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The Context of REDD+ in the Democratic Republic of Congo Drivers, Agents and Institutions

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OCCASIONAL PAPER The context of REDD+ in the Democratic Republic of Congo Drivers, agents and institutions Augustin M. Mpoyi Floribert B. Nyamwoga Felicien M. Kabamba Samuel Assembe-Mvondo OCCASIONAL PAPER 94 The context of REDD+ in the Democratic Republic of Congo Drivers, agents and institutions Augustin M. Mpoyi CODELT, DRC Floribert B. Nyamwoga CODELT, DRC Felicien M. Kabamba CODELT, DRC Samuel Assembe-Mvondo CIFOR, Yaoundé, Cameroon Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Occasional Paper 94 © 2013 Center for International Forestry Research Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑nc‑nd/3.0/ ISBN 978‑602‑1504‑13‑0 Mpoyi AM, Nyamwoga FB, Kabamba FM and Assembe‑Mvondo S. 2013. The context of REDD+ in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Drivers, agents and institutions. Occasional Paper 94. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. Photo by Bobulix/Flickr CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622‑622 F +62 (251) 8622‑100 E [email protected] cifor.org Any views expressed in this book are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers. Table of contents Acknowledgements v List of abbreviations and acronyms vi Executive summary viii 1 Introduction 1 2 Analysis of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 3 2.1 Introduction 3 2.2 Forest cover and historical background 3 2.3 Review of main factors of change in the forest cover 9 2.4 Potential for mitigation 13 3 Institutional environment and revenue‑sharing 17 3.1 Governance in the forestry sector 17 3.2 Decentralisation and revenue‑sharing 23 3.3 Land governance, carbon rights and indigenous rights 28 3.4 Conclusion 32 4 Political economics of deforestation and forest degradation 33 4.1 Politico‑economic context of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and their impact on the REDD+ process 33 4.2 A forest policy with a strong economic goal 34 4.3 Deforestation and sectoral policies 35 4.4 Pressure from international demand 39 4.5 Conclusion 40 5 REDD political environment: Actors, events and political processes 41 5.1 REDD+ actors, events and political processes 41 5.2 Participation process and access to information on REDD+ 46 5.3 Future options for REDD+ policies and processes 47 6 Evaluation of the REDD+ profile with regard to the 3E+ criteria (effectiveness, efficiency, equity) and co‑benefits 51 6.1 Context: Institutions and governance 51 6.2 Resource tenure and property rights 52 6.3 Capacity for monitoring, reporting and verification 53 6.4 Funding for REDD+ and future cost–benefit options 53 6.5 Participation, vertical and horizontal coordination 54 7 Conclusion 55 8 References 56 List of figures, tables and box Figures 2.1 Forest distribution in Democratic Republic of Congo, modified on the basis of the land use map 1:3 000 000 3 2.2 Map of WWF ecoregions in Democratic Republic of Congo 4 2.3 Demarcation of zones for sub‑national analysis and availability of estimates on deforestation and forest degradation 5 2.4 Population distribution and density throughout the Democratic Republic of Congo, according to the Ministry of Health; prepared by Kalombo K. Donatien 7 2.5 Distribution of Landsat samples and estimations (in ha) of the area affected annually by deforestation and degradation between 1990 and 2000 8 2.6 Distribution of Landsat samples and estimations (in ha) of the area affected annually by deforestation and degradation between 2000 and 2005 9 2.7 Direct possible causes and potential drivers of deforestation and degradation in the context of the Democratic Republic of Congo for the period 1990 to 2005 10 2.8 Scenario of historical and future deforestation in the Democratic Republic of Congo 14 2.9 Mitigation potential, societal approach, timeline 2030 15 4.1 Landscape deforested by mining operations 38 5.1 Forecast calendar for the REDD process in Democratic Republic of Congo 43 5.2 Location of pilot projects in Democratic Republic of Congo 45 Tables 3.1 Breakdown of responsibilities according to the Constitution and the new laws on decentralisation 24 3.2 Indicative breakdown of jurisdiction among the three levels of forest governance according to the Forest Code and its implementation texts 25 3.3 Transfers from the Central Government to the provinces between 2007 and October 2010 27 4.1 Funding for aid programmes that include agriculture 36 Box 3.1 The 28 international environmental conventions that have been ratified by DRC 18 Acknowledgements This study was funded by the Norwegian Agency work was done by the CODELT drafting team for Development Cooperation (NORAD), the with the active support of Angelique Mbelu. Australian Agency for International Development The first version of the report was critically (AusAID), the UK Department for International reviewed by a team of CIFOR researchers Development (DFID) and the European comprised of Jolien Schure, Richard Eba’a Atyi, Commission (EC). These are the main funders Guillaume Lescuyer, Louis Putzel, Robert Nasi of the REDD+ global comparative studies and Andrew Wardell. The second rereading conducted by CIFOR (GCS‑REDD) in certain was done outside of CIFOR with expert countries of Latin America, South‑East Asia and input from Professor Theodore Trefon Sub‑Saharan Africa, which are part of the global (Royal Museum for Central Africa, Belgium), sample. The opinions expressed in this document, Dr Apollinaire Moyene Biloso (ICRAF, DRC), however, do not express the official positions Jostein Lindland (Counsellor, Forest and of NORAD, AusAID, DFID, EC, CIFOR or Climate Change Programme, Royal Norwegian CODELT. The origin of this report can be found Embassy, Kinshasa, DRC), and Lars Ekman in a methodology manual showing the type of (former Counsellor, Forest and Climate Change information being sought in the national context Programme, Royal Norwegian Embassy, of REDD+. The criteria and indicators taken Kinshasa, DRC). from the methodology manual are part of the overall methodological framework of Component We are also grateful to the CIFOR 1 of the Global Comparative Study prepared by administration and communications staff, Maria Brockhaus, Sheila Wertz‑Kanounnikoff especially Christine Wairata, Ria Widjaja‑Adhi, and Monica Di Gregorio who set the tone for Rahayu Koesnadi, Gideon Suharyanto and Erisa this work. who helped finalise this study. We also wish to acknowledge Sandra Caya, the editor, without This study was conducted in DRC through a whom the document would not have been Kinshasa‑based partnership between CIFOR published so expediently. and CODELT, a national NGO. Remarkable List of abbreviations and acronyms AFD Agence Française de Développement/French Development Agency AWF African Wildlife Foundation CAR Central African Republic CARPE Central African Regional Program for the Environment CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBFF Congo Basin Forest Fund CI Conservation International CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research CITES Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species CNONGD Conseil National des Organisations Non Gouvernementales de Développement CODELT Conseil pour la Défense Environnementale par la Légalité et la Traçabilité/Council for Environmental Defense through Legality and Traceability COMIFAC Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale/ Central African Forest Commission CoP14 UNFCCC 14th Conference of Parties CoP16 UNFCCC 16th Conference of Parties CSO Civil Society Organisation DDD Direction du Développement Durable DES Direction des Services Environnementaux DFID Department for International Development (UK) DGF Direction de la Gestion Forestière DGPA Dynamique des Groupes des Peuples Autochtones DIAF Direction d’Inventaires et d’Aménagement Forestiers/Directorate of Inventory and Forest Management DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DSCRP Document de Stratégie et de Croissance pour la Réduction de la Pauvrété en RDC/Growth Strategy and Poverty Reduction Document (for DRC) EC European Commission ECOSOC Economic and Social Council EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture ERAIFT École Regionale Post‑Universitaire d’Aménagement Intégré des Forêts Tropicales ETD Entité Territoriale Décentralisée/Decentralised Territorial Entities EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility FEC Fédération des Entreprises Congolaises FIB Fédération des Industriels du Bois FIP Forest Investment Programme FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade FORAF African Forests (project) FORCOL Forêts des Communautés Locales FORCOM Foresterie Communautaire FORMIS Forest Management Information System FTI Forest Transparency Initiative GEF Global Environment Fund GIZ (GTZ) German Technical Cooperation HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Countries IC Interministerial Committee ICCN Institut Congolais de Conservation de la Nature IDA International Development Association The context of REDD+ in the Democratic Republic of Congo | vii ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund INERA Institut National pour l’Étude et la Recherche Agronomique INGO International Non‑Governmental Organisation ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization JRC Joint Research Center LINAPYCO Ligue Nationale des Autochtones Pygmées du Congo MDTF Multi‑Donor Trust Fund (World Bank) MECNT Ministère de l’Environnement, Conservation de la Nature et Tourisme MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification
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