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Bats of the Sudan BATS OF THE SUDAN KARL F. KOOPMAN BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 154 : ARTICLE 4 NEW YORK: 1975 BATS OF THE SUDAN KARL F. KOOPMAN Associate Curator Department of Mammalogy The American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 154 : ARTICLE 4 NEW YORK: 1975 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 154, article 4, pages 353444, figures 1-60 Issued January 3, 1975 Price. $4.35 a copy ISSN 0003-0090 This article completes Volume 154. Copyright © The American Museum of Natural History 1975 ABSTRACT A revision of the species of bats (Chiroptera) best allocated to the arid southwestern Pale- occurring in the Republic of the Sudan (the arctic. The bat fauna is grouped into nine eco- former Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) is presented. geographical categories (forest, forest-savanna, sa- Sixty-six species are definitely recognized as oc- vanna, east African, desert, savanna-Palearctic, curring within the boundaries of the country, desert-Palearctic, Palearctic, and unclassified), whereas some 38 others are known from nearby and the Sudanese distribution of the species in areas and may cross its borders. All eight of the each category is summarized. A number of inter- widespread Old World families are represented. esting taxonomic problems are discussed, but the Most of the Sudan lies within the Ethiopian final resolution of most of them will involve region but a relatively small area in the north is analysis outside the Sudan. I N T R O D U C T I O N Setzer (1956) did not mention any species of ment of Mammalogy for all their help. I would the order Chiroptera. Sixty-six species are now like, however, to single out Dr. Guy Musser for known, however, from within the borders of the his perceptive reading of the manuscript and Ms. Republic of the Sudan and a number of others Marie Lawrence for her bibliographical assis- may be recorded in the future, particularly from tance. Ms. Frances Stiles prepared the maps. southern and eastern border areas. In the family The only other museums in the United States and generic accounts below, I have tried to iden- with any Sudan bat material, to my knowledge, tify the more probable of these and to indicate are the National Museum of Natural History in the parts of the Sudan where they are most likely Washington, D.C. and the Museum of Compara- to occur. tive Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. More recently, Kock (1969) published a major I thank Drs. David H. Johnson, Henry W. Set- work on the bats of the Sudan, which is based in zer, Charles 0. Handley, Jr., and Ronald H. Pine large degree on his collections, chiefly in Kordo- all of the National Museum of Natural History, fan Province. Kock has also garnered a great Washington, D.C., and Dr. Barbara Lawrence and many records from the older literature and criti- Charles Mack of the Museum of Comparative cally reviewed a number of taxonomic problems. Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. I have studied most of the specimens that were The most important collection of Sudan bats available to him, but in addition, I have seen and in Europe, if not the world, is at the British Mu- measured a great many more he did not see, seum (Natural History) in London. The entire particularly those from the southernmost prov- staff of the Mammal Section has been extremely ince of Equatoria. helpful, but I want particularly to thank Messrs. I began my study in 1959 when I was Assis- R. W. Hayman and John E. Hill and Ms. Jean In- tant Curator of Mammals at the Field Museum of gles. The Sudan bat collection at the Universitets Natural History (formerly Chicago Natural His- Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, was made tory Museum). I am indebted to Mr. Philip available to me by Dr. F. W. Braestrup and Mr. Hershkovitz, then chairman of the Division of Soren Gottke, for which I thank them. For Mammals, for his assistance in getting me started numerous courtesies and for making available the on the project. More recently, Dr. Joseph Curtis collection of the Senckenberg-Museum, Frank- Moore and Dr. Luis de la Torre have made avail- furt, I thank Dr. Heinz Felten. I am also indebted able to me specimens from the Field Museum to Dr. D. Kock for providing stimulating dis- collection. I have continued the study since join- cussion of many taxonomic problems and for ing the staff of the American Museum of Natural other help and to Mr. Otfried Lutt for his assis- History. I thank my colleagues of the Depart- tance. 355 356 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 154 At the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, a IRSN, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Sudan bat collection was made available by Dr. Belgique, Brussels Kurt Bauer. For that and for other courtesies I MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- thank him. bridge The following are collections containing small MHNP, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris MNS, Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Stutt- numbers of Sudan bats, together with the people gart who kindly made them available: MSNG, Museo Civico de Storia Naturale, Genova Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Univer- NMW, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna sitat, Berlin, Drs. H. Hackethal and R. RML, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Angermann; Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Leiden Stuttgart, Dr. F. Dieterlen; Rijksmuseum van SMF, Senckenberg-Museum, Frankfurt Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Dr. A. M. Husson; UFMZ, Museo Zoologico dell'Universita di Fi- Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Bel- renze, Italy gique, Brussels, Dr. X. Misonne; Museum d'His- USNM, National Museum of Natural History, toire Paris, Dr. F. Museo Civico Washington, D.C. Naturelle, Petter; ZMB, Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt- de Storia Naturale, Genova, Dr. E. Tortonese. Universitat, Berlin Important comparative material was also studied ZMK, Universitets Zoologiske Museum, Copen- at the Museo Zoologico dell'Universita di hagen Firenze, Italy. Hearty thanks to Drs. Benedetto Lanza and Alberto Simonetta who made the col- lection available to me and extended many cour- Part of my foreign travel support was pro- tesies during my brief stay. I thank Dr. J. S. vided by a National Science Foundation Grant Owen, formerly of Tanzania National Parks, GB-1391. Additional travel funds were provided Arusha, Tanzania, for lending me his useful field by the Council of the Scientific Staff of the notes of an extensive collection divided between American Museum of Natural History to which I the museums of Chicago and Copenhagen. Dr. am most grateful. C. D. Happold of the Department of Zoology, I have organized the systematic section of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, gave me valuable present paper with family accounts (under which information on specimens in the Sudan Natural additional genera that may occur in the Sudan History Museum, Khartoum, Sudan, and also are mentioned), generic accounts (under which about his own collections in the British Museum additional species possibly occurring in the Sudan (Natural History). Dr. David Harrison of Seven- are mentioned), and species accounts. Because oaks, Kent, England, made available specimens keys to all genera and most species of African from his own private collection of Sudan bats and bats were given by Hayman and Hill (1971), my also provided much stimulating discussion. keys are only for a few of the more complex All specimens are in the Field Museum unless genera. The keys use skull characters, wherever otherwise indicated; most were collected by possible, partly because I believe these to be par- Harry Hoogstraal or J. S. Owen. To my knowl- ticularly valuable, partly because the keys of edge, the only other museums in the United Hayman and Hill mainly use external characters. States containing any Sudan bats are the Na- I have not figured any species, but illustrations of tional Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian many may be found in Rosevear (1965). The Institution, Washington, D.C., and the Museum species accounts include synonymy, specimens of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachu- examined, measurements, and remarks. The setts. measurements (in millimeters) invariably include forearm length (tip of olecranon process to distal surface of proximal carpals) and a skull length ABBREVIATIONS measurement (condylobasal in the Pteropodidae, AMNH, the American Museum of Natural His- Vespertilionidae, and Molossidae; condylocanine tory, New York in the Rhinopomatidae, Emballonuridae, Nyc- BM, British Museum (Natural History), London teridae, Megadermatidae, and Rhinolophidae). DH, Collection of David Harrison Both of these were taken from the posterior sur- 1975 KOOPMAN: SUDAN BATS 357 faces of the occipital condyles to the anterior- African vegetation zones from small patches of most portions of the premaxillary bones (condy- lowland rain forest in the southwest and mon- lobasal) or canines (condylocanine). Additional tane forest in the southeast to barren desert in skull and occasionally external measurements are the northwest. The isolated subdesert steppe of given when these are necessary for distinguishing northern Kenya also extends into the south- closely related species. These include maxillary eastem corner of the Sudan. tooth-row length (anterior edge of upper canine Bats can cross narrow barriers of unfavorable alveolus to posterior edge of last upper molar habitat. It is therefore not surprising that I have alveolus), interorbital width (least distance in found few barriers to be of importance to bat front of postorbital processes), and braincase distribution in the Sudan. The only really signifi- height (including sagittal crest but not auditory cant barrier is the savanna between the deserts of bullae). Where the number of specimens are ade- the north and the extreme southeast, and even quate and significant geographical variation with- this is partly bridged in Ethiopia and Somalia. On in the Sudan exists, the measurements are broken the other hand, the extent of the various vegeta- down geographically.
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