CH0204 Organic Chemical Technology

Lecture 6

Chapter 1 Natural Products

Balasubramanian S Assistant Professor (OG) Department of Chemical Engineering

Balasubramanian S 1 Overview of topics

Chapter 1 NATURAL PRODUCTS

1 and

2 Sugar

3 Starch and its derivaves

Balasubramanian S 2 Overview of topics

Chapter 1 NATURAL PRODUCTS

1 Pulp and Paper

2 Sugar

3 Starch and its derivaves

Balasubramanian S 3 Pulp and Paper

Definions History of Pulp and Paper Global Pulp and Paper industries scenario Indian Pulp and Paper Industries scenario Raw materials Manufacture of Pulp and paper Process descripon Paper products

Balasubramanian S 4 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials Pulping

Paper producon requires a disintegraon of the bulky fibrous material to individual or small agglomerate fibers. This is called Pulping.

The requirement of a good raw material for pulp and paper producon,

1. The ideal fiber for high grade paper should be long i.e. fiber must be long 2. High in content 3. Low in content

Balasubramanian S 5 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials

Coniferous Woods which So wood includes, redwood, spruce, pines and so on.

Comes from deciduous trees which incudes Hard Wood Eucalyptus, Pinus, Rubber plants and so on

Munji, Sabai grass, and Raw material Grasses and reeds Bamboo varies

Rice, Wheat, Barley, Straws and so on

Coon linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere Coon linters to the seeds of the coon plant aer ginning.

Balasubramanian S 6 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials

So wood

Coniferous Woods which includes, redwood, spruce, pines and so on.

Balasubramanian S 7 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials

Hard Wood

Comes from deciduous trees which incudes Eucalyptus, Rubber plants and so on

Balasubramanian S 8 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials

Grasses and reeds

Munji, Sabai grass, and Bamboo varies

Balasubramanian S 9 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials

Straws

Rice, Wheat, bagasse and so on

Balasubramanian S 10 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials

Coon linters

Coon linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the coon plant aer ginning.

Balasubramanian S 11 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials Wood

Balasubramanian S 12 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials

Array of high molecular weight glucose polymer chains, currently more valuable as fiber

Binder for cellulose fiber and it is a complex amorphous poly phenol polymer

Cellulose

Hemi Cellulose

Disordered array of several sugar polymers Balasubramanian S 13 Pulp and Paper

Definions History of Pulp and Paper Global Pulp and Paper industries scenario Indian Pulp and Paper Industries scenario Raw materials Manufacture of Pulp and paper Process descripon Paper products

Balasubramanian S 14 Pulp and Paper – Pulping Methods

Mechanical Sulfate (or) Kra Process Pulping Chemical Sulfite Semi Chemical

Balasubramanian S 15 Pulp and Paper – Pulping Methods

Mechanical Chemical Semi chemical Wood is debarked and it The cellulose from the Wood chips are given with mild chemical is mechanically wood is freed from treatment with dilute mixture; of sulfite, shredded to form fibers. lignin by chemical sulfate, causc soda, and or soda ash reagents. reagents. Suitable for the Pulp produced has high The wood is soened sufficiently to allow producon of strength and fine mechanical separaon of fibers without , toweling, texture. Suitable for the excess power. toilet ssues and cheap producon of , Suitable for prinng-wring and paper books where cellulose derivaves and newsprint . strength and ease of high strength paper. bleaching.

Balasubramanian S 16 Pulp and Paper – Pulping Methods Difference between sulfate (kra) and sulfite process

Characteriscs Sulfate, or Kra pulp(Alkaline) Sulfite Pulp (Acid) 1. Cellulosic or fibrous raw Any kind of wood, so or hard Coniferous; must be good color material and free from phenolic compounds

2. Cooking liquor or white 60% NaOH Composion depends on process

liquor composion 25% Na2S modificaons, but all use SO3 15% Na2CO3 (a)Magnifite process: Mg(HSO3)2 + free SO2 in acid media

(b)Neutral Sulfite process:

Na2SO3, Na2CO3, NaHCO3

(c)Acid Sulfite process:

NaHCO3, Na2CO3

Balasubramanian S 17 Pulp and Paper – Pulping Methods

Characteriscs Sulfate, or Kra pulp(Alkaline) Sulfite Pulp (Acid) 3. Cooking condions Time 2 – 5 h, temp 170 – 176 Time 6 – 12 h, temp 125 – deg. C, Pressure 660 – 925 kPa 160 deg, C, Pressure 620 – 755 kPa

4. Chemical recovery Most of the process is devoted SO3 Relief gas recovered; to the recovery of cooking liquor recovered chemicals, with recovery of and reused aer wood heat through organic maer digeson and pulp washing dissolved in liquor from wood; Chemical losses from the system is replenished with salt

cake and Na2SO4

5. Material of construcon Digesters, pipelines, pumps, Acid and magnifite process and tanks can be made of mild requires digester lining of steel or, preferably of stainless acid-proof brick; fings of steel chrome-nickel steel, lead and bronze

Balasubramanian S 18 Pulp and Paper – Pulping Methods

Characteriscs Sulfate, or Kra pulp(Alkaline) Sulfite Pulp (Acid) 6. Pulp characteriscs Brown color; difficult to bleach; Dull white color; easily strong fibers; resistant to bleached; fibers weaker than mechanical refining Kra 7. Typical paper products Strong brown bag and White grades: , wrapping, mulwall bags, bread wrap, fruit ssue, gumming paper, strong white sanitary ssue wring and prinng paper, corrugated boards and

Balasubramanian S 19 Pulp and Paper – Manufacture

General process

Wood – Cellulose fiber Bleaching Chemicals Process Paper Addives or agents

Water and Steam

Balasubramanian S 20 Pulp and Paper – General aspects process steps

Wood Wood is debarked and made into chips

Pulping 1. Disintegraon of cellulose fibers 2. Removal of lignin

Washing and Improves the brightness of pulp Bleaching

Stock Chemicals as addives were added to 1. Increase flexibility, opacity, soness and weight of finished paper Preparaon 2. Sizing is carried out to reduce water or other liquid penetraon

Formaon of paper by 1. Forming a wet web followed by pressing the wet sheet 2. Drying the sheet

Paper Products Finished paper products

Balasubramanian S 21 Pulp manufacture – Block diagram for Cooking liqour and steam Wood Blow down Chips Chip Bin Digester Strainer tank

Black Liquor Black liquor Soda recovery tank Bleaching agents

Pulp to Rotary Bleaching Screen bleaching drum Addives Black liquor Knots and undigested residue Stock Refiner or Wire /Web Head box Preparaon Beater forming

Drying Finishing Rewinder Press rolls Cylinders Balasubramanian S 22 Pulp manufacture – Process diagram for Kraft process

Balasubramanian S 23 Pulp and Paper

Definions History of Pulp and Paper Global Pulp and Paper industries scenario Indian Pulp and Paper Industries scenario Raw materials Manufacture of Pulp and paper Process descripon Paper products

Balasubramanian S 24 Pulp manufacture – Process description

Balasubramanian S 25 Pulp manufacture-Soda recovery for the Kraft process

Balasubramanian S 26 Pulp manufacture – Process description of soda recovery

Balasubramanian S 27 Pulp manufacture – Process description of soda recovery

Balasubramanian S 28 Paper Machine

Primary process involved in the paper sheet formaon:

• Random arrangement of fibers into a wet web • Removal of free water from wet web by wet pressing • Progressive removal of addional water by heated rolls

Balasubramanian S 29 Paper Machine

Balasubramanian S 30 Pulp and Paper

Definions History of Pulp and Paper Global Pulp and Paper industries scenario Indian Pulp and Paper Industries scenario Raw materials Manufacture of Pulp and paper Process descripon Paper products

Balasubramanian S 31 Pulp manufacture – Process description of soda recovery

Balasubramanian S 32 Paper Products

Paper Wring-prinng papers News print papers Coated prinng papers Packaging papers Tissue papers Corrugated boards

Balasubramanian S 33 References

1. Dryden C. E, Outlines of Chemical technoloy – for the 21st Century, 3rd edion, East-West Press (2004)

2. Ausn G. T, Shreve’s Chemical Process Industries, 5th edion, Mc Graw Hill Internaonal edions (1984)

3. Finar IL, Organic Chemistry Vol. 1 6th Edion Pearson Educaon 2009 pp.116-117

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