He Iwi Rangatira Anō Tātou Nei I Mua. Kia Pai Te Whakahaere I Ngā Tikanga Mō Te Iwi
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He iwi rangatira anō tātou nei i mua. Kia pai te whakahaere i ngā tikanga mō te iwi. Kia mangu ki waho kia mā i roto. An investigation into the guiding principles and stabilising processes of mana tapu, utu and rūnanga in Waikato-Tainui. Michael Ross A Thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology In fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) January 2015 1 Abstract Waikato-Tainui people are descended from an adventurous people who took calculated risks to sail from their warm Polynesian isles to a new land they named Aotearoa1. These new migrants established a society which over time became distinctly Māori as they adapted to their new environment. Their greatest survival tool was their tikanga (important values and protocols), handed down to each generation through legends and practices remembered and recited in the daily activities of community, and given prominence at important tribal rūnanga, gatherings to discuss, debate and consult tribal members about progress, reporting and strategy. These values and protocols which guided cultural relationships included an unshakeable belief in the tapu (spiritual and physical boundaries) which resided in every object, animal, plant and natural phenomenon which could be seen or experienced. It was from tapu, emanating from the atua, that all things and all people gained their power and their position, their mana, in the universe. Mana was something which could wax and wane depending on the success or failure of ventures. Where actions threatened the mana and stability of hapū or whānau, or might give offence to the atua, utu (a reciprocal action) was required to restore balance and achieve harmony once more. This thesis contends that tapu, mana, utu and rūnanga were the four pou (pillars) which delegated power, determined leadership roles and responsibilities within the social structures of the Tainui people in Aotearoa. It will describe how these pou informed the regulation of daily life, the organisation of major activities and the decision-making processes to resolve disagreements and address failures. It will investigate how the pou fared as guiding principles and within institutions after the descendants of Tainui waka suffered a relatively sudden and devastating reversal of fortunes following the arrival in Aotearoa of huge numbers of British settlers in the nineteenth century. The thesis will describe and analyse the formation and influence of the Kīngitanga from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day. Including Kīngitanga relations with the Government after its invasion and confiscation of Waikato lands and the 1995 settlement which established Te Kauhanganui, a legal entity established to manage the returned settlement assets. The thesis will investigate the extent to which the pou are incorporated or are threatened by structures within Te Kauhanganui. 1 Various traditions give various names. I have chosen Aotearoa because it is commonly used as the Māori name of New Zealand. 2 Finally, the thesis summarises present stresses and conflicts within the tribe as the traditions of rūnanga are sometimes displaced by a system of law based on Pākehā (non-Māori) values, and considers possibilities for the future governance of Waikato-Tainui which upholds or ignores the four pou. While legal compliance is guided by specific rules to lead procedure, tikanga Māori and the values that underpin it are more dynamic, less prescriptive, and context driven. Tikanga Māori has a pervasive influence on the personnel and practice of leadership and its accountabilities in Waikato-Tainui. At stake is control of significant tribal assets, and an opportunity to restore a rūnanga system that represents and engages its people as whānau, marae and hapū. 3 Table of Contents ABSTRACT 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP 7 ETHICS APPROVAL 7 HE MIHI 8 PREFACE 9 ORTHOGRAPHIC CONVENTIONS OF TE REO MĀORI 10 INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH TOPIC 11 CHAPTER 1: HE TĪMATA 18 THE ARRIVAL OF TAINUI WAKA 18 MANA 22 TAPU 25 UTU 26 RŪNANGA 29 THE STRUCTURE OF MĀORI SOCIETY 31 WHAKAPAPA – RELATIONSHIPS 31 WHĀNAU 31 HAPŪ 34 IWI 36 HAPŪ AND IWI LEADERSHIP 38 TOHUNGA 38 RANGATIRA 39 THE ROLE OF ORATORY 44 TIKANGA 47 SUMMARY 49 CHAPTER 2: TE KORONI (THE COLONY) 51 INTRODUCTION 51 COLONISATION 51 THE INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIAN BELIEFS 56 INCREASING BRITISH AUTHORITY 60 RŪNANGA 62 THE KĪNGITANGA 63 TE KAUHANGANUI O TĀWHIAO 73 IWI INCORPORATED 81 SUMMARY 82 CHAPTER 3: TE WHAKATAUNGA 85 INTRODUCTION 85 THE SETTLEMENT 85 THE WAIKATO RAUPATU CLAIMS SETTLEMENT ACT 1995 93 TE KĀHUI ARIKI 98 SUMMARY 105 CHAPTER 4: TE KAUHANGANUI 107 INTRODUCTION 107 THE FORM AND FUNCTION OF WAIKATO-TAINUI TE KAUHANGANUI INCORPORATED 107 THE ROLES OF TE KAUHANGANUI REPRESENTATIVES 108 TE KAUHANGANUI AND MARAE AND HAPŪ 111 WAIKATO-TAINUI TIKANGA AND VALUES 118 MAKING CHANGES 119 4 SUMMARY 122 CHAPTER 5: METHODOLOGY 124 INTRODUCTION 124 THE LEGITIMACY OF MĀORI KNOWLEDGE 125 PLACE OF RESEARCH IN RETAINING KNOWLEDGE 127 KAUPAPA MĀORI METHODOLOGY 128 THE LANGUAGE OF KAUPAPA MĀORI RESEARCH 133 MĀORI VALUES AND CUSTOMS 135 CONFIDENTIALITY 136 RESEARCH METHODS 137 PARTICIPANT OBSERVER – KANOHI KITEA 137 COLLECTING DATA 139 CASE STUDIES 140 WAIKATO-TAINUI AS A CASE STUDY 141 A MIXED-METHODS APPROACH 142 INTERVIEWS OF LEADERS WITHIN TE KAUHANGANUI 142 DOCUMENT ANALYSIS 145 SELECTING THEMES 146 SUMMARY 148 CHAPTER 6: TAINUI HOROPOUNAMU 150 INTRODUCTION 150 A FRAMEWORK TO DISCUSS AND ANALYSE THE DATA 151 KĪNGITANGA 152 THE KĀHUI ARIKI REPRESENTATIVE 156 MANA WHAKAHAERE 157 CASE STUDY: TAUTOHE 160 MANA Ā-HAPŪ: THE INFLUENCE OF TRIBAL OBLIGATIONS 164 MANA TANGATA 166 CASE STUDY: WHISTLE-BLOWING 168 MANA Ā-KAUPAPA 171 MANA I TE AONUI: ACCOUNTABILITY AND THE WIDER WORLD 174 SUMMARY 176 CHAPTER 7: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 178 INTRODUCTION 178 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS 179 THE RESEARCH APPROACH 180 FIRST RESEARCH QUESTION 181 SECOND RESEARCH QUESTION 184 CONCLUSION 193 BIBLIOGRAPHY 197 BOOKS 197 OFFICIAL REPORTS, ESSAYS, AND JOURNAL ARTICLES 202 NEWSPAPERS 214 COURT CASES AND ACTS OF PARLIAMENT 215 INTERVIEWS AND ORAL SOURCES 216 5 TABLE OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 TAINUI AND TE ARAWA CANOE LANDINGS 19 FIGURE 2 HANI AND PUNA, MAKETŪ MARAE, KĀWHIA 20 FIGURE 3 THE TUAKANA-TEINA RELATIONSHIPS ACROSS THREE GENERATIONS 33 FIGURE 4 SOME OF THE TRIBES DESCENDED FROM THE ANCESTORS OF THE TAINUI CANOE 37 FIGURE 5 RUKUMOANA MARAE. MORRINSVILLE 47 FIGURE 6 THE REGION OF TAINUI INFLUENCE 90 FIGURE 7 WAIKATO-TAINUI TE KAUHANGANUI GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE 2014 97 FIGURE 8 THE PREFERRED NEW WAIKATO-TAINUI GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE 122 6 Attestation of Authorship I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person (except where explicitly defined in the acknowledgements), nor material which to a substantial extent has been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institution of higher learning. Ethics Approval Ethics approval for this project was granted under the working title given of the thesis ‘Kia mau ki te ture, ki te whakapono, ki te aroha.’ (Hold firmly to the law, love and faith). Accountability in selected Tainui organisations on 5 March 2012, application number 12/19. 7 He Mihi Ko te Atua tōku piringa, ka puta, ka ao, ka awatea. Me pēwhea rā e mutu ai te aroha i a mātou, he uhunga, he auē, he maimai aroha. Whakahōnoretia te Kīngi Māori, whakaaro pai ki ngā tāngata katoa. He mihi nui tēnei ki te katoa e poipoia, e manaakitia nei au i taku kimikimi mātauranga. Ko tōku makau rangatira, me ōna kaha pūpuru i tō māua whānau, e Claire, mei kore ake koe e ngiha i te ahikā he mangungu noa te kai o roto nei. Nei rā aku mihi nui ki a koe me ā māua tamariki anō hoki. Otirā, ko tōku whānau whānui, i a au e kōpikopiko ana he tuarā koutou mōku. Tērā ko tōku kaiarahi matua a Colin Knox, nāu anō te manaaki i whakatinana, he ringa atawhai i te wā o te toimaha, he maire i te wā o te tupuhi, he kupu urungi i te wā o te pōuri, kei te mihi. Ā, e kore e mimiti ngā mihi ki te rahi o Hauā, tae noa mai ki ngā tini o Werewere, ko te huinga o Kai- a-te-mata e whakaropiropi nei tēnei. Aro atu ana ki Te Kauhanganui me te Kīngitanga hei paiherenga mō te tangata, nā koutou te kōrero, ko ahau tēnei tō koutou teina e tuari ana i ngā kōrero a tō tātou whare rūnanga. Koia he kōrero hei tautoko hei whakaarotanga mā tātou. Heoi anō, he mihi ki tōku whānau o te mātauranga. Koia ko taku tīmata i te Whare Wānanga o Raukawa, nā koutou te kākano o te mātauranga Māori i whakatō mai, kei te mihi. Ā, ka huri atu ki Te Ara Poutama, me te Wānanga Aronui o Tāmaki Makau Rau, nā koutou te ara i para hei whainga māku. Ka tau ki te Whare Wānanga o Wikitoria, ko te Tumu Herenga Waka ko Te Kawa a Māui ko aku nui, ko aku rahi, tēnā koutou, e whai whakaaro ana ki tēnei mea takaroa. Tae noa atu ki aku hoa i te rōpū MAI ki Pōneke, ko tātou e rongo nei ki te tangimeme a te tauira, he ao anō kei tua o te wawau nei. Kāti, ka mutu ngā mihi, me te aroha nui e pūmau tonu ana. Ki te kotahi te kākaho ka whati, Ki te kāpuia e kore e whati. (Kīngi Tāwhiao) 8 Preface Leadership and governance are essential elements in the survival and prosperity of the iwi. Every group must decide how to structure themselves, determine processes and roles in order to achieve its interests.