korea, 302 South Korea 155 misperception, see also intelligence native Taiwanese (Formosans) 85 – 86 , 88 , capabilities , 34 90 , 97 , 99 – 102, 186 , 192 “moral sensitivity exclusion” 10 under Japan 104 , 184 Monkees 123 violence against, see also 2-28 Incident, Montoya, Alfredo, see also “Rolex 12” , 129 179, 183 – 84 , 187 , 188 – 90 , Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria 193 , 195 (MIR), Chile 276 New People’s Army (NPA), Philippines Mun Se-gwang, 158 124 , 215 , 219 , 235 “Murder in the Middle” hypothesis, New Village Movement (Saema ǔl see also state/organizational Undong ), 155 capacity , 59 Ngo Dinh Diem 126 Mussolini, Benito 34 Nixon administration, 155 Mutual Defense Treaty, see South Korea: Nixon doctrine, 155 relations with US, see Philippines: nokhwasao p̆ , see also “afforestation” relations with US 172 with South Korea 145 normalization, see also South Korea: with the Philippines 119 relations with Japan, 149 Myŏngdong 18, see also state violence in North Korea 4, 9 , 10 , 25 , 28 South Korea: Emergency Measures, North Korea 249 , 250 Under Kim Il Sung 64 Under Kim Jong Il 26 – 30, 39 , Nacionalista Party 123 , 124 301 – 2 , 304 Nanjing Decade, see also Taiwan , 76 – 86 Under Kim Jong Un 39 National Assembly, South Korea, 247 National Defense Council, see also O Ch’isŏng, 156 agencies of Taiwan, 95 Ochoco, Brillante 132 National Defense Intelligence Ofi ce Ofi ce of/for Public Safety/Security, see also (NDIO), see also agencies of the Kennedy Administration, see also Philippines , 8 , 135 USAID , 39 , 121 National Democratic Youth-Student League oligarchy, see also Aquino, Benigno, 122 , (Minch’o nghangnyŏ n)̆ , 161 , 248 125 , 126 National Detainees Service (SENDET) 275 omnibalancing 20 – 21

Index 319

Operation Merdeka 134 threat perception 119 – 40 Oromo, Ethiopia 52 history of 112 , 113 – 18 Ottoman 29 inclusivity in 115 , 119 inter-agency competition, see Pak Chong-gyu, 163 fragmentation Pangch’ ŏptae , see martial law in 119 , 122 – 28, 211 , Counter-Intelligence Corp 214 – 15 , 234 – 35 Park Chung Hee, see also South under Manuel Quezon 116 Korea, 13 – 14 under Ramon Magsaysay 118 , 231 assassination of 141, 149 , 157 – 65 , 166 relations to elite 151 rise to power 36 , 252 relations with United States 119 , Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP) 227 121 – 22 , 126, 174 , 232 – 34 path dependence, see coercive institutions: Military Assistance Agreement institutional inheritance 119 Pattagulan, Roland 132 Military Base Agreement 119 Paz, Ignacio, see also “Rolex 12” Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT) 119 Peace Preservation Corps (baoandui/ under Spain 113 – 18 , 138 – 40 baoantuan ) 80 threat Peng Mengji 94 elite 113 , 122 – 38 , 142 People’s Power (EDSA) Revolution 234 external 119 People’s Revolutionary Party military 119 , 122 – 38 ( Inhyoktanğ ) 253 popular 113 , 119 , 124 – 25 Peppermint Candy (Pakha Satang ) see under United States 41, 60 – 61 , also agencies of South Korea: riot 113 – 18 , 138 – 40 police 261 role of native Filipinos 115 Philippine Commission 114 , 115 unity in 116 – 17 Philippine Commonwealth 112 , 116 Pinochet, Augusto, see Chile Philippine Constabulary (PC), 8, 114 – 15 , Plaza Miranda 123 116 , 117 , 129 , 135 police forces, see also agencies of Philippine Military Academy (PMA) 117 , the Philippines, 120 – 21 132 , 134 South Korea, 169 – 70 , 238 Rivalry with ROTC 131 – 32 , Taiwan, 85, 96, 185 – 86 , 192 134 – 38 , 231 Political Action Committee (PAC), see also Philippine Scouts, see also agencies of the agencies of Taiwan, 94 , 95 , 198 Philippine, 115 political control laws (chongch’i kyujepop ), Philippines, see also agencies in, see also see also martial law, 160 , 240 state violence in, see also coercive Political Science Clique 84 institutions of, 4 , 61 , 68 – 71 Political Terror Scale (PTS) 66 1986 transition 222 Pope John Paul II 232 ethnicity in 129–132 popular policing 31 – 32 , 54 – 58 exclusivity in 128 – 34 , 236 popular unrest 19 , 33 – 34, 54 – 58 , 86 , 112 , effect on state violence 211 , 216 118 , 255 – 58 , 292 fragmentation in 113 , 117 , 134 – 38 , 236 effect on alienation of elite 136 – 38 coercive institutions 31 – 32 , 298 – 99 effect on state violence state repression, see also threat 227 – 31 landscape: popular, 33 under Ferdinand Marcos 13 , Prague Spring, see also East Germany: 41 , 119 – 40 popular threat , 281 as autocrat 122 – 40 Presidential Commitment Order (PCO), see as democrat 120 – 22 also executive decrees, 127 nepotism 129–132 , 222

320 Index

Presidential Security Command (PSC), see refugees 90 , 246 also Ver, Fabian, see also agencies of regime type, see also state violence, 36 , 44 , the Philippines 8 , 130 , 136 67 , 305 Presidential Security Service (PSS), see also Regional Unii ed Commands (RUCs), agencies of South Korea, see also see also agencies of the Ch’a Jichol , 254 Philippines , 136 Presidential Security Unit, Philippines 123 regionalism, 153 – 55 , 164 , 170 – 72 see also agencies of the Philippines Regulations for the Inspection and Proclamation 1081, see Philippines: martial Elimination of Spies During the law , 124 – 25 Period of Rebellion, Taiwan, Proclamation 2045, see Philippines: martial 194 , 197 law , 234 – 35 Republic of Korea (ROK) military, see Project Raini eld (yutian zhuan’an ) 203 – 4 also agencies of South Korea, 142 , protest, see popular unrest 143 – 45 , 165 , 241 , 256 protest policing 243 , 244 , 262 Republican Guard, see agencies of Iraq Public Security Bureau, see also agencies of Reserve Ofi cer Training Corps (ROTC), Taiwan , 80 , 81 , 82 see also integrees , 117 , 152 P’ungnyo n̆ Saop̆ , see Good Harvest Project rivalry with PMA 131 – 32 , 134 – 38 , 231 purge (of the military/police) 28, 39 , 149 , retrocession, see also Taiwan: under Japan, 166 , 168 , 169 , 184 , 194 – 95 , 248 , 81 – 82 , 103 , 184 , 192 , 296 251 , 252 revolutionary regimes, 304 Pusan-Masan protests, see also popular Rhee, Syngman, 141 , 143 – 48, 160 , 168 , unrest, 262 173 , 245 – 48 Pyongyang, see also North Korea, see also riot police, see also autocrat: use of riot South Korea: relations with North police , 158 , 169 , 238 , 259 , 261 , 294 Korea, 155 Riot Police (U igyo ̆ nğ ), 170 ROC military, see also agencies of Taiwan, Qadhai , Khamis, see also Libya , 27 97 – 99, 100 , 194 Qadhai , Muammar, see also Libya, Roh Tae Woo, 141 , 167 , 266 27 , 29 “Rolex 12,” see also Philippines: elite Qingbaoju , see Ministry of National threat, 129 , 130 , 136 – 38 Defense’s Intelligence Bureau Roosevelt administration 115 Quezon, Manuel, see also the rotation, see also civil-military relations, Philippines , 116 29 , 30 , 46 , 97, 98, 116 , 133 , 286 Quiapo Church, see Plaza Miranda Ruiz, Hilario, see also “Rolex 12,” 132 Russia, see also Soviet Union Ramas, Josephus 132 Ramos, Fidel, see also “Rolex 12” , see also Saemau l̆ Undong , see New Village Philippine Constabulary, see also Movement Philippines: 1986 transition, 130 – 38 safehouse 115, 220 , 234 Rancudo, Jose, see also “Rolex 12” , 132 salvaging 215 , 218 Rankin, Karl 208 samch’ ong ̆ kyoyuktae , see social rational design, see also coercive purii cation campaign institutions: study of, 18 , 62 Samch’onğ Re-education Camp 242 Reagan administration, 167 , 170 , 232 Sassou-Nguesso, Denis 28 Red Guards, see also Kabataang Saudi Arabia 26 Barangay , 218 SEATO 120 re-education 101 , 239 secession Reform (Gaizao ) Period 101 – 8 threat to regime 18 , 19 Reform the Armed Forces Movement security forces (RAM), Philippines 138 control of 29

Index 321

interaction with population 3 – 4, 46 , fragmentation in 160 – 64 50 , 99 , 166 , 185 – 86 , 218 , 244 , effect on state violence 246 – 47, 246 , 256 259 , 260 structure of 27 – 30 Gang of Four 156 – 57 success of 50 history of 141 under autocratic regimes 27 inclusivity in 154 , 169 – 72 under democratic regimes 27 , 120 – 22 effect on state violence 260 – 62 security forces of the Philippines, see also Korean Democratic Party 147 agencies of the Philippines, 113 – 18 , National Assembly 247 121 , 128 – 29 , 133 National Security Law (NSL) 239, security forces of South Korea, see also 240 , 252 agencies of South Korea National Student Defense Corps (Hakto fragmentation among 162 – 64 Hoguktan ) 155 security forces of Taiwan, see also agencies New Village Movement (Saema ǔl of Taiwan Undong ) 155 Selassie, Haile 29 , 50 popular uprising, see also Kwangju SELDA 215 , 218 Uprising , 249 , 244, 248 , 262 , 263 SENDET, see National Detainees Service coal miners, 1980 262 Senussi, Abdullah 27 Pusan and Masan, 1979 262 Shanghai, see also Green Gang, 80 – 82 regionalism in 153 – 55 , 164 , 170 – 72 shehui diaocha , see social investigation 103 effect on state violence 243 – 45, Shen Zhiyue 190 255 – 58 , 259 , 294 Shihpai, Training Center in 98 relation to military 152 – 53 Sin Jik-su 254 relations with Japan 149 , 172 Sino-Japanese War (1937-45), see also relations with North Korea 142 , Taiwan: relations with Japan , 77, 79 155 , 157 – 58 Sison, Jose Maria 227 Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) 145 , 245 So Jun-yol 258 relations with United States 15 , 60 – 61 , social cleavage 27 , 301 , 303 167 , 170 , 173–174 , 247 , 265 – 66 social exclusivity 27 , 81 – 83 mutual defense treaty 145 social investigation (shehui diaocha ) 103 ROK 143 – 48 social purii cation campaign (samch’ ong ̆ Samch’onğ Re-education Camp 242 kyoyuktae ) 241 threat Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische elite 146 , 149 , 156 – 57 , 168 Einheitspartei Deutschlands , external 142 , 143 – 45 , 155 , 157 – 58, SED) 278 174 , 237 South Korea, see also agencies of, see also military 152– 53 state violence in , see also intelligence under Park Chung Hee 13 – 14, 15, capabilities, see also coercive 16 , 148 – 65 institutions of, 11 , 61 , 68 – 71 state violence 237–238, 240 – 41 , 245 , April Revolution (1960) 141 248 – 58 , 262 – 67 under Chun Doo Hwan 13 – 14, 15, threat perception 149 – 59 16 , 166 – 72 popular 167 , 244 , 248 – 58 state violence 238 , 241 – 42 , shift of 155 – 59 , 294 245 , 255 – 67 under Syngman Rhee 141, 143 – 48 , 160, threat perception 167 – 69 168 , 173 Democratic Republican Party (Minju state violence 245 – 48 Konghwadang , DRP) 155 , 156 – 57 unity in 167 , 169 exclusivity in 154 , 164 – 65, 167 , 169 – 72 Soviet Union, see also Russia , 9 , 11 effect on state violence 251–255, during Cold War 39 – 40 243 – 45, 246 – 47 , 255 – 58 under Stalin 3 , 29 , 34

322 Index

Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands , effect of unity on, 179 – 80 see Socialist Unity Party incentives pathway and, see incentives Special Police, see also agencies of South pathway Korea, 147 Indiscriminacy of, 65 – 66 Special Republican Guard, see also intelligence pathway and, see intelligence agencies of Iraq, 284 – 85 pathway Special Security Directorate, see also Intensity of, 14 , 18, 43 , 65 – 67 agencies of Iraq, 28 measurement of Special Security Organization, see also CIRI Human Rights dataset 66 agencies of Iraq, 8 , 284 Political Terror Scale 66 Special Task Command psychology of 52 (T’ungmudae ), 147 scope of 14 , 18 , 65 – 67 Special Warfare Command (SWC), see state violence in Chile 272 , 274 – 77 also, agencies of South Korea, 256 use of torture 275 Stanford Prison Experiment 52 state violence in East Germany 277 – 82 Stalin, Josef, see also Soviet Union, incentives 280 3 , 29 , 34 use of torture 281 Stasi, see also East Germany, see also state violence in Iraq 282 – 91 agencies of East Germany, 277 – 82 incentives for 286 – 87 , 288 – 89 state capacity, see also state violence, state violence in the Philippines, see also see also “Murder in the Middle” salvaging, 65 , 212 – 15 , 240 , 293 – 94 hypothesis, 296 camps 221 State Security Department, see also extrajudicial killings 213 , 214 agencies of North Korea, 302 incentives for 211, 222 , 228 – 31 , 236 state violence, see also forms of bounty system 230 repression, 10 – 11 , 12 , 14 – 16 , nepotism 222 17 – 18 , 33 , 53 sources for studying 213 , 215 , 226 state violence use of torture 215 , 219 – 21 , 225 , 227 “Law of Coercive Response” 54 – 56 state violence in South Korea, see also as a result of popular threat 54 –58 , Samch’onğ Re-education Camp, 206 – 7 , 234 – 35 , 263 – 64, 277 , 282 , 237 – 67 290 , 296 , 298 – 99 Emergency Measures 248 – 58 , 266 effect of coercive institutions on , executions 253 41 – 64 , 298 incentives for 253 effect of empirical endogeneity on intensity 241 , 245 209 – 10 , 235 – 36 , 264 , 277 , 282 , 296 popular threat 248 – 58 , 263 –64 effect of exclusivity on 45 – 47, use of torture 156 , 252 , 253 51 – 54 white skull (paekkol ) strikebreakers effect of external factors on 60 –61 , 260 208 – 9 , 232 – 34, 265 – 66, 276 , 281 , white terror 245 290 , 296 state violence in Taiwan, see also White effect of fragmentation on 47 , Terror , see also Martial Law Era 49 – 51 , 53 – 54 179 – 210 , 293 effect of inclusivity on, 179 – 80 , 260 –62 death toll 182 – 83 , 190 , 240 effect of institutional inheritance on 290 drop in 180 – 84 effect of regime life cycle on 209, 264 , incentives for 185, 193 – 94 , 197 – 200 282 , 290 , 296 popular threat 206 – 7 effect of regime type on 61 use of torture 191 effect of state or organizational capacity Stilwell, Joseph 78, on, 207 – 8, 232 , 264–265 , 290 , 296 Strong, Robert 190

Index 323

Subic Bay Naval Station, see Philippines: relations with United States, 40 – 41, relations with US 60 – 61, 87 – 88 , 109 – 10 , 189 , Suharto 26 200 – 6 , 208 – 9 Supreme Council for National threat Reconstruction (SCNR), see also, elite 88 – 89 , 142 agencies of South Korea, 154 external 87 , 90 Sun Li-jen (Sun Liren) 88 – 89 , 195 popular 86 – 108 surveillance, see also forms of repression, shift of 86 – 108 , 110 – 11 see also intelligence capabilities, see unity in 94 – 99 also East Germany: Stasi’s role in effect on state violence 179 – 80 Syria 4 White Terror 182 – 96 Taiwan Straits Crisis 87 Tadiar, Artemio 132 , 223 tactical interrogation, 225 , 227 , 229 Taiwan, see also state violence, see also Tang Zong 94 agencies in, see also coercive Task Force Makabansa 228 institutions of, see also intelligence Temporary Provisions Effective During capabilities of 4 , 9 , 13 – 16, 66 , the Period of Communist Rebellion 68 – 71 , 87 ( Dongyuan Kanluan Shiqi Linshi under Chiang Ching-kuo 13 , 28 , 95 – 108 Tiaokuan ) 91 – 92 under Chiang Kai-shek, 13, Thailand 121 40 – 41 , 75 – 111 Thirty-Two Demands, 189 exclusivity in, 81 – 83 , 84 –85 threat landscape 68 , 113 effect on state violence 179 , 184 – 91 autocrats’ method of assessment, fragmentation in, 79 – 81 , 84 , 35 – 36 , 54 – 56 89 – 90 , 94 – 99 elite threat 42 , 48 , 63 – 64 , 76 – 86 , government level 80 – 81 88 – 89 , 294 effect on state violence 179 , external threat 56 184 – 96 , 198 popular threat 54 – 58 , 63 – 64 , 113 history of 184 effect of autocrats rise to power on, 36 inclusivity and effect on state Tiananmen Square, see China, People’s violence, 179 – 80 Republic of under Japan, see also retrocession , 77 , Tikrit, see also Ba’th Party 28 , 285 , 286 103 – 6 , 184 torture, see also state violence, see also hoko system 104 – 6 , 186 forms of repression, 44 , 51, 65, 156 , security forces 104 – 6 191, 215 , 219 – 21, 225 , 227 , 249 , Kiangan Incident, 1927 81 252 , 253 , 274 , 275 , 281 KMT Party membership 101 – 2 totalitarian(ism), see also North Korea: Mainlanders, see Mainlanders under Kim Il Sung, 19 martial law 75 , 78, 92 – 94 , 179 , 180 – 83 Triads 98 native Taiwanese (Formosans), see native Trujillo, Rafael 26 Taiwanese Truth and Reconciliation Commission political crimes 181 Chile 274 Reform Period (gaizao ) 101 – 8 South Korea 246 regionalism and effect on state violence, Tukashevsky, Mikhail 93 198–199 , T’ungmudae , see Special Task Command relation to minorities, see also native Tunisia 11 Taiwanese, 24 typological representativeness 69 relations with Japan 75 , 103 – 6 , 109 relations with People’s Republic of U igyo ̆ nğ , see Riot Police China, see also Chinese Civil War 77 Uganda 46

324 Index

United Nations Command, 145 Wedemeyer, Albert 189 United States of America West Point 130 , 145 Army 43 , 114 White Terror (baise kongbu), Taiwan, Carter administration 232 , 251 , 265 182 – 96 , 195 during Cold War 39 – 40 , 69 , 87 , 208 White Terror, South Korea, 245 fragmentation Wisuryo nğ , see Garrison Decree intelligence collection, 48 Wŏn Yong-dŏk, 147 , 247 Los Angeles 50 Worcester, Dean 114 Kennedy administration, 121 World War I (First World War) 115 McKinley administration, see also Wu, K.C. (Wu Guozhen) 88 , 96 civilianization, 115 Nixon administration, 155 Xi’an Incident (Xi’an Shibian ) 78 relations with xianmin , see also informants 107 Philippines, 119, 121 – 22 , 126 , Xu Enzeng 79 174 , 232 – 34 South Korea, 15 , 60 – 61, 167, Yan, Manuel 124 , 129 170 , 173–174 , 265 – 66 YH Company labor dispute 254 Taiwan, 41 , 60 – 61, 87 – 88 , 109 – 10, Yi Chong-an 247 189 , 200 – 6 , 208 – 9 Yi Hak-sŏng, 168 Reagan administration, 167 , 170 , 232 Yi Hu-rak, see Lee Hu-rak Roosevelt administration 115 Yi Hyŏng-gun, 148 Secret Service, 168 Yi Yong-mun, 148 State Department 87 , 121 Yi Yong-t’aek 254 reports by 145 , 147 , 190 , 191 , 233 , 251 Youth Anti-Communist National Salvation unity, 116 – 17 , 167 , 169 Corps, see also agencies of Taiwan, universal democracy 10 97 , 102 University of the Philippines (UP), see also youth movements 21 , 94 , 102 , 193 , 218 Reserve Ofi cer Training Corps 219 yuhwa kungmyon , see USAID, see also Kennedy decompression phase Administration, 121 Yuk Yŏng-su, 157 , 158 , 254 Yun P’il-yong, 156, 162 , 163 , 253 Vanguard fraternity, see also Reserve Yun Posun 250 Ofi cer Training Corps, 132 Yushin (constitution), see also Velasco, Segundo 128 South Korea 141 , 158 , 159 – 61 , Ver, Fabian, See also “Rolex 12” , 130 – 38 , 248 – 58 163 , 225 yutian zhuan’an , see Project Raini eld Ver, Irwin 130 – 31 , 132 Ver, Rexor 130 – 31 Zagala, Rafael, see also “Rolex 12” , Ver, Wyrlo 130 – 31 132 Vietnam 50 , 121 , 220 Zaisser, Wilhelm 279 Zhongtong , see Central Bureau for Wang Sheng 190 Intelligence and Statistics warlords 76 – 86 , 114 Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) 38