DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution of the Pygmy Phenotype

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution of the Pygmy Phenotype Human Biology Volume 85 Issue 1 Special Issue on Revisiting the "Negrito" Article 12 Hypothesis 2013 Evolution of the Pygmy Phenotype: Evidence of Positive Selection from Genome-wide Scans in African, Asian, and Melanesian Pygmies Andrea Bamberg Migliano Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK, [email protected] Irene Gallego Romero Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Mait Metspalu Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu and Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia Matthew Leavesley Archaeology Department, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia Luca Pagani Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Recommended Citation Migliano, Andrea Bamberg; Romero, Irene Gallego; Metspalu, Mait; Leavesley, Matthew; Pagani, Luca; Antao, Tiago; Huang, Da-Wei; Sherman, Brad T.; Siddle, Katharine; Scholes, Clarissa; Hudjashov, Georgi; Kaitokai, Elton; Babalu, Avis; Belatti, Maggie; Cagan, Alex; Hopkinshaw, Bryony; Shaw, Colin; Nelis, Mari; Metspalu, Ene; Mägi, Reedik; Lempicki, Richard A.; Villems, Richard; Lahr, Marta Mirazon; and Kivisild, Toomis (2013) "Evolution of the Pygmy Phenotype: Evidence of Positive Selection from Genome-wide Scans in African, Asian, and Melanesian Pygmies," Human Biology: Vol. 85: Iss. 1, Article 12. Available at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/12 Tiago Antao Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Da-Wei Huang Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics, Clinical Services Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD Brad T. Sherman Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics, Clinical Services Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, and the Genetics and Genomics Commons Evolution of the Pygmy Phenotype: Evidence of Positive Selection from Genome-wide Scans in African, Asian, and Melanesian Pygmies Abstract Human pygmy populations inhabit different regions of the world, from Africa to Melanesia. In Asia, short- statured populations are often referred to as "negritos." Their short stature has been interpreted as a consequence of thermoregulatory, nutritional, and/or locomotory adaptations to life in tropical forests. A more recent hypothesis proposes that their stature is the outcome of a life history trade-off in high-mortality environments, where early reproduction is favored and, consequently, early sexual maturation and early growth cessation have coevolved. Some serological evidence of deficiencies in the growth hormone/insulin- like growth factor axis have been previously associated with pygmies’ short stature. Using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism genotype data, we first tested whether different negrito groups living in the Philippines and Papua New Guinea are closely related and then investigated genomic signals of recent positive selection in African, Asian, and Papuan pygmy populations. We found that negritos in the Philippines and Papua New Guinea are genetically more similar to their nonpygmy neighbors than to one another and have experienced positive selection at different genes. These results indicate that geographically distant pygmy groups are likely to have evolved their short stature independently. We also found that selection on common height variants is unlikely to explain their short stature and that different genes associated with growth, thyroid function, and sexual development are under selection in different pygmy groups. Keywords Pygmies, Negritos, Evolution, Phenotype, Genotype, Natural Selection, Convergent Adaptation Authors Andrea Bamberg Migliano, Irene Gallego Romero, Mait Metspalu, Matthew Leavesley, Luca Pagani, Tiago Antao, Da-Wei Huang, Brad T. Sherman, Katharine Siddle, Clarissa Scholes, Georgi Hudjashov, Elton Kaitokai, Avis Babalu, Maggie Belatti, Alex Cagan, Bryony Hopkinshaw, Colin Shaw, Mari Nelis, Ene Metspalu, Reedik Mägi, Richard A. Lempicki, Richard Villems, Marta Mirazon Lahr, and Toomis Kivisild This open access article is available in Human Biology: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/12 Evolution of the Pygmy Phenotype: Evidence of Positive Selection from Genome-wide Scans in African, Asian, and Melanesian Pygmies 1 2 3 ANDREA BAMBERG MIGLIANO, * IRENE GALLEGO ROMERO, MAIT METSPALU, MATTHEW 4 2 2 5 5 LEAVESLEY, LUCA PAGANI, TIAGO ANTAO, DA-WEI HUANG, BRAD T. SHERMAN, 2 2 3 6 KATHARINE SIDDLE, CLARISSA SCHOLES, GEORGI HUDJASHOV, ELTON KAITOKAI, AVIS 6 2 2 2 2 BABALU, MAGGIE BELATTI, ALEX CAGAN, BRYONY HOPKINSHAW, COLIN SHAW, MARI 3 3 3,7 5 3 NELIS, ENE METSPALU, REEDIK MÄGI, RICHARD A. LEMPICKI, RICHARD VILLEMS, 2† 2,3† MARTA MIRAZON LAHR, AND TOOMAS KIVISILD Abstract Human pygmy populations inhabit different regions of the world, from Africa to Melanesia. In Asia, short-statured populations are often referred to as “negritos.” Their short stature has been interpreted as a consequence of thermoregulatory, nutritional, and/or locomotory adaptations to life in tropical forests. A more recent hypothesis proposes that their stature is the outcome of a life history trade-off in high-mortality environments, where early reproduction is favored and, consequently, early sexual maturation and early growth cessa- tion have coevolved. Some serological evidence of deficiencies in the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis have been previously associated with pygmies’ short stature. Using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism genotype data, we first tested whether different negrito groups living in the Philippines and Papua New Guinea are closely related and then investigated genomic signals of recent positive selection in African, Asian, and Papuan 1Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK. 2Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 3Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu and Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia. 4Archaeology Department, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia. 5Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics, Clinical Services Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD. 6University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. 7Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Ox- ford, Oxford, UK. *Correspondence to: Andrea Bamberg Migliano, Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT. E-mail: [email protected]. †These authors contributed equally to the manuscript and share the senior authorship. Research was developed at the Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Biologi- cal Anthropology, University of Cambridge, and at the Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu and Estonian Biocentre. Human Biology, February–June 2013, v. 85, no. 1–3, pp. 251–284. Copyright © 2013 Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1309 KEY WORDS: PYGMIES, NEGRITOS, EVOLUTION, PHENOTYPE, GENOTYPE, NATURAL SE- LECTION, CONVERGENT ADAPTATION. 252 / MIGLIANO ET AL. pygmy populations. We found that negritos in the Philippines and Papua New Guinea are genetically more similar to their nonpygmy neighbors than to one another and have experienced positive selection at different genes. These results indicate that geographically distant pygmy groups are likely to have evolved their short stature independently. We also found that selection on common height variants is unlikely to explain their short stature and that different genes associated with growth, thyroid function, and sexual development are under selection in different pygmy groups. The term negrito has been used in the literature to refer to short-statured hunter- gatherers living in Asia, Southeast Asia, and Melanesia (Andaman Islands, Peninsula Malaysia, and the Philippines). The term pygmy has sometimes been used to refer to short-statured populations in Africa, but in other publications, the term pygmy is used to refer to short-statured populations in general (both in and outside of Africa). Here we are concerned with the evolution of short stature in human populations; we use the term pygmy to refer to all the short-statured populations, and when necessary to distinguish Asian and Melanesian groups, we use the term negrito. We do not intend to imply common origin when applying the terms pygmy and negrito; we use the terms to describe a particular phenotype. Pygmy populations, character- ized by their extremely short adult stature (average adult male height < 155 cm; Cavalli-Sforza 1986; Migliano et al. 2007), exist in Africa, the Andaman Islands, Peninsula Malaysia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea (Figure 1). While early researchers speculated that existence of short-statured peoples in scattered locations across the world (known as pygmies in the west of the Old World and negritos in the east) was associated with a single primordial migration of pygmy peoples, recent work has shown that, by and large, short-statured populations worldwide are more closely related to their neighbor populations
Load more

Recommended publications
  • African Pygmy Settlement Pattern
    African Pygmy Settlement Pattern Ed Hagen December 13, 1993 Graduate Seminar Paper Introduction The African pygmies are the largest extant group of hunter-gatherers in the world (Cavalli-Sforza, 1986). They live in close association with farmers in the central African rain forest. This paper examines the spatial, temporal, and ecological aspects of the distribution of the various pygmy groups throughout the forest. Although there are several lines of evidence regarding the prehistoric spread of farming peoples through the forest, nothing is known about the original pygmy occupation, nor the evolution of their relationship with the horticulturists. This paper will examine the history, geography, and ecology of that forest, and the prehistoric immigration of farming peoples in order to provide a context for both the original and current pygmy occupation. The history of trade, colonialism and Independence in the region had a significant impact on pygmy settlement pattern, and are discussed as well. Although the forager-farmer relation is outside the scope of this paper, it clearly has had a profound impact on pygmy settlement pattern. We should keep in mind that this relationship has probably had a very long history, in which social, political, economic and ecological factors all played an important role. What we see today very likely differs in important ways from even the fairly recent past. Forest History, Geography and Ecology Unless otherwise noted, the following description of the central African rain forest is based on material in The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: Africa (Sayer, Harcourt, & Collins, 1992). References as cited therein are marked with an *.
    [Show full text]
  • Carriers of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup L3 Basal Lineages Migrated Back to Africa from Asia Around 70,000 Years Ago Vicente M
    Cabrera et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2018) 18:98 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1211-4 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago Vicente M. Cabrera1* , Patricia Marrero2, Khaled K. Abu-Amero3,4 and Jose M. Larruga1 Abstract Background: The main unequivocal conclusion after three decades of phylogeographic mtDNA studies is the African origin of all extant modern humans. In addition, a southern coastal route has been argued for to explain the Eurasian colonization of these African pioneers. Based on the age of macrohaplogroup L3, from which all maternal Eurasian and the majority of African lineages originated, the out-of-Africa event has been dated around 60-70 kya. On the opposite side, we have proposed a northern route through Central Asia across the Levant for that expansion and, consistent with the fossil record, we have dated it around 125 kya. To help bridge differences between the molecular and fossil record ages, in this article we assess the possibility that mtDNA macrohaplogroup L3 matured in Eurasia and returned to Africa as basal L3 lineages around 70 kya. Results: The coalescence ages of all Eurasian (M,N) and African (L3 ) lineages, both around 71 kya, are not significantly different. The oldest M and N Eurasian clades are found in southeastern Asia instead near of Africa as expected by the southern route hypothesis. The split of the Y-chromosome composite DE haplogroup is very similar to the age of mtDNA L3. An Eurasian origin and back migration to Africa has been proposed for the African Y-chromosome haplogroup E.
    [Show full text]
  • Becoming Rwandan: Paths to Integration for the Potters
    BECOMING RWANDAN: PATHS TO INTEGRATION FOR THE POTTERS ____________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Chico ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Anthropology ____________ by Anna Rushton Kamanzi Spring 2016 BECOMING RWANDAN: PATHS TO INTEGRATION FOR THE POTTERS A Thesis by Anna Rushton Kamanzi Spring 2016 APPROVED BY THE INTERIM DEAN OF GRADUATE STUDIES: _________________________________ Sharon Barrios, Ph.D. APPROVED BY THE GRADUATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE: ______________________________ _________________________________ Guy Q. King, Ph.D. David A. Eaton Jr., Ph.D., Chair Graduate Coordinator _________________________________ William Loker, Ph.D. DEDICATION To Bruce My sounding board, my translator, my husband My sample of one. I love you. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I would like to extend my deepest gratitude and sincerest appreciation to Dr. David A. Eaton, Jr. whose mentorship, kindness, support, phenomenal teaching, and countless hours of advice have meant more to me than I can ever say. Your introduction to this beautiful continent has provided a means for endless exploration and adventure. I am honored to count you among my friends and I look forward to continuing to work together in the future. I would also like to extend my sincerest thanks to my second committee member, Dr. Loker. Your patience and guidance throughout this process have been invaluable. To my mom and Janice, thank you for your patience, support, and help with my daughter while I completed classes, research, and writing. Your hard work and dedication has been nothing short of inspiring. Amaya, thank you for your amazing spirit and willingness to move across the world with me.
    [Show full text]
  • Observations on the State of Indigenous Human Rights in the Democratic Republic of Congo
    Observations on the State of Indigenous Human Rights in the Democratic Republic of Congo Prepared for: The 33rd Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review February 2019 Submission date: October 2018 Cultural Survival is an international Indigenous rights organization with a global Indigenous leadership and consultative status with ECOSOC since 2005. Cultural Survival is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in the United States. Cultural Survival monitors the protection of Indigenous Peoples' rights in countries throughout the world and publishes its findings in its magazine, the Cultural Survival Quarterly; and on its website: www.cs.org. Cultural Survival also produces and distributes quality radio programs that strengthen and sustain Indigenous languages, cultures, and civil participation. Submitted by Cultural Survival Cultural Survival 2067 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02140 Tel: 1 (617) 441 5400 [email protected] www.culturalsurvival.org Observations on the State of Indigenous Human Rights in Democratic Republic of Congo I. Background Information Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has experienced instability and conflict throughout much of its independence since 1960. There has been a resurgence of violence particularly in the east of the country, despite a peace agreement signed with the National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP), a primarily Tutsi rebel group. An attempt to integrate CNDP members into the Congolese military failed, prompting their defection in 2012 and the formation of the M23 armed group, and led to continuous conflict causing the displacement of large populations and human rights abuses before the M23 was pushed out of DRC to Uganda and Rwanda in late 2013 by a joint DRC and UN offensive.
    [Show full text]
  • African Indigenous Peoples and REDD+ Human Rights, Equity and Forest Carbon Capture in Climate Mitigation
    INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF AFRICA COORDINATING COMMITTEE COMITÉ DE COORDINATION DES PEUPLES AUTOCHTONES D'AFRIQUE African Indigenous Peoples and REDD+ Human rights, equity and forest carbon capture in climate mitigation Published by Indigenous Peoples of Africa Coordinating Committee November 2011 African Indigenous Peoples and REDD+ Human rights, equity and forest carbon capture in climate mitigation Published by: Indigenous Peoples of Africa Coordinating Committee (IPACC) ISBN: 978-0-9814477-4-2 November 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Indigenous Peoples of Africa Coordinating Committee wishes to thank the individuals and institutions that made this REDD+ training manual and report possible. The materials were initiated in 2009 with a grant from the World’ Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) for training indigenous African leaders in carbon and mitigation issues. Training was provided by Mssrs Kanyinke Paul Sena, Julian Sturgeon and Tony Knowles. Contributors are listed in each chapter, they including: Julian Sturgeon (South Africa), Kanyinke Paul Sena (Kenya), Joseph Itongwa (Democratic Republic of Congo), Jean Nganga (Congo Republic) and Tony Knowles (South Africa). Editing has been provided by Amanda Siegrühn and Nigel Crawhall. French editing and translation into English are by Marie-Anne Staebler and Nigel Crawhall. Layout and Design: Studentworx Funding for this 2011 REDD+ report and materials was generously provided by WWF, with support from a grant from the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad). The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors or IPACC and do not necessarily reflect the views of either of these organizations. We extend our special thanks to Jenny Springer at WWF for her support.
    [Show full text]
  • International Legal Context
    THE RIGHTS OF THE PYGMY PEOPLE IN THE REPUBLIC OF CONGO International Legal Context Prepared by S. James Anaya Moira Gracey Leonardo Alvarado Indigenous Peoples Law & Policy Program The University of Arizona, Rogers College of Law Tucson, Arizona for Rainforest Foundation - UK The Rights of the Pygmy People in Congo – International Legal Context CONTENTS I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 II. Overview of International Human Rights Treaties to which the Congo is a Party................... 4 A. AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES’ RIGHTS .......................................................... 5 B. INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (ICCPR)............................... 8 C. CONVENTION FOR THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (CONVENTION AGAINST DISCRIMINATION).................................................................. 12 D. INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS .................... 14 E. OTHER INTERNATIONAL TREATIES TO WHICH CONGO IS A PARTY......................................... 17 III. Other International Instruments Relevant to the Rights of Indigenous Peoples................... 18 A. ILO CONVENTION NO. 169 ................................................................................................... 19 B. INTER-AMERICAN HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS ................................................................ 24 C. INTERNATIONAL DECLARATIONS AND POLICY
    [Show full text]
  • TITLE: Carriers of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup L3 Basic
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/233502; this version posted December 13, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 TITLE: 2 Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basic 3 lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years 4 ago. 5 1* 2 3,4 6 Vicente M. Cabrera , Patricia Marrero , Khaled K. Abu-Amero , 1 7 Jose M. Larruga 8 *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 9 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de 10 La Laguna, E-38271 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. 11 12 ABSTRACT 13 Background: After three decades of mtDNA studies on human 14 evolution the only incontrovertible main result is the African origin of 15 all extant modern humans. In addition, a southern coastal route has 16 been relentlessly imposed to explain the Eurasian colonization of 17 these African pioneers. Based on the age of macrohaplogroup L3, 18 from which all maternal Eurasian and the majority of African 19 lineages originated, that out-of-Africa event has been dated around 20 60-70 kya. On the opposite side, we have proposed a northern route 21 through Central Asia across the Levant for that expansion. 22 Consistent with the fossil record, we have dated it around 125 kya. 23 To help bridge differences between the molecular and fossil record 24 ages, in this article we assess the possibility that mtDNA 25 macrohaplogroup L3 matured in Eurasia and returned to Africa as 26 basic L3 lineages around 70 kya.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Quarterly Report 3Rd Quarter 2018 New Region
    GLOBAL QUARTERLY REPORT 3RD QUARTER 2018 NEW REGION For ten years we have included a North African country in the West Francophone region, due to similarities with people groups in neighboring Sub-Saharan countries. Geographically and missiologically, however, it should be classified as North African. In the future it will represent a seventh region in which New Generations teams operate; labeled “North Africa.” GOD’S FAVOR Historically missiologists have viewed the Pygmy peoples of the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo as highly resistant to the Gospel. Animosity towards the Gospel may in part be due to centuries of maltreatment by neighboring African people groups and more recently, maltreatment by colonialists. As of this quarter, we celebrate God’s favor over the work of church planters in these areas with the news of a total of 2,837 new churches planted and 146,283 new Christ Followers since our work began among the Pygmies. Three new people/urban groups were engaged with churches planted this quarter in Sub-Saharan Africa with an adjustment to the total number of people/urban/affinity groups engaged stated in our last report, bringing our current total to 392. new generations | P.O. Box 5412 Wheaton, IL 60189 | (833) 628-2820 | [email protected] | newgenerations.org NEW GENERATIONS’ GLOBAL CHURCH PLANTING AMAZING RESULTS NON-CUMULATIVE GROWTH TO DATE 2,400 Since March 2005, 61,645 Disciple Making Movement (DMM*) churches have been planted resulting in 1,600 1,518,227 new Christ Followers, 433,811 of whom are from Muslim backgrounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples' Issues
    Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues Congo Country Technical Notes on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues THE REPUBLIC OF CONGO Submitted by: IWGIA October 2014 Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations 'developed' and 'developing' countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. All rights reserved Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................................................... 4 Summary .................................................................................................................... 1 1.The indigenous peoples of the Republic of Congo .................................................... 3 1.1 The national context ............................................................................................. 3 1.2 Terminology ........................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Demography and location .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Making Community Forests Work for Local and Indigenous Communities in the Central African Republic: Anthropological Perspectives on Strategies for Intervention
    MAKING COMMUNITY FORESTS WORK FOR LOCAL AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON STRATEGIES FOR INTERVENTION Robert E. Moïse in collaboration with Marjolaine Pichon May 2019 PART OF THE UNDER THE CANOPY SERIES CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS 1 GLOSSARY 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 1. INTRODUCTION 8 2. GOALS AND CHALLENGES OF COMMUNITY FORESTRY 12 3 WHY COMMUNITY FORESTRY EFFORTS HAVE FAILED TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS: THE CASE OF CAMEROON 15 4. CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXTS FOR COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN CAR 17 The Land: Customary Forest Management 17 The Historical Context: Relations between Bantu and indigenous peoples 20 The People: Customary Social Organisation 22 Politics: Decision-making, Leadership and Customary ‘Democracy’ 26 5. LEVERAGING CUSTOMARY INSTITUTIONS TO CREATE SUCCESSFUL COMMUNITY FORESTRY 29 Promoting Sustainable Management 29 Making Community Forestry ‘Community-Friendly’ 31 Facilitating Sustainable Commercialisation 33 Protecting Indigenous Rights and Facilitating Indigenous Participation 34 6. AREAS REQUIRING ADDITIONAL SUPPORT 37 7. RECOMMENDATIONS 38 REFERENCES 40 LIST OF ACRONYMS CAR Central African Republic CdG Comité de Gestion (Management Committee) CSO Civil Society Organisation DfID Department for International Development (British government) DRC Democratic Republic of Congo FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent IP Indigenous People MEFP Maison de l’Enfant et de la Femme Pygmées NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product PA Protected Area RFUK Rainforest Foundation United Kingdom UNDRIP United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 1 GLOSSARY Anthropological terms • Bayaka: also referred to as ‘Aka’, they are the most numerous of the three indigenous groups living in the forest areas of southwestern CAR. Since all our indigenous respondents were Bayaka, we also use it as a more general term for the indigenous peoples of the southwest.
    [Show full text]
  • "Genetics and Demographic History of the Bantu" In
    Genetics and Advanced article Article Contents Demographic History of • Introduction • The Migration of Bantu-speaking Peoples out the Bantu of West Africa • Migratory Routes Jorge Rocha, CIBIO/InBIO and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Univer- • Admixture with Other Populations sity of Porto, Porto, Portugal Online posting date: 15th November 2016 Anne-Maria Fehn, Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany and CIBIO/InBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Peoples speaking languages of the Bantu fam- of these languages suggests that their present distribution must ily are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, from be the result of a relatively recent, rapid spread, which came the equatorial rainforest to the Cape of Good to be known as the Bantu expansion. However, there are many Hope. Their present-day distribution is the result aspects of the history of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking of a remarkable expansion, which started about populations that remain to be clarified and are the object of 4000–5000 years ago in the borderland between intense multidisciplinary research, involving contributions from Cameroon and Nigeria. The genetic distances linguistics, ethnography, archaeology and genetics. Until recently, most studies on the genetics of Bantu-speaking among Bantu-speaking populations are signifi- peoples were based on the study of mitochondrial deoxyribonu- cantly lower than those between the Bantu and cleic acid (mtDNA) and the nonrecombining region of the Y chro- other ethnolinguistic groups from Africa, suggest- mosome (NRY). As both mtDNA and NRY lack recombination, ing an actual movement of people, rather than it is relatively easy to infer their phylogenies by reconstructing cultural diffusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Invited Editorial: African Pygmies, What's Behind a Name? Paul Verdu Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA, [email protected]
    Human Biology Volume 84 | Issue 1 Article 8 2012 Invited editorial: African Pygmies, what's behind a name? Paul Verdu Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA, [email protected] Giovanni Destro-Bisol Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza" Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol Recommended Citation Verdu, Paul and Destro-Bisol, Giovanni (2012) "Invited editorial: African Pygmies, what's behind a name?," Human Biology: Vol. 84: Iss. 1, Article 8. Available at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol84/iss1/8 Invited editorial: African Pygmies, what's behind a name? Keywords African Pygmy, Genetic Diversity, Biological Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology, Pygmy Stature, Linguistics, Evolution, Adaptation, Interdisciplinary Perspectives Cover Page Footnote The uthora s would like to sincerely thank Dr. Franz Manni and Dr. Pierre Darlu for their many words of advice and numerous comments concerning this editorial. Paul Verdu wants to thank Evelyne Heyer and colleagues at the CNRS and the MNHN of Paris (UMR 7206 "Ecoanthropology and Ethnobiology") for giving him the opportunity to work on Central African Pygmy populations between 2005 and 2008, a work which was supported by the ACI Prosodie. The current work is supported in part by the US National Institutes of Health grant RO1 GM081441. Giovanni Destro Bisol is grateful to Gabriella Spedini for giving him the opportunity to study Pygmy populations from the Central African Republic and Cameroon. He was supported by grants from the University of Rome "La Sapienza," the Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita` e della Ricerca, and the Istituto Italiano di Antropologia.
    [Show full text]