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Revised Body Jeong, Sangmi Fall 2019 Negotiation in the Street: Domestic Protests, Regime Type, and International Bargaining Outcomes Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Jeong, Sangmi Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 11:38:27 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/636617 NEGOTIATION IN THE STREET: DOMESTIC PROTESTS, REGIME TYPE, AND INTERNATIONAL BARGAINING OUTCOMES by Sangmi Jeong __________________________ Copyright © Sangmi Jeong 2019 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2019 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project owes its existence to the help, support, and advice from countless people, including advisors, mentors, colleagues, friends, and my family. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor and committee members. Without Alex Braithwaite’s supervision and persistent help, this dissertation would not have been possible. As a model of a great advisor, educator, and researcher, Alex assisted my growth as a scholar. Faten Ghosn has been supported me since I took my first step into this project by writing a term paper in her graduate seminar. She showed me the fascinating world of negotiation and conflict management, which made me fall in love with this project. Jessica Maves Braithwaite’s meticulous feedbacks, insightful suggestions, and warm hugs were always enormous help throughout my training. It was a challenging yet rewarding pleasure to work with Paul Schuler. A large part of my theoretical argument came from my answers to Paul’s brilliant questions and comments. I am extremely grateful to my external committee member, Christopher K. Butler, who showed me a great combination of a sharp mind and warm-heartedness. I owe a very important debt to scholars in South Korea and Japan. My deepest appreciation goes to Dong-Joon Jo. Our 15-minute long conversation about audience costs theory in December 2014 became the core research idea for this project. Since then, he helped me tremendously whenever I suffered setbacks and obstacles in making progress. I am very grateful to Yeojoo Jeon, who made it possible for me to analyze Japanese sources in the case study chapter and now my friend. Jung Hwan Lee spared his time for a meeting with me on Christmas Eve, offered valuable advice, and shared his work. It was the best Christmas gift for me. Won-Deog Lee’s support and advice also shined this project greatly. He generously provided me with the valuable research and resources of the Institute of Japanese Studies at Kookmin University. I am also very grateful to Heesik Choi, Suk Jung Yun, Tae Bong Um, and Yongseok Kwon who expanded my understanding of Japanese politics and Korea-Japan relations. I appreciate assistance from Eunbyul Jo and Baeklim Kim, who helped my archival research at Kookmin University. I deeply appreciate a great deal of help from many scholars and institutions. Sara McLaughlin Mitchell, Krista E. Wiegand, Paul Hensel, Patrick M. Regan, and John A. Vasquez were great mentors and willing to share their work. I deeply appreciate the invaluable feedbacks offered by Will H. Moore, Jaroslav Tir, Rebecca Cordell, Kelly M. Kadera, Melissa Willard-Foster, Elizabeth N. Saunders, and Sebastian Ziaja. Advice and suggestions from Brett Ashley Leeds, Javier Osorio, Kirssa Cline Ryckman, Paul Bezerra, Mihai Surdeanu, Becky Sharp, Marco Anto, George C. G. Barbosa, helped me making important progress. I am grateful to my three research assistants, Teresa Nguyen, Ngoc Minh Tran Nguyen, and Eniola Idowu. I am thankful for the generous support from the College of Social & Behavioral Sciences, the Starns Fellowship, the Social & Behavioral Sciences Research Institute, and the Graduate & Professional Student Council at the University of Arizona. Beth Zimner, Kelly Huff, and Angela Hackett’s assistance is highly appreciated. Many thanks to my friends who always reminded me that I can do this, including Edna Liliana Gómez Fernández, Cheryl Ellenwood, Sojeong Lee, Seon-hee Kim, Song-Ha 4 Joo, Bomi Lee, Emily V. Bell, Huan Zhang, Jan Rydzak, and Naoko Matsumura. Special thanks to Matthew Cobb and Joseph Cox, who reviewed and proofread this project several times. I appreciate care and kindness from Hyemin Yoo, Junmo Ahn, Sijun Kim, Injeong Park, Eric Min, Nicolas Alejandro Liendo, Alejandro Beltran, Alexis Work, and Min Woo Ahn. I am also very grateful for support from my friends in Korea including, Changyoon Baek, Wonchan Min, Jaewon Lee, Hanyi Cho, Chorong Hong, Jiyoung Jeon, Gwangbin Oh, and Jiyeon Kim. And finally, I am very grateful to my family. I would like to say that I am very blessed to be a daughter of Raeyoung Jeong and Alice Mija Choi, who always encourage me to follow my dreams and support my decisions to live my life the way I want. Many thanks to my brother, Sanghyun Jeong, who often gave me wonderful advice for crisis management and sent me a lot of funny memes to cheer me up while I was studying in the United States. I whole-heartedly appreciate Byungkyu Kim’s support and love. He filled my days with happiness, joy, and laughter during this long and challenging journey. Lastly, I thank my cat, Aesongii, who stayed up many nights with me when I finalized this work. 5 DEDICATION For my mother, Alice Mija Choi, who has paved the way for this journey with enormous support, cheers, and love. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 10 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2. Domestic Protests, Regime Type, and International Bargaining Outcomes . ................................................................................................................... 23 2.1.1. Democratic Political Institutions ................................................................... 25 2.1.2. Regime Elites as Institutional Constraints .................................................... 27 2.1.3. Popular Protests as Non-Institutional Constraints ........................................ 29 2.2.1. The Mechanism ............................................................................................. 33 2.2.2. The Credibility of Protests and Regime Type ............................................... 35 2.2.3. Other Conditions: The Scale of Protests and a Change in Repression Levels .. ....................................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 3. How Domestic Protests Influence Militarized Interstate Disputes ........... 55 3.4.1. The Presence of Protests and Achieving Concessions .................................. 65 3.4.2. The Scale of Protests and Achieving Concessions ....................................... 68 3.4.3. Effects of Protests across Three Regime Types ............................................ 70 3.4.4. Greater Effect of Protests When Accompanied by Repression .................... 72 7 3.6.1. The Full Results from Multinomial Logistic Regression Models ................ 76 3.6.2. Robustness Check with Polity IV ................................................................. 81 3.6.3. Results from Protests Measured in Different Time Periods ......................... 83 3.6.4. Divergent Effects of Protests on Two Types of Winning ............................. 85 CHAPTER 4. Domestic Protests and Settlements of International Border Disputes ...... 89 4.4.1. The Summary of Findings .......................................................................... 101 4.4.2. Protests and Achieving Concessions .......................................................... 101 4.4.3. Protest and Regime Type ............................................................................ 105 4.4.4. Protest and Repression ................................................................................ 108 CHAPTER 5. Anti-Japanese Protests and Negotiation between South Korea and Japan ... ................................................................................................................. 114 5.3.1. The Normalization Negotiation between South Korea and Japan .............. 120 5.3.2. Anti-Negotiation Protests in South Korea .................................................. 123 5.3.3. The South Korean Government’s Strategy under a Hybrid Regime .......... 128 5.3.4. The Concession from Japan after the 6.3 Movements ................................ 135 5.4.1. The Diplomatic Dispute over the Attempted Assassination of Park Chung- hee ............................................................................................................... 145 5.4.2. Korean’s Anti-Japanese Protests around the Globe .................................... 148 5.4.3. The South Korean Government’s Strategy under an Authoritarian Regime .... ....................................................................................................................
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