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Sulfite Pulp CH0204 Organic Chemical Technology Lecture 6 Chapter 1 Natural Products Balasubramanian S Assistant Professor (OG) Department of Chemical Engineering Balasubramanian S 1 Overview of topics Chapter 1 NATURAL PRODUCTS 1 Pulp and Paper 2 Sugar 3 Starch and its derivaves Balasubramanian S 2 Overview of topics Chapter 1 NATURAL PRODUCTS 1 Pulp and Paper 2 Sugar 3 Starch and its derivaves Balasubramanian S 3 Pulp and Paper Definions History of Pulp and Paper Global Pulp and Paper industries scenario Indian Pulp and Paper Industries scenario Raw materials Manufacture of Pulp and paper Process descripGon Paper products Balasubramanian S 4 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials Pulping Paper producGon requires a disintegraon of the bulky fibrous material to individual or small agglomerate fibers. This is called Pulping. The requirement of a good raw material for pulp and paper producon, 1. The ideal fiber for high grade paper should be long i.e. fiber must be long 2. High in cellulose content 3. Low in lignin content Balasubramanian S 5 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials Coniferous Woods which So wood includes, redwood, spruce, pines and so on. Comes from deciduous trees which incudes Hard Wood Eucalyptus, Pinus, Rubber plants and so on Munji, Sabai grass, and Raw material Grasses and reeds Bamboo variGes Rice, Wheat, Barley, Straws bagasse and so on CoYon linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere CoYon linters to the seeds of the coYon plant aer ginning. Balasubramanian S 6 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials So wood Coniferous Woods which includes, redwood, spruce, pines and so on. Balasubramanian S 7 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials Hard Wood Comes from deciduous trees which incudes Eucalyptus, Rubber plants and so on Balasubramanian S 8 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials Grasses and reeds Munji, Sabai grass, and Bamboo variGes Balasubramanian S 9 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials Straws Rice, Wheat, bagasse and so on Balasubramanian S 10 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials CoYon linters CoYon linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the coYon plant aer ginning. Balasubramanian S 11 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials Wood Balasubramanian S 12 Pulp and Paper – Raw materials Array of high molecular weight glucose polymer chains, currently more valuable as fiber Binder for cellulose fiber and it is a complex amorphous poly phenol polymer Cellulose Hemi Cellulose Disordered array of several sugar polymers Balasubramanian S 13 Pulp and Paper Definions History of Pulp and Paper Global Pulp and Paper industries scenario Indian Pulp and Paper Industries scenario Raw materials Manufacture of Pulp and paper Process descripGon Paper products Balasubramanian S 14 Pulp and Paper – Pulping Methods Mechanical Sulfate (or) Kra Process Pulping Chemical Sulfite Semi Chemical Balasubramanian S 15 Pulp and Paper – Pulping Methods Mechanical Chemical Semi chemical Wood is debarked and it The cellulose from the Wood chips are given with mild chemical is mechanically wood is freed from treatment with dilute mixture; of sulfite, shredded to form fibers. lignin by chemical sulfate, causGc soda, and or soda ash reagents. reagents. Suitable for the Pulp produced has high The wood is soVened sufficiently to allow producon of strength and fine mechanical separaon of fibers without newsprint, toweling, texture. Suitable for the excess power. toilet Gssues and cheap producGon of rayon, Suitable for prinGng-wriGng and paper books where cellulose derivaves and newsprint papers. strength and ease of high strength paper. bleaching. Balasubramanian S 16 Pulp and Paper – Pulping Methods Difference between sulfate (kra) and sulfite process Characteriscs Sulfate, or Kra9 pulp(Alkaline) Sulfite Pulp (Acid) 1. Cellulosic or fibrous raw Any kind of wood, soV or hard Coniferous; must be good color material and free from phenolic compounds 2. Cooking liquor or white 60% NaOH Composion depends on process liquor composion 25% Na2S modificaons, but all use SO3 15% Na2CO3 (a)Magnifite process: Mg(HSO3)2 + free SO2 in acid media (b)Neutral Sulfite process: Na2SO3, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 (c)Acid Sulfite process: NaHCO3, Na2CO3 Balasubramanian S 17 Pulp and Paper – Pulping Methods Characteriscs Sulfate, or Kra9 pulp(Alkaline) Sulfite Pulp (Acid) 3. Cooking condions Time 2 – 5 h, temp 170 – 176 Time 6 – 12 h, temp 125 – deg. C, Pressure 660 – 925 kPa 160 deg, C, Pressure 620 – 755 kPa 4. Chemical recovery Most of the process is devoted SO3 Relief gas recovered; to the recovery of cooking magnesium liquor recovered chemicals, with recovery of and reused aer wood heat through organic maer digesGon and pulp washing dissolved in liquor from wood; Chemical losses from the system is replenished with salt cake and Na2SO4 5. Material of construcGon Digesters, pipelines, pumps, Acid and magnifite process and tanks can be made of mild requires digester lining of steel or, preferably of stainless acid-proof brick; fings of steel chrome-nickel steel, lead and bronze Balasubramanian S 18 Pulp and Paper – Pulping Methods Characteriscs Sulfate, or Kra9 pulp(Alkaline) Sulfite Pulp (Acid) 6. Pulp characterisGcs Brown color; difficult to bleach; Dull white color; easily strong fibers; resistant to bleached; fibers weaker than mechanical refining Kra 7. Typical paper products Strong brown bag and White grades: book paper, wrapping, mulGwall bags, bread wrap, fruit Gssue, gumming paper, strong white sanitary Gssue wriGng and prinGng paper, corrugated boards and cartons Balasubramanian S 19 Pulp and Paper – Manufacture General process Wood – Cellulose fiber White liquor Bleaching Chemicals Process Paper AddiGves or Sizing agents Water and Steam Balasubramanian S 20 Pulp and Paper – General aspects process steps Wood Wood is debarked and made into chips Pulping 1. Disintegraon of cellulose fibers 2. Removal of lignin Washing and Improves the brightness of pulp Bleaching Stock Chemicals as addiGves were added to 1. Increase flexibility, opacity, soVness and weight of finished paper Preparaon 2. Sizing is carried out to reduce water or other liquid penetraon Formaon of paper by Paper machine 1. Forming a wet web followed by pressing the wet sheet 2. Drying the sheet Paper Products Finished paper products Balasubramanian S 21 Pulp manufacture – Block diagram for Kraft process Cooking liqour and steam Wood Blow down Chips Chip Bin Digester Strainer tank Black liquor Black Liquor Black liquor Soda recovery tank Bleaching agents Pulp to Rotary Bleaching Screen bleaching drum AddiGves Black liquor Knots and undigested residue Stock Refiner or Wire /Web Head box Preparaon Beater forming Drying Finishing Rewinder Press rolls Cylinders Balasubramanian S 22 Pulp manufacture – Process diagram for Kraft process Balasubramanian S 23 Pulp and Paper Definions History of Pulp and Paper Global Pulp and Paper industries scenario Indian Pulp and Paper Industries scenario Raw materials Manufacture of Pulp and paper Process descripGon Paper products Balasubramanian S 24 Pulp manufacture – Process description Balasubramanian S 25 Pulp manufacture-Soda recovery for the Kraft process Balasubramanian S 26 Pulp manufacture – Process description of soda recovery Balasubramanian S 27 Pulp manufacture – Process description of soda recovery Balasubramanian S 28 Paper Machine Primary process involved in the paper sheet formaon: • Random arrangement of fibers into a wet web • Removal of free water from wet web by wet pressing • Progressive removal of addiGonal water by heated rolls Balasubramanian S 29 Paper Machine Balasubramanian S 30 Pulp and Paper Definions History of Pulp and Paper Global Pulp and Paper industries scenario Indian Pulp and Paper Industries scenario Raw materials Manufacture of Pulp and paper Process descripGon Paper products Balasubramanian S 31 Pulp manufacture – Process description of soda recovery Balasubramanian S 32 Paper Products Paper WriGng-prinGng papers News print papers Coated prinGng papers Packaging papers Tissue papers Corrugated boards Balasubramanian S 33 References 1. Dryden C. E, Outlines of Chemical technoloy – for the 21st Century, 3rd ediGon, East-West Press (2004) 2. Ausn G. T, Shreve’s Chemical Process Industries, 5th ediGon, Mc Graw Hill Internaonal ediGons (1984) 3. Finar IL, Organic Chemistry Vol. 1 6th EdiGon Pearson Educaon 2009 pp.116-117 17/02/11 Balasubramanian S 34 .
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