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Importance of Agriculture and Industrial Waste in the Field of Nano Subscriber access provided by READING UNIV Perspective IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE IN THE FIELD OF NANO CELLULOSE AND ITS RECENT INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTS: A REVIEW Rajinipriya Malladi, Malladi Nagalakshmaiah, Mathieu Robert, and Said Elkoun ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/ acssuschemeng.7b03437 • Publication Date (Web): 03 Feb 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on February 4, 2018 Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties. Page 1 of 70 ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 1 2 3 1 IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE IN THE FIELD OF 4 5 6 2 NANOCELLULOSE AND RECENT INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTS OF WOOD 7 8 3 BASED NANOCELLULOSE: A REVIEW 9 10 11 4 Rajinipriya Malladi, Malladi Nagalakshmaiah*, Mathieu Robert and Saïd Elkoun* 12 13 5 Center for Innovation in Technological Eco-design (CITE), University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, 14 6 Canada. 15 16 7 Abstract: 17 18 19 8 The nano sized cellulose materials is topical in the sphere of sustainable materials lately. The two 20 21 9 key groups of nanocellulose (NC) are 1) Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and 2) Cellulose 22 23 24 10 nanocrystals (CNC). They are often considered as a second-generation renewable resource, 25 26 11 which also serves as a better replacement for the petroleum-based products. The major attention 27 28 12 on these materials are increasing because of their low density, high mechanical, renewable and 29 30 31 13 biodegradable properties. There are many literatures on the isolation of NFC and CNC from 32 33 14 different sources like hard/soft wood and agriculture biomass. However, this is a comprehensive 34 35 15 review dedicated to the extraction and properties of NFC and CNC only from the agriculture and 36 37 16 industrial waste using mechanical, chemical and enzymatic methods. This article explores in 38 39 40 17 detail about the importance of agriculture waste and the pre-treatments, methods involved in the 41 42 18 production of nanocellulose, the properties of NC prepared from crop and industrial wastes. The 43 44 19 potential applications of nanocellulose from different sources are discussed. The current 45 46 47 20 extensive industrial activities in the production of nanocellulose had been presented. This review 48 49 21 will likely draw attention of researchers towards crop and industrial wastes as a new source in 50 51 22 the realm of nanocellulose. 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 ACS Paragon Plus Environment ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Page 2 of 70 1 2 3 23 Keywords: Nanocellulose (NC), Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), 4 5 6 24 Agriculture biomass and Industrial developments. 7 8 9 25 INTRODUCTION: 10 11 12 26 The production of cellulosic material increases tremendously to fulfil the need for renewable and 13 14 27 eco-friendly sustainable materials.1 Cellulose is often considered as one of the most important 15 16 17 28 natural resource. With the advent of nanoscience, the researchers and industries focus in the 18 19 29 production of NC in huge quantities and it is evident from increasing number of publications and 20 21 30 patents in this field.2The trailing purpose behind the growth of research in NC lies in their 22 23 3 24 31 promising properties such as low density and high mechanical strength. Cellulose can be found 25 26 32 in different sources like wood, natural fibers (agriculture biomass), marine animal (tunicate), 27 28 33 algae and fungi.4 The composition of cellulose is highly dependent on the source.5 This review 29 30 31 34 deals with the crop waste as a core source for the extraction of NC. 32 33 35 34 With the ever-increasing demand for renewable resource, the crop waste is meant to be an 35 36 36 appropriate material. The recovery of waste makes it possible to protect the environment and to 37 38 37 benefit from low cost reinforcements. Agriculture waste biomass is significant resource for the 39 40 38 reason it is environmental friendly, low cost, readily available, renewable and exhibit somehow 41 42 6 7 43 39 acceptable mechanical properties. The crop waste constitutes abundant natural fibers. The 44 45 40 agriculture waste fibers can be obtained from cotton stalk, pineapple leaf, rice straw, flax, hemp, 46 47 41 soy pods, rice husk, garlic straw, potato peel, grape skin etc. Agri biomass can be used in 48 49 50 42 multitude applications like paper, textile industry, composites, building, furniture and medical 51 52 43 fields. 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 ACS Paragon Plus Environment Page 3 of 70 ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 1 2 3 44 The NC market is currently emphasized because of the augmented focus of the governments, 4 5 6 45 industries, funding agencies and Universities. The bio-based economy is rapidly increasing 7 8 46 resulting in the higher investments. The NC production includes high value added applications 9 10 47 like composites, paper industry, packaging, paints, oil &gas, personal care, medical care etc.8 11 12 48 The NC is first commercialised by celluforce Inc. in Quebec; a joint-venture between FP 13 14 9 15 49 innovations and Domtar. The NC industries are prominent in the areas of Asia Pacific, North 16 17 50 America, Europe, Latin America and Middle East and Africa including leading names like 18 19 51 Paperlogic, University of Maine, Borregaard Norway, American Process, Nippon Paper Japan, 20 21 22 52 Innventia Sweden, CTP/FCBA France, Oji Paper, Japan. 23 24 25 53 This article aims to deliver the consolidate details on structure and multiple sources of cellulose, 26 27 54 NC, their extraction from agri-based sources and the current industrial developments on NC 28 29 55 production and applications. There are numerous literature which deal with various aspects of 30 31 10,11 12–14 32 56 NC like source, production of nanofibrillated cellulose, production of nanocrystals, 33 11 15 16 17 34 57 extraction methods, pre-treatments, properties and applications. However, there is only 35 36 58 limited review on the agriculture biomass for the extraction of NC.6,18 Since the urge of 37 38 59 converting agriculture waste into wealth is increasing for the reasons of waste management, 39 40 41 60 improve ecofriendly resource and creating new source of economy, this review paper 42 43 61 concentrates on the inside story of the agriculture biomass, extraction of NC from crop waste, 44 45 62 different treatments, pre-treatments involved. It also deals with the properties of isolated NC. To 46 47 48 63 conclude, the applications and industrial evolution in the production of NC are also addressed. 49 50 51 64 SOURCE OF CELLULOSE: 52 53 54 65 Cellulose is the amplest resource of natural fibers. Annually, the extraction of cellulose is 55 10 12 56 66 assessed to be over 7.5 x 10 tons. Cellulose is extracted from various sources including wood 57 58 59 60 ACS Paragon Plus Environment ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Page 4 of 70 1 2 3 67 (Hard or soft wood), seed (cotton), bast (Flax, hemp), cane (bamboo, bagasse), leaf (Sisal), straw 4 5 19 6 68 (rice, wheat), fruit (Coir), tunicate, algae, fungi, bacteria and minerals. Figure 1 shows the 7 8 69 hierarchical representation of the chief sources from which cellulose can be extracted. 9 10 11 70 12 13 14 71 15 16 72 17 18 19 73 20 21 74 22 23 24 75 25 26 27 76 28 29 77 30 31 32 78 Figure 1. Hierarchical representation various sources of cellulose. 33 34 35 79 The source is placed in the order of conventional source like wood and cotton, which is 36 37 80 considered as the primary origin. Wood can be classified as soft/hard wood based on their 38 39 81 structural aspect.20 Then comes the agriculture waste which are the unprocessed wastes that are 40 41 42 82 coming directly from the field residues like rice straw, banana rachis, corncob etc. The crop 43 44 83 waste is becoming the second highest source of cellulose.
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