Endothermy and Mammal Ecology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Endothermy and Mammal Ecology Chapter 22 and 23 Endothermy • Birds and mammals – Regulate body temperature by precisely balancing metabolic heat production with heat loss Endothermy continued • Heat production – Resting metabolic rate • The rate that we burn calories at rest through cellular processes (burning ATP to ADP to AMP) – Specific dynamic action • Heat increase after eating from assimilating molecules and synthesizing proteins – Activity (muscle contraction) • During locomotion heat production can exceed BMR by 10 to 15 times • Shivering • Pythons Costs and Benefits of Endothermy • Endotherms can maintain high body temps when external temps are cold • Energetically expensive –must consume much more fdfood than an ectotherm to maiiintain its metabolism Hummingbirds • The smallest endotherm 353.5 – 454.5 grams – Migrate across the gulf – Are able to store enough fat (2 grams) to burn for 24 to 26 hours • Shrews Torpor • Torpor = adaptive hypothermia – In response to low temperature or limited food supply – Enormous savings of energy and water – Deep torpor is a comatose condition, voluntary motor function is reduced – Some species can spontaneously come out of torpor using heat production from brown fat Body size and torpor • Only the smallest groups of mammals and bir ds go itinto deep torpor • Torpor is common in Rodents and Bats, in birds it is found in goatsuckers, hummingbirds, swifts, mousebirds, and some passerines • Largest deep torpor is Marmot at 5 kgs • Some small cold climate birds go through daily torpor (Chickadees and hummingbirds) Endotherms in the heat • Hot and dry is more demanding than polar areas – Maintaining temps 10 C below ambient is harder than 100 C above – Also evaporative cooling is the main mechanism but most hot deserts are also dry. Desert survival strategies • Relaxation of homeostasis – they tolerate greater variation in body temperature • Avoidance – avoid the harshest conditions (nocturnal etc.) • Specializations – physiological mechanisms, daily torpor to conserve energy – Countercurrent exchange of blood to the brain, venous blood is cooled by evaporation and reduces the temp of arterial blood (in a rete mirable) .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Impacts of Extreme Climatic Events on the Energetics of Long-Lived
© 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | The Journal of Experimental Biology (2014) 217, 3700-3707 doi:10.1242/jeb.106344 RESEARCH ARTICLE Impacts of extreme climatic events on the energetics of long-lived vertebrates: the case of the greater flamingo facing cold spells in the Camargue Anne-Sophie Deville1,2,*, Sophie Labaude1,*, Jean-Patrice Robin3, Arnaud Béchet1, Michel Gauthier-Clerc1,4, Warren Porter5, Megan Fitzpatrick5, Paul Mathewson5 and David Grémillet2,6,‡ ABSTRACT in geographic range (McCarty, 2001), changes in food web structure Most studies analyzing the effects of global warming on wild (Petchey et al., 1999), changes in population life-history features populations focus on gradual temperature changes, yet it is also (Forchhammer et al., 2001) and fluctuations in population patterns important to understand the impact of extreme climatic events. Here (Birkhofer et al., 2012; Duriez et al., 2012). Studies on the effects we studied the effect of two cold spells (January 1985 and February of climate change on species dynamics primarily focus on 2012) on the energetics of greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) consequences of gradual increase in temperature (Britton et al., in the Camargue (southern France). To understand the cause of 2010; Moses et al., 2012). However, climatologists also predict an observed flamingo mass mortalities, we first assessed the energy increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of extreme climatic stores of flamingos found dead in February 2012, and compared events (IPCC, 2011; Rahmstorf and Coumou, 2011). Extreme them with those found in other bird species exposed to cold spells climatic events are often ignored as potential drivers of population and/or fasting.
[Show full text]
Absorption of Radiant Energy in Redwinged Blackbirds ( Agelazus Zhoenzceus)’
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS ABSORPTION OF RADIANT ENERGY IN REDWINGED BLACKBIRDS ( AGELAZUS ZHOENZCEUS)’ SHELDON LUSTICK, SHARON TALBOT, AND EDWARD L. FOX Academic Faculty of Zoology Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210 Previously (Lustick 1969) it was shown that black- Electric infrared lamp (R-40, 250 w clear end), was birds could use insolation to thermoregulate, and that centered over the window 40 cm above the floor of the thermal neutral zone was decreased at least 10” C the chamber. The bird in the chamber received light in those birds receiving artificial insolation. It was of wavelengths 400-1400 nm, the upper limit of hypothesized (confirmed by Heppner 1969, 1970) infrared passing through one cm of water (Ruttner that the downward shift in thermal neutrality was 1963:13). due to an effective increase in insulation; that is, The per cent transmittance of the glass window a decrease in the thermal gradient from the surface was measured with a Beckman spectrophotometer and of the skin to the surface of the feathers, thus de- found to range from 80 to 90 per cent over the creasing conductive heat loss. This suggests that the spectrum of 400-1400 nm, with the highest trans- bird is an endotherm (alI heat being produced by mittance at 500 nm. With the radiation source on, metabolism) and, under these conditions, loses heat the birds received approximately 0.9 cal cm-* mine1 more slowly. Cowles et al. (1967) has stated that at 7 cm above the floor of the submerged radiation “under the usual conditions prevailing in and around chamber. No air was passed through the chamber endotherms, and particularly in birds, the thermal (thus reducing convective heat loss) but the vents gradient usually slopes steeply from the body toward were open to the outside.
[Show full text]
Wildlife Ecology Provincial Resources
MANITOBA ENVIROTHON WILDLIFE ECOLOGY PROVINCIAL RESOURCES !1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank: Olwyn Friesen (PhD Ecology) for compiling, writing, and editing this document. Subject Experts and Editors: Barbara Fuller (Project Editor, Chair of Test Writing and Education Committee) Lindsey Andronak (Soils, Research Technician, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) Jennifer Corvino (Wildlife Ecology, Senior Park Interpreter, Spruce Woods Provincial Park) Cary Hamel (Plant Ecology, Director of Conservation, Nature Conservancy Canada) Lee Hrenchuk (Aquatic Ecology, Biologist, IISD Experimental Lakes Area) Justin Reid (Integrated Watershed Management, Manager, La Salle Redboine Conservation District) Jacqueline Monteith (Climate Change in the North, Science Consultant, Frontier School Division) SPONSORS !2 Introduction to wildlife ...................................................................................7 Ecology ....................................................................................................................7 Habitat ...................................................................................................................................8 Carrying capacity.................................................................................................................... 9 Population dynamics ..............................................................................................................10 Basic groups of wildlife ................................................................................11
[Show full text]
Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles)
6-3.1 Compare the characteristic structures of invertebrate animals... and vertebrate animals (fish, amphibians, and reptiles). Also covers: 6-1.1, 6-1.2, 6-1.5, 6-3.2, 6-3.3 Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles sections Can I find one? If you want to find a frog or salamander— 1 Chordates and Vertebrates two types of amphibians—visit a nearby Lab Endotherms and Exotherms pond or stream. By studying fish, amphib- 2 Fish ians, and reptiles, scientists can learn about a 3 Amphibians variety of vertebrate characteristics, includ- 4 Reptiles ing how these animals reproduce, develop, Lab Water Temperature and the and are classified. Respiration Rate of Fish Science Journal List two unique characteristics for Virtual Lab How are fish adapted each animal group you will be studying. to their environment? 220 Robert Lubeck/Animals Animals Start-Up Activities Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles Make the following Foldable to help you organize Snake Hearing information about the animals you will be studying. How much do you know about reptiles? For example, do snakes have eyelids? Why do STEP 1 Fold one piece of paper lengthwise snakes flick their tongues in and out? How into thirds. can some snakes swallow animals that are larger than their own heads? Snakes don’t have ears, so how do they hear? In this lab, you will discover the answer to one of these questions. STEP 2 Fold the paper widthwise into fourths. 1. Hold a tuning fork by the stem and tap it on a hard piece of rubber, such as the sole of a shoe.
[Show full text]
Endocrine System
• Reptile-like animals that have maintained a constant internal body temperature • Two legs covered with scales that are used for walking or perching • Front limbs modified into wings • Outer covering of feathers: made mostly of proteins and developed from pits in the birds’ skin • Contour feathers • Down feathers • Powder down feathers • A dinosaur with feathers • Archaeopteryx: first fossil found of an early bird-like animal • Looked like a small, running dinosaur with well-developed feathers • Unlike modern birds, it had teeth, a bony tail, and toes and claws on its wings • It is a transitional species between dinosaurs and birds Adaptations for Flight • Highly efficient: digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system • Aerodynamic feathers and wings • Strong chest muscles • Endotherm: animal that generates its own body heat and controls its body temperature from within • Include birds, mammals and some other animals • High rate of metabolism compared to ectotherms • Metabolism produces heat • A bird’s feather’s insulate its body enough to conserve most of its metabolic energy • Any body heat that a bird loses must be regained by eating food • The more a bird eats, the more heat energy its metabolism can generate • Small birds must eat more, relative to their body size • Birds beaks, or bills, are adapted to the food that they eat • Crop: structure at the lower end of the esophagus in which food is stored and moistened • Gizzard: a muscular organ that helps in the mechanical breakdown of food • Air sacs: one of several sacs
[Show full text]
Mammalogy Lecture 17 – Thermoregulation/Water Balance I
Mammalogy Lecture 17 – Thermoregulation/Water Balance I. Introduction. Obviously, mammals are endotherms; they regulate body temperature via metabolic processes by burning energy. For all endotherms, there is a Thermal Neutral Zone When TA is low, energy is expended to keep warm. When TA is high, energy is expended to keep cool But for every endothermic species, there is a thermal neutral zone, the range of ambient temperatures across which there’s no higher cost of homeothermy. TLC - highest temperature at which an endotherm expends energy to stay warm TUC - lowest temperature at which an endotherm expends energy to stay cool Obviously, when ambient temperatures are either below TLC or above TUC, there is a metabolic cost to homeothermy (maintaining a constant body temperature). II. Adaptations for Cold – Temperatures in Zone A A. Large Size - B. High Basal Metabolic Rate - Cold adapted species have a higher than expected basal metabolic rate. For example, Red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, have a BMR that’s nearly twice as high as similar sized canids in warmer regions. C. Insulation - Pelage - forms a barrier of warm air next to the surface of the animal. Blubber - subcutaneous fat is commonly used as an insulating mechanism in marine mammals. D. Regional Heterothermy Extremities may be allowed to cool, sometimes to very low temperatures. This is accomplished by vasoconstriction. Urocitellus paryii - toe pads may be 2 o - 5 o C Ondatra zibethicus – extremities are allowed to cool to water temperature E. Systemic Heterothermy – Adaptive Hypothermia Characterized by: - Decreased heart rate - Vasoconstriction - severe reduction of blood flow to the extremities - Decreased breathing rate - Suppression of shivering - Decreased oxygen consumption (decreased metabolic rate) - Decreased body temperature There is usually great energy savings associated with hypothermia.
[Show full text]
The Evolution of Endothermy and Its Diversity in Mammals and Birds Author(S): Gordon C
Division of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology The Evolution of Endothermy and Its Diversity in Mammals and Birds Author(s): Gordon C. Grigg, Lyn A. Beard, and Michael L. Augee Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Vol. 77, No. 6, Sixth International Congress of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry Symposium Papers: Evolution and Advantages of Endothermy (November/December 2004), pp. 982-997 Published by: The University of Chicago Press. Sponsored by the Division of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/425188 . Accessed: 08/11/2015 23:11 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press and Division of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 23.235.32.0 on Sun, 8 Nov 2015 23:11:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 982 The Evolution of Endothermy and Its Diversity in Mammals and Birds Gordon C. Grigg1 thermy, including the capacity for homeothermic endothermy Lyn A.
[Show full text]
Post-Visit Lesson
Natural History Report Teacher Lesson Plan Animal Life Cycles Post-Visit Lesson Duration: 40-60 minutes Overview Students will pick an animal and create a booklet about the animal’s Minnesota State natural history, including its life cycle. Science Standard Correlations: 3.4.3.2.1. Objectives 1) Students will be able to describe the full life cycle of a chosen Wisconsin State Science Standard animal. Correlations: 2) Students will be able to explain the natural history of a chosen C 4.1, C 4.2, F 4.3 animal. Supplies: 1) Animal Fact Sheets Background (Appendix I) or books Animals all have different life cycles and different natural histories. Some about different animals are born looking like their parents and receive full parental care, animals some receive partial parental care, and some receive no parental care. 2) Copies of Life History Animals can be born in different types of eggs or born live. Some will Booklet (Appendix II) undergo metamorphosis and completely change their form or some will for each student – simply shed their skin in order to grow. Animals can live for one day or Print double-sided for over 100 years and be found in all different habitats all over the world. a booklet Lake Superior Zoo Education Department • 7210 Fremont Street • Duluth, MN 55807 l www.LSZOODuluth.ORG • (218) 730-4500 Natural History Report Procedure 1) Review the different life cycles animals have by asking students to name the different life cycles (metamorphosis, complete metamorphosis, incomplete metamorphosis, no metamorphosis) and different ways animals are born (live, eggs).
[Show full text]
Extraordinary Ectotherms
Extraordinary Ectotherms Purpose: Students will explore endothermy and ectothermy in order to better understand how organisms maintain homeostasis and Appropriate Grade Level: 2nd – can stay alive in extreme conditions. 6th Time Required: 45 minutes Objectives: NGSS and Common Core Students will be able to define ectotherm and endotherm and Standards: compare and contrast animals in both of these categories. They MS-PS3-4, MS-LS1-3, MS-LS1-4 will demonstrate how both regulate their body temperatures and give examples of each. Materials: Provided in Kit: ● Digital thermometer gun ● 6 vials/test tubes for water ● Infrared photographs ● Powerpoint Activity: Introduction Part 1 – Become an Ectotherm 1. Ask for two volunteers that will demonstrate the difference between an ectotherm (cold-blooded) and an endotherm (warm-blooded). Have one student take their temperature using the temperature gun. Have the other student take the temperature of an object in the room. 2. Explain that an endotherm is an animal that can regulate their body temperature using heat produced from within. This is called thermoregulation. Ectotherms use heat from their environment to maintain their body temperature. 3. After the timer beeps, ask example students what their temperatures are (one should be close to 98.6°F, the other close to room temperature). 4. Take the class outside (this is best done on a sunny day), and take the temperature of both volunteers again. It may take a few minutes for the ectotherm temperature to change. What are the new temperatures? 5. Ask which student represents the ectotherm and which represents the endotherm? An endotherm’s temperature stays the same almost all the time, even in extreme temperatures.
[Show full text]
Glossary in Evolutionary Biology Compiled by Prof
Glossary evolutionary biology. Page 1 Glossary in Evolutionary Biology Compiled by Prof. Dieter Ebert This list contains terms, which a student in evolutionary biology should know. The terms denoted with an * are for an advanced level (Courses in evolutionary and quantitative genetics). This Glossary has been compiled with the help of the following books: • J.R. Krebs & N.B. Davies; An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology. 3. Ed., Blackwell UK. 1993. • S.C. Stearns & R.F. Hoeckstra; Evolution: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. 2005. • D.A. Roff; The Evolution of life histories. Chapman & Hall. 1992. ____________________________________________________________________ Adaptation: A state that evolved because it improved reproductive performance, to which survival contributes. Also the process that produces that state. Adaptive evolution: The process of change in a population driven by variation in reproductive success that is correlated with heritable variation in a trait. *Additive genetic variance: The part of total genetic variance that can be modelled by allelic effects whose influence on the phenotype in heterozygotes is additive (Additive means that the phenotype of the heterozygote is halfway between the phenotype of the two homozygotes). This part of genetic variance determines the response to selection by quantitative traits. Aging (=Ageing): (See Senescence). Allele: One of the different homologous forms of a single gene; at the molecular level, a different DNA sequence at the same place in the chromosome. Allele frequency: Proportion the copies of a given allele among all alleles at the locus of interest. Allometry: Relationship between the size of two organisms or their parts. E.g. larger organisms produce larger offspring.
[Show full text]
Endotherm Or Ectotherm? by Cindy Grigg
Endotherm or Ectotherm? By Cindy Grigg 1 There are five major groups of vertebrate animals. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are all vertebrates that share some common characteristics. They are different, too. One of these differences is the way their body temperature is controlled. 2 Mammals and birds have a body temperature that stays about the same no matter what the temperature of their environment is. Mammals and birds are called endotherms. An endotherm is an animal that can control its internal body temperature. Endotherms' body temperature is usually much warmer than the temperature of the environment and usually stays about the same temperature. Endotherms are called “warm-blooded” animals. 3 The other three vertebrate groups are often called “cold-blooded” animals. This term is falling out of favor with scientists because it is misleading. They are called, instead, ectotherms. The blood of fish, amphibians, and reptiles is often warm. Their body temperatures are close to the temperature of their environment. If the environment is cold, the animal must move to a warmer place. If the environment is too warm, the animal must move into a cooler place. 4 For example, a seal is an endotherm. A seal's body temperature stays about the same, whether it is swimming in a cold ocean or lying in the sun on a beach. An alligator is an ectotherm. The alligator's temperature is higher when it is lying in the sun on a riverbank, and its body temperature is cooler when the alligator moves into cool water. 5 How do endotherms regulate their body temperature? They have adaptations that help them do this.
[Show full text]
Animal Adaptations
Temperature Regulation Modes of Heat Loss and Heat Gain Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation Body Temp = Heat Produced + Heat Gained – Heat Lost (By Metabolism) (From Environment) (To Environment) Temperature Tolerances CTmin CTmax The Desert Pupfish Critical Thermal Maximum = 430C or 109.40F Triple Jeopardy An increase in water temperature results in a decrease in the oxygen content of the water An increase in water temperature results in an increase in fish temperate. This results in a/an________increase in metabolic rate and a/an ______increase in the need for oxygen by the fish The higher the water temperature the _____faster the fish has to move its operculum to ventilate the gills Operculum covers gills Large Mouth Bass Brook Trout The Desert Iguana Critical Thermal Maximum = 470C or 1170F Most Lizards Escape Heat in Burrows • The desert iguana, like other lizards, is slow moving and vulnerable to predators when it first emerges in the morning Amphibian, Reptile, or Bird? Endotherm or Ectotherm? Amphibian, Reptile, or Mammal? Endotherm or Ectotherm? Bird, Reptile, or Mammal? Endotherm or Ectotherm? Amphibian, Reptile, or Bird? Endotherm or Ectotherm? Amphibian, Reptile, or Bird? Endotherm or Ectotherm? Ectothermy Versus Endothermy Mostly Mostly Poikilothetmic Homeothermic Low Metabolic Rate High Metabolic Rate Environment is the primary source of Metabolism is the body temperature primary source of body temperature Invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles Birds and mammals Poikilothermic Animal with a fluctuating
[Show full text]