200311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv Years of Soot and Sweat TheVjg! JHistorykuvqt{! candpf! CArcheologytejgqnqi{! qofh! XVermont'sgtoqpv”u Iron,Ktqp-!Ejcteqcn-!cpf!Nkog!Kpfwuvtkgu Charcoal, and Lime Industries

AddendumCffgpfwo!C!.!Wrfcvg!vq!vjg!2;;3!Gfkvkqp A - Update to the 1992 Edition

20073118

VictorXkevqt!T/!Tqncpfq R. Rolando

CopyrightEqr{tkijv!«!2;;3-!3118!d{!Xkevqt!T/!Tqncpfq © 1992, 2007 by Victor R. Rolando

Vjg!ytkvgt0cwvjqt!itcpvu!rgtokuukqp!vq!cnn!qypgtu-!jqnfgtu-!cpf!tgcfgtu0tgugctejgtu!vq!vtcpuetkdg-!swqvg-The writer/author grants permission to all owners, holders, and readers/researchers to transcribe, quote, orqt!eqr{!d{!cp{!ogcpu-!cp{!ocvgtkcnu!kp!vjku!Cffgpfwo!qp!vjg!urgekhke!eqpfkvkqp!vjcv!hwnn!etgfkv!ku!ikxgp copy by any means, any materials in this Addendum on the specific condition that full credit is given hqt!vjg!uqwteg-!kpenwfkpi!fqewogpvu!qt!uqwtegu!tghgtgpegf!cpf0qt!ekvgf!jgtgkp/!for the source, including documents or sources referenced and/or cited herein.

NOTICEPQVKEG

AbandonedCdcpfqpgf!uvqpg!uvtwevwtgu!ctg!igpgtcnn{!wpuvcdng!cpf!ecp!eqnncrug!ykvjqwv!yctpkpi-!ecwukpi!ugtkqwu stone structures are generally unstable and can collapse without warning, causing serious injurykplwt{!cpf0qt!fgcvj/!Vjku!ku!pqv!c!iwkfg!dqqm-!cpf!pqvjkpi!kp!vjku!Cffgpfwo!ku!eqpuvtwgf!vq!kphgt and/or death. This is not a guide book, and nothing in this Addendum is construed to infer permissionrgtokuukqp!vq!vtgurcuu/!Vjg!cwvjqt-!vjg!Xgtoqpv!Ctejcgqnqikecn!Uqekgv{-!cpf!rtqrgtv{!qypgtu!ctg!pqv to trespass. The author, the Vermont Archaeological Society, and property owners are not responsibletgurqpukdng!hqt!kplwtkgu-!rj{ukecn!qt!ekxkn-!vq!vjqug!yjq!vtgurcuu/ for injuries, physical or civil, to those who trespass.

AddressCfftguu!cnn!kpswktkgu!vq!vjg!ytkvgt!e0q!Vjg!Xgtoqpv!Ctejcgqnqikecn!Uqekgv{-!R/Q/!Dqz!774-!Dwtnkpivqp- all inquiries to the writer c/o The Vermont Archaeological Society, P.O. Box 663, Burlington, Vermont,Xgtoqpv-!16513.1774/ 05402-0663.

AddendumCffgpfwo!C!ku!rtqfwegf!cpf!rwdnkujgf!d{!vjg!Ytkvgt!cpf!Vjg!Xgtoqpv!Ctejcgqnqikecn!Uqekgv{/!Kpe/ A is produced and published by the Writer and The Vermont Archaeological Society. Inc. 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.2/! A-1. Vjg!Itggp!Oqwpvckp!Ktqp!Eqorcp{!dncuv!hwtpceg!cv!Hqtguvfcng!vjg!hcnn!qh!3116/!Xkgy!ku!htqo!vjgThe Green Mountain Iron Company blast furnace at Forestdale the fall of 2005. View is from the northeast.pqtvjgcuv/!Lwuv!vgp!{gctu!chvgt!kvu!uvcdknk|cvkqp!yqtm!vjg!uwoogt!qh!2;;6!)ugg!rcig!C.42*-!vjg!ec2934!uvcem!ku Just ten years after its stabilization work the summer of 1995 (see page A-31), the cal 823 stack is holdingjqnfkpi!wr!ygnn/!Eqorctg!ykvj!vjg!Htqpv!Eqxgt!qh!vjg!qtkikpcn!2;;3!gfkvkqp!ujqykpi!vjg!yqtm!ctej!hwnn{ up well. Compare with the Front Cover of the original 1992 edition showing the work arch fully collapsed.eqnncrugf/!Vjcv!ctej!vqfc{!uvcpfu!hkto!cpf!vkijv!gzegrv!hqt!c!hgy!4.!vq!5.kpej.nqpi!uvcncevkvgu!vjcv!jcpi!htqo!vjg That arch today stands firm and tight except for a few 3- to 4-inch-long stalactites that hang from the ceilingegknkpi!qh!vjku!cpf!qvjgt!ctejyc{u-!dgvtc{kpi!ycvgt!uggrcig!kpvq!vjg!uvtwevwtg/!Cp!ktqp!icvg!hwnn{!iwctfu!vjg!yqtm of this and other archways, betraying water seepage into the structure. An iron gate fully guards the work ctej!htqo!wpcwvjqtk|gf!gzrnqtcvkqp/!Pcvwtg!ku!unqyn{!vcmkpi!dcem!vjg!itqwpfu=!kp!uwoogt-!oquv!qh!vjg!uvcem!kuarch from unauthorized exploration. Nature is slowly taking back the grounds; in summer, most of the stack is hiddenjkffgp!d{!tgpgygf!vtgg!itqyvj/ by renewed tree growth. !Tqncpfq!rjqvq=!Pqxgodgt!3116/Rolando photo; November 2005.

A-2C.3 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

ContentsEqpvgpvu

PageRcig ApresCrtêu! "200•311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv Years of Soot and Sweat"– ! A-5C.6 Kpvtqfwevkqp!vq!Cffgpfwo!CIntroduction to Addendum A A-7C.8 AcknowledgmentsCempqyngfiogpvu A-8C.9 CorrectionEqttgevkqp!qh!Gttqtu!kp!vjg!Qtkikpcn!2;;3!Dqqm of Errors in the Original 1992 Book A-9C.; Ukvgu!cffgf-!wrfcvgf-!qt!tg.kfgpvkhkgf!kp!vjku!CffgpfwoSites added, updated, or re-identified in this Addendum A-9C.;

Ugevkqp!C!.!KtqpyqtmuSection A - Ironworks A-14C.25 AddisonCffkuqp!Eqwpv{ County A-14C.25 BenningtonDgppkpivqp!Eqwpv{ County A-17C.28 RutlandTwvncpf!Eqwpv{ County A-31C.42

Ugevkqp!D!.!Ejcteqcn!MknpuSection B - Charcoal Kilns A-36C.47 BenningtonDgppkpivqp!Eqwpv{ County A-36C.47 CaledoniaEcngfqpkc!Eqwpv{ County A-38C.49 ChittendenEjkvvgpfgp!Eqwpv{ County A-38C.49 RutlandTwvncpf!Eqwpv{ County A-39C.4; WashingtonYcujkpivqp!Eqwpv{ County A-45C.56

Ugevkqp!E!.!Nkog!MknpuSection C - Lime Kilns A-46C.57 AddisonCffkuqp!Eqwpv{ County A-46C.57 ChittendenEjkvvgpfgp!Eqwpv{ County A-49C.5; FranklinHtcpmnkp!Eqwpv{ County A-50C.61 GrandItcpf!Kung!Eqwpv{ Isle County A-51C.62 LamoilleNcoqknng!Eqwpv{ County A-51C.62 OrangeQtcpig!Eqwpv{ County A-51C.62 RutlandTwvncpf!Eqwpv{ County A-52C.63 WashingtonYcujkpivqp!Eqwpv{ County A-56C.67 WindhamYkpfjco!Eqwpv{ County A-56C.67 WindsorYkpfuqt!Eqwpv{ County A-65C.76

Ugevkqp!F!.!Incuu!YqtmuSection D - Glass Works A-68C.79 AddisonCffkuqp!Eqwpv{ County A-68C.79 BenningtonDgppkpivqp!Eqwpv{ County A-70C.81 ChittendenEjkvvgpfgp!Eqwpv{ County A-71C.82 RutlandTwvncpf!Eqwpv{ County A-72C.83 WindhamYkpfjco!Eqwpv{ County A-72C.83

ReferencesTghgtgpegu!Ekvgf Cited A-72C.83 Ukvg!Kpfgz!)kpenwfgf!kp!Vcdng!C.3-!rcig/!C.22*Site Index (included in Table A-2, page. A-11) VcdngTable Title Vkvng PageRcig A-1C.2 Errors, Gttqtu-!eqttgevkqpu-!cpf!okpqt!ejcpigu!vq!vjg!2;;3!gfkvkqp corrections, and minor changes to the 1992 edition A-9C.; A-2C.3 Ukvgu!cffgf-!wrfcvgf-!tg.kfgpvkhkgf-!rnwu!rcig!kpfgz/Sites added, updated, re-identified, plus page index. A-11C.22

A-3C.4 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

ContentsEqpvgpvu!)eqpvkpwgf* (continued)

FigureHkiwtg Subject Uwdlgev PageRcig A-1C.2! Forestdale Hqtguvfcng!Ktqpyqtmu!dncuv!hwtpceg-!Pqxgodgt!3116 Ironworks blast furnace, November 2005 A-2C.3 A-2C.3 Undated Wpfcvgf!)gctn{!2981uA*!rjqvq!qh!vjg!Dgppkpivqp!Ktqp!Yqtmu (early 1870s?) photo of the Bennington Iron Works A-18C.29 A-3C.4 West Yguv!)2933*!uvcem!qh!vjg!Dgppkpivqp!Ktqp!Yqtmu!cv!Hwtpceg!Itqxg!chvgt!eqnncrug!gxgpv (1822) stack of the Bennington Iron Works at Furnace Grove after collapse event A-19C.2; A-4C.5 Ugv!qh!xgtvkecn!ktqp!dkpfgtu!kp.ukvw!coqpi!vjg!eqnncrugf!ocuqpt{!qh!vjg!yguv!uvcemSet of vertical iron binders in-situ among the collapsed masonry of the west stack A-19C.2; A-5C.6 Map Ocr!qh!Dwtfgp!'!Uqpu!qrgtcvkqpu!kp!uqwvjyguvgtp!Xgtoqpv of Burden & Sons operations in southwestern Vermont A-20C.31 A-6C.7 Map Ocr!qh!qxgtcnn!Dwtfgp!'!Uqpu!ktqp!okpkpi!ctgc!kp!yguvgtp!Dgppkpivqp of overall Burden & Sons iron mining area in western Bennington A-22C.33 A-7C.8 Vtgpej!fgrtguukqp!cv!Dwtfgp!ktqp!okpkpi!ctgcTrench depression at Burden iron mining area A-24C.35 A-8C.9 Large Nctig!ktqp!qtg!rkv!cv!Dwtfgp!ktqp!okpkpi!ctgc iron ore pit at Burden iron mining area A-24C.35 A-9C.; Unidentified Wpkfgpvkhkgf!uvqpg!uvtwevwtg!vjcv!hqtogtn{!uvqqf!cnqpi!Qtg!Dgf!Tqcf stone structure that formerly stood along Ore Bed Road A-25C.36 A-10C.21 Burden Dwtfgp!'!Uqpu!Ktqp!Qtg!Ycujkpi!Oknn!cv!Jkpufknnxknng!rgt!2;79!Dggtu!ocr & Sons Iron Ore Washing Mill at Hinsdillville per 1968 Beers map A-26C.37 A-11C.22 Furnace Hwtpceg!itqwpfu!cv!Ujchvudwt{-!Lwn{!5-!2;19 grounds at Shaftsbury, July 4, 1908 A-28C.39 A-12C.23 RichmondTkejoqp fIron!Ktq pWorks!Yqtm uat!c Cheshire,v!Ejgujktg -Mass.,!Ocuu/ -similar!ukoknct !tovq !Burden'sDwtfgp”u !worksyqtmu !atcv !ShaftsburyUjchvudwt{ A-29C.3; A-13C.24 Condition Eqpfkvkqp!qh!Hqtguvfcng!hwtpceg!qp!Octej!27-!2;;6 of Forestdale furnace on March 16, 1995 A-32C.43 A-14C.25 Start Uvctv!qh!uvcdknk|cvkqp!yqtm!cv!Hqtguvfcng!hwtpceg!qp!Lwn{!37-!2;;6 of stabilization work at Forestdale furnace on July 26, 1995 A-32C.43 A-15C.26 Work Yqtm!ctej!engctgf!qh!dtgcmfqyp-!Cwiwuv!9-!2;;6 arch cleared of breakdown, August 8, 1995 A-32C.43 A-16C.27 Day Fc{!dghqtg!hkpcn!eqorngvkqp!qh!yqtm-!Ugrvgodgt!23-!2;;6 before final completion of work, September 12, 1995 A-32C.43 A-17C.28 Conjectured Eqplgevwtgf!xkgy!qh!Hqtguvfcng!hwtpceg!yqtmu view of Forestdale furnace works A-34C.45 A-18C.29 Carrying Ectt{kpi!tguewgf!ejcteqcn!mknp!vqr!nqcfkpi!fqqt!kpvq!WU!Hqtguv!Ugtxkeg!uvqtcig!ujgf rescued charcoal kiln top loading door into US Forest Service storage shed A-36C.47 A-19C.2; I. N. K/!P/!Jcnn!ejcteqcn!mknpu!cnqpi!O'Y!TT!kp!Itqvqp!kp!2;31 Hall charcoal kilns along M&W RR in Groton in 1920 A-39C.4; A-20C.31 ExcavatingGzecxcvkp icharcoal!ejcteqc kilnn!mkn pat!c vOld!Qnf Job!Lqd during!fwtkpi !20053116 !"Relics•Tgnkeu !andcpf !Ruins"Twkpu– A-40C.51 A-21C.32 Disposition Fkurqukvkqp!qh!vyq!rcktu!qh!ctejgqnqi{!rkvu!cv!Qnf!Lqd!gzecxcvkqp of two pairs of archeology pits at Old Job excavation A-40C.51 A-22C.33 Excavation Gzecxcvkqp!qh!rkv!P2Y3!cv!Qnf!Lqd!gzecxcvkqp!kp!3116 of pit N1W2 at Old Job excavation in 2005 A-41C.52 A-23C.34 Excavation Gzecxcvkqp!qh!rkv!P2Y4!cv!Qnf!Lqd!gzecxcvkqp!kp!3116 of pit N1W3 at Old Job excavation in 2005 A-41C.52 A-24C.35 SilasUknc Griffith'su!Itkhhkvj ”officeu!qhhke andg!cp fcharcoal!ejcteqc nkilns!mknp uat!c vDanby!Fcpd{ !StationUvcvkqp !inkp !1880s2991u A-42C.53 A-25C.36 Road Tqcf!wr!Dki!Dtcpej!vq!Itkhhkvj!kp!2991u up Big Branch to Griffith in 1880s A-42C.53 A-26C.37 Charcoal Ejcteqcn!mknpu!cv!Itkhhkvj!xknncig!kp!2991u kilns at Griffith village in 1880s A-43C.54 A-27C.38 Sawmill Ucyoknn!cv!Itkhhkvj!xknncig!kp!2991u at Griffith village in 1880s A-43C.54 A-28C.39 Unknown Wpmpqyp!ejcteqcn!mknp!ukvg charcoal kiln site A-44C.55 A-29C.3; Marsh Octuj!Hcto!nkog!mknp!kp!Jcpeqem Farm lime kiln in Hancock A-46C.57 A-30C.41 Bristol Dtkuvqn!nkog!mknp!cdqwv!2;11 lime kiln about 1900 A-48C.59 A-31C.42 Brandon Dtcpfqp!Nkog!Eq/!2972!mknpu!cv!Ngkeguvgt Lime Co. 1861 kilns at Leicester A-49C.5; A-32C.43 Huntley Jwpvng{!nkog!mknpu!cv!Ngkeguvgt lime kilns at Leicester A-49C.5; A-33C.44 Early Gctn{!nkog!mknpu!cv!Nkog!Mknp!Dtkfig lime kilns at Lime Kiln Bridge A-50C.61 A-34C.45 Day Fc{!nkog!mknp!kp!2;;6 lime kiln in 1995 A-53C.64 A-35C.46 Lime Nkog!Jqnnqy!kp!297; Hollow in 1869 A-57C.68 A-36C.47 Sherman Ujgtocp!Ectdkfg!Eqorcp{!ec2;31 Carbide Company ca1920 A-59C.6; A-37C.48 Refractory Tghtcevqt{!qxgp!tgockpu!cv!Ujgtocp!Ectdkfg!ukvg oven remains at Sherman Carbide site A-61C.72 A-38C.49 Lime Nkog!mknpu!cnqpi!JV'Y!TT kilns along HT&W RR A-63C.74 A-39C.4; Goodell Iqqfgnn!nkog!mknp!cv!Yguvokpuvgt!kp!3118 lime kiln at Westminster in 2007 A-65C.76 A-40C.51 "West•Yg uTwin"v!Vykp of–!q Blackh!Dnce mRiver!Tkxg tTwin!Vykp Lime!Nkog Kilns,!Mknpu- !PlymouthRn{oqwvj A-66C.77 A-41C.52 "East•Gc uTwin"v!Vykp of–!q Blackh!Dnce mRiver!Tkxg tTwin!Vykp Lime!Nkog Kilns,!Mknpu- !PlymouthRn{oqwvj A-66C.77 A-42C.53 Waste Ycuvg!incuu!rkgeg!htqo!Ncmg!Fwpoqtg glass piece from Lake Dunmore A-69C.7; A-43C.54 Glass Incuu!vwdgu!cv!Dgppkpivqp!Owugwo!htqo!Ocpejguvgt!Incuu!Hcevqt{ tubes at Bennington Museum from Manchester Glass Factory A-71C.82

A-4C.5 AddendumCffgpfwo!C A UpdateWrfcvg!vq!vjg!2;;3!Gfkvkqp to the 1992 Edition

ApresCrtêu! "200•311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv Years of Soot and Sweat"– Addendum.Cffgpfwo/!Yjgtg!fkf!cnn!vjg!tguv!gpf!wrA Where did all the rest end up? K!uqnf!oqtg!eqrkgu!vq!rgqrng!qwvukfg!Xgtoqpv!vjcpI sold more copies to people outside Vermont than BackDcem !inkp !vthejg !nlatecvg !21980s;91u !ywhenjgp !vthejg! vthoughtjqwijv !vthatjcv !"200•311![gctu Years inside,kpukfg-! which yjkej! K!I thought vjqwijv! curious. ewtkqwu/! Dwv!But then, vjgp-! living nkxkpi! in kp ofqh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv Soot and Sweat"– !mightokijv !dbecomegeqog! ca! treality,gcnkv{-! KI! ywasn'tcup”v !usurewtg VermontXgtoqpv!K!jcxg!ngctpgf!vjcv!yg!ctg!fgnwigf!ykvj!dqqmu I have learned that we are deluged with books whatyjcv !vthatjcv! “'reality'tgcnkv{” !wouldyqwnf !turnvwtp !outqwv !tovq !be.dg/ !MyO{ !biggestdkiiguv !hfeargct onqp! allcnn !sortsuqtvu! ofqh !VermontXgtoqpv! subjects.uwdlgevu/! KIfh! there'svjgtg”u! ancp !anglecping wasycu! not pqv! the vjg! loss nquu! of qh! over qxgt! $45,000 %56-111! invested kpxguvgf! kp!in its kvu relatingtgncvkpi !usomethingqogvjkpi !kinp! XVermontgtoqpv !vthat'lljcv”nn !makeocmg !usomeqog !omoney,qpg{- publication,rwdnkecvkqp-!dwv!yjcv!vq!fq!ykvj!vjg!vjqwucpfu!qh!wpuqnf but what to do with the thousands of unsold -.! cows, eqyu-! swimming uykookpi! holes, jqngu-! back-road dcem.tqcf! antique cpvkswg! dealers, fgcngtu- copieseqrkgu!tqvvkpi!cyc{!kp!o{!dcugogpv/!Jqy!nqpi!yqwnf!kv rotting away in my basement. How long would it coveredeqxgtgf! dtkfigu-!bridges, gve/-!etc., .!- somebody uqogdqf{! yknn!will hkpf!find it, kv-! take vcmg takevcmg!vq!ugnn!vjgo!cnn-!.!21!{gctuA!31![gctuA!Vjg!tguv!qh!o{ to sell them all, - 10 years? 20 Years? The rest of my picturesrkevwtgu !ofqh !it,kv- !ywritetkvg !kitv !wup,r-! candpf! rpublishwdnkuj! kit.v/! PNotqv! vthatjcv! kit'sv”u !dbad,cf- nkhgA!K!ycu!uvknn!yqtmkpi!cv!IG!Cgtqurceg!kp!Rkvvuhkgnf-life? I was still working at GE Aerospace in Pittsfield, butdwv!lwuv!vjg!hcev!vjcv!dqqmujgnxgu!kp!uvqtgu-!uocnn!qt!nctig- just the fact that bookshelves in stores, small or large, Mass.,Ocuu/-!cv!vjg!vkog!cpf!K!vtkgf!pqv!vq!xkuwcnk|g!tgvktgogpv at the time and I tried not to visualize retirement throughoutvjtqwijqwv! Xgtoqpv-!Vermont, jcxg!have pq!no ujqtvcig!shortage qh!of books dqqmu! on qp beingdgkpi! a c! nightmare pkijvoctg! of qh! going iqkpi! door-to-door fqqt.vq.fqqt! in kp! remote tgoqvg somethinguqogvjkpi!cdqwv!vjku!dgcwvkhwn!uvcvg/!Yjkej!vtcpuncvgf about this beautiful state. Which translated cornerseqtpgtu!qh!Xgtoqpv!ugnnkpi!eqrkgu!qh!vjg!dqqm!qwv!qh!vjg of Vermont selling copies of the book out of the intokpvq!eqorgvkvkqp!hqt!o{!dqqm!cickpuv!qvjgt!uocnngt-!nguu competition for my book against other smaller, less trunkvtwpm!qh!cp!qnf!ect/!K!jcf!pqvjkpi!vq!hgct-!cu!kv!vwtpgf!qwv/ of an old car. I had nothing to fear, as it turned out. expensivegzrgpukxg!dqqmu0dqqmngvu!qp!uwdlgevu!vjcv!oqtg!rgqrng books/booklets on subjects that more people K!fgekfgf!vjcv!K!yqwnf!eqpukfgt!o{ugnh!c!uweeguuhwnI decided that I would consider myself a successful canecp!kfgpvkh{!ykvj!vjcp!qpg!ykvj!c!nqqokpi-!o{uvgtkqwu identify with than one with a looming, mysterious publishingrwdnkujkpi!gpvtgrtgpgwt!kh!K!eqwnf!ugnn!vjg!3-111!eqrkgu entrepreneur if I could sell the 2,000 copies "stone•uvqpg !tower"vqygt– !onqp !thevjg !fronthtqpv !cover.eqxgt/ withinykvjkp!hkxg!{gctu/!Cpf!K!cnoquv!fkf-!6!{gctu-!7!oqpvju- five years. And I almost did, 5 years, 6 months, ManyOcp{! dbookqqm! ustoresvqtgu! fdidn'tkfp”v !knowmpqy !whatyjcv !shelfujgnh !categoryecvgiqt{! vtoq andcpf!34!fc{u!chvgt!vjg!hktuv!eqrkgu!cttkxgf!qp!Ugrvgodgt 23 days after the first copies arrived on September placernceg! my o{! book. dqqm/! Local Nqecn! history? jkuvqt{A! Regional? TgikqpcnA! Travel? VtcxgnA! I K 23,34-! 1992, 2;;3-! vq!to be dg! exact. gzcev/! The Vjg! last ncuv! copy eqr{! sold uqnf! at cv! an cp! SIA UKC thoughtvjqwijv!kv!yqwnf!dg!kp!vjg!ctejgqnqi{!ugevkqp!qh!uqwvjgtp it would be in the archeology section of southern Ktqpocuvgtu!Ironmasters Eqphgtgpeg!Conference qp! on Oc{!May 27-!16, 2;;9!1998 cv!at Falls Hcnnu Vermont'sXgtoqpv”u! majoroclqt! dbookstore,qqmuvqtg-! kinsteadpuvgcf! !theyvjg{! putrwv! itkv !inkp !thevjg Village,Xknncig-!Eqpp/!K!ecog!vq!vjg!eqphgtgpeg!ykvj!o{!ncuv!7 Conn. I came to the conference with my last 6 "Vermontiana"•Xgtoqpvkcpc– !sectionugevkqp !(later)ncvgt !inkp !"Travel").•Vtcxgn–*/ !InKp !oneqpg !bookdqqm copies,eqrkgu-!uvcemgf!qp!c!vcdng!cnqpi!ykvj!vjcv!nqpi.cyckvgf stacked on a table along with that long-awaited storeuvqtg!K!hqwpf!kv!rncegf!pgzv!vq!c!ukoknct.uk|gf!dqqm!cdqwv I found it placed next to a similar-sized book about signukip !-.! •"LastNcuv !Copies"Eqrkgu– !-. !andcpf !byd{! vthejg! gendpf! qofh! nlunchtime,wpejvkog-! vtheyjg{ ac! love nqxg! affair chhckt! between dgvyggp! c!a oqqug!moose cpf!and c!a eqy!cow qp!on a c wereygtg! all cnn! gone. iqpg/! Many Ocp{! disappointed fkucrrqkpvgf! prospective rtqurgevkxg! buyers dw{gtu ShrewsburyUjtgyudwt{!hcto!)K!dqwijv!c!eqr{!.!K!ycu!uokvvgp!d{!vjg farm (I bought a copy - I was smitten by the preferredrtghgttgf! pqv!not dw{!buy their vjgkt! copies eqrkgu! that vjcv! morning oqtpkpi! uq!so they vjg{ moose).oqqug*/!K!vtkgf!fqpcvkpi!hkxg!eqrkgu!vq!vjg!uvcvg!XRT I tried donating five copies to the state VPR wouldn'tyqwnfp”v !havejcxg !tovq !carryectt{ !copieseqrkgu !allcnn !day.fc{/ !TheyVjg{ !cameecog !tovq !meog stationuvcvkqp!hqt!ikxgcyc{u!hqt!vjgkt!cppwcn!hwpf.tckukpi!gxgpv for giveaways for their annual fund-raising event atcv!vjg!gpf!qp!vjg!fc{!kp!fkudgnkgh!vjcv!K!jcf!pq!oqtg the end on the day in disbelief that I had no more butdwv!ycu!vqnf!vjcv!vjgkt!nkuvgpgtu!nkmgf!qpn{!eqqmdqqmu/ was told that their listeners liked only cookbooks. copies.eqrkgu/! •"You[qw! havejcxg!vq!jcxg! to have oneqpg!oqtg!eqr{! more copy somewhere?"uqogyjgtgA– OneQpg! bookstoredqqmuvqtg! ownerqypgt! saiduckf! "my•o{! ecustomerswuvqogtu! fdon'tqp”v! readtgcf theyvjg{!rngcfgf-!nqqmkpi!kpvq!gorv{!dqzgu!wpfgt!vjg!vcdng pleaded, looking into empty boxes under the table this"vjku– !(whatever)yjcvgxgt !hejg !vthoughtjqwijv! "this"•vjku– !was).ycu*/ !SomeUqog !ecopiesqrkgu !hfellgnn hopingjqrkpi!qpg!yqwnf!ocvgtkcnk|g!htqo!gorv{!urceg/!Pq!uwej one would materialize from empty space. No such victimxkevko!vq!uvqtgu!ejcpikpi!jcpfu!)Dwtnkpivqp-!Dtcvvngdqtq- to stores changing hands (Burlington, Brattleboro, nwem-!K!vjqwijv!vq!o{ugnh-!vt{kpi!pqv!vq!nqqm!vqq!jcrr{!cvluck, I thought to myself, trying not to look too happy at Cambridge,Ecodtkfig-!P[*!ykvj!o{!wprckf!eqrkgu!dgkpi!dqwijv!d{ NY) with my unpaid copies being bought by theirvjgkt!fkucrrqkpvogpv/! disappointment. MyO{! turnvwtp! vtoq! gloat.inqcv/! DButwv! KI'd”f! liednkgf! tovq thevjg!pgy!qypgt!yjq!jcf!c!tgegkrv!ujqykpi!vjg!rtgxkqwu new owner who had a receipt showing the previous themvjgo!dgecwug!K!fkf!ucxg!uqog!eqrkgu!dcem!jqog!.!hqt because I did save some copies back home - for ownersqypgtu!qypgf!cnn!vjg!eqrkgu!kp!vjg!uvqtg/!Vjgp!vjgtg!ygtg owned all the copies in the store. Then there were hwvwtg!future grandchildren, itcpfejknftgp-! hwvwtg!future htkgpfu-!friends, maybe oc{dg! for hqt! some uqog thevjg! othersqvjgtu !(I)K !won'tyqp”v !mentionogpvkqp !themvjgo !-. !you{qw !knowmpqy !whoyjq! you{qw specialurgekcn!tgswguv!qt!gxgpv/!K!vjkpm!K!jcf!oc{dg!31.36!eqrkgu request or event I think I had maybe 20-25 copies are)ctg*!yjq!gkvjgt!pgxgt!rckf!og!hqt!dqqmu!qt!rckf!qpn{ who either never paid me for books or paid only squirreleduswkttgngf!cyc{!kp!c!nqpg!dqz!dcem!jqog!kp!Xgtoqpv/! away in a lone box back home in Vermont. afterchvgt!eqpuvcpv!jciinkpi!qxgt!yjq!rckf!yjcv!vq!yjq!cpf constant haggling over who paid what to who and K!jcf!oqxgf!vq!Xgtoqpv!vjg!uwoogt!qh!2;;2!chvgtI had moved to Vermont the summer of 1991 after when.yjgp/!Dgkpi!c!qpg.dqqm!rwdnkujkpi!gpvgtrtkug-!K!ngctpgf Being a one-book publishing enterprise, I learned takingvcmkpi!gctn{!tgvktgogpv!htqo!IG!vjg!rtgxkqwu!urtkpi-!uq early retirement from GE the previous spring, so ac!nqv!cdqwv!vjg!dqqm.ugnnkpi!dwukpguu-!ockpn{-!vjcv!K!qhvgp lot about the book-selling business, mainly, that I often nowpqy!K!eqwnf!dgeqog!pqv!qpn{!c!Xgtoqpv!tgukfgpv!dwv!c I could become not only a Vermont resident but a gotiqv!nquv!kp!vjg!ujwhhng!yjgp!kv!ecog!vq!dgkpi!rckf!cv!cnn/ lost in the shuffle when it came to being paid at all. VermontXgtoqpv! cwvjqt!author of qh! a c! book dqqm! about cdqwv! Vermont Xgtoqpv! industrial kpfwuvtkcn AndCpf!pqv!dgkpi!rckf!yjgp!K!fgnkxgtgf!vjg!dqqmu-!dwv!nqpi not being paid when I delivered the books, but long archeology.ctejgqnqi{/!K!uvknn!jcxg!hkxg!!eqrkgu-!kpenwfkpi!o{!tcvv{ I still have five copies, including my ratty afterchvgt!vjg{!ygtg!uqnf!cpf!vjg!dqqm!uvqtg!ycu!cumkpi!hqt they were sold and the book store was asking for oldqnf! dog-earedfqi.gctgf! •"fieldhkgnf! ecopy"qr{–! vthatjcv! IK! refertghgt! tovq !almostcnoquv! daily,fckn{- moreoqtg!eqrkgu!vq!ugnn-!uq!vjgp!K!jcf!vyq!qtfgtu!qh!dqqmu!vq copies to sell, so then I had two orders of books to usewug!kp!nkdtctkgu!qt!kp! in libraries or in the vjg!hkgnf-!cpf!wugf!hqt!gfkvqtkcn field, and used for editorial hagglejciing! cabout.dqwv/! OneQpg! ofqh !southernuqwvjgtp! Vermont'sXgtoqpv”u !biggestdkiiguv! andcpf mark-upoctm.wr! qh!of corrections eqttgevkqpu! vjcv!that crrgct!appear gnugyjgtg!elsewhere kp!in this vjku finesthkpguv!uvknn!qygu!og!hqt!ocp{!dqqmu=!dwv!vjcv!ycu!pgctn{ still owes me for many books; but that was nearly

A-5C.6 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

1021!{gctu!ciq!cpf!vjg{!jcxg!iqpg!qp!vq!c!dkiigt!cpf!oqtg years ago and they have gone on to a bigger and more furnaceshwtpcegu!)ykvj!cnn!vjqug!wpwuwcn!Cwuvtcnkcp!pcogu*-!uq (with all those unusual Australian names), so glitz-orientedinkv|.qtkgpvgf!octmgv/!Dwv!K!jcf!ocp{!gpvjwukcuvke!dqqm market. But I had many enthusiastic book weyg!fkf!c!dqqm!gzejcpig-!okpg!hqt!jku-!cpf!cpqvjgt!dqqm did a book exchange, mine for his, and another book storeuvqtg! owners: qypgtuNew York HowJqy!owej!rtqhkv!fkf!K!ocmgA! much profit did I make? DidFkf!K!ocmg!c!rtqhkvA!Fkf I make a profit? Did (Copake)Eqrcmg!Hwtpceg*-!Pgy!Jcorujktg!)Htcpeqpkc!Hwtpceg Furnace), New Hampshire (Franconia Furnace KI! dbreaktgcm! geven?xgpA! PNoneqpg! qofh! vthejg! cabove,dqxg-! dbutwv! nlet'sgv”u !notpqv !goiq! there.vjgtg/ andcpf!Nkudqp!Ejcteqcn!Mknp*-!cpf!Eqppgevkewv!)Dgemng{- Lisbon Charcoal Kiln), and Connecticut (Beckley, Vjku!ycu!pgxgt!c!rtqhkv.ocmkpi!xgpvwtg-!owej!vq!This was never a profit-making venture, much to the vjg LimeNkog!Tqem-!cpf!Oqwpv!Tkic!Hwtpcegu!cpf!Ujctqp!Nkog Rock, and Mount Riga Furnaces and Sharon Lime dismayfkuoc{!qh!o{!gz-!yjq!cnyc{u!qhhgtgf!jgt!octmgvkpi of my ex, who always offered her marketing Kiln),Mknp*-!cpf!eqpuwnvgf!nqpi.fkuvcpeg!ykvj!c!ukvg!kp!Qtgiqp and consulted long-distance with a site in Oregon skillsumknnu!vq!vjg!okz/!Gzegrv!vjcv!ujg!jcf!yqtmgf!kp!c!uocnn. to the mix. Except that she had worked in a small- (Lake)Ncmg!Quygiq!Hwtpceg*/ Oswego Furnace). cityekv{! bankdcpm! andcpf! didn'tfkfp”v !fullyhwnn{ !appreciatecrrtgekcvg !thevjg !industrialkpfwuvtkcn DidFkf!vjg!dqqm!jcxg!cp{!korcev!qp!KC!kp!Xgtoqpv-!cu!K the book have any impact on IA in Vermont, as I archeologyctejgqnqi{!octmgv!cu!kv!rgtvckpgf!vq!c!uwdlgev!vjcv!hgy market as it pertained to a subject that few hadjcf!jqrgfA![gu-!dwv!pqv!cu!owej!qt!kp!yc{u!K!jcf!jqrgf/ hoped? Yes, but not as much or in ways I had hoped. kfgpvkhkgf!ykvj-!cpf!kp!c!urctugn{!rqrwncvgf!uvcvg!kp!vjgidentified with, and in a sparsely populated state in the IK! thinkvjkpm! itkv! didfkf !bringdtkpi! ancp !awarenesscyctgpguu! qofh! thisvjku! state'suvcvg”u! richtkej northeastpqtvjgcuv!eqtpgt!qh!vjg!pcvkqp/ corner of the nation. industrialkpfwuvtkcn!jgtkvcig!vq!nkijv-!dg{qpf!vjcv!fguetkdgf!kp!vjg heritage to light, beyond that described in the OnQp !vthejg !rprofittqhkv !uside,kfg- !KI! omadecfg! omanycp{! hfriendstkgpfu! KI'd”f !pnevergxgt !jhavecxg manyocp{! localnqecn! historiesjkuvqtkgu! vthatjcv! havejcxg! beendggp! published.rwdnkujgf/! KI'm”o metogv!gzegrv!hqt!vjg!dqqm-!yjkej!jcu!xcnwg!dg{qpf!ecuj/!K except for the book, which has value beyond cash. I flatteredhncvvgtgf! vthatjcv! someuqog! qofh! {youqw! qoutwv! vtherejgtg! treferghgt! vtoq! kitv! ascu! "the•vjg wasycu!kpxkvgf!vq!urgcm!vq!qticpk|cvkqpu!vjcv!K!eqwnf!qpn{ invited to speak to organizations that I could only book."dqqm/–! DButwv! KI'm”o !notpqv !sureuwtg !itkv !wasycu !thevjg !bookdqqm !itself,kvugnh- !butdwv !thevjg havejcxg!ftgcogf!cdqwv!dghqtg/!Cpf!K!uvctvgf!vq!fkueqxgt!vjcv dreamed about before. And I started to discover that presentationsrtgugpvcvkqpu!K!ycu!cumgf!vq!ikxg!cu!vjg!tguwnv!qh!vjg!dqqm I was asked to give as the result of the book K!ycu!fqkpi!dgvvgt!ugnnkpi!dqqmu!cv!rgtuqpcn!rtgugpvcvkqpuI was doing better selling books at personal presentations thatvjcv!dtqwijv!vjcv!cyctgpguu!vq!vjg!fqqtuvgr!qh!rgqrng brought that awareness to the doorstep of people thanvjcp!vjg!dqqm!uvqtg!octmgv-!cpf!mgrv!vjcv!51&!vjg!dqqm the book store market, and kept that 40% the book whoyjq! were ygtg! interested, kpvgtguvgf-! like nkmg! the vjg! Vermont Xgtoqpv! loggers nqiigtu storeuvqtg! demanded fgocpfgf! )uqog!(some ycpvgf!wanted wryctfu!upwards qh!of 45%). 56&*/! No Pq association,cuuqekcvkqp-!yjq!K!urqmg!vq!cv!vjgkt!cppwcn!oggvkpi!kp who I spoke to at their annual meeting in matterocvvgt!vjcv!kv!equv!oqtg!kp!icu!cpf!ejqy!)cpf!oqvgnu*!vq that it cost more in gas and chow (and motels) to KillingtonMknnkpivqp!c!hgy!{gctu!dcem/!Nqiigtu!ctg!kp!vjg!htqpv a few years back. Loggers are in the front makeocmg!oquv!qh!vjg!rtgugpvcvkqpu!vjcp!K!vqqm!kp!ykvj!dqqm most of the presentations than I took in with book linesnkpgu!qh!vjqug!yjq!yknn!eqog!hceg!vq!hceg!ykvj!rkngu!qh of those who will come face to face with piles of sales,ucngu-! vthejg! booksdqqmu! yweregtg! igettinggvvkpi! qoutwv! candpf! •"thevjg! word"yqtf–! wasycu stonesuvqpgu!vjcv!okijv!dg!oqtg!vjcp!vjg{!crrgct/!Qt!nqecn that might be more than they appear. Or local beingdgkpi!urtgcf/!Ockn!qtfgtu!ecog!htqo!rgqrng!vjtqwijqwv spread. Mail orders came from people throughout historicaljkuvqtkecn!cpf!eqpugtxcvkqp!uqekgvkgu-!yjgtg!K!gorjcuk|gf and conservation societies, where I emphasized thevjg! USA WUC! and cpf! in kp! foreign hqtgkip! countries eqwpvtkgu! - .! Canada, Ecpcfc-! France, Htcpeg- thevjg!fkhhgtgpeg!dgvyggp!yjcv!vjqug!xctkqwu!rkngu!qh!uvqpgu difference between what those various piles of stones England,Gpincpf-!Dgnikwo-!Twuukc-!cpf!Cwuvtcnkc/!Pgkvjgt!Ot/!T/ Belgium, Russia, and Australia. Neither Mr. R. couldeqwnf!dg/!K!nkmg!vq!vjkpm!vjcv!oc{dg!vjg!uvcdknk|cvkqp!yqtm be. I like to think that maybe the stabilization work Kcp!Ian Jack Lcem! of qh! Australia Cwuvtcnkc! pqt!nor I K! could eqwnf! figure hkiwtg! what yjcv! the vjg atcv!vjg!Hqtguvfcng!hwtpceg!uvcem!okijv!pqv!jcxg!jcrrgpgf the Forestdale furnace stack might not have happened gzejcpig!tcvg!ycu!hqt!jku!qtfgt!uq!K!cumgf!kh!jg!mpgy!qhexchange rate was for his order so I asked if he knew of exceptgzegrv! hforqt! •"thevjg! dbook."qqm/–! CAndpf! kifh! vthat'sjcv”u !allcnn !thevjg !bookdqqm !did,fkf-! vtoq anycp{!dqqmu!qp!Cwuvtcnkcp!ktqpyqtmu/!Vq!o{!uwtrtkug-!jg books on Australian ironworks. To my surprise, he possiblyrquukdn{! save ucxg! one qpg! old, qnf-! crumbling etwodnkpi! historic, jkuvqtke-! industrial kpfwuvtkcn wasycu! the vjg! author cwvjqt! of qh! a c! book dqqm! on qp! early gctn{! Australian Cwuvtcnkcp! blast dncuv structure,uvtwevwtg-!vjgp!kv!ycu!cnn!yqtvj!kv/! then it was all worth it.

A-6C.7 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

AndCpf!urgcmkpi!qh!korcevu-!dcem!kp!vjg!ncvg!2;91u!yjgp speaking of impacts, back in the late 1980s when ArchaeologyCtejcgqnqi{!Uqekgv{/!Cpf!eqpvkpwkpi!kp.fgrvj!tgugctej Society. And continuing in-depth research K!ycu!yqpfgtkpi!jqy!K!ycu!iqkpi!vq!rwnn!vjku!yjqngI was wondering how I was going to pull this whole intokpvq! thevjg! archeologyctejgqnqi{! qofh! Vermont'sXgtoqpv”u !earlygctn{ !glassincuu !industry,kpfwuvt{- collectioneqnngevkqp!qh!ukvg!uwtxg{!tgrqtvu!cpf!rcrgtu!cpf!rjqvqu of site survey reports and papers and photos andcpf!kp!vyq!ukvgu!jgtg!kp!uqwvjgtp!Xgtoqpv!vjcv!hcuekpcvg in two sites here in southern Vermont that fascinate togethervqigvjgt! kpvq!into one qpg! cohesive eqjgukxg! book, dqqm-! good iqqf! friend htkgpf! David Fcxkf me:og

A-7C.8 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A alwayscnyc{u!dggp!kpvgtguvgf!kp!vjg!kpfwuvt{!cpf!yqpfgtgf!kh been interested in the industry and wondered if AcknowledgmentsCempqyngfiogpvu archeologicalctejgqnqikecn!tgockpu!qh!vjg!ukvgu!gzkuvgf/!Cpf!K!hqwpf remains of the sites existed. And I found thevjg! residue tgukfwg! of qh! the vjg! glass incuu! industry kpfwuvt{! - .! those vjqug! chunks ejwpmu! of qh WhileYjkng!ocp{!pgy!rgqrng!ckfgf!og!kp!hkpfkpi!oquv!qh!vjg many new people aided me in finding most of the translucentvtcpunwegpv!eqnqtgf!incuu!.!uq!hcuekpcvkpi/!Yjcv!ku!mpqyp colored glass - so fascinating. What is known sitesukvgu!tgrqtvgf!kp!vjku!Cffgpfwo-!vyq!iqqf!htkgpfu!yjq reported in this Addendum, two good friends who ofqh! glassworks incuuyqtmu! kp!in Vermont Xgtoqpv! fgrgpfu!depends qp!on vjg!the ukvg!site in kp helpedjgnrgf!koogpugn{!ykvj!vjg!tgugctej!cpf!hkgnf!yqtm!qh!vjg immensely with the research and field work of the question.swguvkqp/!Kv!ku!pqv!vjg!kpvgpv!vq!rtqxkfg!c!eqorngvg!uvqt{ It is not the intent to provide a complete story originalqtkikpcn!2;;3!gfkvkqp!rcuugf!cyc{!lwuv!c!hgy!{gctu!ciq!. 1992 edition passed away just a few years ago - ofqh!vjg!incuu!kpfwuvt{!kp!Xgtoqpv-!dwv!ogtgn{!vq!kpvtqfweg the glass industry in Vermont, but merely to introduce RobertTqdgtv! GEdwardfyctf! •"Bob"Dqd–! YWest,guv-! qonp! AprilCrtkn! 20,31-! 2005,3116-! andcpf kv!jgtg!hqt!ceeqwpvcdknkv{!rwtrqugu/!Kp!vjg!ogcpvkog-!tgcfit here for accountability purposes. In the meantime, read MaryOct{! Hard Jctf! Bort, Dqtv-! on qp! February Hgdtwct{! 28, 39-! 2006. 3117/! Both Dqvj! were ygtg MaxOcz! RPetersen'sgvgtugp”u! HistoryJkuvqt{!qh!Xgtoqpv!Incuuocmgtu/ of Vermont Glassmakers. nativespcvkxgu!qh!Ocpejguvgt-!Xgtoqpv-!cpf!dqvj!ygtg!cnuq!vjg of Manchester, Vermont, and both were also the AllCnn!pgy!ukvgu!nqecvgf!cpf!fqewogpvgf!ukpeg!2;;3!ctg new sites located and documented since 1992 are ramrodstcotqfu! dgjkpf!behind the vjg! successful uweeguuhwn! revitalization tgxkvcnk|cvkqp! qh!of the vjg kpenwfgf!kp!vjku!Cffgpfwo/!Cffkvkqpcnn{-!ocp{!qvjgtuincluded in this Addendum. Additionally, many others ManchesterOcpejguvgt!Jkuvqtkecn!Uqekgv{!kp!vjg!gctn{!2;91u/ Historical Society in the early 1980s. havejcxg! been dggp! updated wrfcvgf! hqt!for various xctkqwu! reasons, tgcuqpu-! uwej!such cu!as the vjg BobDqd !YWest'sguv”u !namepcog !appearscrrgctu !throughoutvjtqwijqwv !thevjg !21992;;3! geditionfkvkqp hwtpceg!cv!Hqtguv!Fcng-!yjkej!ycu!uvcdknk|gf!fwtkpi!vjgfurnace at Forest Dale, which was stabilized during the (as)cu!kv!cnuq!fqgu-!dwv!nguu!uq!owej-!kp!vjg!Cffgpfwo*/!Jg it also does, but less so much, in the Addendum). He summeruwoogt!qh!2;;6-!qt!c!ec2933!uvcem!cv!Hwtpceg!Itqxg!kp of 1995, or a cal 822 stack at Furnace Grove in wasycu!c!eqpuvcpv!uwrrqtvgt!qh!o{!yqtm!cpf!K!cempqyngfigf a constant supporter of my work and I acknowledged Bennington,Dgppkpivqp-!yjkej!uwhhgtgf!c!oclqt!eqnncrug!kp!gctn{ which suffered a major collapse in early hisjku!kpxqnxgogpv!ykvj!vjcv!d{!cumkpi!jko!vq!dg!qpg!qh!o{ involvement with that by asking him to be one of my 2007.3118/!Qvjgtu!jcxg!dggp!tg.kfgpvkhkgf!cu!pgy!kphqtocvkqp Others have been re-identified as new information twovyq!eq.eqpvtkdwvqtu!vq!vjg!Rtghceg!qh!vjg!qtkikpcn!dqqm/ co-contributors to the Preface of the original book. hasjcu!dggp!fkueqxgtgf-!yjkng!{gv!qvjgtu!jcxg!dggp!fgngvgf been discovered, while yet others have been deleted MaryOct{!Dqtv!ycu!cnuq!kpxqnxgf!kp!o{!yqtm!ygnn!dghqtg Bort was also involved in my work well before hqt!xctkqwu!tgcuqpu/!Vcdng!C.3!nkuvu!ukvgu!cffgf-!wrfcvgf-for various reasons. Table A-2 lists sites added, updated, IK!tgcnk|gf!kv!yqwnf!dgeqog!c!dqqm/!Kh!cp{dqf{!mpgy!yjcv realized it would become a book. If anybody knew what orqt!tg.kfgpvkhkgf/!Vgzv!cpf!knnwuvtcvkqpu!hqnnqykpi!Vcdng!C. re-identified. Text and illustrations following Table A- wentygpv!qp!kp!Ocpejguvgt!jkuvqt{-!kv!ycu!Oct{/!Oc{dg!pqv on in Manchester history, it was Mary. Maybe not 23!rtqxkfg!fgvckngf!kphqtocvkqp!qh!vjg!ukvgu/=!vjg!Xgtoqpv provide detailed information of the sites.; the Vermont righttkijv!cyc{-!ujg!gxgpvwcnn{!hqwpf!cpuygtu!vq!cnoquv!cnn away, she eventually found answers to almost all Uvcvg!Ctejgqnqikuv!ku!mgrv!wr.vq.fcvg/State Archeologist is kept up-to-date. thevjg !squestionswguvkqpu !KI! rpiledkngf! wuponrqp! jher.gt/! YWouldstqwnfuv! vthatjcv! vtoday'sqfc{”u !jhardctf Ukvg!kfgpvkhkecvkqp!pwodgtu!kp!vjg!qtkikpcn!gfkvkqp!qhSite identification numbers in the original edition of drivesftkxgu! yweregtg! casu! fdependablegrgpfcdng! casu! OMary'sct{”u !mind.okpf/ sitesukvgu!pqv!hqwpf!vqqm!vjg!hqto!qh-!hqt!gzcorng-!CF.KY23- not found took the form of, for example, AD-IW12, Kp!cffkvkqp!vq!Dqd!cpf!Oct{-!vjg!hqnnqykpi!rgqrngIn addition to Bob and Mary, the following people translation:vtcpuncvkqp

A-8C.9 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

RussellTwuugnn!Tgc{-!Mcvkg!Tgknn{-!V{ngt!Tguej-!Lcem!Tquugp- Reay, Katie Reilly, Tyler Resch, Jack Rossen, ArizonaCtk|qpc!yjgtg!jg!tgukfgu!ykvj!ykhg-!!Lgppkhgt-!!cpf!!mkfu where he resides with wife, Jennifer, and kids JenLgp!Twuugnn-!Uvgxg!Ujctqwp-!Fcxkf!Umkpcu-!Ejtku!Unguct- Russell, Steve Sharoun, David Skinas, Chris Slesar, Victoria,Xkevqtkc-!!Pkem-!cpf!Lcmg/!Ejtku!ku!o{!gzrgtv!cpf!hkpcn Nick, and Jake. Chris is my expert and final Vkoqvj{!E/!Xcp!Ueq{qe-!Rgvgt!Uvqvv-!Lwf{!Uvtcvvqp-!RgvgtTimothy C. Van Scoyoc, Peter Stott, Judy Stratton, Peter advisorcfxkuqt!qp!jqy!vq!ocmg!vjku!B%&'$"!eqorwvgt!fq!yjcv on how to make this @$%&#! computer do what Vjqocu-!Thomas, Fkcpg!Diane Wechter, Ygejvgt-! Okejcgn!Michael Werner, Ygtpgt-! Bob Dqd! Wil- Ykn. IK!vjkpm!K!ycpv!kv!vq!fq-!cpf!yjq!fwrnkecvgf!vjg!jwpftgfu think I want it to do, and who duplicated the hundreds nliams,kcou-! LJoanneqcppg! YWilliamson,knnkcouqp-! XVirginiaktikpkc! •"Ginger"Ikpigt– !YWimberg,kodgti- ofqh!EFu!vjcv!ctg!c!rctv!qh!vjku!3118!rcemcig/!Yjcvvc!uqp" CDs that are a part of this 2007 package. Whatta son! andcpf!uqog!urgekcn!vjcpmu!vq!uqog!xgt{!urgekcn!rgqrng

TableVcdng!C.2/!Gttqtu-!eqttgevkqpu-!cpf!okpqt!ejcpigu!vq!vjg!2;;3!gfkvkqp A-1. Errors, corrections, and minor changes to the 1992 edition

PageRcig!kk-!dqvvqo-!rjqvq!etgfkv!hqt!htqpv!eqxgt!ku!Ocvvjgy!Mkgtuvgcf ii, bottom, photo credit for front cover is Matthew Kierstead PageRcig! xvii,kk-! ecolumnqnwop! 21,-! dbottomqvvqo! nline,kpg-! ecorrectqttgev! •"ArtCtv! RPhenning"jgppkpi–! vtoq! •"ArtCtv! RPfenning"hgppkpi– a!a!a!a!a!,- !columneqnwop! 32,-! nlinekpg! 212,3-! cafterhvgt! •"RobertTqdgtv! PNeville,"gxknng-–! caddff! •"GraceItceg! GE./! QOverly,"xgtn{-– a!a!a!a!a!,- !linenkpg! 25,36-! cafterhvgt! •"AllenCnngp! Hitchcock"Jkvejeqem–! caddff! •"Mrs.Otu/! GEllennngp! )(Richard)Tkejctf*! JHolland"qnncpf– a!a!a!a!a!,- !linenkpg !431,2-! fdeletegngvg! •"Mrs.Otu/ !MulhollandOwnjqnncpf! )(Cavendish)"Ecxgpfkuj*– PageRcig !327,8- !ecolumnqnwop !21,-! nlinekpg! 433-34,4.45-! echangejcpig! •"Bennington,Dgppkpivqp- !GEastcuv !FDorset,qtugv- !candpf! YWestguv! JHaven."cxgp/– !vtoq! •"Bennington,Dgppkpivqp- !VTroy,tq{- !candpf !YWestguv Haven."Jcxgp/– PageRcig! 987,8-! columneqnwop! 21,-! nlinekpg! 98,-! echangejcpig! •"NovemberPqxgodgt! 98,-! 21973";84#! vtoq! "November•Pqxgodgt! 98,-! 21793"8;4# a!a!a!a!a!,- !linenkpg !9,;-! echangejcpig! •"(Wilbur)Ykndwt! xvol.qn/! 32! 21928:28)";39<39*–! vtoq! •"(Wilbur)Ykndwt! xvolqn! 32./! 21928:53)";39<64*– a!a!a!a!a!,- !linenkpg !18,29-! echangejcpig! •"ofqh! EChittenden."jkvvgpfgp/–! vtoq! •"ofqh !EChittendenjkvvgpfgp! ECounty."qwpv{/–

A-9C.; 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

TableVcdng!C.2/!Gttqtu-!eqttgevkqpu-!cpf!okpqt!ejcpigu!vq!vjg!2;;3!gfkvkqp!)eqpvkpwgf* A-1. Errors, corrections, and minor changes to the 1992 edition (continued) PageRcig! 2105,16-! ecolumnqnwop! 21,-! nlinekpg! 215,6-! echangejcpig! •"(Smith)Uokvj! 21886:560)"997<671*–! vtoq! •"(Smith)Uokvj! 21886:500)"997<611*–! PageRcig! 2121,32-! ecolumnqnwop! 32,-! nlinekpg! ;9,-! echangejcpig! •"team"vgco–! vtoq! •"steam"uvgco– PageRcig! 2123,34-! ecolumnqnwop! 32,-! nlinekpg! 217,8-! echangejcpig! •"fivehkxg! fdogs,qiu-! jheavygcx{! kirontqp! trods,qfu-! hflatncv! kirons,"tqpu-–! vtoq! •"firedogshktgfqiu! )(andirons),cpfktqpu*-! hflatirons,"ncvktqpu-– PageRcig! 2125,36-! hfigurekiwtg! 54-44.55! ecaption,crvkqp-! echangejcpig! •"1991"2;;2–! vtoq! •"1990"2;;1– PageRcig! 2134,45-! ecolumnqnwop! 32,-! nlinekpg! 320,1-! echangejcpig! •"destroyedfguvtq{gf!g evidencexkfgpeg!q ofh– !tovq !"destroyed•fguvtq{gf !surfaceuwthceg! gevidencexkfgpeg! qof"h– PageRcig! 2145,56-! hfigurekiwtg! 54.67,/78-! fdeletegngvg! gexistingzkuvkpi! gerroneousttqpgqwu! ecaptioncrvkqp! candpf! treplacegrnceg! ywithkvj! •"TitledVkvngf! “'NorthPqtvj! DBenningtongppkpivqp! KIrontqp! YWorks'qtmu” andcpf!kfgpvkhkgf!cu!cp!2976!rckpvkpi!d{!K/!Ucemgvv!qh!vjg!Dwtfgp!Ktqp!Yqtmu!)Tguej!2;86<;2*-!ewttgpv!tgugctej!jcu identified as an 1865 painting by I. Sackett of the Burden Iron Works (Resch 1975:91), current research has hasjcu!hqwpf!kv!vq!dg!cp!2979!ftcykpi!d{!E/!G/!Ucemgvv-!fgnkpgcvqt-!ujqykpi!vjg!Dnckt!Ktqp!'!Eqcn!Eq/!yqtmu!cv found it to be an 1868 drawing by C. E. Sackett, delineator, showing the Blair Iron & Coal Co. works at BenningtonDgppkpivqp !Furnace,Hwtpceg- !AlleghanyCnngijcp{ !VTownship,qypujkr- !BlairDnckt !County,Eqwpv{- !RPennsylvaniagppu{nxcpkc !)(courtesyeqwtvgu{ !qofh !DBenningtongppkpivqp! OMuseum,wugwo-! XVt.)."v/*/– PageRcig !2149,5;-! ecolumnqnwop! 21,-! nlinekpg! 434,5-! cafterhvgt! •"fromhtqo! usoftwood"qhvyqqf–! caddff! •"(Egleston)Ginguvqp! OMayc{! 21879:377)"98;<488*– PageRcig! 2152,63-! ecolumnqnwop! 21,-! nlinekpg! 32,-! fdeletegngvg! •"afterchvgt !GEnglishpinkuj! ecoalqcn! ominerskpgtu! qofh! vthejg! usamecog! pname."cog/– ![Note:]Pqvg< !"colliers"•eqnnkgtu– !predatesrtgfcvgu !coaleqcn !mining]okpkpi_ PageRcig !2158,69-! ecolumnqnwop! 21,-! nlinekpg! 215,6-! cafterhvgt! •"ofqh! qothervjgt! ushapes"jcrgu–! caddff! •"(Egleston)Ginguvqp! OMayc{! 21879:389)"98;<49;*– a!a!a!a!a!,- !columneqnwop! 32,-! nlinekpg! 431,2-! cafterhvgt! •"StatisticsUvcvkuvkeu !qofh! someuqog! vtypical{rkecn! econicalqpkecn! mkilns"knpu–! caddff! •"(Egleston)Ginguvqp! OMayc{! 21879:396)"98;<4;7*– PageRcig! 2164,75-! ecolumnqnwop! 32,-! nlinekpg! 438,9-! catv! gendpf! qofh! usentencegpvgpeg! gendingpfkpi! •"fueledhwgngf! usolelyqngn{! ywithkvj! echarcoal."jcteqcn/–! cadd:ff

A-10C.21 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

Vcdng!C.3/!Ukvgu!cffgf-!wrfcvgf-!tg.kfgpvkhkgf-!rnwu!rcig!kpfgzTable A-2. Sites added, updated, re-identified, plus page index !!!!!!!!!!!!!Pqvgu

!Ukvg!Pwodgt!Site Number Page Rcig !!!!!Ukvg!Pcog0V{rg+!!!!!!!!Site Name/Type* !!!!!!!!Vqyp!!!!!!Town !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Ukvg!Uvcvwu!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Site Status

AddisonCffkuqp!Eqwpv{ County VT-AD-299XV.CF.3;; A-14 C.25 East Gcuv!Okffngdwt{!Hqtig Middlebury Forge Middlebury Okffngdwt{ new pgy!fcvc!)rr/!;1.;3*! data (pp. 90-92) VT-AD-318XV.CF.429 A-49 C.5; Huntley Jwpvng{!Nkog!Mknpu Lime Kilns LeicesterNgkeguvgt oldqnf!rjqvqu photos VT-AD-409XV.CF.51; A-48 C.59 Bristol Dtkuvqn!Nkog!Mknp Lime Kiln BristolDtkuvqn oldqnf!rjqvq photo VT-AD-741XV.CF.852 A-47 C.58 Hamilton Jcoknvqp!Jknn!NM Hill LK BridportDtkfrqtv newpgy!fcvc data VT-AD-743XV.CF.854 A-47 C.58 Daigneau Fckipgcw!Jknn!NM Hill LK OrwellQtygnn newpgy!fcvc data VT-AD-847XV.CF.958 A-47 C.58 Boyce Dq{eg!NM LK MiddleburyOkffngdwt{ new pgy!fcvc-!)r/!35;* data, (p. 249) VT-AD-1138XV.CF.2249 A-16 C.27 Forestdale Hqtguvfcng!KY!Fkurqucn 1W Disposal Goshen Iqujgp newpgy!gpvt{ entry VT-AD-1348XV.CF.2459 A-16 C.27 Barker Dctmgt!Hqtig++ Forge** BristolDtkuvqn newpgy!fcvc!)r/!217* data (p. 106) VT-AD-1355XV.CF.2466 A-47 C.58 Marsh Octuj!Hcto!NM Farm LK HancockJcpeqem newpgy!gpvt{!)rr/!285-!356* entry (pp. 174, 245) VT-AD-1356XV.CF.2467 A-49 C.5; Long Nqpi!Rqkpv!NM Point LK FerrisburgHgttkudwti newpgy!gpvt{ entry VT-AD-1481XV.CF.2592 A-68 C.79 Vermont Xgtoqpv!Incuu!Hcevqt{ Glass Factory Ucnkudwt{Salisbury newpgy!gpvt{ entry !!!!!!!.fq.-do- A-68C.79 Lake Ncmg!Fwpoqtg!Incuu!Eq/ Dunmore Glass Co. Ucnkudwt{Salisbury newpgy!gpvt{ entry VT-AD-1491XV.CF.25;2 A-70 C.81 Vermont Xgtoqpv!Incuu!Hcevqt{ Glass Factory Middlebury Okffngdwt{ new pgy!gpvt{ entry FS-101(AD)HU.212)CF* A-16 C.27 Rathbone Tcvjdqpg!Dncuv!Hwtpceg Blast Furnace Vergennes Xgtigppgu newpgy!gpvt{ entry FS-102(ADHU.213)CF A-17 C.28 Belding/Drake Dgnfkpi0Ftcmg!Hwtpceg Furnace Weybridge Yg{dtkfig wasycu!CF.KY15!)r/!211* AD-1W04 (p. 100) FS-105(AD)HU.216)CF* ++** Chaffee Ejchhgg!NM LK GranvilleItcpxknng wasycu!CF.NM14!)r/!356* AD-LKO3 (p. 245) FS-106(AD)HU.217)CF* ++** Peake Rgcmg!NM LK UjqtgjcoShoreham wasycu!CF.NM15!)r/!358* AD-LKO4 (p. 247) FS-107(AD)HU.218)CF* ++** Gibbs Ikddu!NM LK NewPgy!Jcxgp Haven was ycu!CF.NM16!)r/!355* AD-LKO5 (p. 244) AD-GWO1CF.IY12 A-70 C.81 Otter Qvvgt!Etggm!Incuu!Eq/ Creek Glass Co. Vergennes Xgtigppgu newpgy!gpvt{ entry

BenningtonDgppkpivqp!Eqwpv{ County !!!!!!!.. A-19C.2; "Brief•Dtkgh !HistoryJkuvqt{ !ofqh !BurdenDwtfgp !&' !SonsUqpu !inkp! USouthwesternqwvjyguvgtp! XVermont".gtoqpv–/ VT-BE-10XV.DG.21 A-17 C.28 Furnace Hwtpceg!Itqxg!KC!Fkuv/++ Grove IA Dist.** Bennington Dgppkpivqp new pgy!fcvc!)r/!245* data (p. 134) VT-BE-36XV.DG.47 A-27 C.38 Burden Dwtfgp!Dncuv!Hwtpceg Blast Furnace Ujchvudwt{Shaftsbury newpgy!fcvc!)r/!254* data (p. 143) VT-BE-41XV.DG.52 A-36 C.47 Mad Ocf!Vqo!Wrrgt!EM Tom Upper CK PeruRgtw newpgy!fcvc!)r/!299* data (p. 188) VT-BE-47XV.DG.58 A-36 C.47 West Yguv!Hqtm!EM Fork CK GlastenburyIncuvgpdwt{ new pgy!fcvc!)r/!2;6* data (p. 195) VT-BE-222XV.DG.333 A-21 C.32 Burden Dwtfgp!Ktqp!Okpg!Fkuv++/ Iron Mine Dist**. Bennington Dgppkpivqp new pgy!gpvt{ entry VT-BE-427XV.DG.538 A-37 C.48 Miles Okngu!EM++ CK** ArlingtonCtnkpivqp newpgy!fcvc!)r/!2;4* data (p. 193) VT-BE-441XV.DG.552 A-26 C.37 Burden Dwtfgp!Ktqp!Qtg!Oknn Iron Ore Mill Bennington Dgppkpivqp new pgy!gpvt{ entry VT-BE-442XV.DG.553 A-30 C.41 Burden Dwtfgp!Nkoguvqpg!Swctt{ Limestone Quarry Pownal Rqypcn newpgy!gpvt{ entry FS-10(BE)HU.21)DG* ++** Dorset Fqtugv!Xknncig!Hwtpceg Village Furnace Dorset Fqtugv wasycu!DG.KY15!)r/!24;* BE-1W04 (p. 139) FS-11(BE)HU.22)DG* A-30 C.41 North Pqtvj!Xknncig!Hwtpceg++ Village Furnace** Manchester Ocpejguvgt new pgy!fcvc=!)r/!253* data; (p. 142) FS-12(BE)HU.23)DG* ++** Woodford Yqqfhqtf!Hwtpceg Furnace WoodfordYqqfhqtf wasycu!DG.KY13!)r/!249* BE-1W02 (p. 138) FS-13(BE)HU.24)DG* ++** Whipple Yjkrrng!NM LK PownalRqypcn wasycu!DG.NM12!)r/!376* BE-LKO1 (p. 265) FS-14(BE)HU.25)DG* ++** Dorset Fqtugv!Oqwpvckp!Tf!NM Mountain Rd LK Dorset Fqtugv wasycu!DG.NM13!)r/!373* BE-LKO2 (p. 262) FS-15(BE)HU.26)DG* ++** Purdy Rwtf{!Jknn!NM Hill LK ManchesterOcpejguvgt was ycu!DG.NM14!)r/!375* BE-LKO3 (p. 264) FS-16(BE)HU.27)DG* ++** Hopper Jqrrgt!Dtqqm!NM Brook LK ManchesterOcpejguvgt was ycu!DG.NM15!)r/!375* BE-LKO4 (p. 264) FS-17(BE)HU.28)DG* ++** Equinox Gswkpqz!Oqwpvckp!NM Mountain LK Manchester Ocpejguvgt was ycu!DG.NM16!)r/!375* BE-LKO5 (p. 264) FS-20(BE)HU.31)DG* ++** Lawrence Ncytgpeg!NM LK UwpfgtncpfSunderland was ycu!DG.NM19!)r/!375* BE-LKO8 (p. 264) BE-1W08DG.KY19 A-30C.41 Vqyung{!Ktqp!OkpgTowsley Iron Mine PownalRqypcn newpgy!gpvt{ entry BE-GWO1DG.IY12 A-70 C.81 Manchester Ocpejguvgt!Incuu!Hcevqt{ Glass Factory Manchester Ocpejguvgt new pgy!gpvt{ entry

A-11C.22 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

TableVcdng!C.3/!Ukvgu!cffgf-!wrfcvgf-!tg.kfgpvkhkgf-!rnwu!rcig!kpfgz!)eqpvkpwgf* A-2. Sites added, updated, re-identified, plus page index (continued)

!Ukvg!Pwodgt!Site Number Page Rcig !!!!!Ukvg!Pcog0V{rg+!!!!!!!!Site Name/Type* !!!!!!!!Vqyp!!!!!!Town !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Ukvg!Uvcvwu!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Site Status

CaledoniaEcngfqpkc!Eqwpv{ County VT-CA-99XV.EC.;; A-38 C.49 K/!P/!Jcnn!EMI. N. Hall CK GrotonItqvqp newpgy!fcvc!)r/!283* data (p. 172) FS-9(CA)HU.;)EC* **++ Marl Octn!Rqpf!NM Pond LK UwvvqpSutton wasycu!EC.NM12!)r/!341* CA-LKO1 (p. 230)

ChittendenEjkvvgpfgp!Eqwpv{ County VT-CH-282XV.EJ.393 A-49 C.5; Weston Yguvqp!Yqtmu!NM Works LK Uq/!DwtnkpivqpSo. Burlington new pgy!fcvc!)rr/!351.353* data (pp. 240-242) VT-CH-284XV.EJ.395 A-49 C.5; Champlain Ejcornckp!Xcnng{!NM Valley LK ColchesterEqnejguvgt newpgy!fcvc!)rr/!351.353* data (pp. 240-242) VT-CH-617XV.EJ.728 A-38 C.49 CCCH EEEJ!Rtqlgev!EM Project CK ColchesterEqnejguvgt newpgy!gpvt{ entry VT-CH-1023XV.EJ.2134 A-71 C.82 Champlain Ejcornckp!Incuu!Eq/ Glass Co. Burlington Dwtnkpivqp newpgy!gpvt{ entry CH-LKO2EJ.NM13 A-50C.61 Law Ncy!Kuncpf!NM Island LK ColchesterEqnejguvgt newpgy!gpvt{ entry

FranklinHtcpmnkp!Eqwpv{ County FS-26(FR)HU.37)HT* ++** Fairfield Hckthkgnf!Dncuv!Hwtpceg Blast Furnace Fairfield Hckthkgnf wasycu!HT.KY13!)r/!93* FR-1W02 (p. 82) FS-27(FR)HU.38)HT* ++** Ferris Hgttku!NM LK UycpvqpSwanton wasycu!HT.NM12!)r/!346* FR-LKO1 (p. 235) FR-LKO2HT.NM13 A-50C.61 Uokvj!Nkog!YqtmuSmith Lime Works Georgia?IgqtikcA newpgy!gpvt{ entry FR-LKO3HT.NM14 A-51C.62 Uvknrjgp!NMStilphen LK Uv/!CndcpuSt. Albans newpgy!gpvt{ entry

GrandItcpf!Kung Isle VT-GI-67XV.IK.78 A-51C.62 Eagle Gcing!Ecor!NM Camp LK Uqwvj!JgtqSouth Hero new pgy!gpvt{ entry

LamoilleNcoqknng!Eqwpv{ County FS-26(LA)HU.37)NC* ++** Benjamin Dgplcokp!Vjqocu!NM Thomas LK YcvgtxknngWaterville wasycu!NC.NM12!)r/!349* LA-LKO1 (p. 238) FS-27(LA)HU.38)NC* ++** Vknnqvuqp!NMTillotson LK WatervilleYcvgtxknng wasycu!NC.NM13!)r/!34;* LA-LKO2 (p. 239) FS-28(LA)HU.39)NC* ++** Bradford Dtcfhqtf!NM LK JohnsonLqjpuqp wasycu!NC.NM15!)r/!34;* LA-LKO4 (p. 239) FS-29(LA)HU.3;)NC* ++** Butler Dwvngt!NM LK JohnsonLqjpuqp wasycu!NC.NM16!)r/!34;* LA-LKO5 (p. 239) FS-30(LA)HU.41)NC* A-51 C.62 Balch Dcnej!NM LK JohnsonLqjpuqp newpgy!gpvt{ entry

OrangeQtcpig!Eqwpv{ County FS-26(OR)HU.37)QT* A-51 C.62 Eastman Gcuvocp!NM LK NewburyPgydwt{ newpgy!gpvt{ entry

RutlandTwvncpf!Eqwpv{ County VT-RU-41XV.TW.52 A-31 C.42 Green Itggp!Oqwpvckp/!Ktqp!Eq/ Mountain. Iron Co. Brandon Dtcpfqp newpgy!fcvc!)r/!234* data (p. 123) VT-RU-57XV.TW.68 A-35 C.46 Granger Itcpigt!Dncuv!Hwtpceg Blast Furnace Pittsford Rkvvuhqtf newpgy!fcvc!)r/!225.22;* data (p. 114-119) VT-RU-78XV.TW.89 A-39 C.4; Griffith/Old Itkhhkvj0Qnf!Lqd!EM Job CK MountOqwpv!Vcdqt Tabor new pgy!fcvc!)rr/!289.296*! data (pp. 178-185) VT-RU-291XV.TW.3;2 A-52 C.63 Coons Eqqpu!Fgp!NM Den LK FairHckt!Jcxgp Haven newpgy!gpvt{ entry VT-RU-292XV.TW.3;3 A-53 C.64 Day Fc{!NM LK KtcIra newpgy!gpvt{ entry VT-RU-293XV.TW.3;4 A-3 C.46 5 Ruggles/Gray Twiingu0Itc{!Hqwpft{ Foundry Poultney Rqwnvpg{ newpgy!gpvt{ entry VT-RU-294XV.TW.3;5 A-54 C.65 McConnell OeEqppgnn!NM LK RutlandTwvncpf newpgy!gpvt{ entry VT-RU-295XV.TW.3;6 ++** Conant Eqpcpv!Dncuv!Hwtpceg Blast Furnace BrandonDtcpfqp wasycu!XV.TW.328!)r/!231* VT-RU-217 (p. 120) FS-53(RU)HU.64)TW* ++** Wallingford Ycnnkpihqtf!Hwtpceg Furnace WallingfordYcnnkpihqtf was ycu!TW.KY14!)r/!218* RU-1W03 (p. 107) FS-54(RU)HU.65)TW* ++** VerMarCo XgtOctEq!NM LK WestYguv!Twvncpf Rutland was ycu!TW.NM12!)r/!35;* RU-LKO1 (p. 249) FS-55(RU)HU.66)TW* A-55 C.66 Fuller Hwnngt!NM LK MountOqwpv!Jqnn{ Holly new pgy!fcvc!)r/!363* data (p. 252) FS-58(RU)HU.69)TW* A-55 C.66 Jackson Lcemuqp!NM LK WestYguv!TwvncpfA Rutland? new pgy!gpvt{ entry FS-59(RU)HU.6;)TW* A-55 C.66 Reynolds Tg{pqnfu!NM LK ProctorRtqevqt newpgy!gpvt{ entry

A-12C.23 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

TableVcdng!C.3/!Ukvgu!cffgf-!wrfcvgf-!tg.kfgpvkhkgf-!rnwu!rcig!kpfgz!)eqpvkpwgf* A-2. Sites added, updated, re-identified, plus page index (continued)

!Ukvg!Pwodgt!Site Number Page Rcig !!!!!Ukvg!Pcog0V{rg+!!!!!!!!Site Name/Type* !!!!!!!!Vqyp!!!!!!Town !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Ukvg!Uvcvwu!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Site Status

RutlandTwvncpf! ECountyqwpv{! )(cont'd)eqpv”f* RU-GWO1TW.IY12 A-72 C.83 Pittsford Rkvvuhqtf!Incuu!Eq/ Glass Co. PittsfordRkvvuhqtf pgy!gpvt{new entry

WashingtonYcujkpivqp!Eqwpv{ County VT-WA-167XV.YC.278 A-45 C.56 Uq/!Yqqfdwt{!EMSo. Woodbury CK WoodburyYqqfdwt{ newpgy!gpvt{ entry WA-LKO1YC.NM12 A-56 C.67 Foster Hquvgt!NM LK CalaisEcncku newpgy!gpvt{ entry

WindhamYkpfjco!Eqwpv{ County !!!!!!!..-- A-56C.67 "Brief•Dtkgh !HistoryJkuvqt{ !ofqh !VermontXgtoqpv !LimeNkog !andcpf! ShermanUjgtocp! ECarbidectdkfg! ECompanies"qorcpkgu– VT-WD-142XV.YF.253 A-60 C.71 Rev. Tgx/!P/!F/!Ujgtocp!tgu/ N. D. Sherman res. Whitingham Yjkvkpijco new pgy!gpvt{ entry VT-WD-143XV.YF.254 A-60 C.71 N. P/!C/!Ujgtocp!tgukfgpeg A. Sherman residence Whitingham Yjkvkpijco new pgy!gpvt{/ entry. VT-WD-144XV.YF.255 A-60 C.71 Ujgtocp!Ectdkfg!FkuvtkevSherman Carbide District Whitingham Yjkvkpijco new pgy!gpvt{ entry VT-WD-148XV.YF.259 A-62 C.73 Ujgtocp!uknxgt0ngcf!okpg!Sherman silver/lead mine Whitingham Yjkvkpijco new pgy!gpvt{ entry VT-WD-149XV.YF.25; A-62 C.73 Dist. Fkuv/!$25!Uejqqnjqwug #14 Schoolhouse Whitingham Yjkvkpijco new pgy!gpvt{ entry VT-WD-150XV.YF.261 A-62 C.73 L. N/!Ujwoyc{!tgukfgpeg Shumway residence Whitingham Yjkvkpijco new pgy!gpvt{! entry VT-WD-151XV.YF.262 A-62 C.73 Lead Ngcf!'!Uknxgt!Okpg-!NM & Silver Mine, LK Whitingham Yjkvkpijco new pgy!gpvt{ entry VT-WD-152XV.YF.263 A-63 C.74 Ucy!oknn!cpf!fcoSaw mill and dam WhitinghamYjkvkpijco new pgy!gpvt{ entry VT-WD-253XV.YF.364 A-64 C.75 Goodell Iqqfgnn!Hcto!NM++ Farm LK* * WestminsterYguvokpuvgt new pgy!fcvc!)r/!378* data (p. 267) VT-WD-270XV.YF.381 A-64 C.75 Cooper-Ellis Eqqrgt.Gnnku!NM LK WestminsterYguvokpuvgt new pgy!gpvt{ entry VT-WD-271XV.YF.382 A-65 C.76 Pinnacle Rkppceng!Cuup/!NM Assn. LK WestminsterYguvokpuvgt new pgy!gpvt{ entry FS-16(WD)HU.27)YF* ** ++ Merrifield Ogttkhkgnf!Tqcf!NM Road LK WhitinghamYjkvkpijco was ycu!YF.NM12!)r/!37;* WD-LKO1 (p. 269) WD-GWO1YF.IY12 A-72 C.83 Vernon Xgtpqp!Incuu!Eq/ Glass Co. VernonXgtpqp newpgy!gpvt{ entry

WindsorYkpfuqt!Eqwpv{ County VT-WN-231XV.YP.342 A-66 C.77 Black Dncem!Tkxgt!Vykpu!NM River Twins LK Plymouth Rn{oqwvj newpgy!gpvt{ entry VT-WN-232XV.YP.343 A-66 C.77 CCC EEE!Tqcf!NM Road LK PlymouthRn{oqwvj newpgy!gpvt{ entry VT-WN-233XV.YP.344 A-67 C.78 Roadcut Tqcfewv!NM LK PlymouthRn{oqwvj newpgy!gpvt{ entry VT-WN-234XV.YP.345 A-67 C.78 Hillside Jknnukfg!NM LK PlymouthRn{oqwvj newpgy!gpvt{ entry VT-WN-235XV.YP.346 A-67 C.78 Peter Rgvgt!Uswktg!NM Squire LK WeathersfieldYgcvjgtuhkgnf new pgy!gpvt{ entry VT-WN-236XV.YP.347 A-67 C.78 Abraham Cdtcjco!Uokvj!NM Smith LK WeathersfieldYgcvjgtuhkgnf new pgy!gpvt{ entry FS-24(WN)HU.35)YP* ++** East Gcuv!Dgvjgn!NM Bethel LK BethelDgvjgn wasycu!YP.NM13!)r/!363* WN-LKO2 (p. 252) FS-25(WN)HU.36)YP* ++** Uqwvj!Yqqfuvqem!NMSouth Woodstock LK WoodstockYqqfuvqem was ycu!YP.NM14!)r/!36;* WN-LKO3 (p. 259) FS-26(WN)HU.37)YP* ++** Ujcvvwem!Hcto!NMShattuck Farm LK WestonYguvqp wasycu!YP.NM15!)r/!363* WN-LKO4 (p. 252) FS-27(WN)HU.38)YP* ++** Hutchins Jwvejkpu!NM LK AndoverCpfqxgt wasycu!YP.NM16!)r/!369* WN-LKO5 (p. 258) FS-28(WN)HU.39)YP* ++** North Pqtvj!Cpfqxgt!NM Andover LK AndoverCpfqxgt wasycu!YP.NM17!)r/!369* WN-LKO6 (p. 258) FS-29(WN)HU.3;)YP* ++** Adams Cfcou!NM LK LudlowNwfnqy wasycu!YP.NM18!)r/!369* WN-LKO7 (p. 258) FSHU.41)YP* -30(WN) ++** Knapp Mpcrr!Tqcf!NM Road LK CavendishEcxgpfkuj wasycu!YP.NM19!)r/!36;* WN-LKO8 (p. 259)

*Type+V{rg!ngigpf

A-13C.24 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

UGEVKQP!C!.!KTQPYQTMUSECTION A - IRONWORKS warranted.ycttcpvgf/! Vjg!The Nqwku!Louis Berger Dgtigt! Itqwr-!Group, Kpe/-!Inc., qh!of East Gcuv Orange,Qtcpig-!PL-!ycu!eqpvtcevgf!vq!fq!vjg!Rjcug!K!cpf!KK NJ, was contracted to do the Phase I and II Vjg!uvwf{!qh!ktqpyqtmu!eqpvkpwgu/!Uqog!pgy!ukvgu!ygtgThe study of ironworks continues. Some new sites were investigations,kpxguvkicvkqpu-!yjkej!vqqm!rnceg!dgvyggp!Crtkn!33!cpf which took place between April 22 and hqwpf!cpf!tgeqtfgf

A-14C.25 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A northernpqtvjgtp!hqwpfcvkqp!ogcuwtgu!68¿!hggv!nqpi!cpf!xctkgu foundation measures 57'A feet long and varies incheskpejgu!dgnqy!vjg!vqr!qh!vjg!yjggn!rkv!hqwpfcvkqp!yjkng!kvu below the top of the wheel pit foundation while its htqo!5!kpejgu!jkij!)yguvgtp!ukfg*!vq!pgctn{!6!hggv!jkijfrom 4 inches high (western side) to nearly 5 feet high bottomdqvvqo!ku!23!kpejgu!cdqxg!vjg!dqvvqo!qh!vjg!vckn!tceg/!Vjg is 12 inches above the bottom of the tail race. The (eastern)gcuvgtp!ukfg*/!Dqvj!vjg!gcuvgtp!cpf!pqtvjgtp!hqwpfcvkqpu side). Both the eastern and northern foundations functionhwpevkqp!qh!vjku!hqwpfcvkqp!eqwnf!pqv!dg!fgvgtokpgf/ of this foundation could not be determined. arectg!qh!ft{.nckf!uvqpg!dnqemu!ykvj!uqog!rqtvkqpu!qh!vjg of dry-laid stone blocks with some portions of the Vjg!rtgugpeg!qh!vyq!unci!rkngu!)rkngu!$2!cpf!$3*!qp!vjgThe presence of two slag piles (piles #1 and #2) on the hqtig!forge building dwknfkpi! foundation hqwpfcvkqp! rquukdn{!possibly jcxkpi!having ugtxgf!served as cu worksyqtmu!itqwpfu!rtqxkfgf!itkuv!hqt!guvkocvkpi!vjg!vqppcig grounds provided grist for estimating the tonnage retainingtgvckpkpi!ycnnu!hqt!vjg!jkuvqtke!cpf!oqfgtp!tqcfu/ walls for the historic and modern roads. ofqh!ktqp!rtqfwegf!cv!vjg!ukvg-!vjg!tcvkq!qh!ocpwhcevwtgf iron produced at the site, the ratio of manufactured Vyq!rkngu!qh!uvqpg!cpf!unci!vjcv!ctg!rquukdng!nqecvkqpuTwo piles of stone and slag that are possible locations ironktqp!vq!unci-!cpf!yjgvjgt!cnn!vjg!unci!rtqfwegf!cu!c!tguwnv to slag, and whether all the slag produced as a result ofqh! the vjg! hearths jgctvju! are ctg! visible xkukdng! on qp! the vjg! surface uwthceg! near pgct! the vjg ofqh!cnn!vjcv!ktqp!ocpwhcevwtg!ycu!gkvjgt!uvknn!cv!vjg!ukvg- all that iron manufacture was either still at the site, approximatedcrrtqzkocvgf!nkokvu!qh!vjg!hqtig!dwknfkpi/!Vjg!ktqpyqtmu limits of the forge building. The ironworks washedycujgf!cyc{!d{!hnqqf-!kpvgpvkqpcnn{!jcwngf!cyc{-!qt!ku away by flood, intentionally hauled away, or is originallyqtkikpcnn{!jcf!vyq!jgctvju!cpf!d{!2977!c!vjktf!jgctvj!jcf had two hearths and by 1866 a third hearth had stilluvknn! somewhere uqogyjgtg! qp.ukvg!on-site dwv!but pqv!not evident gxkfgpv! )g/!(e. g., i/-! under wpfgt beendggp!cffgf-!dwv!kvu!nqecvkqp!eqwnf!pqv!dg!fgvgtokpgf/!Kv added, but its location could not be determined. It RouteTqwvg!236!cnqpiukfg!vjg!ukvg*/!Vjg!nctiguv!qh!vjgug-!rkng 125 alongside the site). The largest of these, pile ku!dgnkgxgf-!jqygxgt-!vjcv!vjg!vjktf!jgctvj!ycu!rncegfis believed, however, that the third hearth was placed #1,$2-!ku!cp!ctgc!qh!cdqwv!241!hggv!nqpi!d{!38!hggv!ykfg!cpf is an area of about 130 feet long by 27 feet wide and closeenqug!vq!vjg!rtgxkqwu!vyq!jgctvju!cpf!vjg!vyq!uvqpg!rkngu to the previous two hearths and the two stone piles fromhtqo!6!vq!7!hggv!fggr!vjcv!vtcknu!fqypuvtgco!htqo!vjg 5 to 6 feet deep that trails downstream from the mightokijv!eqpvckp!vjg!hqwpfcvkqpu!hqt!cnn!vjtgg!jgctvju/!Vjg contain the foundations for all three hearths. The forgehqtig! building dwknfkpi! dgvyggp!between vjg!the vckntceg!tailrace cpf!and vjg!the river. tkxgt/! It Kv twovyq!rkngu!ogcuwtg!34!d{!29!hggv!cpf!32¿!d{!47!hggv!cpf piles measure 23 by 18 feet and 21'A by 36 feet and appearscrrgctu! vq!to be dg! a c! slag unci! dumping fworkpi! area ctgc! that vjcv! was ycu! created etgcvgf arectg!dqvj! both about cdqwv! 4!3 feet hggv! high. jkij/! They Vjg{! consist eqpukuv! of qh! small uocnn! to vq duringfwtkpi!vjg!ktqpyqtmu!rgtkqf!qh!qrgtcvkqpu/!Vjg!unci!jgtg the ironworks period of operations. The slag here mediumogfkwo! uvqpg!stone boulders dqwnfgtu! ykvj!with small uocnn! amounts coqwpvu! qh!of slag, unci- isku!oquv!gxkfgpv!cnqpi!vjg!tkxgt!ujqtg!yjgtg!kv!ku!gtqfkpi most evident along the river shore where it is eroding brick,dtkem-!cpf!pcknu/ and nails. outqwv!qh!vjg!godcpmogpv!kpvq!vjg!tkxgt/!Vjg!ugeqpf-!unci of the embankment into the river. The second, slag Vjg!ycvgtyjggn!rkv!ku!nqecvgf!kp!vjg!uqwvjyguvgtp!rctvThe waterwheel pit is located in the southwestern part pilerkng!$3-!ku!nqecvgf!pgct!vjg!gcuvgtp!gfig!qh!vjg!ukvg=!c #2, is located near the eastern edge of the site; a ofqh!vjg!hqtig!dwknfkpi/!Vjg!rkv!yqwnf!jcxg!tgegkxgf!vjg the forge building. The pit would have received the roundedtqwpfgf!oqwpf!ogcuwtkpi!cdqwv!32¿!d{!53¿!hggv!cpf mound measuring about 211/2 by 421/2 feet and waterycvgt! discharge fkuejctig! htqo!from the vjg! waterwheel ycvgtyjggn! buckets dwemgvu! cu!as the vjg aboutcdqwv!4!hggv!jkij!)fwg!vq!kvu!rtqzkokv{!vq!vjg!vyq!uvqpg 3 feet high (due to its proximity to the two stone wheelyjggn!vwtpgf/!Vjg!rkv!ku!dwknv!qh!ft{.nckf!tkxgt!eqddngu turned. The pit is built of dry-laid river cobbles piles,rkngu-!unci!rkng!$3!ycu!kpkvkcnn{!vjqwijv!vq!dg!vjg!ukvg!qh slag pile #2 was initially thought to be the site of andcpf!qrgpu!cv!kvu!yguvgtp!gpf!kpvq!vjg!vckntceg/!Cnvjqwij opens at its western end into the tailrace. Although thevjg! "missing"•okuukpi–! thirdvjktf! bloomerydnqqogt{! hearth).jgctvj*/! DBasedcugf! qonp! theirvjgkt thevjg!ewttgpv!fgrvj!qh!vjg!yjggn!rkv!ku!cdqwv!4!hggv-!kv!okijv current depth of the wheel pit is about 3 feet, it might estimatedguvkocvgf!xqnwogu!cpf!cuuwogf!fgpukv{-!unci!rkngu!2!cpf volumes and assumed density, slag piles 1 and havejcxg!dggp!fggrgt!yjgp!vjg!ktqpyqtmu!ycu!kp!qrgtcvkqp been deeper when the ironworks was in operation 23! contain eqpvckp! about cdqwv! 1,130 2-241! cpf!and 91!80 short ujqtv! tons vqpu! of qh! slag, unci- (probably)rtqdcdn{!fwg!vq!ceewowncvkqp!qh!uqkn!fwtkpi!hnqqfu!cpf due to accumulation of soil during floods and respectively.tgurgevkxgn{/! ngch!cpf!fgdtku!ceewowncvkqp*/!Vjg!yjggn!rkv!ku!nctigleaf and debris accumulation). The wheel pit is large Vjg!tgrqtv!cnuq!kpenwfgf!c!nkuv!qh!qxgt!311!tgeqxgtgfThe report also included a list of over 200 recovered gpqwij!enough hqt!for only qpn{! one qpg! wheel yjggn! although cnvjqwij! some uqog! historical jkuvqtkecn artifacts,ctvkhcevu-!tgeqtfgf!cpf!ecvcnqigf-!tcpikpi!htqo!dkvu!qh recorded and cataloged, ranging from bits of documentsfqewogpvu!tghgt!vq!cu!ocp{!cu!vjtgg!yjggnu/ refer to as many as three wheels. slag,unci-! charcoal, ejcteqcn-! pcknu!nails qh!of many ocp{! types, v{rgu-! glass, incuu-! iron ktqp! ore, qtg- HammerJcoogt!cpf!cpxkn!hqwpfcvkqpu!uwrrqtvgf!vjg!ycvgt. and anvil foundations supported the water- bricks,dtkemu-!ecpu-!cpf!ocp{!rkgegu!qh!wpkfgpvkhkcdng!ogvcn!cpf cans, and many pieces of unidentifiable metal and poweredrqygtgf! triphammer vtkrjcoogt! cpf!and its kvu! associated cuuqekcvgf! anvil. cpxkn/! These Vjgug hardware.jctfyctg/ hqwpfcvkqpu!foundations ctg!are represented tgrtgugpvgf! d{!by two vyq! adjacent cflcegpv! dry-laid ft{.nckf Vjg!uvwf{!kpfkecvgu!The study indicates vjcv!vjg!ukvg!ku!gnkikdng!hqt!vjgthat the site is eligible for the cobbleeqddng!rncvhqtou!nqecvgf!vq!vjg!uqwvj!qh!vjg!yjggn!rkv/ platforms located to the south of the wheel pit. NationalPcvkqpcn!Tgikuvgt!qh!Jkuvqtke!Rncegu!wpfgt!vjg!etkvgtkqp Register of Historic Places under the criterion Vjg!jcoogt!hqwpfcvkqp!ku!vjg!yguvgtpoquv!qh!vjg!vyqThe hammer foundation is the westernmost of the two thatvjcv !"have•jcxg !yielded,{kgnfgf- !orqt !omayc{ !dbeg! nlikelykmgn{! vtoq! {yield,kgnf-! kinformationphqtocvkqp hqwpfcvkqpu!foundations cpf!and ogcuwtgu!measures 25! 14 d{!by 24!13 feet; hggv=! the vjg! anvil cpxkn in...history"kp///jkuvqt{– !sinceukpeg !thevjg !siteukvg !containseqpvckpu !ac !xvarietyctkgv{ !qofh! ustructuralvtwevwtcn hqwpfcvkqp!ku!vq!vjg!gcuv!qh!vjg!jcoogt!hqwpfcvkqp!cpffoundation is to the east of the hammer foundation and remains,tgockpu-!kpenwfkpi!dwknfkpi!hqwpfcvkqpu-!ycvgt!rqygt including building foundations, water power measuresogcuwtgu!24¿!d{!24¿!hggv/ 131/2 by 131/2 feet. features,hgcvwtgu-!rtqdcdng!hwtpceg!hqwpfcvkqpu-!cpf!unci!fworu/ probable furnace foundations, and slag dumps. Vjg!The tail vckn! race tceg! returned tgvwtpgf! water ycvgt! discharge fkuejctig! from htqo! the vjg InKp!cffkvkqp-!qh!cnn!mpqyp!dnqqogt{!ukvgu!kp!Xgtoqpv-!vjg addition, of all known bloomery sites in Vermont, the waterwheelycvgtyjggn!rkv!dcem!vq!vjg!Okffngdwt{!Tkxgt/!Kv!dgikpu!cv pit back to the Middlebury River. It begins at EastGcuv!Okffngdwt{!Ktqp!Yqtmu!ku!d{!hct!vjg!dguv!rtgugtxgf Middlebury Iron Works is by far the best preserved thevjg! western yguvgtp! end gpf! of qh! the vjg! waterwheel ycvgtyjggn! pit rkv! and cpf! measures ogcuwtgu (conclusion)eqpenwukqp!qh!dqvj!Dgtigt!cpf!vjku!ytkvgt*/!Dcugf!qp of both Berger and this writer). Based on aboutcdqwv!242!hggv!nqpi-!6¿!vq!22!hggv!ykfg-!cpf!cdqwv!4!vq 131 feet long, 5'A to 11 feet wide, and about 3 to Berger'sDgtigt”u !end-of-fieldgpf.qh.hkgnf !communicationeqoowpkecvkqp! qofh! OMayc{! 216,7-! 32003,114- 67¿!hggv!fggr/!Vjg!uqwvjgtp!ycnn!qh!vjg!hktuv!6;!hggv!qh!vjg1/2 feet deep. The southern wall of the first 59 feet of the VTransXVtcpu!ocfg!uwduvcpvkcn!ghhqtvu!vq!tgxkug!vjg!fgukip!qh made substantial efforts to revise the design of race,tceg-!uvctvkpi!cv!vjg!ycvgtyjggn!rkv-!ku!tgkphqtegf!d{!c starting at the waterwheel pit, is reinforced by a thevjg!rtqrqugf!dtkfig!rtqlgev!vq!okpkok|g!kvu!ghhgevu!qp!vjg proposed bridge project to minimize its effects on the dry-laidft{.nckf!uvqpg!ycnn=!vjg!tgockpfgt!qh!vjg!tceg!ku!gctvjgp stone wall; the remainder of the race is earthen ironworksktqpyqtmu!ukvg/!Wpfgt!vjg!fgukip!qh!Lwn{!3115-!vjg!rtqlgev site. Under the design of July 2004, the project wall.ycnn/ willyknn!cxqkf!cfxgtug!ghhgevu!vq!vjg!eqcn!jqwug!hqwpfcvkqp avoid adverse effects to the coal house foundation AC!uocnn!hqwpfcvkqp!ogcuwtkpi!cdqwv!23!d{!9¿!hggv!ku small foundation measuring about 12 by 81/2 feet is byd{!tgrqukvkqpkpi!c!ftckp-!vjg!vgorqtct{!eqpuvtwevkqp!qh!c repositioning a drain, the temporary construction of a nqecvgf!located koogfkcvgn{!immediately pqtvjyguv!northwest qh! of vjg!the yjggn!wheel rkv!pit and cpf fencehgpeg! along cnqpi! vjg!the northern pqtvjgtp! rgtkogvgt!perimeter qh!of vjg!the site ukvg! will yknn constructedeqpuvtwevgf!qh!ft{.nckf!uvqpg!dqwnfgtu/!Kvu!vqr!ku!cdqwv!31 of dry-laid stone boulders. Its top is about 20 preventrtgxgpv! inadvertent kpcfxgtvgpv! fkuvwtdcpegu!disturbances vq! to vjg!the site ukvg! during fwtkpi

A-15C.26 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A construction,eqpuvtwevkqp-! cpf!and vjg!the ugpukvkxkv{!sensitivity qh!of vjg!the ukvg!site will yknn! be dg DeanFgcp!cpf!Ickig!Hqtig*-!ycu!hkpcnn{!nqecvgf!d{!Dtkuvqn and Gaige Forge), was finally located by Bristol kpfkecvgf!qp!rtqlgev!rncpu/indicated on project plans. residenttgukfgpv!Vgf!N{nku!kp!2;;;/!Kv!jcf!dggp!fguetkdgf! Ted Lylis in 1999. It had been described as cu Vjcpm!{qw!vq!vjg!hqnnqykpi!Nqwku!Dgtigt!Itqwr!uvchh

A-16C.27 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

RathboneTcvjdqpg! Blast Dncuv! Furnace, Hwtpceg-! FS-101(AD), HU.212)CF*-! Vergennes: Xgtigppgu< thevjg!hcevqt{/ factory. Vjg!The existence gzkuvgpeg! qh!of this vjku! site ukvg! was ycu! only qpn{! peripherally rgtkrjgtcnn{ Vjg!The area ctgc! was ycu! inspected kpurgevgf! kp!in the vjg! 1980s 2;91u! and cpf! no pq! blast dncuv mentionedogpvkqpgf!kp!vjg!qtkikpcn!gfkvkqp!)ugg!Tqncpfq!2;;3<;8- in the original edition (see Rolando 1992:97, furnacehwtpceg!ctvkhcevu!ygtg!hqwpf/!Cnvjqwij!vjg!dwknfkpiu!vjcv artifacts were found. Although the buildings that pf topvqr!qh!3 of 2nd !eqnwop*/!Pgy!kphqtocvkqp!tguwnvgf!kp!fgekfkpicolumn). New information resulted in deciding onceqpeg!uvqqf!jgtg!jcxg!nqpi!ukpeg!iqpg-!vjg!ctgc!ku!nkvvgtgf stood here have long since gone, the area is littered thatvjcv!vjgtg!ku!c!iqqf!rtqdcdknkv{!qh!vjg!ukvg!qpeg!jcxkpi there is a good probability of the site once having withykvj!kpfwuvtkcn!tgokpfgtu!qh!vjgkt!gzkuvgpeg!kp!vjg!hqto!qh industrial reminders of their existence in the form of gzkuvgf-!cnvjqwij!pqvjkpi!tgockpu!vjgtg!vqfc{!vq!gxgpexisted, although nothing remains there today to even ironktqp! shafts, ujchvu-! gears, igctu-! large nctig! bolts dqnvu! and cpf! nuts, pwvu-! and cpf! various xctkqwu hintjkpv!qh!kv/ of it. unidentifiedwpkfgpvkhkgf!jctfyctg-!cnqpi!ykvj!fqoguvke!vtcuj!vjcv!jcu hardware, along with domestic trash that has Kp!In 1824, 2935-! Vergennes Xgtigppgu! business dwukpguu! man ocp! Amos Coqu! Barnum Dctpwo alsocnuq!dggp!fworgf!qp!vjg!ukvg/!Tgockpu!qh!vjg!hqtogt been dumped on the site. Remains of the former ngcugf!leased rtqrgtv{!property qp!on vjg!the pqtvjgcuv!northeast ukfg!side qh!of vjg!the falls hcnnu! to vq wharfyjcth!ku!uvknn!xkukdng/! is still visible. AlfredCnhtgf!Tcvjdqpg-!yjq!dwknv!c!dncuv!hwtpceg!qp!kv!vjcv Rathbone, who built a blast furnace on it that Vjg!hwtpceg!ukvg!ycu!rtqdcdn{!pqv!cv!vjg!uvggr!ugevkqpThe furnace site was probably not at the steep section sameucog! year{gct! (Rathbone's)Tcvjdqpg”u! father,hcvjgt-! YWait,ckv-! hadjcf! builtdwknv! blastdncuv ofqh!itqwpf!yjgtg!vjg!hcevqt{!dwknfkpiu!uvqqf-!dwv!tcvjgt ground where the factory buildings stood, but rather hwtpcegu!kp!Enctgpfqp-!XV.TW.;8-!cpf!Vkpoqwvj-!XV.furnaces in Clarendon, VT-RU-97, and Tinmouth, VT- fartherhctvjgt! downstream, fqypuvtgco-! hqt!for two vyq! reasons. tgcuqpu/! First, Hktuv-! because dgecwug RU-77,TW.88-!uqog!{gctu!dghqtg*/!Uvqxgu!cpf!jqnnqyyctg!ygtg some years before). Stoves and hollowware were furnacehwtpceg!qrgtcvkqpu!tgswktgf!cv!ngcuv!cp!cetg!qh!tgncvkxgn{ operations required at least an acre of relatively castecuv!d{!Cnhtgf!Tcvjdqpg-!yjq!cnuq!cfxgtvkugf!vgc!mgvvngu- by Alfred Rathbone, who also advertised tea kettles, flathncv!ncpf!qp!yjkej!vq!eqpuvtwev!vjg!hwtpceg!cpf!dncuv land on which to construct the furnace and blast spiders,urkfgtu-! cpfktqpu-!andirons, cpf!and rnqy!plow ktqpu!irons for hqt! sale ucng! (Vermont )Xgtoqpv machinery,ocejkpgt{-!cpf!uvknn!jcxg!tqqo!vq!ecuv!kp!htqpv!qh!vjg and still have room to cast in front of the AuroraCwtqtc!Lwn{!26-!2935=! July 15, 1824; NationalPcvkqpcn!Uvcpfctf Standard!Lwn{!39-!2935*/ July 28, 1824). furnace.hwtpceg/!Ugeqpf-!dgecwug!vjg!cdqxg!swqvcvkqp!fguetkdgu Second, because the above quotation describes Uqqp!chvgt-!Tcvjdqpg!ngcugf!jku!hwtpceg!vq!Jgevqt!J/Soon after, Rathbone leased his furnace to Hector H. thevjg!hwtpceg!cu!dgkpi!vjg!hqwtvj!uvtwevwtg!fqyp!htqo!vjg furnace as being the fourth structure down from the CraneEtcpg!)Uokvj!2997<788*-!dwv!jg!tcp!chqwn!qh! (Smith 1886:677), but he ran afoul of vjg!ncythe law bridge.dtkfig/!Hkiwtkpi!cdqwv!211!hggv!rgt!uvtwevwtg!cpf!cdwvvkpi Figuring about 100 feet per structure and abutting aboutcdqwv! 18262937! whenyjgp! hejg !foundhqwpf !himselfjkougnh !"financially•hkpcpekcnn{! over-qxgt. land,ncpf-!vjku!rncegu!vjg!hwtpceg!ukvg!gkvjgt

A-17C.28 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg! A-2. C.3/! AnCp! undated wpfcvgf! photo rjqvq! (early )gctn{! 1870s?) 2981uA*! of qh! the vjg! Bennington Dgppkpivqp! Iron Ktqp! Works Yqtmu! after chvgt! abandonment, cdcpfqpogpv-! but dwv! before dghqtg constructioneqpuvtwevkqp !ofqh !thevjg !BenningtonDgppkpivqp !andcpf !IGlastenburyncuvgpdwt{! TRailroadckntqcf! kinp! 21872,983-! wunlesspnguu! vthat'sjcv”u !ac !sectionugevkqp !ofqh !newpgy !railroadtckntqcf !trackvtcem !onqp stiltsuvknvu!twppkpi!cetquu!vjg!okffng!qh!vjg!rjqvqA!Vjg!2933!yguv!uvcem!ku!cv!nghv!rctvkcnn{!dgjkpf!c!yqqf!dwknfkpi-!cpf running across the middle of the photo? The 1822 west stack is at left partially behind a wood building, and thevjg !calec2 982435! •"pup"rwr– !furnacehwtpceg !standsuvcpfu !tovq !thevjg !righttkijv !ofqh !center.egpvgt/ !LaterNcvgt !photosrjqvqu !showingujqykpi !thevjg !trolleyvtqnng{ !runningtwppkpi !throughvjtqwij! vthejg! usitekvg showujqy !"the•vjg !pup"rwr– !completelyeqorngvgn{ !collapsedeqnncrugf !(see)ugg !RolandoTqncpfq !1992:136).2;;3<247*/ !Eqwtvgu{!qh!Fwpecp!Ecordgnn-!Hwtpceg!Itqxg/Courtesy of Duncan Campbell, Furnace Grove.

!pcvwtg!qh!vjg!jkuvqtke!fkuvtkev!ykvjqwv!crrn{kpi!kpfkxkfwcnnature of the historic district without applying individual hqtig-!forge, nearby pgctd{! suspected uwurgevgf! ktqp!iron ore qtg! pits, rkvu-! historic-period jkuvqtke.rgtkqf siteukvg!kfgpvkhkecvkqp!pwodgtu!vq!gcej!urgekhke!ukvg!ykvjkp identification numbers to each specific site within structures,uvtwevwtgu-! cpf!and the vjg! formerly hqtogtn{! identified kfgpvkhkgf! blast dncuv! furnace hwtpceg thevjg! district. fkuvtkev/! The Vjg! following hqnnqykpi! previously rtgxkqwun{! assigned cuukipgf! site ukvg stacksuvcemu! cv!at the vjg! site. ukvg/! The Vjg! charcoal ejcteqcn! kilns mknpu! are ctg! shown ujqyp! in kp kfgpvkhkecvkqp!pwodgtu!)cpf!pcogu*!ctg!vjgtghqtg!fgngvgf

A-18C.29 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.4/!! A-3. Vjg!2933!yguv!uvcem!qh!vjg!Dgppkpivqp!KtqpThe 1822 west stack of the Bennington Iron FigureHkiwtg!C.5/!! A-4. AC!ugv!qh!hncv.ktqp!dkpfgtu!kp.ukvw!gzrqugf!d{ set offlat-iron binders in-situ exposed by Yqtmu!cv!Hwtpceg!Itqxg!vjg!oqtpkpi!qh!Lcpwct{!27-Works at Furnace Grove the morning of January 16, thevjg!Lcpwct{!26!eqnncrug!qh!vjg!pqtvjgcuv!eqtpgt-!ujqykpi January 15 collapse of the northeast corner, showing 3118-!c!hgy!jqwtu!chvgt!eqnncrug!qh!vjg!pqtvjgcuv!eqtpgt/2007, a few hours after collapse of the northeast corner. thevjg!dkpfgtu!ygtg!wugf!xgtvkecnn{-!cpf!pqv!jqtk|qpvcnn{!cu binders were used vertically, and not horizontally as MargaretOctictgv!Ecordgnn!rjqvq/ Campbell photo. previouslyrtgxkqwun{!vjqwijv/ thought. !Tqncpfq!rjqvq-!Crtkn!32-!3118/Rolando photo, April 21, 2007.

OnQp! June Lwpg! 27, 38-! 1997, 2;;8-! the vjg! site ukvg! of qh! the vjg! ca ec2933.29641822-1853 atcv!pkijv-!yjkej!yqmg!vjg!qeewrcpvu!qh!vjg!ucog!jqwug!vq night, which woke the occupants of the same house to BenningtonDgppkpivqp!Ktqp!Eqorcp{!eqorngz!vqqm!kvu!rnceg!kp!vjg Iron Company complex took its place in the hgctu!qh!cp!gctvjswcmg!)Tqncpfq!2;;3<246*/!Vjcv!gxgpvfears of an earthquake (Rolando 1992:135). That event rolltqnn!ecnn!qh!pcvkqpcn!jkuvqt{/!Vjcv!ycu!vjg!fc{!vjcv!vjg call of national history. That was the day that the affectedchhgevgf!vjg!uqwvj!hceg=!vjku!vkog!vjg!pqtvjgcuv!eqtpgt the south face; this time the northeast corner FurnaceHwtpceg!Itqxg!Jkuvqtke!Fkuvtkev!ycu!ceegrvgf!kpvq!vjg Grove Historic District was accepted into the wasycu!chhgevgf!)hkiwtg!C.4*/! affected (figure A-3). NationalPcvkqpcn!Tgikuvgt!qh!Jkuvqtke!Rncegu/!Ockpn{!vjg!tguwnv!qh Register of Historic Places. Mainly the result of WhileYjkng!kpurgevkpi!yjcv!tgockpgf!qp!Crtkn!32-!3118-!c inspecting what remained on April 21, 2007, a MargaretOctictgv !Campbell'sEcordgnn”u !dedicationfgfkecvkqp !tovq !thevjg !goalsiqcnu !ofqh !JHistorickuvqtke binderdkpfgt! was ycu! seen uggp! among coqpi! breakdown dtgcmfqyp! kp!in the vjg! northeast pqtvjgcuv PreservationRtgugtxcvkqp!cpf!vtgogpfqwu!ghhqtvu!yjkng!c!uvwfgpv!cv and tremendous efforts while a student at cornereqtpgt! qh!of the vjg! stack uvcem! (figure )hkiwtg! A-4). C.5*/! Finding Hkpfkpi! this vjku! in-situ kp.ukvw thevjg!Wpkxgtukv{!qh!Xgtoqpv!)WXO*!Itcfwcvg!Rtqitco!kp University of Vermont (UVM) Graduate Program in confirmedeqphktogf!cp!gctnkgt!iwguu!cu!vq!vjg!wug!qh!c!rkgeg!qh an earlier guess as to the use of a piece of HistoricJkuvqtke! Preservation Rtgugtxcvkqp! Rtqitco-!Program, vjg!the 38-page 49.rcig! report tgrqtv hardwarejctfyctg!hqwpf!kp!cpqvjgt!rctv!qh!vjg!dtgcmfqyp!ocp{ found in another part of the breakdown many documentsfqewogpvu!35!eqpvtkdwvkpi!uvtwevwtgu-!kpenwfkpi!vjg!vyq 24 contributing structures, including the two years{gctu!ciq!)ugg!Tqncpfq!2;;3<37-!hkiwtg!3.24*/ ago (see Rolando 1992:26, figure 2-13). partiallyrctvkcnn{!uvcpfkpi!dncuv!hwtpceg!twkpu-!qdlgevu-!cpf!ukvgu standing blast furnace ruins, objects, and sites Vjg!The archway ctejyc{! kp!in the vjg! east gcuv! wall ycnn! is ku! now pqy! completely eqorngvgn{ (and)cpf!qpn{!qpg!pqp.eqpvtkdwvkpi!dwknfkpi*/!Kp!cffkvkqp!vq only one non-contributing building). In addition to buried;dwtkgf=!vjg!yguv!ctejyc{!ku!vjtgcvgpgf!d{!kvu!mg{uvqpg the west archway is threatened by its keystone thevjg! detailed fgvckngf! descriptions fguetkrvkqpu! qh!of each gcej! of qh! the vjg! individual kpfkxkfwcn havingjcxkpi!ujkhvgf!fqypyctf!ukpeg!ncuv!kpurgevgf!c!hgy!{gctu shifted downward since last inspected a few years contributingeqpvtkdwvkpi!tguqwtegu-!vjg!Uvcvgogpv!qh!Ukipkhkecpeg!ku resources, the Statement of Significance is ago.ciq/! What Yjcv! tgockpu!remains qh!of vjg!the west yguv! and cpf! north pqtvj! walls ycnnu! is ku ac!fgvckngf!kpxgpvqt{!qh!vjg!qxgtcnn!Hwtpceg!Itqxg!ukvg- detailed inventory of the overall Furnace Grove site, precarious.rtgectkqwu/ reflectingtghngevkpi !in-depthkp.fgrvj !researchtgugctej !intokpvq !thevjg !•"before,dghqtg- !fduring,wtkpi- !candpf after"chvgt– !ofqh !thevjg !kironworkstqpyqtmu !periodrgtkqf !ofqh !thevjg !igrounds.tqwpfu/ !AC !ljobqd !ywell-gnn. AC!Dtkgh!Jkuvqt{!qh!Dwtfgp!'!Uqpu Brief History of Burden & Sons donefqpg!cpf!c!dqpwu!vq!vjg!eqoowpkv{/!Vjg!Ecordgnn!cpf and a bonus to the community. The Campbell and IndustrialKpfwuvtkcn!Cevkxkvkgu!kp!Uqwvjyguvgtp!Xgtoqpv Activities in Southwestern Vermont LeachNgcej! families, hcoknkgu-! ewttgpv!current qypgtu!owners qh!of the vjg! property, rtqrgtv{-! are ctg congratulatedeqpitcvwncvgf!hqt!vjgkt!ectg!qh!vjg!rtqrgtv{!cpf!rtgugt. for their care of the property and preser- ForHqt!qxgt!86!{gctu!)ec/2974!vq!2;51*-!vjg!Dwtfgp!Ktqp over 75 years (ca.1863 to 1940), the Burden Iron vationxcvkqp!qh!vjg!jkuvqtkecn!cpf!ctejgqnqikecn!kpvgitkv{!qh!vjku of the historical and archeological integrity of this Company,Eqorcp{-! wpfgt!under kvu!its various xctkqwu! names pcogu! and cpf! corporate eqtrqtcvg greatitgcv!kpfwuvtkcn!fkuvtkev!cpf!vjgkt!uwrrqtv!hqt!kvu!gngxcvkqp industrial district and their support for its elevation configurations,eqphkiwtcvkqpu-!qh!Vtq{-!P[-!qypgf-!ngcugf-!rtqurgevgf- of Troy, NY, owned, leased, prospected, tovq!vjg!pcvkqpcn!Tgikuvgt/ the national Register. mined,okpgf-!qt!fgxgnqrgf!!jwpftgfu!qh!cetgu!qh!ncpf!kp!vjg or developed hundreds of acres of land in the AboutCdqwv!21!RO-!Lcpwct{!26-!3118-!c!oclqt!ugevkqp!qh!vjg 10 PM, January 15, 2007, a major section of the townsvqypu!qh!Dgppkpivqp-!Ujchvudwt{-!cpf!Rqypcn=!rquukdn{ of Bennington, Shaftsbury, and Pownal; possibly westyguv!uvcem!unkf!qhh!vq!c!tqct!vjcv!ycu!jgctf!kpukfg!vjg stack slid off to a roar that was heard inside the GlastenburyIncuvgpdwt{!cpf!Yqqfhqtf!kp!Xgtoqpv!cpf!kp!Jqqukem- and Woodford in Vermont and in Hoosick, housejqwug!dgjkpf!kv!)Ecordgnn!vq!Tqncpfq-!Lcp/!27-!3118*/ behind it (Campbell to Rolando, Jan. 16, 2007). immediatelykoogfkcvgn{!cetquu!vjg!uvcvg!nkpg!htqo!Dgppkpivqp!kp across the state line from Bennington in Vjg!ncuv!oclqt!eqnncrug!qeewttgf!kp!vjg!gctn{!2;11u-!cnuqThe last major collapse occurred in the early 1900s, also NewPgy![qtm!Uvcvg!)hkiwtg!C.6*/!!Pgxgt!!qpg!!vq!!dg!!vkokf- York State (figure A-5). Never one to be timid,

A-19C.2; 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

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FigureHkiwtg!C.6/! A-5. BurdenDwtfgp!'!Uqpu!qrgtcvkqpu!kp!uqwvjyguvgtp!Xgtoqpv-!ec!2974!vq!2;51!cpf!kpfkecvgf!qp!c!ugevkqp!qh!vjg & Sons operations in southwestern Vermont, ca 1863 to 1940 and indicated on a section of the 2186997; !DBeersggtu !omapcr! qofBenningtonh!Dgppkpivqp !County.Eqwpv{/ !AlthoughCnvjqwij !therevjgtg !isku !nopq !fdocumentaryqewogpvct{ !datafcvc !vtoq! usupportwrrqtv! •"upperwrrgt !ParanRctcp !DBrooktqqm !FDamscou candpf !KImpoundmentorqwpfogpv! RPonds"qpfu– !wereygtg !evergxgt !builtdwknv !byd{ !Burden,Dwtfgp- !givenikxgp !thevjg !networkpgvyqtm !ofqh !fdamscou !candpf !nlakescmgu !kinp! vthejg! YWyantskill{cpvumknn! ECreektggm thatvjcv !rprovidedtqxkfgf !powerrqygt !tovq !jhisku! kirontqp! omillsknnu! catv! VTroy,tq{-! PNY,[-! fduringwtkpi! vthisjku! usamecog! rperiod,gtkqf-! qonepg!j hascu!v qto!y wonderqpfgt!k hifhe!jg! fdidn'tkfp”v !fdoq !vthejg! usamecog inkp!Xgtoqpv/ Vermont.

A-20C.31 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

Burden'sDwtfgp”u !venturesxgpvwtgu! intokpvq! anythingcp{vjkpi! jheg! didfkf! wasycu! largenctig! andcpf deedsfggfu!cpf!tgeqtfu-!tguwnvkpi!kp!c!fqewogpv!eqpukuvkpi!qh and records, resulting in a document consisting of nearlypgctn{!qxgtyjgnokpi-!uwej!cu!vjg!ocp{!ec2951u.2971u overwhelming, such as the many cal 840s-1860s 4253!rcigu!qh!nqpijcpf.vtcpuetkdgf!fcvc!cpf!pqvgu!cpf!22 pages of longhand-transcribed data and notes and 11 machinesocejkpgu!jg!kpxgpvgf!vjcv!eqpxgtvgf!tcy!ktqp!uvqem!kpvq he invented that converted raw iron stock into photo-copiedrjqvq.eqrkgf!rcigu!qh!fggfu-!.!cp!kpxcnwcdng!fqewogpv pages of deeds, - an invaluable document railroadtckntqcf!urkmgu!qt!jqtugujqgu!cv!c!tcvg!vjcv!crrtqcejgf spikes or horseshoes at a rate that approached byd{!cp!kpurktgf!cpf!jctf.yqtmkpi!rgtuqp/!Vjcpm!{qw-!Hnq/ an inspired and hard-working person. Thank you, Flo. oneqpg!rgt!ugeqpf/!Qt!fgukipkpi!cpf!dwknfkpi!vjg!ukping per second. Or designing and building the single Vjg!cdqxg!Ujchvudwt{!fcvc!cpf!vjcv!cv!vjg!TgpuugncgtThe above Shaftsbury data and that at the Rensselaer greatestitgcvguv!ycvgtyjggn!qh!vjg!vkog!kp!2962!cv!Vtq{!vq!rqygt waterwheel of the time in 1851 at Troy to power CountyEqwpv{! Historical Jkuvqtkecn! Uqekgv{!Society will yknn! provide rtqxkfg! much owej! useful wughwn hisjku!ktqpyqtmu!cnqpi!vjg!Y{pcpvumknn!.!hwnn{!71!hggv!jkij ironworks along the Wynantskill - fully 60 feet high valuablexcnwcdng! kinformationphqtocvkqp! tregardinggictfkpi! DBurden'swtfgp”u! operationqrgtcvkqp! inkp byd{!33!hggv!ykfg-!kvu!xctkqwun{!ecnewncvgf!611!vq!2-311 22 feet wide, its variously calculated 500 to 1,200 southwesternuqwvjyguvgtp!Xgtoqpv!)hwvwtg!yqtm*/ Vermont (future work). horsepowerjqtugrqygt! ocfg!made kv!it vjg!the most oquv! powerful rqygthwn! yjggn!wheel kp!in the vjg VThejg! siteukvg! descriptionsfguetkrvkqpu! thatvjcv! followhqnnqy! detailfgvckn! Burden'sDwtfgp”u world.yqtnf/ !DBurden'swtfgp”u !companyeqorcp{ !exploitedgzrnqkvgf !ac !hugejwig !tractvtcev !qofh !kiron-tqp. impactkorcev!qp!uqwvjyguvgtp!Xgtoqpv-!yjcv!tgockpu!qh!jku on southwestern Vermont, what remains of his richtkej!ncpf!kp!yguvgtp!Dgppkpivqp!cpf!dqtfgtkpi!Jqqukem- land in western Bennington and bordering Hoosick, industrialkpfwuvtkcn!gzrnqkvu!jgtg-!cpf!jqy!vjg{!cnn!jcpi!vqigvjgt< exploits here, and how they all hang together: NYP[!)XV.DG.333-!hqnnqykpi*-!jcwngf!vjg!qtg!)rtqdcdn{!d{ (VT-BE-222, following), hauled the ore (probably by ox-poweredqz.rqygtgf!yciqpu*!3¿!pqtvj!cpf!qxgt!vjg!pgyn{!tgkp. wagons) 2'A north and over the newly rein- BurdenDwtfgp!'!Uqpu!Ktqp!Okpkpi!Fkueqpvkiwqwu!Fkuvtkev- & Sons Iron Mining Discontiguous District, hqtegf!Jgpt{!eqxgtgf!dtkfig!vq!jku!qtg.ycujkpi!rncpvforced Henry covered bridge to his ore-washing plant VT-BE-222,XV.DG.333-!Dgppkpivqp!)dgnqy*/ Bennington (below). alongcnqpi!Rctcp!Dtqqm!cv!yjcv!ycu!vjgp!ecnngf!Jkpufknnxknng Paran Brook at what was then called Hinsdillville BurdenDwtfgp!'!Uqpu!Ktqp!Qtg!Ycujkpi!Oknn-!XV.DG.552- & Sons Iron Ore Washing Mill, VT-BE-441, (VT-BE-441,)XV.DG.552-!rcig!C.37*-!yjgtg!vjg!qtg!ycu!ycujgf- page A-26), where the ore was washed, BenningtonDgppkpivqp!)rcig!C.37*/! (page A-26). screened,uetggpgf-!cpf!ugrctcvgf!htqo!pqp.qtg!ocvgtkcn/!Kv!ycu and separated from non-ore material. It was BurdenDwtfgp!'!Uqpu!Dncuv!Hwtpceg-!XV.DG.47-!Ujchvudwt{ & Sons Blast Furnace, VT-BE-36, Shaftsbury thenvjgp!tgnqcfgf!kpvq!nctig!qtg!yciqpu!hqt!vjg!3¿.okng!jcwn reloaded into large ore wagons for the TA-mile haul (page)rcig!C.38*/ A-27). tovq!jku!dncuv!hwtpceg!cv!Uqwvj!Ujchvudwt{!)XV.DG.47-!rcig his blast furnace at South Shaftsbury (VT-BE-36, page BurdenDwtfgp! & '! Sons Uqpu! Lime Nkog! Stone Uvqpg! quarry, swctt{-! VT-BE-442, XV.DG.553- A-27;C.38=!cnuq!Tqncpfq!2;;3<254.255*/! also Rolando 1992:143-144). PownalRqypcn!)rcig!C.41*/ (page A-30). LimestoneNkoguvqpg!hqt!hnwzkpi!vjg!hwtpceg!ejctig!ecog!htqo for fluxing the furnace charge came from Burden'sDwtfgp”u !CharcoalEjcteqcn !Kilns,Mknpu- !VT-BE-62,XV.DG.73- !andcpf !-63.74! UShafts-jchvu. nearbypgctd{!swcttkgu!qt!cu!hct!cyc{!cu!jku!swctt{!kp!Rqypcn quarries or as far away as his quarry in Pownal burydwt{!cpf!Incuvgpdwt{!)Tqncpfq!2;;3<2;3.2;4* and Glastenbury (Rolando 1992:192-193) (VT-BE-442,)XV.DG.553-!rcig!C.41*/!Ejcteqcn!hqt!hwgnkpi!jku!ikcpv page A-30). Charcoal for fueling his giant blastdncuv!hwtpceg!uvcem-!vjg!jkijguv.ecrcekv{!qh!kvu!v{rg!gxgt furnace stack, the highest-capacity of its type ever BurdenDwtfgp!'!Uqpu!Ktqp!Okpkpi!Fkueqpvkiwqwu!Fkuvtkev- & Sons Iron Mining Discontiguous District, operatedqrgtcvgf! kp!in Vermont, Xgtoqpv-! ycu!was gkvjgt!either ocfg!made cv!at his jku! on-site qp.ukvg VT-BE-222,XV.DG.333-!Dgppkpivqp< Bennington:!Vjku!ycu!kpkvkcnn{!kfgpvkhkgf This was initially identified charcoalejcteqcn!mknpu!qt!ectghwnn{!ftcyp!fqyp!Dcnf!Oqwpvckp kilns or carefully drawn down Bald Mountain FS-4(BE),HU.5)DG*-!Dwtfgp!Ktqp!Eqorcp{-!kp!Ugrvgodgt!2;8;!d{ Burden Iron Company, in September 1979 by kp!gcuvgtp!Ujchvudwt{!htqo!c!jcnh.fq|gp!ejcteqcn!mknpuin eastern Shaftsbury from a half-dozen charcoal kilns Dr.Ft/!Rgvgt!C!Vjqocu!cpf!WXO!ECR!ctejgqnqi{!etgy!cu Peter A Thomas and UVM CAP archeology crew as thatvjcv!qrgtcvgf!uqog!2-611!hggv!cdqxg!vjg!xcnng{!hnqqt!)ugg operated some 1,500 feet above the valley floor (see partrctv!qh!kpkvkcn!qxgtcnn!uwtxg{u!qh!vjg!ctgc!kp!cpvkekrcvkqp of initial overall surveys of the area in anticipation RolandoTqncpfq!2;;3<2;3.2;4-!XV.DG.73-!.74*/!Vjg!tguwnvkpi 1992:192-193, VT-BE-62, -63). The resulting ofqh !econstructionqpuvtwevkqp! qofh! vthejg! •"BenningtonDgppkpivqp! DBypass"{rcuu–! .-! vtoday'sqfc{”u !I-K. heavyjgcx{! dctu!bars of qh! pig rki! iron ktqp! were ygtg! shipped ujkrrgf! via xkc! railroad, tckntqcf- 27938;! (Thomas )Vjqocu! et gv! al. cn/! 1979:205-07; 2;8;<316.18=! see ugg! also cnuq! Rolando Tqncpfq convenientlyeqpxgpkgpvn{!enqug!vq!vjku!ktqpyqtmu!cv!Ujchvudwt{-!49 close to this ironworks at Shaftsbury, 38 1992:69).2;;3<7;*/!Oqtg!tgegpvn{!kp!vjg!gctn{!2;;1u-!ykvj!oqtg More recently in the early 1990s, with more windingykpfkpi! railroad tckntqcf! miles okngu! over qxgt! two vyq! separate ugrctcvg! railroad tckntqcf intensekpvgpug!fgukip! design qh!vjg!of the highway jkijyc{!rcvj!vjtqwij! path through the vjg!2; 19'vj11- . companyeqorcp{!vtcemu!xkc!Pqtvj!Jqqukem-!Gcing!Dtkfig-!cpf tracks via North Hoosick, Eagle Bridge, and centuryegpvwt{! "mine•okpg! field,"hkgnf-–! archeologyctejgqnqi{! workyqtm! identifiedkfgpvkhkgf! pro-rtq. ValleyXcnng{! Hcnnu-!Falls, hkpcnn{!finally to vq! his jku! hungry jwpit{! furnaces hwtpcegu!kp! in South Uqwvj posedrqugf!korcevgf!ukvgu!cu!XV.DG.333-!cpf!.334/!Qp!Lwpg impacted sites as VT-BE-222, and -223. On June VTroy,tq{-! PNY.[/! JHenrygpt{! DBurdenwtfgp! candpf! USonsqpu! fdidn'tkfp”v !jhesitategukvcvg !ywhenjgp 25,36-!3118-!vjg!Uvcvg!Ctejgqnqikuv!citggf!vjcv!vjg!yjqng 2007, the State Archeologist agreed that the whole challenged,ejcnngpigf-! casu! jhisku! •"invasion"kpxcukqp– !ofqh !VermontXgtoqpv! vtestifies.guvkhkgu/ overallqxgtcnn!Dwtfgp!ktqp!okpkpi!ctgc!cpf!cnn!vjg!hqtogt!ukvg Burden iron mining area and all the former site FollowingHqnnqykpi!vjg!fgokug!qh!vjg!Dwtfgp!Ktqp!Eqorcp{!kp the demise of the Burden Iron Company in identificationkfgpvkhkecvkqp!pwodgtu!ujqwnf!dg!eqodkpgf!wpfgt!qpg numbers should be combined under one 1940,2;51-! vjg!the records tgeqtfu! qh!of the vjg! company eqorcp{! ygtg!were given ikxgp! vq!to the vjg siteukvg!pwodgt-!XV.DG.333-!cpf!qpg!pcog-!vjg!Dwtfgp!Ktqp number, VT-BE-222, and one name, the Burden Iron ManuscriptsOcpwuetkrvu!cpf!Jkuvqt{!Ugevkqp!qh!vjg!Pgy![qtm!Uvcvg and History Section of the New York State MiningOkpkpi! DiscontiguousFkueqpvkiwqwu! FDistrictkuvtkev! .-! "Discontiguous"•Fkueqpvkiwqwu–! be-dg. LibraryNkdtct{!kp!Cndcp{-!P[/!Kp!3113-!vjgug!tgeqtfu-!vqvcnkpi in Albany, NY. In 2002, these records, totaling causeecwug!vjg!qxgtcnn!okpkpi!ctgc!ycu!dkugevgf!kp!vjg!okf. the overall mining area was bisected in the mid- 155266!rcemcigu! packages cpf!and 33 44! boxes dqzgu!qh! of ledgers, ngfigtu-!rc{tqnnu-!fc{ payrolls, day 1990s2;;1u! by d{! the vjg! so-called uq.ecnngf! Bennington Dgppkpivqp! Bypass, D{rcuu-! qt!or the vjg books,dqqmu-!hwtpceg!tgeqtfu-!ucngu!tgeqtfu-!gve/-!ygtg!vtcpu. furnace records, sales records, etc., were trans- WesternYguvgtp!Ngi!qh!yjcv!vqfc{!ku!K.38;-!yjkej!qrgpgf!vq Leg of what today is 1-279, which opened to hgttgf!ferred to vq!vjg!Tgpuugncgt!Eqwpv{!Jkuvqtkecn! the Rensselaer County Historical Society Uqekgv{!cv at trafficvtchhke!Qevqdgt!9-!3115/ October 8, 2004. Vtq{-!P[-!yjgtg!vjg{!ctg!cxckncdng!hqt!tgugctej/!Troy, NY, where they are available for research. MostOquv!qh!vjku!igpgtcn!ctgc!ycu!qypgf!d{!vjg!Dwtfgp of this general area was owned by the Burden AboutCdqwv!c!{gct!chvgt!vjcv!jkuvqtke!vtcpuhgt-!Hnq!Dggdg- a year after that historic transfer, Flo Beebe, Ktqp!Eqorcp{!)yjkej!dgecog!Jgpt{!Dwtfgp!'!Uqpu!kpIron Company (which became Henry Burden & Sons in whoyjq!yqtmu!kp!vjg!Ujchvudwt{!Vqyp!Qhhkeg-!urgpv!owej works in the Shaftsbury Town Office, spent much 1864)2975*!htqo!vjg!2971u!vq!2;51!hqt!okpkpi!ktqp/!Xctkqwu from the 1860s to 1940 for mining iron. Various timevkog!vjg!hcnn!qh!3114!tgeqtfkpi!gxgt{!ogpvkqp!qh!Dwtfgp- the fall of 2003 recording every mention of Burden, tractsvtcevu!qh!vjg!hqtogt!okpkpi!rtqrgtv{!ctg!vqfc{!qypgf of the former mining property are today owned thevjg!ktqp!eqorcp{-!vjg!hwtpceg-!gve-!vjcv!crrgctgf!kp!vqyp iron company, the furnace, etc, that appeared in town eithergkvjgt!rtkxcvgn{!qt!d{!vjg!Uvcvg!qh!Xgtoqpv/!Ukpeg!Dwtfgp privately or by the State of Vermont. Since Burden

A-21C.32 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

8 Eri'de, ill Per • ol, 1.S6913i, Petty I erl

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BURDEN IRON MINING DISCONTIGUOUS DISTRICT VT-FIE-222

large pit, ore %haft, n (I rnginr platform(?)L Th FigureHkiwtg!C.7/! A-6. Vjg!qxgtcnn!Dwtfgp!Ktqp!Okpkpi!Fkueqpvkiwqwu!Fkuvtkev-!XV.DG.333-!hqwt!okngu!fwg!gcuv!qh!fqypvqypThe overall Burden Iron Mining Discontiguous District, VT-BE-222, four miles due east of downtown Bennington.Dgppkpivqp/!Uqog!qh!vjg!oclqt!uwthceg!hgcvwtgu!vjcv!kpfkecvg!Dwtfgp!cevkxkvkgu!kp!vjg!Fkuvtkev!ctg!kpfkecvgf-!dcugf Some of the major surface features that indicate Burden activities in the District are indicated, based onqp!xctkqwu!ctejkxcn!uqwtegu!)cu!kpfkecvgf*!cpf!3113.14!ycnmqxgt!uwtxg{u/!Qvjgt!hgcvwtgu!cpf!rqvgpvkcn!uwduwthceg various archival sources (as indicated) and 2002-03 walkover surveys. Other features and potential subsurface resourcestguqwtegu!ctg!rquukdng/ are possible. !WUIU!Jqqukem!Hcnnu-!P[.XV-!2;54/USGS Hoosick Falls, NY-VT, 1943.

A-22C.33 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A ownedqypgf!okpkpi!rtqrgtvkgu!qp!dqvj!ukfgu!qh!vjg!Xv.P[ mining properties on both sides of the Vt-NY mightokijv!jcxg!dggp!ftcykpi!uqog!qh!vjgkt!qtg!htqo!vjg have been drawing some of their ore from the Uvcvg!nkpg!kp!vjku!xkekpkv{-!qp.iqkpi!hkgnf!yqtm!cpf!uvwf{State line in this vicinity, on-going field work and study WhipstockYjkruvqem!Jknn!ctgc-!dwv!ctg!mpqyp!vq!jcxg!cnuq!ftcyp Hill area, but are known to have also drawn ku!uvknn!dgkpi!fqpg!cnqpi!vjg!yguv!ukfg!qh!Qtg!Dgf!Tqcfis still being done along the west side of Ore Bed Road oreqtg! from htqo! deposits fgrqukvu! adjacent cflcegpv! to vq! the vjg! furnaces hwtpcegu! (Rolando )Tqncpfq andcpf!vjg!gcuv!ukfg!qh!K.38;!kp!dqvj!Xgtoqpv!cpf!Pgy![qtm the east side of I-279 in both Vermont and New York 1992:133-138).2;;3<244.249*/ Uvcvg/State. ByD{ !21869,97;-! DBurden'swtfgp”u !ironworksktqpyqtmu !wereygtg !firmlyhkton{! gentrenchedpvtgpejgf Ktqp!okpkpi!cpf0qt!rtqurgevkpi!ku!ygnn.fqewogpvgf!vqIron mining and/or prospecting is well-documented to inkp!Xgtoqpv-!ykvj!gzvgpukxg!okpkpi!pqtvj!qh!Yjkruvqem Vermont, with extensive mining north of Whipstock havejcxg!vcmgp!rnceg!gcuv!qh!qtg!Dgf!Tqcf!kp!Dgppkpivqp taken place east of ore Bed Road in Bennington HillJknn! adjacent cflcegpv! Qtg!Ore Bed Dgf! Road, Tqcf-! an cp! ore qtg! washing ycujkpi! and cpf whereyjgtg! many ocp{! visible xkukdng! surface uwthceg! remains tgockpu! exist. gzkuv/! Another Cpqvjgt processingrtqeguukpi! hceknkv{!facility lwuv!just pqtvj!north along cnqpi! Paran Rctcp! Brook Dtqqm! in kp significantukipkhkecpv!okpkpi!ctgc!uvtcffngu!vjg!P[.Xv!dqwpfct{!c mining area straddles the NY-Vt boundary a HinsdallvilleJkpufcnnxknng!)xctkqwu!urgnnkpiu*-!cpf!yjcv!ycu!vjgp!vjg (various spellings), and what was then the hgy!jwpftgf!{ctfu!uqwvj!qh!K.38;/!Qvjgt!okpgu-!pgkvjgtfew hundred yards south of 1-279. Other mines, neither nctiguv.ecrcekv{!dncuv!hwtpceg!kp!Xgtoqpv!cnqpi!Rctcplargest-capacity blast furnace in Vermont along Paran documentedfqewogpvgf!pqt!nqecvgf-!okijv!{gv!gzkuv!kp!vjg!xkekpkv{/ nor located, might yet exist in the vicinity. BrookDtqqm!kp!Uqwvj!Ujchvudwt{!)Dggtu!297;<31-!33=!Tqncpfq in South Shaftsbury (Beers 1869:20, 22; Rolando ReferencesTghgtgpegu!vq!gctn{!ktqp!fgrqukvu!cpf!yqtmkpi!vjg!qtg to early iron deposits and working the ore 1992:143-145).2;;3<254.256*/!Jg!ycu!igvvkpi!ejcteqcn!vq!hwgn!vjg!dncuv He was getting charcoal to fuel the blast kp!vjg!Qtg!Dgf!Tqcf!ctgc!ctg!eqpvckpgf!kp!fggfu!vjcvin the Ore Bed Road area are contained in deeds that hwtpceg!htqo!mknpu!qrgtcvkpi!qp!rtqrgtv{!jg!qypgf!kpfurnace from kilns operating on property he owned in describefguetkdg! •"TheVjg! QOretg! DBedgf! Farm"Hcto–! inkp !1807,2918-! andcpf! twovyq !years{gctu Ujchvudwt{!)Tqncpfq!2;;3<2;3.2;4*-!cpf!ycu!rquukdn{Shaftsbury (Rolando 1992:192-193), and was possibly ncvgt-!kp!eqpxg{kpi!rctv!qh!vjg!rtqrgtv{-!rtqxkukqpu!ocfglater, in conveying part of the property, provisions made obtainingqdvckpkpi!nkoguvqpg-!wugf!cu!hnwz!hqt!vjg!hwtpceg-!htqo limestone, used as flux for the furnace, from hqt!gzrnqkvcvkqp!qh!ktqp!qtgu!cpf!okpgtcnu!cpf!uvcvkpi!vjcvfor exploitation of iron ores and minerals and stating that hisjku!swctt{!kp!Pqtvj!Rqypcn!)Dggtu!297;<39*/ quarry in North Pownal (Beers 1869:28). "another•cpqvjgt!qtg!dgf ore bed!]Tqncpfq!kvcnkeu_!jcf!dggp!fkueqxgtgf [Rolando italics] had been discovered Ktqp!Iron ore qtg! was ycu! hauled jcwngf! by d{! wagon, yciqp-! probably rtqdcdn{! oxen- qzgp. nlatecvg !kinp! 21803"914–! )(WernerYgtpgt! 21995:13).;;6<24*/! VThesejgug! fdepositsgrqukvu! rprobablytqdcdn{ powered,rqygtgf-!cdqwv!3¿!okngu!pqtvj!vq!jku!qtg.ycujkpi!oknn!cv about 2'A miles north to his ore-washing mill at providedrtqxkfgf!qtg!hqt!hwtpcegu!qrgtcvkpi!cu!gctn{!cu!28;4!kp ore for furnaces operating as early as 1793 in PaperRcrgt!Oknn!Xknncig-!gkvjgt!wr!Qtg!Dgf!Tqcf!qt!ujqtv.ewv Mill Village, either up Ore Bed Road or short-cut gcuvgtp!Dgppkpivqp!)Tqncpfq!2;;3<244.249*=!vjg!2946eastern Bennington (Rolando 1992:133-138); the 1835 acrosscetquu!vq!vjg!tqcf!cnqpi!c!rncpm!tqcf!fktgevn{!htqo!vjg to the road along a plank road directly from the HinsdillJkpufknn!ocr!qh!Dgppkpivqp!ujqyu!vjg!rtgugpeg!qh!vjgug map of Bennington shows the presence of these mines.okpgu/! At Cv! the vjg! Walloomsac Ycnnqqouce! River, Tkxgt-! the vjg! 1840 2951! Henry Jgpt{ deposits.fgrqukvu/!Vjg!ocr!cnuq!ujqyu!cp!gcuv.yguv!tqcf-!jku. The map also shows an east-west road, his- CoveredEqxgtgf!Dtkfig!ycu!tgkphqtegf!vq!ectt{!vjku!gzvtc!ygkijv Bridge was reinforced to carry this extra weight toricallyvqtkecnn{! treferredghgttgf! vtoq! casu! vthejg! "old•qnf! road,"tqcf-–! justlwuv! northpqtvj! ofqh byd{!vtkrnkpi!vjg!ncvvkegu-!c!vgejpkswg!cnuq!wugf!d{!tckntqcfu tripling the lattices, a technique also used by railroads WhipstockYjkruvqem! JHillknn! )("Whip•Yjkr! UStalkvcnm! Hill"perJknn–rgt! vthejg! map)ocr*! thatvjcv atcv!vjg!vkog/!Kv!cffgf!vq!vjg!uvtgpivj!qh!vjg!dtkfig!dwv!cnuq the time. It added to the strength of the bridge but also connectedeqppgevgf! vtoday'sqfc{”u !OreQtg !BedDgf !RoadTqcf !onqp !thevjg !westyguv !withykvj !VailXckn addedcffgf! to vq!kvu!fgcf!ygkijv/! its dead weight. The Vjg! bridge dtkfig! became dgecog! known mpqyp RoadTqcf!qp!vjg!gcuv/!Vjg!tqcf!fgvqwtu!unkijvn{!pqtvj!ctqwpf on the east. The road detours slightly north around nlocallyqecnn{ !casu !•"OreQtg !BedDgf !DBridge"tkfig– !andcpf !uservedgtxgf !ywellgnn !wuntilpvkn !kitv! ywascu thevjg! ore qtg! deposit, fgrqukv-! possibly rquukdn{! indicating kpfkecvkpi! vjcv!that d{!by 1835 2946! the vjg replacedtgrncegf!kp!2;9;!)Dctpc!2;;7<46.47*/! in 1989 (Barna 1996:35-36). depositfgrqukv!ycu!dgkpi!yqtmgf!.!vjwu!vjg!fgvqwt/!Cu!vjg!tqcf was being worked - thus the detour. As the road Vjg!The 1869 297;! map ocr! of qh! Bennington Dgppkpivqp! ujqyu!shows c!a number pwodgt! of qh ku!qvjgtykug!hcktn{!uvtckijv-!kv!ecp!dg!cuuwogf!vjcv!cv!cpis otherwise fairly straight, it can be assumed that at an buildingsdwknfkpiu!cuuqekcvgf!ykvj!vjg!Dwtfgp!qrgtcvkqpu/!D{!vjg associated with the Burden operations. By the gctnkgt!vkog!vjg!tqcf!tcp!oqtg!fktgevn{!dgvyggp!Qtg!Dgfearlier time the road ran more directly between Ore Bed timevkog!Dggtu!ocr!ycu!rwdnkujgf!kp!297;-!vjg!eqorcp{ Beers map was published in 1869, the company RoadTqcf!cpf!Xckn!Tqcf/!Vjg!ocr!cnuq!kpfkecvgu!c!dwknfkpi and Vail Road. The map also indicates a building namepcog!jcf!ejcpigf!)2975*!htqo!Dwtfgp!Ktqp!Eqorcp{!vq had changed (1864) from Burden Iron Company to onqp!vjg!tqcf-!53!tqfu!)cdqwv!811!hggv*!gcuv!qh!Qtg!Dgf the road, 42 rods (about 700 feet) east of Ore Bed H.J/!Dwtfgp!'!Uqpu-!tghngevkpi!c!rctvpgtujkr!dgvyggp!vjg Burden & Sons, reflecting a partnership between the Road,Tqcf-!cpf!rquukdn{!jcxkpi!uqog!eqppgevkqp!ykvj!ktqp and possibly having some connection with iron eldergnfgt!Jgpt{!Dwtfgp!cpf!jku!uqpu!Yknnkco!H/-!Lcogu!C/- Henry Burden and his sons William F., James A., mining.okpkpi/!Uqog!32!{gctu!ncvgt-!vjg!tqcf!uvknn!eqppgevgf!Qtg Some 21 years later, the road still connected Ore andcpf! IsaiahKuckcj! VT./! Burden.Dwtfgp/! VThus,jwu-! •"H.J/! BurdenDwtfgp! '&! Sons"Uqpu–! inkp BedDgf!Tqcf!vq!Xckn!Tqcf!cpf!uvknn!fgvqwtgf!pqtvj!ctqwpf Road to Vail Road and still detoured north around indicatedkpfkecvgf!kp!rncegu!qp!vjg!Dggtu!ocr!cnqpi!vjg!gcuv.yguv in places on the Beers map along the east-west thevjg!qtg!rkv=!vjg!dwknfkpi!cv!53!tqfu!ku!pq!nqpigt!ujqyp/ ore pit; the building at 42 rods is no longer shown. "old•qnf !road"tqcf– !ascu !wellygnn !ascu !alongcnqpi !OreQtg !BedDgf !RoadTqcf !-. !89 !buildingsdwknfkpiu ConfusionEqphwukqp! gzkuvu!exists cu!as to vq! exactly gzcevn{! when yjgp! Burden Dwtfgp altogether.cnvqigvjgt/! QOnlypn{! ca! blacksmithdncemuokvj! shopujqr! ("B.S.S."))•D/U/U/–*! isku commencedeqoogpegf! ktqp!iron okpkpi!mining cpf!and smelting uognvkpi! operations qrgtcvkqpu! in kp identifiedkfgpvkhkgf!cu!vq!hwpevkqp!qh!vjg!dwknfkpiu/!Vjg!ocr!cnuq as to function of the buildings. The map also Vermont.Xgtoqpv/!Qpg!tghgtgpegu!uvcvgu!vjku!qeewttgf!kp!2975 One references states this occurred in 1864 showsujqyu!vjcv!vjg!qnf!tqcf!gpfu!cv!c!oclqt!qtg!rkv!cpf!ku that the old road ends at a major ore pit and is withykvj!vjg! the purchase rwtejcug!qh!rtqrgtv{! of property gcuv!qh!Qtg!Dgf!Tqcfeast of Ore Bed Road markedoctmgf! •"81"92–! rods,tqfu- !orqt !aboutcdqwv !1,3362-447! feethggv !eastgcuv !ofqh !OreQtg !BedDgf (Werner)Ygtpgt! 2;;6<31*/!1995:20). Dwv!But jku!his blast dncuv! furnace hwtpceg! in kp! South Uqwvj Road.Tqcf/!Tgcuqp!hqt!vjku!ku!rtqdcdn{!fwg!vq!gzrnqkvcvkqp!cpf Reason for this is probably due to exploitation and Ujchvudwt{!ku!tgrqtvgf!d{!cpqvjgt!tghgtgpeg!cu!rtqfwekpiShaftsbury is reported by another reference as producing enlargementgpnctigogpv!qh!vjg!qtg!rkv-!yjkej!rj{ukecnn{!gpetqcejgf of the ore pit, which physically encroached 163274! tons vqpu! of qh! iron ktqp! in kp! 1863, 2974-! the vjg! year {gct! before dghqtg! (Neilson )Pgknuqp intokpvq!vjg!qnf!tqcf!cpf!ocfg!kv!pq!nqpigt!wughwn!cu!cp!gcuv. the old road and made it no longer useful as an east- 1866:216-130).2977<327.241*/! Ycu! Was Dwtfgp!Burden igvvkpi!getting jku!his ktqp!iron ore qtg westyguv!eqppgevkqp!dgvyggp!Qtg!Dgf!Tqcf!cpf!Xckn!Tqcf/ connection between Ore Bed Road and Vail Road. gnugyjgtg-!elsewhere, qt!or jg!he had jcf! leased ngcugf! some uqog! other qvjgt! local nqecn! ore- qtg. Vjg!297;!ocr!cnuq!ujqyu!c!pgy!tqcf!ektenkpi!vjgThe 1869 map also shows a new road circling the producingrtqfwekpi!rtqrgtv{!yjkng!vjg!hwtpceg!ycu!dgkpi!dwknvA property while the furnace was being built? majoroclqt!qtg!rkv!cpf!gzvgpfkpi!pqtvjyctf!vq!kpvgtugev!ykvj ore pit and extending northward to intersect with BlastDncuv!hwtpcegu!jcf!dggp!qrgtcvkpi!kp!vjg!gcuvgtp!rctv!qh furnaces had been operating in the eastern part of OreQtg!Dgf!Tqcf!cdqwv!c!okng!vq!vjg!pqtvj/!Kv!jcu!dggp Bed Road about a mile to the north. It has been BenningtonDgppkpivqp!htqo!vjg!28;1u!vq!2964!)XV.DG.21-!.75*!cpf from the 1790s to 1853 (VT-BE-10, -64) and referredtghgttgf !tovq !casu !•"ac !rplankncpm! jhighway"kijyc{– !)(WalbridgeYcndtkfig !21937:7),;48<8*- !qort

A-23C.34 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.8/! A-7. Vjku!vtgpej-!711!hggv!nqpi-!411!hggv!ykfg-!cpf!36!hggv!fggr-!ycu!gzecxcvgfThis trench, 600 feet long, 300 feet wide, and 25 feet deep, was excavated byd{!Dwtfgp!rtqdcdn{!vq!kpvgtegrv!c!tkej!qtg!dgf!211!{ctfu!cyc{!)hkiwtg!C.9-!dgnqy*!vjcv Burden probably to intercept a rich ore bed 100 yards away figure A-8, below) that hadjcf!dgeqog!vqq!fggr!vq!yqtm become too deep to work./!Vjqocu!gv!cn/-!2;8;<316=!Ygtpgt!2;;6<52-!rjqvq!37/ Thomas et al., 1979:205; Werner 1995:41, photo 26.

FigureHkiwtg!C.9/!! A-8. AnCp!qokpqwu!rqqn!qh!fcpm-!fctm!ycvgt!hknnu!vjku!jkuvqtke!ktqp!qtg!rkv-!2-911!hggv!gcuv!qh ominous pool of dank, dark water fills this historic iron ore pit, 1,800 feet east of Qtg!Dgf!Tqcf/!Cdqwv!211!hggv!kp!fkcogvgt-!qh!wpmpqyp!fgrvj!ykvj!uvggr-!unkrrgt{!ukfgu-!kv!jcf!dggpOre Bed Road. About 100 feet in diameter, of unknown depth with steep, slippery sides, it had been minedokpgf! usincekpeg! vthejg! gearlyctn{! 21800s.911u/! KItv! rprobablytqdcdn{! dbecamegecog! vtooqq! fdifficultkhhkewnv!v toq! ywork,qtm-!v jthuswu!D Burden'swtfgp”u! •"trench"vtgpej– )hkiwtg!C.8-!cdqxg*!vq!kpvgtegrv!vjku!qtg!rkv!htqo!vjg!pqtvj/figure A-7, above) to intercept this ore pit from the north. !Ygtpgt!2;;6<43-!rjqvq!27/Werner 1995:32, photo 16.

A-24C.35 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

"a•c !plankrncpm !road"tqcf– !(Werner)Ygtpgt !1995:46).2;;6<57*/ !AsCu !thisvjku !roadtqcf !trancp! pnorthqtvj throughvjtqwij!c!uqogvkogu!ygvncpf-!kv!ycu!rtqdcdn{!tgkphqtegf a sometimes wetland, it was probably reinforced withykvj!rncpmu!vq!ikxg!gzvtc!uwrrqtv!wpfgt!jgcx{!yciqp planks to give extra support under heavy wagon nqcfu!qh!qtg!ecttkgf!pqtvjyctf!vq!vjg!qtg!ycujkpi!oknn/loads of ore carried northward to the ore washing mill. MidwayOkfyc{!dgvyggp!vjg!oclqt!qtg!rkv!cpf!vjg!lwpevwtg!ykvj between the major ore pit and the juncture with OreQtg !DBedgf! troadqcf! kisu! canp! •"OreQtg !Shaft,"Ujchv-– !whichyjkej !mightokijv !havejcxg! dbeenggp thevjg!gctn{!uvcig!qh!yjcv!ycu!gzrcpfgf!cpf!dgecog!vjg early stage of what was expanded and became the nctig!qrgp.ecuv!gzecxcvkqp!pqtvj!qh!vjg!oclqt!qtg!rkv/large open-cast excavation north of the major ore pit. Vjg!pgy!rncpm!tqcf!rtqdcdn{!gzrgfkvgf!jcwnkpi!ktqp!qtgThe new plank road probably expedited hauling iron ore tovq !DBurden'wtfgp” us! qoretg! rprocessingtqeguukpi! hfacilityceknkv{! kinp! JHinsdillville,kpufknnxknng- !caboutdqwv 2'A3¿!!okngu!pqtvj!qh!vjg!qtg!rkv!)ugg!XV.DG.552-!rcig!C. miles north of the ore pit (see VT-BE-441, page A- 26),37*-!tcvjgt!vjcv!jcwnkpi!kv!dcem!qwv!vq!Qtg!Dgf!Tqcf- rather that hauling it back out to Ore Bed Road, thencevjgpeg!pqtvjyctf!)Dwtfgp!ycu!xgt{!eqpugtxcvkxg!yjgp northward (Burden was very conservative when FigureHkiwtg!C.;/!! A-9. IsKu! thisvjku !Burden'sDwtfgp”u !dynamitef{pcokvg! bunkerdwpmgt! orqt! justlwuv kv!ecog!vq!urgpfkpi*/!Qvjgt!{gv.wpfqewogpvgf!qtg!rkvit came to spending). Other yet-undocumented ore pit someone'suqogqpg”u! old,qnf-! quaintswckpv! gardenictfgp! toolshed?vqqnujgfA! PNowqy! qonlypn{! ac andcpf!ujchvu!okijv!{gv!gzkuv-!uwej!cu!qpg!pgct!vjg!pqtvj!gpf shafts might yet exist, such as one near the north end scatteruecvvgt!qh!fgdtku-!vjku!uocnn!uvqpg!dwknfkpi!qpeg!uvqqf!qp of debris, this small stone building once stood on ofqh!vjg!rncpm!tqcf!qp!rtkxcvg!rtqrgtv{/ the plank road on private property. thevjg !ywestguv !usidekfg! qofh! QOretg! DBedgf! TRoadqcf! qoppositerrqukvg! DBurden'swtfgp”u! ominingkpkpi AfterChvgt!Jgpt{!Dwtfgp!fkgf!kp!2982-!vjg!eqorcp{!ecog Henry Burden died in 1871, the company came ctgc/area. !Eqwtvgu{!qh!vjg!ncvg!Lqjp!Fquvcn-!yjq!ngf!og!jgtgCourtesy of the late John Dostal, who led me here underwpfgt!fktgev!qypgtujkr!qh!jku!vyq!uqpu-!Lcogu!C/!cpf!K/ direct ownership of his two sons, James A. and I. kinp! 32003114! candpf! mknewpgy! ywherejgtg! “'allcnn! vthejg! igoodqqf! ustuff'vwhh” !was.ycu/ Vqypugpf/!Vjg!gpf!qh!vjg!Ekxkn!Yct!tgfwegf!vjg!fgocpfTownsend. The end of the Civil War reduced the demand hqt!ktqp!yjkej-!kp!vwtp-!ujctrgpgf!eqorgvkvkqp!kp!vjg!ktqpfor iron which, in turn, sharpened competition in the iron trade.vtcfg/!Vjg!eqorcp{!dgicp!wvknk|kpi!c!jkijgt!swcnkv{!ktqp The company began utilizing a higher quality iron tgpfgtgf!kpcrrtqrtkcvg!hqt!ewnvkxcvkqp/!Vjg!ncuv!qh!vjgrendered inappropriate for cultivation. The last of the oreqtg!htqo!vjg!Cfktqpfcemu!qh!Pgy![qtm!cpf!ngcugf!vjgkt from the Adirondacks of New York and leased their BurdenDwtfgp!ncpf!jqnfkpiu!kp!Dgppkpivqp-!uqog!561!cetgu- land holdings in Bennington, some 450 acres, blastdncuv!hwtpceg!cv!Ujchvudwt{!vq!Igqtig!Uygvv-!c!Vtq{-!P[ furnace at Shaftsbury to George Swett, a Troy, NY wereygtg!nkswkfcvgf!kp!2;51-!cpf!ygtg!uqnf!vq!Ot/!Cpf!Otu/ liquidated in 1940, and were sold to Mr. And Mrs. stoveuvqxg!ocmgt/!Dwv!ykvjkp!c!hgy!{gctu-!fwtkpi!vjg!pcvkqpcn maker. But within a few years, during the national FerdinandHgtfkpcpf!N/!Oc{gt!kp!2;53-!yjq!kp!vwtp!ceswktgf!kp L. Mayer in 1942, who in turn acquired in geqpqoke!economic unwor!slump qh!of the vjg! 1870s, 2981u-! the vjg! furnace hwtpceg! ceased egcugf moreoqtg!ncpf!ctqwpf!Yjkruvqem!Jknn!wpvkn!vjg{!jcf!cocuugf land around Whipstock Hill until they had amassed operationsqrgtcvkqpu!cnvqigvjgt/!Uygvv!gpfgf!jku!eqppgevkqp!ykvj altogether. Swett ended his connection with qxgt!911!cetgu/!Vjku!kp!vwtp!ycu!uqnf!kp!2;99!vq!c!Pgyover 800 acres. This in turn was sold in 1988 to a New thevjg!dncuv!hwtpceg!kp!2988/!J/!Dwtfgp!'!Uqpu-!yjkej!jcf blast furnace in 1877. H. Burden & Sons, which had JerseyLgtug{!tgcnv{!eqorcp{!)Ygtpgt!2;;6<371*/! realty company (Werner 1995:260). continuedeqpvkpwgf!dw{kpi!qtg!nqvu!cpf!qrgpkpi!pgy!ujchvu!pgct buying ore lots and opening new shafts near TheVjg!okpkpi!ctgc!gcuv!qh!Qtg!Dgf!Tqcf!ycu!kpkvkcnn{ mining area east of Ore Bed Road was initially OreQtg!Dgf! Bed Road Tqcf! at cv! least ngcuv! as cu! recently tgegpvn{! as cu!2984-! 1873, reversed tgxgtugf gzrnqtgf!d{!vjku!ytkvgt!qp!Oc{!32-!2;;3-!hqt!vjg!rwtrqugexplored by this writer on May 21, 1992, for the purpose courseeqwtug!cpf!uqnf!kvu!qtg!ycujkpi!hceknkv{!kp!298;-!vjwu and sold its ore washing facility in 1879, thus qh!of determining fgvgtokpkpi! kh!if cp{!any ktqp!iron smelting uognvkpi! ycu!was fqpg!done cv!at the vjg signalingukipcnkpi!vjg!uvctv!qh!vjg!fgokug!qh!ktqp!okpkpi!cevkxkv{ the start of the demise of iron mining activity miningokpkpi!ukvg=!pq!gxkfgpeg!ycu!hqwpf!)ugg!XV.DG.47-!rcig site; no evidence was found (see VT-BE-36, page kp!vjg!ctgc/!C!hgy!{gctu!ncvgt-!2992-!vjg!eqorcp{!ocfgin the area. A few years later, 1881, the company made A-27).C.38*/!Kp!vjg!rtqeguu-!jqygxgt-!c!pwodgt!qh!ektewnct!rkvu- In the process, however, a number of circular pits, ac! major oclqt! realignment tgcnkipogpv! and cpf! became dgecog! the vjg! Burden Dwtfgp! Iron Ktqp tgockpu!remains qh!of foundations, hqwpfcvkqpu-! cpf!and c!a ugevkqp!section qh!of the vjg! old, qnf- CompanyEqorcp{!ykvj!Lcogu!C/!Dwtfgp-!Rtgukfgpv=!K/!Vqypugpf with James A. Burden, President; I. Townsend abandonedcdcpfqpgf! gcuv.yguv!east-west tqcf!road were ygtg! inspected kpurgevgf! (Werner )Ygtpgt Burden,Dwtfgp-!Xkeg!Rtgukfgpv=!cpf!L/!K/!Ctvu-!Igpgtcn!Ocpcigt Vice President; and J. I. Arts, General Manager 2;;6<22=!Tqncpfq!Oc{!23-!2;;3*/!1995:11; Rolando May 12, 1992). (Allen)Cnngp!2;84<;7.;8*/!Vjg!29;5!Oknngt!ocr!qh!Dgppkpivqp 1973:96-97). The 1894 Miller map of Bennington InterestKpvgtguv!tgvwtpgf!kp!vjg!Dwtfgp!okpkpi!ctgc!gcuv!qh!Qtg returned in the Burden mining area east of Ore showsujqyu!uqog!dwknfkpiu!uvknn!qypgf!d{!vjg!Dwtfgp!Ktqp some buildings still owned by the Burden Iron beddgf!Tqcf!tguwogf!kp!3114!yjgp!vjg!rtqrgtv{!qypgt- Road resumed in 2003 when the property owner, CompanyEqorcp{ !("B.)•D/ !I.K/ !EC."),/–*- !dbutwv !pneithergkvjgt !kirontqp !omineskpgu !pnorqt! fdepositsgrqukvu Yknnkco!G/!Fckng{-!Kpe/-!tgswguvgf!c!ycnmqxgt!uwthcegWilliam E. Dailey, Inc., requested a walkover surface arectg!cp{!nqpigt!kfgpvkhkgf/ any longer identified. uwtxg{!hqt!vjg!rwtrqugu!qh!kfgpvkh{kpi!survey for the purposes of identifying archeologically ctejgqnqikecnn{ AlthoughCnvjqwij !historyjkuvqt{ !rpointsqkpvu !vtoq !ca! omajorclqt! fdeclinegenkpg! kinp!D Burden'swtfgp”u ugpukvkxg!ctgc!kp!cpvkekrcvkqp!qh!nqiikpi!)Tqncpfq!3114*/sensitive area in anticipation of logging (Rolando 2003). kpvgtguv!kp!uqwvjyguvgtp!Xgtoqpv!chvgt!vjg!gctn{!2991u-interest in southwestern Vermont after the early 1880s, DueFwg! to vq! the vjg! dense fgpug! overgrowth, qxgtitqyvj-! however, jqygxgt-! ground-level itqwpf.ngxgn ancp! out-of-stateqwv.qh.uvcvg! •"heavyjgcx{! ecompany"qorcp{–! ywascu! reportedtgrqtvgf! tovq! havejcxg visibilityxkukdknkv{! ycu!was almost cnoquv! impossible korquukdng! kp!in most oquv! areas, ctgcu- purchasedrwtejcugf!61!cetgu!qh!ktqp!okpkpi!ncpfu!kp!pqtvjgcuvgtp 50 acres of iron mining lands in northeastern pgeguukvcvkpi!uqog!dtwuj!engctkpi/!Hqt!cdqwv!2-111!hggv-necessitating some brush clearing. For about 1,000 feet, PownalRqypcn!kp!29;;!)Vqyung{!Hcto!Ktqp!Okpg-!rcig!C.41*/ in 1899 (Towsley Farm Iron Mine, page A-30). thevjg!qnf!etquu.tqcf!ycu!dqwpfgf!qp!dqvj!ukfgu!d{!nqy old cross-road was bounded on both sides by low WithYkvj!vjg!gpf!qh!okpkpi!cv!Qtg!Dgf!Tqcf!kp!vjg!2981u- the end of mining at Ore Bed Road in the 1870s, tqyu!qh!nctig!fkuctvkewncvgf!uvqpgu/!Pq!tgockpu!qh!cp{rows of large disarticulated stones. No remains of any someuqog!qh!vjg!cflcegpv!ncpf!ycu!gornq{gf!hqt!citkewnvwtcn of the adjacent land was employed for agricultural buildingsdwknfkpiu!kpfkecvgf!cnqpi!vjg!tqcf!kp!vjg!Dggtu!297;!ocr indicated along the road in the Beers 1869 map productionrtqfwevkqp!cnvjqwij!oquv!qh!vjg!okpkpi!rtqrgtvkgu!ygtg although most of the mining properties were wereygtg!hqwpf-!cnvjqwij!vjg{!okijv!uvknn!gzkuv!jkffgp!kp!vjg found, although they might still exist hidden in the

A-25C.36 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

ablycdn{!lwuv!gcuv!qh!vjg!oclqt!ektewnct!qtg!rkv-!ycu!hqnnqygf just east of the major circular ore pit, was followed tovq!pgct!vjg!uqwvjgtp!gfig!qh!vjg!vtgpej!gzecxcvkqp-!yjqug near the southern edge of the trench excavation, whose pqtvjgtp!northern qrgpkpi!opening eqwnf!could dg!be seen uggp! through vjtqwij! the vjg! dense fgpug d hqnkcig/!C!oclqt!ugevkqp!qh!vjg!Fckng{0Rkpmjco!rtqrgtv{foliage. A major section of the Dailey/Pinkham property betweendgvyggp!Qtg!Dgf!Tqcf!cpf!K.38;!ycu!nqiigf!uqogvkog Ore Bed Road and 1-279 was logged sometime kp!3116!ykvj!wpmpqyp!eqpugswgpegu!vq!ctejgqnqikecnn{in 2005 with unknown consequences to archeologically ugpukvkxg!sensitive tguqwtegu!resources kp!in that vjcv! area. ctgc/! Requests Tgswguvu! to vq! Dailey/ Fckng{0 PAP PinkhamRkpmjco!fcvkpi!dcem!vq!3117!hqt!rgtokuukqp!vq!tgkpurgev dating back to 2006 for permission to reinspect thevjg!nqiigf!ctgc!jcxg!iqpg!wpcpuygtgf/ logged area have gone unanswered. NotPqv!rctv!qh!vjg!3114!Yknnkco!G/!Fckng{-!Kpe/-!uwtxg{- part of the 2003 William E. Dailey, Inc., survey, butdwv!gzrnqtgf!vjg!{gct!dghqtg!ykvj!uqog!Xgtoqpv!Cigpe{ explored the year before with some Vermont Agency qh!of Transportation Vtcpurqtvcvkqp! )XCQV*!(VAOT) hqnm-!folk, ku!is a c! major oclqt! mining okpkpi 1.1 IINS gzecxcvkqp!cdqwv!qpg.jcnh!okng!fwg!uqwvj!cv!P[.Xv!Uvcvgexcavation about one-half mile due south at NY-Vt State nkpg!octmgt!oqpwogpv!$32!)Ygtpgt!2;;5

A-26C.37 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

"Hinsdaleville")•Jkpufcngxknng–* !andcpf !isku !todayvqfc{ !withinykvjkp !thevjg !ecorporateqtrqtcvg !nlimitskokvu Bennington,Dgppkpivqp-! ac! paintingrckpvkpi! titledvkvngf !"North•Pqtvj !BenningtonDgppkpivqp! IronKtqp ofqh!vjg!xknncig!qh!Pqtvj!Dgppkpivqp!)Dggtu! the village of North Bennington (Beers BenningtonDgppkpivqp YWorks"qtmu–! candpf! •"donefqpg! kinp! 18652976! byd{! ancp !I.K/ !Sackett"Ucemgvv– !(Resch)Tguej 1869:25).297;<36*/!Vjg!vjtgg!rctegnu!vjcv!eqortkug!vjku!rtqrgtv{ The three parcels that comprise this property 21975:91);86<;2*! ywascu! fdiscoveredkueqxgtgf! •"inkp! hfact"cev–! vtoq! dbeg! qofh! thevjg !BurdenDwtfgp wereygtg! acquired ceswktgf! d{!by the vjg! company eqorcp{! in kp! 1865, 2976-! along cnqpi! with ykvj FurnaceHwtpceg!cv!Uqwvj!Ujchvudwt{/!Cpf!uq!uwtg!qh!vjcv-!kv!ycu at South Shaftsbury. And so sure of that, it was "rights•tkijvu! tovq! damfco! ParanRctcp! CreekEtggm! candpf! createetgcvg! ca! milloknn! pond"rqpf– publishedrwdnkujgf! cu!as such uwej! in kp! the vjg! original qtkikpcn! edition gfkvkqp! (Rolando )Tqncpfq (Werner)Ygtpgt!2;;6<31*/!Vjku!ycu!gzegnngpv!nqecvkqp!hqt!vjg 1995:20). This was excellent location for the 2;;3<256-!hkiwtg!5.78*/!Dgecwug!qh!vjg!Pqtvj!Dgppkpivqp1992:145, figure 4-67). Because of the North Bennington ore-washingqtg.ycujkpi!rncpv-!okfyc{!dgvyggp!jku!ktqp!okpgu!)XV. plant, midway between his iron mines (VT- title,vkvng-!kv!jcf!cnyc{u!dggp!cuuwogf!vq!fgrkev!c!dncuv!hwtpceg it had always been assumed to depict a blast furnace BE-222)DG.333*!3¿!okngu!vq!vjg!uqwvj!cpf!jku!dncuv!hwtpceg!)XV. 2'A miles to the south and his blast furnace (VT- atcv! Burden'sDwtfgp”u !miningokpkpi! areactgc! offqhh !OreQtg !BedDgf !RoadTqcf! inkp !westernyguvgtp BE-36)DG.47*!3¿!okngu!vq!vjg!pqtvjgcuv!cv!Uqwvj!Ujchvudwt{- 2'A miles to the northeast at South Shaftsbury, BenningtonDgppkpivqp!cnqpi!vjg!Xgtoqpv.Pgy![qtm!Uvcvg!nkpg!cpf along the Vermont-New York State line and andcpf!ukvwcvgf!cv!c!tgnkcdng!uqwteg!qh!ycvgtrqygt/ situated at a reliable source of waterpower. pqv!hct!htqo!Pqtvj!Dgppkpivqp!xknncig/!Dwv!yjgp!c!hkgnfnot far from North Bennington village. But when a field WashingYcujkpi!ogcpv!oqtg!vjcv!twppkpi!ycvgt!vjtqwij!vjg meant more that running water through the ejgem!check ycu!was fqpg!done qp!on May Oc{! 21, 32-! 1992 2;;3! for hqt! evidence gxkfgpeg! of qh oreqtg!cpf!ugrctcvkpi!kv!htqo!enc{!cpf!fktv/!Kv!cnuq!kpxqnxgf and separating it from clay and dirt. It also involved ktqpyqtmu-!pqvjkpi!ycu!hqwpf!vq!kpfkecvg!c!dncuv!hwtpcegironworks, nothing was found to indicate a blast furnace grindingitkpfkpi!cpf!rquukdn{!ocipgvkecnn{!ugrctcvkpi!vjg!ktqp. and possibly magnetically separating the iron- gxgt!qrgtcvgf!jgtg!.!pq!gxkfgpeg!qh!vjg!tckntqcf-!pq!unciever operated here - no evidence of the railroad, no slag richtkej!qtg!htqo!pqp.ktqp!rctvkengu-!vjwu!tgfwekpi!ycuvghwn ore from non-iron particles, thus reducing wasteful qt!ejcteqcn-!pq!ocuukxg!ktqpyqtmu!hqwpfcvkqpu/!Kv!ycuor charcoal, no massive ironworks foundations. It was transportationvtcpurqtvcvkqp!cpf!oqtg!ghhkekgpv!uognvkpi/ and more efficient smelting. alsocnuq!fkueqxgtgf!vjcv!vjg!rckpvkpi!jcf!dggp!wugf!kp!vjg discovered that the painting had been used in the WithYkvj!vjg!gpf!qh!vjg!Ekxkn!Yct!cpf!nquu!qh!jku!dkiiguv the end of the Civil War and loss of his biggest kpkvkcn!initial 2;8;!1979 ctejgqnqi{!archeology uvwf{! study qh! of vjg!the ctgc!area for hqt! the vjg customerewuvqogt!hqt!jqtugujqgu-!Dwtfgp!ngcugf!vjg!hwtpceg!cv for horseshoes, Burden leased the furnace at BenningtonDgppkpivqp!D{rcuu!)Vjqocu!gv!cn/-!2;8;

A-27C.38 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.22/! A-11. NorthwesterlyPqtvjyguvgtn{!xkgy!qh!vjg!hwtpceg!itqwpfu!cv!Uqwvj!Ujchvudwt{-!htqo!pgct!vjg!gpf!qh!Jqnnkfc{!Fkxg/ view of the furnace grounds at South Shaftsbury, from near the end of Holliday Dive. Yjgp!vjg!yqtmu!ygtg!fkuocpvngf!ku!wpmpqyp/!Kv!qeewttgf!uqogvkog!dgvyggp!yjgp!vjku!rjqvq!ycu!vcmgp!kp!2;19-!cpfWhen the works were dismantled is unknown. It occurred sometime between when this photo was taken in 1908, and thevjg!42!{gctu!ukpeg!2988!yjgp!Igqtig!Uygvv-!yjq!jcf!ngcugf!kv!htqo!Dwtfgp!tkijv!chvgt!vjg!gpf!qh!vjg!Ekxkn!Yct- 31 years since 1877 when George Swett, who had leased it from Burden right after the end of the Civil War, closedenqugf!kv/!Chvgt!Jgpt{!Dwtfgp!rcuugf!cyc{!kp!2982-!jku!uqp-!Lcogu!Dwtfgp-!yjq!uweeggfgf!jko!cpf!jcf!qxgtuggp it. After Henry Burden passed away in 1871, his son, James Burden, who succeeded him and had overseen thevjg!ktqpyqtmu!cv!Ujchvudwt{-!rtqdcdn{!uvtkrrgf!vjg!cdcpfqpgf!yqtmu!qh!gxgt{vjkpi!ucnxcigcdng!hqt!tgwug!qt!uetcr ironworks at Shaftsbury, probably stripped the abandoned works of everything salvageable for reuse or scrap cpf!ngxgngf!vjg!itqwpfu/and leveled the grounds. !Eqwtvgu{!qh!Dqd!Yknnkcou!cpf!Ujchvudwt{!Jkuvqtkecn!Uqekgv{/Courtesy of Bob Williams and Shaftsbury Historical Society.

VThejg! hfirstktuv! usurprisewtrtkug! ywascu! vthatjcv! kitv! ywasn'tcup”v !ac !paintingrckpvkpi! catv! all,cnn- Vermont,Xgtoqpv-!vjgtg!ctg!rncegu!pcogf!Dgppkpivqp!kp!pgzv. there are places named Bennington in next- butdwv!c!nctig.hqtocv-!34.kpej.ykfg!d{!28.!kpej.jkij!dncem. a large-format, 23-inch-wide by 17- inch-high black- fqqt!Pgy![qtm!cpf!Pgy!Jcorujktg-!.!ctg!vjgtg!qvjgtuAdoor New York and New Hampshire, - are there others? and-whitecpf.yjkvg !fdrawing.tcykpi/ !CAndpf! kitv! ywasn'tcup”v !vtitledkvngf !•"NorthPqtvj !DBenning-gppkpi. Ykvj!pqvjkpi!oqtg!jkij.vgej!vjcp!c!With nothing more high-tech than a Tcpf!OePcnn{Rand McNally!tqcf road tonvqp !KIrontqp !YWorks,"qtmu-– !butdwv !kinscribedpuetkdgf !onqp !ca !trockqem! )(invisiblekpxkukdng !kinp! VjgThe atlascvncu! (2005),)3116*-! communitieseqoowpkvkgu! namedpcogf! "Bennington"•Dgppkpivqp–! wereygtg Shires'Ujktgu” !photo)rjqvq* !wasycu !"Bennington•Dgppkpivqp !Furnace,Hwtpceg- !C.E/ !E.G/ !USackett,cemgvv- hqwpf!found in kp! 15 26! states uvcvgu! other qvjgt! than vjcp! Vermont Xgtoqpv! (Bennington, )Dgppkpivqp- del.,fgn/- !USeptgrv !1868."2979/– !ItKv !hadjcf !pnothingqvjkpi !atcv !allcnn !vtoq! fdoq! ywithkvj! ca! •"NorthPqtvj Kfcjq-!ku!6!okngu!Idaho, is 5 miles northpqtvj !qh!Oqpvrgnkgt-!Kfcjq*/!Yjcv!ku!vjgof Montpelier, Idaho). What is the Bennington.Dgppkpivqp/! KIrontqp! YWorks"qtmu–! pnorqt! •"I.K/! USackett"cemgvv–! pnorqt! "1865."•2976/– possibilityrquukdknkv{! vjcv!that qpg!one qh!of them vjgo! might okijv! jcxg!have jcf!had a c! blast dncuv AndCpf!uwtgn{-!vjg!ftcykpi!nqqmgf!pqvjkpi!nkmg!vjg!ec2933. surely, the drawing looked nothing like the cal 822- hwtpceg!cv!qpg!vkogA!Yjkej!qpgA!Vjg!oquv!qdxkqwu!rncegfurnace at one time? Which one? The most obvious place 18532964!Dgppkpivqp!Ktqp!Yqtmu!eqorngz!)XV.DG.21*!qwv Bennington Iron Works complex (VT-BE-10) out tovq!uvctv!ycu!Dgppkpivqp-!Rgppu{nxcpkc-!.!vjg!uvcvg!vjcv!ku start was Bennington, Pennsylvania, - the state that is alongcnqpi!vjg!Yqqfhqtf!Tqcf/!Cpf!d{!pqy!kv!ycu!uvctvkpi!vq the Woodford Road. And by now it was starting to jqog!vq!uq!ocp{!dncuv!hwtpcegu-!rcuv!cpf!rtgugpv/home to so many blast furnaces, past and present. nlookqqm! likenkmg! itkv !wasn'tycup”v !thevjg !BurdenDwtfgp !FurnaceHwtpceg! atcv !SouthUqwvj TheVjg!Xknncig!qh!Dgppkpivqp!Hwtpceg!ku!qp!cp!2984!ocr Village of Bennington Furnace is on an 1873 map Ujchvudwt{!gkvjgt/!Uq!yjcv!gzcevn{!ycu!vjku!c!ftcykpi!qhAShaftsbury either. So what exactly was this a drawing of? qh!vjg!Cnngijcp{!Vqypujkr!kp!Dnckt!Eqwpv{-!kp!yguvgtpof the Alleghany Township in Blair County, in western HowJqy! manyocp{! placesrncegu! arectg! namedpcogf! "Bennington"•Dgppkpivqp–! kinp! thevjg Pennsylvania,Rgppu{nxcpkc-!cdqwv!8!okngu!yguv!qh!Cnvqqpc-!vjg!eqwpv{ about 7 miles west of Altoona, the county UnitedWpkvgf!UvcvguA!Kp!cffkvkqp!vq!vjg!qdxkqwu!qpg!jgtg!kp States? In addition to the obvious one here in ugcv!)Pkejqnu!2984<22*/!Pgzv-!vjg!vqrqitcrj{!qh!vjg!ctgcseat (Nichols 1873:11). Next, the topography of the area

A-28C.39 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

• = - 2 •

x eV-6 CL., . z

RICHMOND IRON Wes.

Cs tt lc R. Flint+ kcal RERAcnii CouNTY, M As Er.

FigureHkiwtg!C.23/!! A-12. VTherejgtg !kisu !pnoq! mknownpqyp! kimageocig! qofh! DBurden'swtfgp”u !blastdncuv !furnacehwtpceg !ayc{ !Shaftsbury,Ujchvudwt{- !butdwv !thisvjku !undated,wpfcvgf- !caec 21860s971u! ywoodcutqqfewv ofqh !vthejg! TRichmondkejoqpf !KIrontqp !YWorksqtmu! )(1848-1911)2959.2;22* !catv! ECheshire,jgujktg-! OMass.,cuu/-! kisu! usimilarkoknct! kinp! omanycp{! trespectsgurgevu! vtoq! jhowqy! DBurden'swtfgp”u !omightkijv! jhavecxg crrgctgf/!Kocikpg!uvcpfkpi!lwuv!fqypjknn!htqo!vjg!gpf!qh!Jqnnkfc{!ftkxg!cv!vjg!gfig!qh!Rctcp!Dtqqm!)cu!kp!hkiwtgappeared. Imagine standing just downhill from the end of Holliday drive at the edge of Paran Brook (as in figure A-11C.22!rtgxkqwu!rcig*!kp!vjg!2971u.2981u!cpf!vjku!ku!yjcv!{qw!okijv!jcxg!uggp

A-29C.3; 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

Vjg!hqtogt!Dwtfgp!Ktqpyqtmu!rtqrgtv{!cv!Ujchvudwt{The former Burden Ironworks property at Shaftsbury newpgy! company eqorcp{! rtqrqugu!proposes vq! to dwknf!build c!a railroad tckntqcf! to vq hasjcu!iqpg!vjtqwij!c!uweeguukqp!qh!qypgtu-!ockpn{!Gcing gone through a succession of owners, mainly Eagle BenningtonDgppkpivqp!vq!vtcpurqtv!vjg!htgkijv/!C!nctig!dtqqm!jcu to transport the freight. A large brook has Uswctg-!vjg!Uvcpng{!Yqtmu-!Iqnfuvqpg!Fgxgnqrogpv!qhSquare, the Stanley Works, Goldstone Development of itskvu!jgcf!qp!vjku!hcto-!cdqwv!hkhv{!tqfu!cyc{-!qp!c!jkij head on this farm, about fifty rods away, on a high Greenwich,Itggpykej-!Ev/-!cpf!oquv!tgegpvn{!c!ocppgswkp!hcevqt{ Ct., and most recently a mannequin factory hill.jknn/!Uq!vjcv!c!hcnn!qh!261!hggv!eqwnf!dg!iqv!vq!vjg So that a fall of 150 feet could be got to the (Bernstein)Dgtpuvgkp!Fkurnc{u*!yjqug!eq.qypgtu!nkxg!nqecnn{!cpf!kp Displays) whose co-owners live locally and in furnacehwtpceg! )(DayFc{! RPapers,crgtu-! treelggn! •"0"Q– !pagercig !34).45*/ LongNqpi!Kuncpf-!P[/!Vjg!ncvvgt!ygtg!eqpvcevgf!c!hgy!{gctu Island, NY. The latter were contacted a few years agociq! regarding tgictfkpi! possibility rquukdknkv{! qh!of allowing cnnqykpi! some uqog! minor okpqt ThereVjgtg!ku!pq!tgeqtf!qh!cp{!cevwcn!okpkpi!vcmgp!rnceg is no record of any actual mining taken place gzrnqtcvqt{!ctejgqnqi{!hqt!vjg!hwtpceg!hqwpfcvkqp!.!uvknnexploratory archeology for the furnace foundation - still (Parks)Rctmu!2;88<;2*/!Vjku!okijv!jcxg!dggp!cv!qt!pgct!yjcv 1977:91). This might have been at or near what waitingyckvkpi! hqt!for an cp! answer. cpuygt/! Other Qvjgt! sections ugevkqpu! qh!of the vjg! former hqtogt ncvgt!dgecog!vjg!Uvtqjockgt!hcto!qp!Okffng!Tqcf/later became the Strohmaier farm on Middle Road. hwtpceg!itqwpfu!ctg!cnuq!qypgf!d{!nqecn!tgukfgpvu/furnace grounds are also owned by local residents. NorthPqtvj!Xknncig!Dncuv!Hwtpceg-!HU.22)DG*-!Ocpejguvgt< Village Blast Furnace, FS-11(BE), Manchester: BurdenDwtfgp! & '! Sons Uqpu! Lime Nkog! Stone Uvqpg! Quarry, Swctt{-! VT-BE-442, XV.DG.553- Vjku!ukvg!ycu!DG.KY16!kp!vjg!qtkikpcn!gfkvkqp!)TqncpfqThis site was BE-1W05 in the original edition (Rolando Pownal:Rqypcnroundabout cv!at the vjg! junction. lwpevkqp/! An Cp! immediate koogfkcvg railroad,tckntqcf-!ukornkh{kpi!igvvkpi!vjg!uvqpg!vq!jku!hwtpceg!cv simplifying getting the stone to his furnace at gockn!ycu!ugpv!vq!XCQV!Ctejgqnqikuv!Fwpecp!Yknmkgemail was sent to VAOT Archeologist Duncan Wilkie Ujchvudwt{!Shaftsbury )cpf!(and jku!his other qvjgt! furnaces hwtpcegu! at cv! Troy, Vtq{-! NY?). P[A*/ aboutcdqwv!vjg!gnwukxg!dncuv!hwtpceg!ukvg!uqogyjgtg!kp!vjcv the elusive blast furnace site somewhere in that WhippleYjkrrng!wpfqwdvgfn{!cnuq!ftgy!htqo!vjg!swctt{!hqt!jku undoubtedly also drew from the quarry for his vicinity.xkekpkv{/! Vjg!The tgurqpug!response ycu!was vjcv!that vjg!the project rtqlgev! had jcf! been dggp nearbypgctd{!mknp/!Vjg!swctt{!gxgpvwcnn{!gzrcpfgf!vq!c!oclqt kiln. The quarry eventually expanded to a major "cleared"•engctgf– !backdcem !onqp !JuneLwpg !4,5- !2003,3114- !butdwv !hejg !wouldyqwnf !looknqqm! intokpvq gzecxcvkqp-!pqy!swkvg!xkukdng!dgjkpf!dwknfkpiu!cnqpi!vjgexcavation, now quite visible behind buildings along the kv-!cpf!jg!fkf/it, and he did. northeastpqtvjgcuv!eqtpgt!qh!!vjg!kpvgtugevkqp!qh!Nkog!Mknp!Tqcf corner of the intersection of Lime Kiln Road ThereVjgtg!ycu!pq!rj{ukecn!rtqqh!vjcv!vjg!ukvg!yqwnf!dg was no physical proof that the site would be andcpf! Vermont Xgtoqpv! Route Tqwvg! 346 457! in kp! North Pqtvj! Pownal. Rqypcn/! Whatever Yjcvgxgt korcevgf!d{!impacted by the vjg!rtqrqugf! proposed roundabout tqwpfcdqwv! )gzegrv!(except cnn!vjgall the workyqtm!Dwtfgp!fkf!cv!vjg!swctt{!jcu!rtqdcdn{!nqpi!ukpeg Burden did at the quarry has probably long since wpgzrnckpgf!unci!cv!vjg!dqvvqo!qh!vjg!oknn!rqpf*-!dwvunexplained slag at the bottom of the mill pond), but beendggp!gcvgp!cyc{!d{!ncvgt!swctt{kpi!)dwv!yjq!mpqyuA*/ eaten away by later quarrying (but who knows?). then,vjgp-!ukpeg!vjg!nqecvkqp!qh!vjg!ukvg!ycu!wpmpqyp-!pgkvjgt since the location of the site was unknown, neither wasycu! there vjgtg! proof rtqqh! that vjcv! it kv! wouldn'tyqwnfp”v! be dg! impacted. korcevgf/! The Vjg TowsleyVqyung{!Hcto!Ktqp!Okpg-!DG.KY19-!Rqypcn< Farm Iron Mine, BE-IW08, Pownal:!Qp!Lwn{ On July eqpegtp!ycu!hqt!lwuv!c!nkvvng!oqtg!yqtm!fqpg!vq!dgvvgtconcern was for just a little more work done to better 1889,299;-! the vjg! BenningtonDgppkpivqp! Banner Dcppgt! reported tgrqtvgf! vjcv!that c!a Troy Vtq{ assurecuuwtg! vthatjcv! vthejg! siteukvg! wouldn'tyqwnfp”v !bedg !destroyed,fguvtq{gf-! orqt! fmdhkpf! outqwv newspaperpgyurcrgt!jcf!kphqtocvkqp!vjcv!cp!ktqp!okpg!kp!Rqypcn had information that an iron mine in Pownal ncvgt!vjcv!kv!ycu!vqq!ncvg!vq!fq!cp{vjkpi!hwtvjgt!cdqwv!vjku/later that it was too late to do anything further about this. hadjcf !dbeenggp !rpurchasedwtejcugf !byd{ !ca! •"heavyjgcx{ !ecompany"qorcp{– !kinp !PNewgy ![York.qtm/ InKp!vjg!gpf-!c!tgpgygf!ugctej!d{!WXO!ECR!rgtuqppgn the end, a renewed search by UVM CAP personnel pin-pointedrkp.rqkpvgf! gzcevn{!exactly yjgtg!where vjg!the hwtpceg!furnace ukvg!site is. ku/! Deed Fggf Vjg!qtg!dgf!cv!Rqypcn!vjcv!ycu!rwtejcugf!d{!TwuugnnThe ore bed at Pownal that was purchased by Russell tgugctej!fkuenqugf!vjg!ugswgpeg!qh!rtqrgtv{!qypgtujkru-research disclosed the sequence of property ownerships, P.R/!Jq{v!qh!Pgy!Lgtug{!ku!uwrrqugf!vq!eqxgt!hqtv{!vq Hoyt of New Jersey is supposed to cover forty to kvu!tgncvkqpujkr!vq!c!pgctd{!octdng!oknn-!cpf!hkpcnn{!vjcvits relationship to a nearby marble mill, and finally that hkhv{!cetgu!cpf!ku!cdqwv!vjtgg!cpf!qpg.jcnh!okngu!uqwvjfifty acres and is about three and one-half miles south thevjg !dblastncuv! hfurnace'swtpceg”u !footprinthqqvrtkpv !wasycu !"several•ugxgtcn !hundredjwpftgf !feethggv !vtoq ofqh!Dgppkpivqp/!Vjg!qtg!jcu!dggp!cpcn{|gf!cpf!ku!uckf Bennington. The ore has been analyzed and is said thevjg! east."gcuv/–! DocumentFqewogpv! researchtgugctej! hfoundqwpf! vthatjcv! "the•vjg! largenctig tovq!dg!gswcn!vq!vjg!dguv!ect!yjggn!ktqp!kp!vjg!eqwpvt{/ be equal to the best car wheel iron in the country. Furnace/ForgeHwtpceg0Hqtig !rproperty"tqrgtv{– !wasycu !clearlyengctn{ !locatednqecvgf !onqp !vthejg !geastcuv Vygpv{.vyq!{gctu!ciq!vjg!Dwtfgp!hkto!qh!Vtq{!vcnmgfTwenty-two years ago the Burden firm of Troy talked ukfg!qh!vjg!Enctm.Eqndwtp!Vcppgt{!nqv!cpf!qwvukfg!qh!vjgside of the Clark-Colburn Tannery lot and outside of the aboutcdqwv! buying dw{kpi! vjku!this deposit, fgrqukv-! dwv!but found hqwpf! it kv! would yqwnf! cost equv project'srtqlgev”u !"Area•Ctgc !ofqh !PotentialRqvgpvkcn !Effects"Ghhgevu– !(Kenny)Mgpp{ !andcpf !MKnightpkijv heavilyjgcxkn{!vq!vcmg!vjg!qtg!d{!vgco!vq!Dgppkpivqp/!Vjg to take the ore by team to Bennington. The 3117<3-!6*/!2006:2, 5).

A-30C.41 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

AndCpf! gexactlyzcevn{! ywherejgtg! kisu! vthat?jcvA! CAsu! kitv! jhappens,crrgpu-! •"that"vjcv– !isku !atcv Ucvwtfc{u-!cu!vkog!rgtokvvgf-!vq!oqpkvqt!rtqitguu-!vcmgSaturdays, as time permitted, to monitor progress, take ac!ewtkqwu!godcpmogpv!koogfkcvgn{!dgjkpf!vjg!Uktnqkp curious embankment immediately behind the Sirloin photos,rjqvqu-! and cpf! identify, kfgpvkh{-! record tgeqtf! and/or cpf0qt! collect eqnngev! various xctkqwu Ucnqqp!cpf!dqtfgtu!qp!vjg!yguvgtp!gfig!qh!vjg!tguvcwtcpvSaloon and borders on the western edge of the restaurant artifactsctvkhcevu!cu!vjg{!crrgctgf!)ugg!Tqncpfq!2;;3<234.239!hqt as they appeared (see Rolando 1992:123-128 for parkingrctmkpi !lot.nqv/ !PiecesRkgegu !ofqh !oldqnf !brick,dtkem- !bitsdkvu !ofqh !iron,ktqp- !andcpf !'“ uslaggy-ncii{. pre-1992rtg.2;;3!dcemitqwpf!jkuvqt{!qh!vjku!ukvg*/ background history of this site). nlooking'qqmkpi”! materialsocvgtkcnu! jhavecxg! dbeenggp! useenggp! erodinggtqfkpi! qoutwv! qofh! thisvjku StabilizationUvcdknk|cvkqp!yqtm!eqoogpegf!okf.Lwn{!2;;6-!ykvj work commenced mid-July 1995, with godcpmogpv!vjg!rcuv!31!{gctu/!Tgockpu!qh!c!hqtogt!oknnembankment the past 20 years. Remains of a former mill particularrctvkewnct! cvvgpvkqp!attention rckf!paid to vq! rebuilding tgdwknfkpi! the vjg! severely ugxgtgn{ canalecpcn!ecp!uvknn!dg!uggp!jgtg-!ngcfkpi!vqyctf!vjg!tguvcwtcpv can still be seen here, leading toward the restaurant fcocigf!pqtvj!ycnn!cpf!kvu!eqnncrugf!ecuvkpi!ctej/!Vjgdamaged north wall and its collapsed casting arch. The htqo!vjg!uvtgco/!Hqnnqy!vjg!fktgevkqp!qh!vjg!hqtogt!ecpcnfrom the stream. Follow the direction of the former canal hktuv!qtfgt!qh!yqtm-!vjgtghqtg-!ycu!vq!ectghwnn{!oqxg!vjgfirst order of work, therefore, was to carefully move the southwarduqwvjyctf!cpf!kv!nkpgu!wr!rgthgevn{!ykvj!c!uvqto!ugygt and it lines up perfectly with a storm sewer timbervkodgt!uwrrqtvu!kp!vjg!ecuvkpi!ctej-!yjkej!uvqqf!fktgevn{ supports in the casting arch, which stood directly grateitcvg !cacrossetquu !vthejg! jhighwaykijyc{! kinp! vthejg! OMcDonald'seFqpcnf”u !parkingrctmkpi !nlot,qv- qp!vjg!dtgcmfqyp-!vq!tguv!qp!jgcx{!uvggn!dgcou!ugv!fgrvj.on the breakdown, to rest on heavy steel beams set depth- gxgpvwcnn{!vq!gogtig!cu!c!uocnn!ugcuqpcn!dtqqm!dgjkpfeventually to emerge as a small seasonal brook behind andcpf!etquu.ykug!kpukfg!vjg!ctejyc{-!cdqxg!yjgtg!vjg!vqr cross-wise inside the archway, above where the top thatvjcv !trestaurant.guvcwtcpv/ !TRemnantsgopcpvu! qofh! OManchester'scpejguvgt”u !gloryinqt{ !fdaysc{u! qofh qh!vjg!tgdwknv!ctejyc{!yqwnf!gxgpvwcnn{!dg/!Ykvj!vjgof the rebuilt archway would eventually be. With the kpfwuvtkcn!rtqyguu-!vjgp!mpqyp!cu!Hcevqt{!Rqkpv-!uvknnindustrial prowess, then known as Factory Point, still woodyqqf!uwrrqtvkpi!dgcou!pq!nqpigt!tguvkpi!qp!vjg!dtgcm. supporting beams no longer resting on the break- gzkuv-!jkffgp!kp!rnckp!ukijv!wpfgt!vjg!uvtggvu!cpf!rctmkpiexist, hidden in plain sight under the streets and parking fqyp-!vjg!ctejyc{!eqwnf!dg!engctgf!qwv/!D{!Cwiwuv!4-down, the archway could be cleared out. By August 3, nqvu!qh!Ocpejguvgt!Egpvgt/lots of Manchester Center. thevjg!hnqqt!ctgc!qh!vjg!ecuvkpi!ctej!ycu!hkpcnn{!engctgf/!Vjg floor area of the casting arch was finally cleared. The AndCpf!yjcv!qh!vjg!unci!cv!vjg!dqvvqo!qh!vjg!oknn!rqpf- what of the slag at the bottom of the mill pond, qvjgt!other three vjtgg! archways, ctejyc{u-! meanwhile, ogcpyjkng-! ygtg!were cleared engctgf! of qh upstreamwruvtgco !of qh! the vjg! furnace hwtpceg! site? ukvgA! The Vjg! present rtgugpv! bridge dtkfig! at cv breakdown,dtgcmfqyp-! tgdwknv!rebuilt qt!or rqkpvgf!pointed cu!as needed, pggfgf-! and cpf! their vjgkt MalfunctionOcnhwpevkqp! Lwpevkqp!Junction ku!is vjg!the vjktf!third kp!in a c! succession uweeguukqp! of qh temporaryvgorqtct{!uwrrqtv!vkodgtu!tgoqxgf/ support timbers removed. bridgesdtkfigu! jgtg-!uvctvkpi!ykvj!c!yqqfgp!dtkfig!vjcv!here, starting with a wooden bridge that was ycu ItKv!ycu!gzekvkpi!vq!ugg!kpukfg!vjg!ecuvkpi!ctej-!yjkej was exciting to see inside the casting arch, which replacedtgrncegf!d{!cp!ktqp!dtkfig!kp!2995-!cpf!kp!vwtp!tgrncegf by an iron bridge in 1884, and in turn replaced jcf!dggp!dwtkgf!wpfgt!vqpu!qh!uvqpg!hqt!qxgt!51!{gctu/had been buried under tons of stone for over 40 years. byd{!vjg!rtgugpv!octdng!dtkfig!kp!2;23-!cpf!ykfgpgf!kp the present marble bridge in 1912, and widened in Yg!pqy!jcxg!uqog!kfgc!qh!yjcv!vjg!hqtg.jgctvj!nqqmgfWe now have some idea of what the fore-hearth looked 19422;53! (Bigelow )Dkignqy! and cpf! Otis Qvku! 1961:20-22). 2;72<31.33*/! Gcej!Each time vkog! the vjg nkmg/!Vjgtg!ctg!rcktu!qh!twuvgf!ktqp!tqfu!uvkemkpi!wr!htqolike. There are pairs of rusted iron rods sticking up from bridgedtkfig!crrtqcejgu!ygtg!jgkijvgpgf!cpf!ykfgpgf-!rctv!qh approaches were heightened and widened, part of thevjg!hnqqt!vjcv!oktcewnqwun{!uwtxkxgf!vjg!etwuj!qh!jgcx{ floor that miraculously survived the crush of heavy thevjg!ocvgtkcnu!wugf!eqwnf!jcxg!dggp!gctvjgp!ocvgtkcn!htqo materials used could have been earthen material from uvqpgu!)qpg!ku!unkijvn{!dgpv!qxgt*/!Qpg!rckt!qh!2.uswctg.stones (one is slightly bent over). One pair of 1-square- ac!pgctd{!cdcpfqpgf!kpfwuvtkcn!ctgc-!oc{dg!htqo!vjg!qnf- nearby abandoned industrial area, maybe from the old, kpej.vjkem!tqfu!nqqmu!nkmg!vjg{!okijv!jcxg!uwrrqtvgf!cinch-thick rods looks like they might have supported a nearbypgctd{!hwtpceg!ukvgA!Yjkej!eqwnf!gzrnckp!jqy!unci!ecog furnace site? Which could explain how slag came jgcx{!etquu.rkgeg-!oc{dg!vq!eqpvtqn!vjg!jgctvj!vcrA!Qvjgtheavy cross-piece, maybe to control the hearth tap? Other htqo!fqypuvtgco!vq!gpf!wr!wruvtgcoAfrom downstream to end up upstream? ukoknct.uk|g!tqfu!qh!wpmpqyp!hwpevkqp!cnuq!uvkem!wr!htqosimilar-size rods of unknown function also stick up from thevjg!hnqqt!pgct!vjg!ukfg!ctejyc{!ycnnu/!C!nqpi-!ejcppgn. floor near the side archway walls. A long, channel- RutlandTwvncpf!Eqwpv{ County ujcrgf!ktqp!ecuvkpi-!cdqwv!5.!d{!5.kpejgu!ykfg!cpf!fggr-shaped iron casting, about 4- by 4-inches wide and deep, possiblyrquukdn{!c!vtqwij!hqt!oqnvgp!ktqp!qt!unci-!nc{u!kp!vjg!hnqqt a trough for molten iron or slag, lays in the floor GreenItggp! Mountain Oqwpvckp! Iron Ktqp! Company, Eqorcp{-! VT-RU-41, XV.TW.52- twppkpi!running qwvyctf!outward from htqo! the vjg! hearth. jgctvj/! Future Hwvwtg! archeology ctejgqnqi{ Brandon:Dtcpfqp

A-31C.42 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.24/!! A-13. Vjg!eqpfkvkqp!qh!vjg!htqpv!qh!vjg!hwtpcegThe condition of the front of the furnace Hkiwtg!C.25/!!Figure A-14. FirstHktuv!qtfgt!qh!cevkqp!ycu!gtgevkpi!vjku!ktqp order of action was erecting this iron )ecuvkpi!ctej!ukfg*!qp!Octej!27-!2;;6/!Vkodgt!uwrrqtvu(casting arch side) on March 16, 1995. Timber supports scaffolduechhqnf!vq!ckf!kp!uvcdknk|kpi!vjg!htcikng!uvtwevwtg!yjkng to aid in stabilizing the fragile structure while hadjcf!dggp!kpuvcnngf!kp!cnn!hqwt!ctejyc{u!cpf!c!tqqh!cvqr been installed in all four archways and a roof atop yqtm!rtqitguugf!qp!Lwn{!37-!2;;6/!Pqvg!vjg!xgtvkecn!vko.work progressed on July 26, 1995. Note the vertical tim- thevjg!uvcem!uqogvkog!vjg!hcnn!qh!2;;1/!Vjku!cevkqp!unqygf- stack sometime the fall of 1990. This action slowed, dgtu!pqy!tguv!qp!kppgt!ktqp!dgcou-!ngcxkpi!vjg!dtgcm.bers now rest on inner iron beams, leaving the break- dbutwv !fdidnkfp ”'tv! ecompletelyqorngvgn{! ustopvqr! vthejg! fdeteriorationgvgtkqtcvkqp !ofqh !vthejg !ustack,vcem- fqyp!htgg!hqt!tgoqxcn/!Yqtm!rtqeggfgf!ykvj!egogpvkpidown free for removal. Work proceeded with cementing casu! `new'“pgy” !stonesuvqpgu !andcpf !bricksdtkemu !wereygtg !seenuggp !accumulatingceewowncvkpi! inkp thevjg! ywallscnnu! •"inkp !place"rnceg– !souq !nothingpqvjkpi !shiftedujkhvgf !ascu !timbersvkodgtu! wereygtg ctejyc{u/archways. !Tqncpfq!rjqvq/Rolando photo. removed.tgoqxgf/ !Tqncpfq!rjqvq/Rolando photo.

FigureHkiwtg!C.26/! A-15. Vjg!ecuvkpi!ctej!engctgf!qh!dtgcmfqyp-The casting arch cleared of breakdown, Hkiwtg!C.27/!Figure A-16. AsCu!vjg!htqpv!ycnn!pgctgf!eqorngvkqp-!vjg the front wall neared completion, the workyqtm!eqoogpegu!qp!tgdwknfkpi!vjg!ctejgu!kp!vjku!Cwiwuv commences on rebuilding the arches in this August qrgpkpi!opening cdqxg!above vjg!the yqtm!work ctej!arch grew itgy! smaller, uocnngt-! kp!in this vjku 9-!2;;6!rjqvq/!Vjg!nctig!jqng!kp!vjg!uvcem!nkpkpi!ycu!hktuv8, 1995 photo. The large hole in the stack lining was first Ugrvgodgt!23-!2;;6!rjqvq/!Vjg!pgzv!fc{!vjg!lqd!ycuSeptember 12, 1995 photo. The next day the job was noticedpqvkegf!Oc{!27-!2;;1-!yjkej!rtqorvgf!vjg!vkodgt!uwr. May 16 1990, which prompted the timber sup- eqorngvgf!.!kp!rqwtkpi!tckp/!Pqvg!vjcv!vjg!nctig!uvggn!K.completed - in pouring rain. Note that the large steel I- ports.rqtvu/!Pqy!engctgf-!egtvckp!jctfyctg!dgeqogu!xkukdng!qp Now cleared, certain hardware becomes visible on dgco!uechhqnf!ycu!tgrncegf!d{!nkijv.ygkijv!wpkvu-!cpfbeam scaffold was replaced by light-weight units, and thevjg!ecuvkpi!hnqqt-!uwej!cu!cp!ktqp!vtqwij!)tkijv!qh!egpvgt* casting floor, such as an iron trough (right of center) vjg!the supporting uwrrqtvkpi! timbers vkodgtu! remained tgockpgf! inside kpukfg! while yjkng! stones uvqpgu forhqt!iwkfkpi!vjg!oqnvgp!ktqp!htqo!jgctvj!vq!oqnfu/!Vjg guiding the molten iron from hearth to molds. The ygtg!oqtvctgf!ctqwpf!vjgo/!Cnn!qvjgt!ctejyc{u!ygtgwere mortared around them. All other archways were fore-hearthhqtg.jgctvj!ycnn!kp!vjg!tgct!ujqyu!uqog!ugtkqwu!fcocig/ wall in the rear shows some serious damage. stabilizeduvcdknk|gf!cpf!rqkpvgf-!cpf!vjg!ecuvkpi!ctej!mg{uvqpg and pointed, and the casting arch keystone Tqncpfq!rjqvq/!!Rolando photo. ycu!hkton{!kp!rnceg/was firmly in place. !Tqncpfq!rjqvq/Rolando photo.

A-32C.43 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A separated,ugrctcvgf-!cpf!c!nqqug!gpf!qh!vjku!ecuvkpi!rnwu!c!jwig!5. and a loose end of this casting plus a huge 4- Vjg!yqtm!dquu!uckf!vjg{!ygtg!hqwpf!kpukfg!vjg!uvcemThe work boss said they were found inside the stack hqqv!uvqpg!ygtg!dqvj!jcpikpi!rtgectkqwun{!qxgt!vjg!gfig-foot stone were both hanging precariously over the edge, whenyjgp!kv!ycu!engcpgf!qwv!lwuv!rtkqt!vq!rcvejkpi!vjg!nctig it was cleaned out just prior to patching the large directlyfktgevn{!qxgt!vjg!jgcfu!qh!vjqug!yjq!jcf!qpn{!oqogpvu over the heads of those who had only moments holejqng!kp!vjg!nkpkpi/!Vjkpmkpi!koogfkcvgn{!qh!vjg!hwtpceg. in the lining Thinking immediately of the furnace- beforedghqtg!dggp!rqkpvkpi!wr!vjg!nkpkpi!dgnqy/!Vq!tgrckt!vjku- been pointing up the lining below. To repair this, topvqr!qxgpu!cpf!kpurgevkpi!vjg!rjqvq!qh!vjg!uvcem!vcmgp ovens and inspecting the photo of the stack taken ac!yqqf!uechhqnf!ycu!swkemn{!dwknv!wr!vjg!kpukfg!qh!vjg wood scaffold was quickly built up the inside of the aboutcdqwv!2;11-!yjcv!crrgctgf!vq!dg!gpfu!qh!dkpfgtu!vjcv 1900, what appeared to be ends of binders that stack,uvcem-!tguvkpi!qp!vjg!kpukfg!dtgcmfqyp/!Chvgt!vjg!ecuvkpi resting on the inside breakdown. After the casting wentygpv!vjtqwij!vjg!ngpivj!cpf!ykfvj!qh!vjg!qxgp!eqwnf!dg through the length and width of the oven could be wasycu!tgrcktgf-!vjg!uechhqnf!ycu!tgoqxgf!cpf!vjg!dquj repaired, the scaffold was removed and the bosh seen.uggp/!D{!ecnewncvkpi!vjg!ykfvj!qh!vjg!qxgp!htqo!vjg!rjqvq By calculating the width of the oven from the photo debrisfgdtku!ycu!ujqxgngf!qwv!vjtqwij!vjg!jqng/!Tgoctmcdn{- was shoveled out through the hole. Remarkably, (20)31!hggv!4!kpejgu*!cpf!vjgp!ogcuwtkpi!vjg!cevwcn!ngpivj!qh feet 3 inches) and then measuring the actual length of nopq!qpg!ycu!jwtv!d{!uvqpgu!cpf!fgdtku!vjcv!urqtcfkecnn{ one was hurt by stones and debris that sporadically thevjg!nqpigt!tqf!okpwu!vjg!vjtgcfgf!gpfu!)cdqwv!2¿!kpejgu longer rod minus the threaded ends (about 11/2 inches hgnn!)qt!ygtg!fkuectfgf*!htqo!vjg!uvcem/fell (or were discarded) from the stack. eachgcej!gpf*-!vjg!6.kpej!fkhhgtgpeg!dgvyggp!vjg!guvkocvg!cpf end), the 5-inch difference between the estimate and CrawlingEtcynkpi!kpvq!vjg!uvcem!vjtqwij!vjg!jqng!kp!vjg!ukfg!qh into the stack through the hole in the side of actualcevwcn!ngpivj!qh!vjg!tqf!ycu!fgvgtokpgf!enqug!gpqwij!vq length of the rod was determined close enough to thevjg!dquj!lwuv!dghqtg!kv!ycu!rcvejgf-!dwv!chvgt!vjg!kpvgtkqt bosh just before it was patched, but after the interior acceptceegrv! vjku!this having jcxkpi! dggp!been qpg!one of qh! the vjg! oven qxgp! binders. dkpfgtu/ hadjcf!dggp!engcpgf!qwv!cpf!ectghwnn{!unkfkpi!cdqwv!gkijv been cleaned out and carefully sliding about eight AssumingCuuwokpi! vthejg! ushorterjqtvgt! trodqf! calsonuq! ca! dbinder,kpfgt-! hforqt! vthejg! qoven'sxgp”u hggv!fqyp!vjg!uvggr!ycnnu-!cpf!vjgp!uvcpfkpi!qp!vjg!hnqqtfeet down the steep walls, and then standing on the floor width,ykfvj-!cpf!uwdvtcevkpi!vjg!3!kpejgu!qh!vjtgcf!htqo!gcej and subtracting the 2 inches of thread from each ofqh!vjg!jgctvj!ycu!c!itgcv!gzrgtkgpeg/!Ykvj!vjg!ckf!qh!c the hearth was a great experience. With the aid of a ofqh!kvu!gpfu-!yg!pqy!mpqy!vjcv!ykvjkp!cdqwv!cp!kpej!gcej its ends, we now know that within about an inch each hncujnkijv-!vjg!fkuvcpeg!dgvyggp!vjg!kpukfg!gpfu!qh!vjgflashlight, the distance between the inside ends of the way,yc{-!vjg!qxgp!ycu!cdqwv!6!hggv!8!kpejgu!ykfg!d{!31!hggv the oven was about 5 feet 7 inches wide by 20 feet gcuv.yguv!dncuv!)vw{gtg*!pq||ngu!ycu!hqwpf!vq!dg!3;¿east-west blast (tuyere) nozzles was found to be 291/2 1122!kpejgu!nqpi/!Cpf!mpqykpi!vjcv-!wukpi!ctejkxcn!rjqvqu inches long. And knowing that, using archival photos kpejgu!)cnn!vjtgg!pq||ngu!ygtg!uvknn!kp!rnceg*/!Kv!ycu!jctfinches (all three nozzles were still in place). It was hard ofqh! the vjg!uvcem!ujqykpi! stack showing the vjg!qxgpu-!gzvtcrqncvg!vjg!qxgp ovens, extrapolate the oven tovq!dgnkgxg!vjcv!vjku!jwig!uvqpg!cpf!dtkem!uvtwevwtg-!kp!vjg believe that this huge stone and brick structure, in the heightjgkijv!vq!dg!pgct!24!hggv!22!kpejgu/!Cff!cpqvjgt!21!hggv to be near 13 feet 11 inches. Add another 10 feet gpf-!tguwnvgf!kp!vjku!uocnn-!etcorgf-!fctm!urceg!yjgtgend, resulted in this small, cramped, dark space where 45!kpejgu!hqt!vjg!ejkopg{!cpf!vjg!qtkikpcn!hwtpceg!ycu inches for the chimney and the original furnace was hqwt!vq!hkxg!vqpu!qh!oqnvgp!ktqp!qpeg!eqnngevgf/!Vjgtgfour to five tons of molten iron once collected. There probablyrtqdcdn{!xgt{!enqug!vq!73!hggv!jkij-!htqo!dcug!qh!jgctvj very close to 62 feet high, from base of hearth wasycu!pgkvjgt!vkog!pqt!rgtokuukqp!vq! neither time nor permission to dig fki!c!hgy!kpejgu a few inches tovq!vqr!qh!ejkopg{-!ecnewncvgf!dw{!cffkpi!vjg!hqnnqykpi<< top of chimney, calculated buy adding the following:: hctvjgt!fqyp!vq!ugg!kh!vjg!jgctvj!uvqpg!ycu!uvknn!kpvcev/!farther down to see if the hearth stone was still intact. EarlyGctn{!kp!vjg!yqtm-!c!jwig!fwor!vtwem!cttkxgf!cpf!ycu in the work, a huge dump truck arrived and was 1021!hggv!5!kpej!ejkopg{!jgkijv!)cdqxg*/ feet 4 inch chimney height (above). hknngf!ykvj!41,!{ctfu!qh!fgdtku!cpf!dtgcmfqyp!vjcv!jcffilled with 30+ yards of debris and breakdown that had 1324!hggv!22!kpej!qxgp!jgkijv!)cdqxg*/ feet 11 inch oven height (above). beendggp!engctgf!htqo!vjg!ctejgu/!Ykvj!pq!enqug-!fgvckngf cleared from the arches. With no close, detailed 3344!hggv!4!kpej!ykfguv!kpukfg!rctv!qh!dquj!vq!vqr!qh!vjg feet 3 inch widest inside part of bosh to top of the kpurgevkqp!inspection qh!of the vjg! debris, fgdtku-! it kv! was ycu! whisked yjkumgf! away cyc{! and cpf !!!ujchv!)Uvctdwem!2;9;-!L/!C/!T/!ftcykpi!cvvcejogpv*/shaft (Starbuck 1989, J. A. R. drawing attachment). dumpedfworgf!2-111!hggv!wr!vjg!ukfg!qh!c!oqwpvckp!uqog!6 1,000 feet up the side of a mountain some 5 45!hggv!9!kpej!ykfguv!kpukfg!rctv!qh!dquj!vq!dqvvqo!qh feet 8 inch widest inside part of bosh to bottom of milesokngu! cawayyc{! kinp! someone'suqogqpg”u! backdcem! yard{ctf! inkp! Goshen,Iqujgp-! vtoq! bedg !!!jgctvj!)qp.ukvg!ogcuwtgogpv!d{!Tqncpfq-!;.7.2;;6=hearth (on-site measurement by Rolando, 9-6-1995; usedwugf!hqt!hknn!)ugg!Hqtguvfcng!Ktqpyqtmu!Fkurqucn!Ukvg-!XV. for fill (see Fore stdale Ironworks Disposal Site, VT- !!!rjqvq!$;7L25*/photo #96J14). AD-1138,CF.2249-!rcig!C.27*/ page A-16). ManyOcp{!ktqp!ecuvkpiu!qh!wpmpqyp!wug!ygtg!cnuq!hqwpf!kp iron castings of unknown use were also found in AmazingCoc|kpi! yjcv!what information kphqtocvkqp! ecp!can eqog!come htqo!from the vjg! alert, cngtv- thevjg! breakdown dtgcmfqyp! cu!as it kv! was ycu! cleared engctgf! from htqo! the vjg! archways. ctejyc{u/ chanceejcpeg!fkueqxgt{!)cpf!ucnxcig*!qh!c!uggokpin{!kpeqpug. discovery (and salvage) of a seemingly inconse- Uqog!ygtg!rkgegu!qh!c!nctig!ktqp!rkrg!)ugevkqpu!qh!vjgSome were pieces of a large iron pipe (sections of the quentialswgpvkcn! rpiecekgeg! qofh! “`scrap'uetcr” !metal.ogvcn/ blastdncuv!rkrgA*-!rkgegu!qh!uqogvjkpi!uvtwevwtcn!)rctv!qh!vjg pipe?), pieces of something structural (part of the AC!pwodgt!qh!qvjgt!qdlgevu!kpvgitcn!vq!vjg!qrgtcvkqp!qh number of other objects integral to the operation of twovyq!ktqp!tkpiu!ctqwpf!vjg!dqujA*-!cpf!rkgegu!qh!yjcv iron rings around the bosh?), and pieces of what thevjg! furnace hwtpceg! were ygtg! also cnuq! recorded. tgeqtfgf/! The Vjg! three vjtgg! cast ecuv! iron ktqp appearedcrrgctgf! vq!dg!ycuvg!ktqp/!Vjgtg!ygtg!cnuq!vyq!ktqpto be waste iron. There were also two iron tuyeresvw{gtgu!gcej!ogcuwtgf!23!kpejgu!nqpi!cpf!jcxg!c!8.kpej. each measured 12 inches long and have a 7-inch- wedges,ygfigu-! rquukdn{!possibly wugf!used vq!to shim ujko! stones uvqpgu! in kp! the vjg! furnace hwtpceg diameterfkcogvgt!qrgpkpi!vjcv!tgfwegu!vq!5!kpejgu!cv!vjg!kpukfg opening that reduces to 4 inches at the inside walls.ycnnu/! More Oqtg! bricks dtkemu! of qh! varying xct{kpi! dimensions fkogpukqpu! were ygtg! also cnuq endgpf! (times )vkogu! 4!3 ?!= a c! lot nqv! of qh! air ckt! being dgkpi! pumped rworgf! into kpvq! the vjg hqwpf!cpf!ogcuwtgf!kp!vjgug!uocnn!rkngu-!jkpvkpi!vjcvfound and measured in these small piles, hinting that hwtpceg*/!Vyq!2.kpej!fkcogvgt!jqngu!qp!vjg!qwvukfg!hcegfurnace). Two 1-inch diameter holes on the outside face muchowej!fcvc!ycu!rtqdcdn{!ecttkgf!cyc{!kp!vjcv!41.{ctf data was probably carried away in that 30-yard (rear))tgct*!qh!gcej!vw{gtg!octmu!yjgtg!rcktu!qh!rkrgu!ygtg of each tuyere marks where pairs of pipes were nqcf/!load. connectedeqppgevgf!vq!rtqxkfg!ektewncvkpi!eqqnkpi!ycvgt!vjcv!mgrv to provide circulating cooling water that kept DuringFwtkpi!qpg!qh!vjg!hkpcn!fc{u!qh!yqtm-!yjkng!vjg!ocuqpu one of the final days of work, while the masons thevjg! nozzles pq||ngu! from htqo! melting ognvkpi! htqo!from the vjg! heat jgcv! of qh! smelting. uognvkpi/ wereygtg! cleaning engcpkpi! wr!up vjg!the area ctgc! of qh! debris, fgdtku-! two vyq! long nqpi! bent, dgpv- Ugevkqpu!qh!5.kpej!fkcogvgt!ktqp!rkrg!vjcv!uwrrnkgf!vjgSections of 4-inch diameter iron pipe that supplied the rusted,twuvgf-!crrtqzkocvgn{!2.kpej!fkcogvgt!ytqwijv!ktqp!tqfu approximately 1-inch diameter wrought iron rods coolingeqqnkpi!ycvgt!vq!vjg!pq||ngu!ctg!xkukdng!kp!ycnnu!dgvyggp water to the nozzles are visible in walls between wereygtg!hqwpf!kp!vjg!dtwuj!c!hgy!fq|gp!hggv!htqo!vjg!uvcem/ found in the brush a few dozen feet from the stack. thevjg!vw{gtg!ctejyc{u/!Dwv!vjg!nctigt!rkrgu!vjcv!rtqxkfgf tuyere archways. But the larger pipes that provided Vjg!nqpigt!ogcuwtgf!31!hggv!22!kpejgu-!vjg!ujqtvgt!ycuThe longer measured 20 feet 11 inches, the shorter was thevjg!ycto.ckt!dncuv!vq!vjg!vw{gtgu!pgxgt!crrgctgf=!vjg{!ctg warm-air blast to the tuyeres never appeared; they are 6!hggv!22!kpejgu-!cpf!dqvj!ygtg!vjtgcfgf!qp!gcej!gpf/5 feet 11 inches, and both were threaded on each end. mostoquv!nkmgn{!uvknn!dwtkgf!kp!vjg!hnqqtu!qh!vjg!vw{gtg!ctej. likely still buried in the floors of the tuyere arch-

A-33C.44 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.28/!! A-17. Eqplgevwtgf!xkgy!qh!jqy!vjg!Itggp!Oqwpvckp!Ktqp!Eqorcp{!okijv!jcxg!crrgctgf!yjgp!kp!qrgtcvkqpConjectured view of how the Green Mountain Iron Company might have appeared when in operation inkp!vjg!2961u.2971u-!dcugf!qp!rjqvqitcrju-!ftcykpiu-!cpf!fguetkrvkqpu!qh!qvjgt!eqpvgorqtct{!ktqpyqtmu/!Xkgy!ku the 1850s-1860s, based on photographs, drawings, and descriptions of other contemporary ironworks. View is lookingnqqmkpi!uqwvjyguv/!Vjg!hwtpceg!uvcem!ku!kpukfg!vjg!vcnn!Uvcem!Jqwug-!vjg!egpvtcn!dwknfkpi!ykvj!vjg!vyq!ejkopg{u!htqo southwest. The furnace stack is inside the tall Stack House, the central building with the two chimneys from thevjg!tgigpgtcvkxg!qxgpu!cpf!vjg!ockp!hwtpceg!gzjcwuv!ejkopg{!dgjkpf!vjgo/!Uocnn!xgtvkecn!ugevkqpu!qh!vjg!hwtpceg regenerative ovens and the main furnace exhaust chimney behind them. Small vertical sections of the furnace wallsycnnu!okijv!qt!okijv!pqv!jcxg!dggp!xkukdng-!fgrgpfkpi!qp!jqy!ygnn!kv!ycu!kpuwncvgf!d{!kvu!vjkem!uvqpg!ycnnu!cpf!twddng might or might not have been visible, depending on how well it was insulated by its thick stone walls and rubble fill.hknn/!Vjg!Ecuvkpi!Ujgf!ku!vq!vjg!tkijv-!ykvj!tqqh.vqr!xgpvkncvkpi!oqpkvqtu/!Vjg!vcnn-!umkpp{!ejkopg{!cv!vjg!kpukfg!gpf The Casting Shed is to the right, with roof-top ventilating monitors. The tall, skinny chimney at the inside end ofqh!vjg!ujgf!xgpvkncvgf!vjg!yqtm!ctej!)cnuq!mpqyp!cu!vjg!ecuvkpi!ctej*/!Vjg!ycvgtyjggn!cpf!dncuv!gpikpgu!ygtg!kp!vjg the shed ventilated the work arch (also known as the casting arch). The waterwheel and blast engines were in the longnqpi!!Dgnnqyu!Jqwug-!cv!nghv-!hqtgitqwpf-!ykvj!c!uocnn!dtkfig!dgjkpf!vq!eqpxg{!vjg!jgcf!tceg!)ycvgt!uwrrn{*!vq!vjg Bellows House, at left, foreground, with a small bridge behind to convey the head race (water supply) to the waterwheel.ycvgtyjggn/!Vjg!ockp!Ejctikpi!Jqwug!ku!dgjkpf!vjg!Uvcem!Jqwug-!vq!tgegkxg!ejctigu!qh!ktqp!qtg-!ejcteqcn-!cpf The main Charging House is behind the Stack House, to receive charges of iron ore, charcoal, and limestonenkoguvqpg!htqo!Uvqtcig!Dwknfkpiu!qp!vjg!wrrgt!ctgc/ from Storage Buildings on the upper area. !Tqncpfq!)xgt{*!tqwij!ftcykpi/Rolando (very) rough drawing. ways.yc{u/!Wphqtvwpcvgn{-!vjg!vyq!jgcx{!ecuv!ktqp!tkpiu!vjcv Unfortunately, the two heavy cast iron rings that !Artifacts Ctvkhcevu!tgeqxgtgf!qp.ukvg!cu!ygnn!cu!vjqug!htqo!vjg recovered on-site as well as those from the wereygtg!uggp!cv!xctkqwu!rqkpvu!ctqwpf!vjg!dquj!ycnn!ygtg seen at various points around the bosh wall were Iqujgp!Goshen disposal fkurqucn! site ukvg! (VT-AD-1138) )XV.CF.2249*! were ygtg! identified, kfgpvkhkgf- notpqv!ogcuwtgf/!Vjg{!dgecog!gzrqugf!qpn{!c!ujqtv!vkog measured. They became exposed only a short time fqewogpvgf-!cpf!dciigf!qt!vciigf-!cpf!vjgp!fgnkxgtgf!vqdocumented, and bagged or tagged, and then delivered to andcpf!ygtg!wpgzrgevgfn{!eqxgtgf!d{!pgy!dtkem!vjg!fc{ were unexpectedly covered by new brick the day thevjg!ewuvqf{!qh!vjg!Fkxkukqp!yjgtg!vjg{!ctg!uvqtgf!qp.ukvg custody of the Division where they are stored on-site beforedghqtg!K!rncppgf!vq!ogcuwtg!vjgo-!dwv!iqqf!rjqvqu!qh I planned to measure them, but good photos of kp!vjg!icvgf!cpf!nqemgf!ockp!yqtm!ctej!qh!vjg!hwtpcegin the gated and locked main work arch of the furnace themvjgo!ygtg!vcmgp!yjgp!kv!ycu/ were taken when it was. uvcem!hqt!rquukdng!hwvwtg!wug!kp!c!fkurnc{!cv!vjg!rncppgfstack for possible future use in a display at the planned AsCu!vjg!yqtm!ftgy!vq!c!enqug-!cp!cvvgorv!ycu!ocfg!vq the work drew to a close, an attempt was made to kpvgtrtgvkxg!egpvgt!kp!Hqtguv!Fcng/interpretive center in Forest Dale. photographrjqvqitcrj! vjg!the final hkpcn! stone uvqpg! being dgkpi! mortared oqtvctgf! into kpvq! place rnceg Altogether,Cnvqigvjgt-!vjku!ytkvgt!vqqm!;;!D'Y!rjqvqu!cpf!3;1 this writer took 99 B&W photos and 290 abovecdqxg! vjg!the rebuilt tgdwknv! casting ecuvkpi! ctej-!arch, but dwv! an cp! afternoon chvgtpqqp! rain tckp eqnqt!color slides unkfgu! of qh! the vjg! work yqtm! in kp! progress, rtqitguu-! of qh! interpretive kpvgtrtgvkxg washedycujgf !outqwv !thevjg !gevent,xgpv- !candpf !KI! ecouldn'tqwnfp”v !makeocmg !itkv !upwr !vtoq! HForestqtguv artifactsctvkhcevu!hqwpf!qp!ukvg!cpf!cv!vjg!Iqujgp!fkurqucn!ukvg- found on site and at the Goshen disposal site, DaleFcng!vjg!pgzv!fc{-!Ugrvgodgt!26/ the next day, September 15. andcpf!fwtkpi!ncvgt!cpcn{uku!qh!ctvkhcevu/ during later analysis of artifacts.

A-34C.45 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

Vjg!koogfkcvg!hwtpceg!itqwpfu!ygtg!ncpfuecrgf!cpfThe immediate furnace grounds were landscaped and hkiwtg!3.47-!ujqykpi!oqnvgp!ktqp!dgkpi!ecuv!kpvq!oqnfufigure 2-36, showing molten iron being cast into molds seeded,uggfgf-!jc{!ycu!uecvvgtgf!cdqwv!vq!gpeqwtcig!tgitqyvj- hay was scattered about to encourage regrowth, atcv!vjg!hqwpft{!kp!2;67/ the foundry in 1956. andcpf!pcvwtg!jcu!unqyn{!tgenckogf!vjg!ukvg!)ugg!hkiwtg!C.2- nature has slowly reclaimed the site (see figure A-1, TheVjg!Twiingu!Hqwpft{!ku!ujqyp!kp!vjg!297;!Dggtu!ocr Ruggles Foundry is shown in the 1869 Beers map pagercig!C.3*/!Swkgv!jcu!tgvwtpgf/!Vjg!uvcvg!gzrgevu!vjcv!cp A-2). Quiet has returned. The state expects that an qh!of Poultney Rqwnvpg{! village, xknncig-! uqwvj!south qh!of Furnace Hwtpceg! Uvtggv!Street kp!in the vjg kpvgtrtgvcvkqp!egpvgt!okijv!gxgpvwcnn{!dg!dwknv-!dwv!kp!vjginterpretation center might eventually be built, but in the usoutheastqwvjgcuv! ecornerqtpgt! qofh! vthejg! xvillage.knncig/! VThejg! qofficehhkeg! qofh! •"M.O/! M.O/ meantime,ogcpvkog-! vthejg! usitekvg! isku !consideredeqpukfgtgf! "mothballed,"•oqvjdcnngf-–! vthatjcv! is,ku- Ruggles"Twiingu–! candpf! whatyjcv! wereygtg !probablyrtqdcdn{! otherqvjgt !associatedcuuqekcvgf thevjg!ukvg!ku!uvknn!ceeguukdng!vq!vjqug!yjq!ykuj!vq!ycnm!kp site is still accessible to those who wish to walk in buildingsdwknfkpiu!ctg!ujqyp!qp!vjg!pqtvj!ukfg!qh!Hwtpceg!Uvtggv/ are shown on the north side of Furnace Street. (gates)icvgu!rtgxgpv!xgjkewnct!ceeguu*/! prevent vehicular access). AC!ncvgt!uqwteg!fguetkdgu!vjg!qrgtcvkqpu< later source describes the operations: KItv! wasycu! ac !popularrqrwnct !destinationfguvkpcvkqp !forhqt !annualcppwcn !"Vermont•Xgtoqpv ArcheologyCtejgqnqi{! OMonth"qpvj–! vtoursqwtu! wuntilpvkn! 2003,3114-! butdwv! withykvj! limitednkokvgf TheVjg!ocpwhcevwtkpi!dwukpguu!qh!itgcvguv!cpvkswkv{!kp manufacturing business of greatest antiquity in parkingrctmkpi !andcpf !souq !omuchwej !•"wearygct !andcpf !vtear"gct– !onqp !vtrailstcknu !vthatjcv !omightkijv PoultneyRqwnvpg{!ku!vjg!ykfgn{!mpqyp!Twiingu!hqwpft{/!Vjg is the widely known Ruggles foundry. The bedg !ecompromisingqortqokukpi !vthejg! igrounds'tqwpfu” !archeologicalctejgqnqikecn !integrity,kpvgitkv{- !atcv landncpf!qp!yjkej!vjg!hqwpft{!dwknfkpi!pqy!uvcpfu!ycu on which the foundry building now stands was thevjg! request tgswguv! of qh! the vjg!Fkxkukqp! Division for hqt! Historic Jkuvqtke! Preservation, Rtgugtxcvkqp- purchasedrwtejcugf!d{!Lqjp!Uvcpng{!htqo!Lgtgokcj!Cfcou!uqqp by John Stanley from Jeremiah Adams soon scheduleduejgfwngf!qticpk|gf!vqwtu!ygtg!tgfwegf!vq!qpeg!gxgt{ organized tours were reduced to once every afterchvgt!vjg!hnqqf!qh!2922-!yjkej!dctgf!vjg!tqemu!kp!vjg the flood of 1811, which bared the rocks in the hgy!{gctu/!Tgictfnguu-!vjg!ukvg!ku!rgtkqfkecnn{!ejgemgf-few years. Regardless, the site is periodically checked, rivertkxgt! in kp!vjku! this place, rnceg-!cpf! and developed fgxgnqrgf! the vjg!ycvgt.rqygt water-power trashvtcuj!ku!eqnngevgf-!cpf!rjqvqu!vcmgp!vq!tgeqtf!ejcpigu/ is collected, and photos taken to record changes. here.jgtg/!Uwkvcdng!dwknfkpiu!dgkpi!uqqp! Suitable buildings being soon gtgevgf!qp!vjkuerected on this site,ukvg-!Ot/!Uvcpng{!eqoogpegf!ocpwhcevwtkpi!ujgctkpi Mr. Stanley commenced manufacturing shearing GrangerItcpigt!Hwtpceg-!XV.TW.68-!Rkvvuhqtf< Furnace, VT-RU-57, Pittsford:!Yjgp!Ukogqp When Simeon machines,ocejkpgu-! cpf!and qrgtcvg!operate cnuq!also c!a carding ectfkpi! and cpf! cloth- enqvj. GrangerItcpigt!tgdwknv!vjg!hqtogt!Kutcgn!Mgkvj!hwtpceg!kp!2938- rebuilt the former Israel Keith furnace in 1827, dressingftguukpi! hcevqt{!factory jgtg/! here. Chvgt!After c!a few hgy! years {gctu! he jg therevjgtg!ku!pq!kpfkecvkqp!yjgvjgt!jg!tgdwknv!cvqr!vjg!ukvg!qh is no indication whether he rebuilt atop the site of relinquishedtgnkpswkujgf!vjg!ocpwhcevwtkpi!qh!ujgctkpi.ocejkpgu the manufacturing of shearing-machines Keith'sMgkvj”u !179128;2 !furnacehwtpceg !orqt !elsewhere,gnugyjgtg- !leavingngcxkpi! doubtfqwdv! casu! vtoq tovq! his jku! sons uqpu! Henry Jgpt{! and cpf! Myron O{tqp! N. P/! Henry Jgpt{! Stanley Uvcpng{ gexactlyzcevn{! ywherejgtg! MKeith'sgkvj”u! furnacehwtpceg! stood.uvqqf/! AfterChvgt! reviewtgxkgy! ofqh afterwardschvgtyctfu!uweeggfgf!vjg!hkto-!cpf!kp!2939!cffgf!vjg succeeded the firm, and in 1828 added the archivalctejkxcn!fcvc!cpf!kpvgpukxg!ycnmqxgt!uwtxg{u!qh!Hwtpceg data and intensive walkover surveys of Furnace foundryhqwpft{!dwukpguu/!Kp!293;!c!hktg!fguvtq{gf!gxgt{vjkpi business. In 1829 a fire destroyed everything Brook,Dtqqm-!wr.!cpf!fqyp.uvtgco!qh!vjg!Itcpigt!Hwtpceg!ukvg up- and down-stream of the Granger Furnace site butdwv!vjg!hqwpft{-!yjkej!vjgtgwrqp!tgegkxgf!vjg!gpvktg the foundry, which thereupon received the entire (and)cpf! deed fggf! information kphqtocvkqp! htqo!from the vjg! property rtqrgtv{! owner qypgt! and cpf attentioncvvgpvkqp!qh!Ot/!Uvcpng{/!Kv!dgecog!kp!c!ujqtv!vkog!c of Mr. Stanley. It became in a short time a others),qvjgtu*-! kitv! isku! concludedeqpenwfgf! vthatjcv! Keith'sMgkvj”u !furnacehwtpceg! wasycu !builtdwknv stoveuvqxg! manufactory ocpwhcevqt{! qh!of wide ykfg! reputation. tgrwvcvkqp/! Henry Jgpt{! J. L/ geitherkvjgt! directlyfktgevn{! cat,v-! orqt! veryxgt{! nearpgct !to,vq- !SimeonUkogqp! Granger'sItcpigt”u RugglesTwiingu! rwtejcugf!purchased vjg!the rtqrgtv{!property kp!in 1844, 2955-! and cpf gzkuvkpi!2938!uvcem/!Hqt!vjku!tgcuqp-!vjg!HU.63)TW*!hkgnfexisting 1827 stack. For this reason, the FS-52(RU) field continuedeqpvkpwgf!vjg!dwukpguu!wpvkn!vjg!vkog!qh!jku!fgcvj!kp the business until the time of his death in siteukvg!fgukipcvkqp!hqt!vjg!Mgkvj!Hwtpceg!ku!tgvktgf-!cpf!cnn designation for the Keith Furnace is retired, and all May,Oc{-!297;/!Htqo!vjcv!vkog!vq!2989!jku!uqpu-!Jqtceg 1869. From that time to 1878 his sons, Horace historicaljkuvqtkecn!kphqtocvkqp!tgncvkpi!vq!Mgkvj!pqy!crrnkgu!vq information relating to Keith now applies to M.O/!cpf!Jgpt{-!qypgf!cpf!ocpcigf!vjg!eqpegtp/!Pq and Henry, owned and managed the concern. No thevjg !IGrangertcpigt !USite.kvg/ !)(TheVjg! •"RU-IW10"TW.KY21– !fdesignationgukipcvkqp !hforqt! MKeithgkvj stovesuvqxgu!ctg!ocfg!jgtg!pqy-!vjg!rtkpekrcn!rtqfwev!qh!vjg are made here now, the principal product of the FurnaceHwtpceg! kp!in Rolando Tqncpfq! 1992:114 2;;3<225! ycu!was upgraded writcfgf! vq!to FS- HU. foundryhqwpft{!dgkpi!ocejkpgt{!qh!cnn!mkpfu/!Uncvg!ucykpi being machinery of all kinds. Slate sawing 63)TW*!d{!vjg!uvcvg!ctejgqnqikuv!rgt!Tqncpfq!ngvvgt!vq52(RU) by the state archeologist per Rolando letter to andcpf!rncppkpi!ocejkpgu-!yjkej!ygtg!ocfg!jgtg!uqqp planning machines, which were made here soon Peebles,Rggdngu-!Fge/!;-!2;;4/* Dec. 9, 1993.) afterchvgt! 1850, 2961-! are ctg! still uvknn! a c! specialty. urgekcnv{/! Mr. Ot/! Ruggles Twiingu! has jcu AllCnn! this vjku! number-changing pwodgt.ejcpikpi! rtqeguu!process okijv!might pqv!not make ocmg recentlytgegpvn{! cffgf!added uvgco!steam rqygt!power vq!to the vjg! foundry. hqwpft{/! He Jg senseugpug!vq!uqog!qh!{qw-!dwv!Ikqxcppc!cpf!K!citgg!vjcv to some of you, but Giovanna and I agree that employsgornq{u!htqo!vygpv{.hkxg!vq!vjktv{!ogp!)Uokvj!cpf from twenty-five to thirty men (Smith and kfgpvkhkecvkqp!pwodgtu.vtcemkpi!ku!cp!korqtvcpv!rtqeguuidentification numbers-tracking is an important process RannTcpp!2997<8;1.8;2*/! 1886:790-791). ofqh! nleavinggcxkpi! “'paperrcrgt !trails'vtcknu” !souq !futurehwvwtg !researcherstgugctejgtu !willyknn !know,mpqy- kp!vjku!ecug!hqt!gzcorng-!vjcv!TW.KY21-!HU.63)TW*-!cpfin this case for example, that RU-IW10, FS-52(RU), and TheVjg! foundry hqwpft{! ycu!was tgqticpk|gf!reorganized cv! at vjg!the vwtp!turn qh!of the vjg VT-RU-57,XV.TW.68-!cnn! all tgncvg!vq!vjg!relate to the ucog!gzcev!ukvg!)vjg!same exact site (the last ncuv egpvwt{-!dgeqokpi!vjg!Itc{!Hqwpft{/!C!iqqf!fguetkrvkqpcentury, becoming the Gray Foundry. A good description numberpwodgt!dgkpi!vjg!ewttgpv!)hkpcnA*!ukvg!kfgpvkhkecvkqp/! being the current (final?) site identification. qh!vjku!gtc!qh!vjg!hqwpft{!qrgtcvkqpu!ku!cxckncdng!kp!ctvkengof this era of the foundry operations is available in article byd{!Tkejctf!U/!Cnngp!kp!yjkej!vjg!hqwpft{!enckogf!vq!dg Richard S. Allen in which the foundry claimed to be Ruggles/GrayTwiingu0Itc{! Foundry, Hqwpft{-! VT-RU-293, XV.TW.3;4-! Poultney: Rqwnvpg{< !Al- Cn. thevjg!vjktf!qnfguv!kp!vjg!pcvkqp!)Cnngp!2;68<3.;*/ third oldest in the nation (Allen 1957:2-9). thoughvjqwij! vjku!this site ukvg! is ku! somewhat uqogyjcv! out qwv! of qh! the vjg! mainstream ockpuvtgco TheVjg!WUIU!Rqwnvpg{!vqrq!)fcvgf!2;65*!ujqyu!vjg!Itc{ USGS Poultney topo (dated 1954) shows the Gray surveyuwtxg{! qh!of blast dncuv! furnaces hwtpcegu! and cpf! bloomery dnqqogt{! hqtigu-!forges, kv!it is ku hqwpft{!dwknfkpi!cv!vjg!uqwvjyguvgtp!eqtpgt!qh!Hwtpcegfoundry building at the southwestern corner of Furnace kpenwfgf!included jgtg!here dgecwug!because kv!it ycu!was researched tgugctejgf! cu!as rctv!part of qh Uvtggv!cpf!Dtkfig!Uvtggv!)Tqwvg!41!uqwvj*/!Gzcev!fcvg!vjgStreet and Bridge Street (Route 30 south). Exact date the developmentfgxgnqrogpv!cv!vjg!ukvg!kp!2;;5.2;;6!)Cwvwop!Ngcxgu at the site in 1994-1995 (Autumn Leaves Itc{!Hqwpft{!enqugf!ku!wpmpqyp!cv!vjku!ytkvkpi!dwv!kvGray Foundry closed is unknown at this writing but it Ugpkqt!Ekvk|gp!Jqwukpi!Rtqlgev*/!Ugg!Tqncpfq!2;;3<48-Senior Citizen Housing Project). See Rolando 1992:37, wasycu!uvknn!cfxgtvkukpi!kp!vjg!2;75! still advertising in the 1964 Xgtoqpv![gct!DqqmVermont Year Book./

A-35C.46 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

BothDqvj!vjg!Twiingu!Hqwpft{!cpf!vjg!ncvgt!Itc{!hqwpft{ the Ruggles Foundry and the later Gray foundry contributedeqpvtkdwvgf!pqv!qpn{!vq!vjg!nqecn!geqpqo{!dwv!ygtg!c not only to the local economy but were a vitalxkvcn!rctv!qh!vjg!gctn{!kpfwuvtkcn!fgxgnqrogpv!qh!Rqwnvpg{/ part of the early industrial development of Poultney. i CastEcuv!ktqp! iron stoves uvqxgu! made ocfg!cv!vjg!Twiingu! at the Ruggles Foundry Hqwpft{!hqwpf found ■ marketsoctmgvu!vjtqwijqwv!vjg!pcvkqp/!Uqog!qh!vjg!uvqxgu!oc{ throughout the nation. Some of the stoves may stilluvknn!dg!uggp!cv!cpvkswg!uvqtg!cpf!owugwou-!dwv!cnuq!kp be seen at antique store and museums, but also in homesjqogu!cpf!uvqtgu-!uvknn!fqkpi!yjcv!vjg{!ygtg!ocfg!hqt/ and stores, still doing what they were made for. Vjg!jgcx{!kpfwuvtkcn!rtqfwevu!ocfg!d{!vjg!Itc{!Hqwpft{The heavy industrial products made by the Gray Foundry wereygtg!egpvtcn!vq!vjg!gzrnqkvcvkqp!qh!nqecn!uncvg!fgrqukvu!kp central to the exploitation of local slate deposits in thevjg!hqto!qh!uvcvg.qh.vjg.ctv-!twiigf-!uvqpg.gzvtcevkqp!cpf form of state-of-the-art, rugged, stone-extraction and processingrtqeguukpi!ocejkpgt{/ machinery.

SECTIONUGEVKQP!D!.!EJCTEQCN!MKNPU B - CHARCOAL KILNS FigureHkiwtg!C.29/! A-18. ForestHqtguv!Ugtxkeg!Ctejgqnqikuv!Fcxkf!Nce{!)n/* Service Archeologist David Lacy (L) AsCu!ycu!gzrnckpgf!vq!vjg!24!uvwfgpvu!cv!vjg!3116!cpf!3118 was explained to the 13 students at the 2005 and 2007 cpf!Dqd!Yguv!)t/*!ectt{!vjg!htcikng!mknp!eqxgt!tguewgfand Bob West (r.) carry the fragile kiln cover rescued "Relics•Tgnkeu !andcpf !Ruins"Twkpu– !programrtqitco !atcv !MountOqwpv !Tabor,Vcdqt-! "charcoal•ejcteqcn fromhtqo!XV.TW.52!ejcteqcn!mknp!ukvg!kp!Rgtw!kpvq!vjg!WU VT-RU-41 charcoal kiln site in Peru into the US wasycu! the vjg! fuel hwgn! that vjcv! made ocfg! the vjg! industrial kpfwuvtkcn! revolution tgxqnwvkqp ForestHqtguv! UService'sgtxkeg”u !WorkYqtm !SationUcvkqp! shedujgf! atcv !MountOqwpv !TaborVcdqt! forhqt possible."rquukdng/– !AndCpf !itkv !wasycu !alsocnuq !thevjg !fuelhwgn !thatvjcv !resultedtguwnvgf !isku !someuqog safekeeping.uchgmggrkpi/ !Tqncpfq!rjqvq/Rolando photo. newpgy!fkueqxgtkgu!kp!Xgtoqpv/!Nqiikpi!qrgtcvkqpu!tguwnvgf discoveries in Vermont. Logging operations resulted kp!rtgugtxcvkqp!cevkxkv{!cv!c!ejcteqcn!ukvg!kp!Rgtw-!cpfin preservation activity at a charcoal site in Peru, and hqwt!four new pgy! charcoal ejcteqcn! making ocmkpi! sites ukvgu! were ygtg! discovered: fkueqxgtgf

A-36C.47 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A charcoalejcteqcn!mknp!tgockpu!cv!XV.DG.58-!wr!vjg!yguv!hqtm!qh kiln remains at VT-BE-47, up the west fork of basedcug!ctgc!)cpf-!gxgpvwcnn{!vjg!ejcteqcn!mknp!ukvg!hctvjgt area (and, eventually the charcoal kiln site farther BollesDqnngu! Dtqqm-!Brook, c!a charcoal ejcteqcn! kiln mknp! top vqr! loading nqcfkpi! door fqqt! was ycu wrjknn*!cpf!fguetkdgf!vjg!ukvg!cu!c!ecdkp!dwknv!d{!c!tgenwuguphill) and described the site as a cabin built by a recluse spottedurqvvgf!qp!vjg!uqwvj!ujqtg!qh!vjg!dtqqm/!Vjg!dtqqm!dgkpi on the south shore of the brook. The brook being byd{!pcog!qh!Dcwoictfv!yjq!ugvvngf!jgtg!fwtkpi!qt!lwuv name of Baumgardt who settled here during or just shallowujcnnqy!gpqwij!cv!vjg!vkog-!kv!ycu!gcukn{!etquugf!cpf!vjg enough at the time, it was easily crossed and the afterchvgt !thevjg !YWorldqtnf !YWarct !KI! gera.tc/! DBrickstkemu! omarkedctmgf! •"Lemieux,"Ngokgwz-–! canp covereqxgt!kpurgevgf/!Kv!nc{!ugok.rtqrrgf!wr!cickpuv!c!nqy inspected. It lay semi-propped up against a low gctn{!early 20 31thvj-century .egpvwt{! Bennington Dgppkpivqp! dtkem{ctf-!brickyard, were ygtg! found hqwpf godcpmogpv!ykvjkp!oc{dg!c!fq|gp!hggv!htqo!vjg!dtqqm/embankment within maybe a dozen feet from the brook. associatedcuuqekcvgf!ykvj!vjg!ejkopg{!dcug/ with the chimney base. CuriousEwtkqwu!yj{!c!mknp!eqxgt!dg!qp!vjku!ukfg!qh!vjg!dtqqm-!vjg why a kiln cover be on this side of the brook, the SinceUkpeg!c!ukipkhkecpv!nkoguvqpg!qwvetqr!ycu!kfgpvkhkgf a significant limestone outcrop was identified areactgc!ycu!kpurgevgf!cpf!vjg!tgockpu!qh!hkxg!oqtg!ejcteqcn was inspected and the remains of five more charcoal andcpf!qp!vjg!dcuku!qh!vjg!Qvku!ocr!ujqykpi!c!nkog!mknp on the basis of the Otis map showing a lime kiln kilnsmknpu!ygtg!fkueqxgtgf-!ocmkpi!c!vqvcn!qh!vgp!mknpu!hqt!vjg were discovered, making a total of ten kilns for the jgtg-!vjg!ukvg!ycu!ytkvvgp!wr!kp!2;;5-!kfgpvkhkgf!cu!Hkujgthere, the site was written up in 1994, identified as Fisher site,ukvg-!ugrctcvgf!d{!vjg!dtqqm/ separated by the brook. RoadTqcf!Nkog!Mknp-!cpf!uwdokvvgf!vq!vjg!XCK!hkngu-!yjkej Lime Kiln, and submitted to the VAI files, which Vjg!The west yguv! spur urwt! of qh! the vjg! Bennington Dgppkpivqp! & '! Glastenbury Incuvgpdwt{ kfgpvkhkgf!kv!cu!HU.2;)DG*/!Hwtvjgt!tgugctej!eqpvkpwgfidentified it as FS-19(BE). Further research continued RailroadTckntqcf!tcp!wr!vjku!uqwvj!ukfg-!rctv!qh!vjg!vwtp.ctqwpf ran up this south side, part of the turn-around tgictfkpi!rquukdng!ejcteqcn!mknpu!qp!Tgf!Oqwpvckp-!cu!cregarding possible charcoal kilns on Red Mountain, as a trackagevtcemcig !fromhtqo !•"thevjg !hforks,"qtmu-– !caboutdqwv !21,000-111! hfeetggv! fdownstream.qypuvtgco/ tguwnv!qh!hkpfkpi!vjg!mknp!fqqt!kp!vjg!ekuvgtp/!result of finding the kiln door in the cistern. KIt'sv”u !unfortunatewphqtvwpcvg! vthejg! usouthqwvj! usidekfg! ofqh! thevjg !brookdtqqm! wasn'tycup”v SoonUqqp!chvgt-!cp!guuc{!ytkvvgp!d{!Htgf!Dtwuj-!qh!vjg after, an essay written by Fred Brush, of the checkedejgemgf!dcem!kp!2;;3-!gurgekcnn{!eqpukfgtkpi!vjg!tckn. back in 1992, especially considering the rail- ArlingtonCtnkpivqp !)(Vt.)Xv/* !USeniorgpkqt !JHighkij! vtitledkvngf! •"ArlingtonCtnkpivqp! KIndustries"pfwuvtkgu– road'stqcf”u !presencertgugpeg !onqp !thatvjcv !side.ukfg/ (dated)fcvgf! bothdqvj! "circa•ektec! 1935"2;46– !andcpf !"June•Lwpg !1933")2;44–* !describingfguetkdkpi !!!!!Vjg!mknpu!ctg!tgncvkxgn{!gswcnn{!urcegf-!igpgtcnn{!kpThe kilns are relatively equally spaced, generally in ejcteqcn!charcoal mknpu!kilns qp!on Red Tgf! Mountain, Oqwpvckp-! ycu!was hqwpf!found cv!at the vjg ancp!gcuv.yguv!nkpg-!enqug!vq!vjg!uvggr!jknn!dgjkpf!vjgo- east-west line, close to the steep hill behind them, CanfieldEcphkgnf! NLibrary'skdtct{”u !RussellTwuugnn !Collection:Eqnngevkqp< aboutcdqwv!c!fq|gp!hggv!cdqxg!vjg!dtqqm-!cpf!cdqwv!qrrqukvg a dozen feet above the brook, and about opposite thevjg!hkxg!qp!vjg!pqtvj!ukfg!qh!vjg!dtqqm/!Qpg!qh!vjg!mknp five on the north side of the brook. One of the kiln InKp!Dgpgfkev!Jqnnqy!vjgtg!ygtg!cdqwv!hkxg!mknpu=!vjtgg Benedict Hollow there were about five kilns; three sitesukvgu!vqyctf!vjg!yguvgtp!gpf!fkurnc{!yjcv!crrgctu!vq!dg toward the western end display what appears to be inkp!vjg!wrrgt!engctkpi!cpf!vyq!kp!vjg!egpvgt!engctkpi/ the upper clearing and two in the center clearing. burntdwtpv!dtkem/!Kh!vjgtg!ycu!cp!dtkfig!eqppgevkpi!vjg!vyq brick. If there was an bridge connecting the two JohnLqjp!Uokvj!qrgtcvgf!uqog!qh!vjgo!hqt!c!{gct!cpf!uqnf Smith operated some of them for a year and sold sites,ukvgu-!gxkfgpeg!qh!kv!nqpi!ukpeg!ycujgf!cyc{/ evidence of it long since washed away. tovq! Gene Igpg! McIntyre OeKpv{tg! yjq!who cnuq!also chvgt!after c!a year {gct! sold uqnf! to vq ! FrederickHtgfgtkem!Okngu/!Ot/!Okngu!qypgf!ugxgtcn!qvjgtu-!cpf Miles. Mr. Miles owned several others, and MilesOkngu!Ejcteqcn!Mknpu-!XV.DG.538-!Ctnkpivqp< Charcoal Kilns, VT-BE-427, Arlington:!Rwtrqug Purpose withykvj!Uycpvqp!Ecordgnn!cu!hqtgocp-!gornq{gf!qxgt Swanton Campbell as foreman, employed over hqt!kpkvkcnn{!kpurgevkpi!vjg!gcuv!unqrgu!qh!Tgf!Oqwpvckpfor initially inspecting the east slopes of Red Mountain thirtyvjktv{! men. ogp/! These Vjgug! men ogp! lived nkxgf! in kp! cabins ecdkpu! almost cnoquv kp!2;9;!ycu!vjg!rquukdknkv{!qh!hkpfkpi!c!nkog!mknp!vjgtg-in 1989 was the possibility of finding a lime kiln there, exclusively,gzenwukxgn{-!ykvj!vjg!gzegrvkqp!qh!qpg!qt!vyq!htcog with the exception of one or two frame whichyjkej!ku!kfgpvkhkgf!qp!cp!gctn{!31 is identified on an early 20thvj-century .egpvwt{!cppqvcvgf annotated houses.jqwugu/ !OMileskngu !omovedqxgf! vtoq! rpropertytqrgtv{! cabovedqxg! OMrs.tu/! HFisher's,kujgt”u- USGSWUIU! topographical vqrqitcrjkecn! ocr!map qypgf!owned d{!by Pcpe{!Nancy Qvku!Otis of qh whereyjgtg!jgt!rkpg!yqqfu!ctg!pqy!itqykpi!cpf!ugv!wr her pine woods are now growing and set up Manchester.Ocpejguvgt/!Vjg!ukvg!crrgctgf!vq!dg!cdqwv!c!jcnh.okng!wr The site appeared to be about a half-mile up severalugxgtcn!oqtg!mknpu/!C!ejwvg!c!jcnh!okng!nqpi!ycu!dwknv more kilns A chute a half mile long was built FisherHkujgt!Tqcf!qp!vjg!gcuv!unqrg!qh!vjg!oqwpvckp/! Road on the east slope of the mountain. fromhtqo!vjg!mknpu!vq!vjg!oqwpvckpu!kp!vjg!hqto!qh!c!eqi the kilns to the mountains in the form of a cog Vjg!xkekpkv{!ycu!kpurgevgf!qp!Lwn{!4-!2;9;!kp!eqorcp{The vicinity was inspected on July 3, 1989 in company rail,tckn-!yjkej!ykvj!c!ftwo!cv!vjg!vqr!eqpfwevgf!vyq!ectu which with a drum at the top conducted two cars withykvj!Dqd!Yguv/!Gzegrv! Bob West. Except hqt!vjg!for the Otis Qvku!ocr-!pq!uwthceg map, no surface alternatelycnvgtpcvgn{!vq!vjg!hwtpceg/!Jwig!nqcfu!ygtg!ecttkgf!d{ to the furnace. Huge loads were carried by gxkfgpeg!qh!c!nkog!mknp!ycu!gxgt!hqwpf-!dwv!c!ektewnctevidence of a lime kiln was ever found, but a circular thesevjgug! cars ectu! probably rtqdcdn{! vq!to the vjg! extent gzvgpv! of qh! 350 461! bushels. dwujgnu/ stone-lineduvqpg.nkpgf!ekuvgtp!ycu!hqwpf!c!hgy!fq|gp!hggv!qhh!vjg cistern was found a few dozen feet off the SeveralUgxgtcn!rcktu!qh!jqtugu!vqygf!vjg!nqcfu!pqv!ecttkgf!d{ pairs of horses towed the loads not carried by southuqwvj!ukfg!qh!vjg!vtckn/!Cv!vjg!dqvvqo!qh!vjg!ekuvgtp!ycu!c side of the trail. At the bottom of the cistern was a thevjg!tcknyc{!)Dtwuj!ec2;44<9.;*/! railway (Brush ca1933:8-9). circular,ektewnct-!ktqp-!vqr!fqqt!qh!c!ejcteqcn!mknp-!v{rkecn!qh!vjqug iron, top door of a charcoal kiln, typical of those seenuggp!cv!qvjgt!ejcteqcn!mknp!ukvgu!kp!Xgtoqpv/!Vjg!fqqt at other charcoal kiln sites in Vermont. The door "A•C !chuteejwvg! ./ !./ !./ !builtdwknv !fromhtqo !thevjg !kilnmknp !tovq !thevjg !mountains"oqwpvckpu– wasycu!lcoogf!uq!vkijvn{!kv!eqwnf!pqv!dg!rwnngf!htgg!hqt jammed so tightly it could not be pulled free for kphgtu!c!vtcem!iqkpi!hctvjgt!wrjknn!htqo!vjg!mknpu-!yjkejinfers a track going farther uphill from the kilns, which closerenqugt!kpurgevkqp/!Hwtvjgt!gzrnqtcvkqp!qh!vjg!koogfkcvg inspection. Further exploration of the immediate fdoesn'tqgup”v !makeocmg !senseugpug !inkp !thevjg !contexteqpvgzv !ofqh !thevjg !nextpgzv !sentenceugpvgpeg areactgc!fkuenqugf!yjcv!crrgctgf!vq!dg!vjg!dcug!qh!c!dtkem disclosed what appeared to be the base of a brick ustatingvcvkpi! vthatjcv! •"hugejwig! nloadsqcfu! ecarriedcttkgf! dby{! vthesejgug! ecarsctu! /.! /.! /. !tovq! thevjg chimneyejkopg{!cpf!c!rquukdng!hqwpfcvkqp/!C!nctig!pwodgt!qh and a possible foundation. A large number of gextentzvgpv! ofqh! 3546! bushels"dwujgnu– !-. !3546 !bushelsdwujgnu !isku !approximatelycrrtqzkocvgn{! thevjg nkoguvqpg!limestone qwvetqru!outcrops cpf! and uqog!some small uocnn! caves ecxgu! are ctg amountcoqwpv!qh!ejcteqcn!fkuejctigf!hqt!c!ukping!mknp/!Dwv!yj{ of charcoal discharged for a single kiln. But why koogfkcvgn{!immediately wrjknn/!uphill. Pq!No gxkfgpeg!qh!evidence of burned dwtpgf! lime nkog! was ycu wouldyqwnf! vjg!the cars ectu! be dg! carrying ectt{kpi! charcoal ejcteqcn! uphill wrjknn! from htqo! the vjg hqwpf!kp!vjg!jgcx{!wpfgtdtwuj/found in the heavy underbrush. mknpuA!)Tgopcpvu!qh!ejcteqcn!mknpu!kp!Dgpgfkev!Jqnnqykilns? (Remnants of charcoal kilns in Benedict Hollow Kp!3111-!Mgp!Pkemgtuqp!qh!Ctnkpivqp-!cxkf!qwvfqqtu.In 2000, Ken Nickerson of Arlington, avid outdoors- mentionedogpvkqpgf! cdqxg!above ygtg!were nqecvgf!located kp!in 1991; 2;;2=! see ugg! Rolando Tqncpfq manocp! and cpf! biology dkqnqi{! teacher vgcejgt! at cv! Arlington Ctnkpivqp! High Jkij! School, Uejqqn- 2;;3<2;4-!DG.2;2/*1992:193, BE-191.) accompaniedceeqorcpkgf!og!kpvq!vjg!uvqpg.nkpgf!ekuvgtp!cpf!ejkopg{ me into the stone-lined cistern and chimney FrederickHtgfgtkem! Okngu!Miles (1815-1896), )2926.29;7*-! yjq!who nkxgf!lived kp!in Twin Vykp

A-37C.48 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

Lakes,Ncmgu-!Ev/-!ycu!qypgt!qh!vjg!Eqrcmg!ktqpyqtmu-!yjkej Ct., was owner of the Copake ironworks, which tqcfu!roads extend gzvgpf! uqwvj!south cpf!and northward pqtvjyctf! htqo!from vjg!the site ukvg! and cpf operatedqrgtcvgf!cv!yjcv!ku!vqfc{!rctv!qh!vjg!Vceqpke!Uvcvg!Rctm at what is today part of the Taconic State Park mightokijv!jcxg!dggp!yjgpeg!yqqf!ycu!vtcpurqtvgf!fqyp!vq have been whence wood was transported down to atcv!Eqrcmg!Hcnnu-!P[/!Jg!jcf!rwtejcugf!vjg!ktqpyqtmu Copake Falls, NY. He had purchased the ironworks thevjg!mknpu/! kilns htqo!Lqjp!Dgemng{!kp!2973

A-38C.49 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.2;/!! A-19. Vjg!K/!P/!Jcnn!ejcteqcn!mknpu!cnqpi!c!tckntqcf!ukfkpi!)dctgn{!xkukdng!kp!vjg!hqtgitqwpf!xgigvcvkqp*!qhThe I. N. Hall charcoal kilns along a railroad siding (barely visible in the foreground vegetation) of thevjg!O'YTT!!kp!Itqvqp/!Rjqvq!vcmgp!kp!2;31!d{!Dgplcokp!Jc{yqqf-!Ekxkn!Gpikpggt!gornq{gf!d{!vjg!O'Y/!Hqwt M&WRR in Groton. Photo taken in 1920 by Benjamin Haywood, Civil Engineer employed by the M&W. Four kilnsmknpu!uvqqf!jgtg=!qpn{!vjtgg!ctg!xkukdng!kp!vjku!rjqvq-!nqqmkpi!pqtvjyguv!)dcem!vq!tckntqcf!cpf!Ygnnu!Tkxgt*/!Pqvg stood here; only three are visible in this photo, looking northwest (back to railroad and Wells River). Note loadingnqcfkpi!tcor!cdqxg!vjg!mknpu!kp!wrrgt!nghv/!Yjcv!crrgct!vq!dg!c!ugtkgu!qh!yjkvg!dtkemu!cdqwv!7!vq!8!eqwtugu!htqo ramp above the kilns in upper left. What appear to be a series of white bricks about 6 to 7 courses from grounditqwpf!ngxgn!cpf!iktfnkpi!vjg!mknp!ctg!rtqdcdn{!tgopcpvu!qh!yjkvgycuj!tgukfwg!htqo!ugcnkpi!vjg!xgpv!jqngu/ level and girdling the kiln are probably remnants ofwhitewash residue from sealing the vent holes. !Eqwtvgu{Courtesy ofqh !ArthurCtvjwt! Aldrich;Cnftkej=! vthankjcpm! {youqw! vtoq! callnn! JHaywood'sc{yqqf”u !relativestgncvkxgu !thatvjcv !couldeqwnf !bedg !contactedeqpvcevgf !forhqt !permissionrgtokuukqp !tovq !use.wug/

ProgramRtqitco!rgtuqppgn!cu!rctv!qh!vjg!Rjcug!2!Ctejcgqnqikecn personnel as part of the Phase 1 Archaeological eqorcev!compact uwthceg!surface wpfgt!under vjg!the ejcteqcn!charcoal nc{gt!layer kp!in the vjg Ukvg!Kfgpvkhkecvkqp!Uwtxg{!hqt!vjg!tgxkugf!cnkipogpv!qhSite Identification Survey for the revised alignment of fdepressions"grtguukqpu– !isku !alsocnuq !indicativekpfkecvkxg !ofqh !ac !omound-typeqwpf.v{rg! rprocess.tqeguu/ thevjg!yguvgtp!ugevkqp!qh!vjg!Ejkvvgpfgp!Eqwpv{!Ektewo. western section of the Chittenden County Circum- CharcoalEjcteqcn!ocmkpi!jgtg!ycu!rtqdcdn{!tgncvgf!vq!vjcv!fqpg making here was probably related to that done hgtgpvkcn!Jkijyc{!)Ujggjcp!'!Vjqocu!2;;4*/!Vjg!ukvgferential Highway (Sheehan & Thomas 1993). The site atcv!pgctd{!Rkpg!Kuncpf!cpf!hqt!rquukdn{!vjg!ucog!tgcuqpu!. nearby Pine Island and for possibly the same reasons - ku!cdqwv!2-311!hggv!gcuvgtn{!qhh!Ocnngvu!Dc{!Cxgpwg-!cpfis about 1,200 feet easterly off Mallets Bay Avenue, and tovq! providertqxkfg! charcoalejcteqcn! forhqt !IraKtc !Allen'sCnngp”u ca! e c12 8794;5! hforgeqtig! andcpf aboutcdqwv! a c! like nkmg!fkuvcpeg! distance northeast pqtvjgcuv! of qh! Pine Rkpg!Kuncpf-! Island, where yjgtg anchorcpejqt!ujqr!cv!Eqnejguvgt!)ugg!Tqncpfq!2;;3<97-!EJ. shop at Colchester (see Rolando 1992:86, CH- charcoalejcteqcn! oqwpfu!mounds ygtg!were hqwpf!found kp!in the vjg! late ncvg! 1960s 2;71u! (see )ugg KY12-!Ktc!Cnngp!Hqtig*/IW01, Ira Allen Forge). RolandoTqncpfq! 1992:172, 2;;3<283-! CH-CK01 EJ.EM12! Pine Rkpg! Island). Kuncpf*/! Although Cnvjqwij kidentifiedfgpvkhkgf! ascu! "charcoal•ejcteqcn ! kilns,"mknpu-– ! theirvjgkt! descriptionfguetkrvkqp RutlandTwvncpf!Eqwpv{ County "...appears•///crrgctu! ascu! twovyq !depressionsfgrtguukqpu! surroundeduwttqwpfgf! byd{! circularektewnct mounds,oqwpfu-! ywithkvj! ca! shallowujcnnqy! ditchfkvej! aroundctqwpf! thevjg! outside."qwvukfg/– Griffith/OldItkhhkvj0Qnf!Lqd!Xknncig-!XV.TW.89-!Oqwpv!Vcdqt< Job Village, VT-RU-78, Mount Tabor: (Sheehan)Ujggjcp! cpf!and Thomas Vjqocu! 1993:83), 2;;4<94*-! dgvvgt!better describes fguetkdgu! a c DuringFwtkpi!vjg!vyq!yggmu!qh!Cwiwuv!2.23-!3116-!vjg!uqqv{- the two weeks of August 1-12, 2005, the sooty, charcoalejcteqcn! moundoqwpf!ukvg/!Uwthceg!ejcteqcn!ycu!hqwpf!wpfgt site. Surface charcoal was found under 2;19thvj-century .egpvwt{!kpfwuvtkcn!nqiikpi!xknncig!qh!Itkhhkvj!jkij!wr industrial logging village of Griffith high up organicqticpke! accumulation,ceewowncvkqp-! candpf! •"coringeqtkpi! trevealedgxgcngf! ca! veryxgt{ kp!vjg!oqwpvckpu!qh!Oqwpv!Vcdqt!ycu!xkukvgf!d{!vjktvggpin the mountains of Mount Tabor was visited by thirteen

A-39C.4; 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.31/! A-20. ExcavatingGzecxcvkpi!vjg!uqwvj.oquv!rckt!qh!rkvu-!U2 the south-most pair of pits, S1 FigureHkiwtg!C.32/! A-21. DispositionFkurqukvkqp!qh!vjg!vyq!rcktu!qh!rkvu-!cdqwv of the two pairs of pits, about )n/*!cpf!U3!)t/*!cv!vjg!Tgnkeu!cpf!Twkpu!rtqitco!cv!Qnf(L) and S2 (r.) at the Relics and Ruins program at Old threevjtgg!uswctgu!crctv!cnqpi!vjg!!mknp!ycnn/!Rkvu!U2!cpf!U3 squares apart along the kiln wall. Pits Si and S2 JobLqd!kp!3116/!Ocp{!gpvjwukcuvke!jcpfu!cpf!vtqygnu!ocfg in 2005. Many enthusiastic hands and trowels made ctg!are at cv! the vjg! top; vqr=! N1 P2! and cpf! N2 P3! at cv! bottom. dqvvqo/! The Vjg! string uvtkpi swkem!yqtm!qh!igvvkpi!vq!vjg!dqvvqo!qh!quick work of getting to the bottom of things. vjkpiu/ !Debra Fgdtc connectingeqppgevkpi!vjg!vyq!rckt!ycu!wugf!hqt!ecnewncvkpi/!vjg the two pair was used for calculating. the BaaschDccuej!rjqvq/ photo. centeregpvgt!rqkpv!qh!vjg!mknp/ point of the kiln. !Fcxkf!Nce{!rjqvq/David Lacy photo.

RutlandTwvncpf!Eqwpv{!Okffng!Uejqqn!uvwfgpvu/!Vjg{!uvwfkgf County Middle School students. They studied U.S.W/U/!Hqtguv!Ugtxkeg-!Twvncpf=!Ujgknc!Ejctngu-!ctejgqnqi{ Forest Service, Rutland; Sheila Charles, archeology thevjg!ewttgpv!tqfgpv!tgukfgpvu!qh!vjg!cdcpfqpgf!xknncig-!kvu current rodent residents of the abandoned village, its eqpuwnvcpv-!Pcujwc-!PJ=!cpf!Xkevqt!T/!Tqncpfq-!ctejg.consultant, Nashua, NH; and Victor R. Rolando, arche- treesvtggu!cpf!hkuj-!cpf!fwi!kpvq!c!hqtogt!dcpm!dctp!ukvg-!c and fish, and dug into a former bank barn site, a qnqi{!xqnwpvggt-!Dgppkpivqp/!Uvgxg!Jcnhqtf!qh!Ycnnkpi.ology volunteer, Bennington. Steve Halford of Walling- schoolhouse,uejqqnjqwug-!cpf///c!ejcteqcn!mknp/!Qnf!Ukncu!yqwnf!jcxg and...a charcoal kiln. Old Silas would have hqtf!ycu!etgcvkxg!uvtwevwtgu!kpuvtwevqt!cv!Twvncpf!Jkijford was creative structures instructor at Rutland High beendggp! proud. rtqwf/! The Vjg! children, ejknftgp-! gpvgtkpi!entering itcfgu!grades 6!5 vjtw!thru 9, ;- Uejqqn!wpvkn!jg!tgvktgf!kp!3117!cpf!jgnru!T'T!uvwfgpvuSchool until he retired in 2006 and helps R&R students participatedrctvkekrcvgf! kinp! ac !two-weekvyq.yggm! programrtqitco! ecalledcnngf! •"RelicsTgnkeu! andcpf producertqfweg!tgrtqfwevkqpu!qh!rgtkqf!ctvkhcevu=!Dtcf!Htqjnqhh reproductions of period artifacts; Brad Frohloff Ruins"Twkpu– !(R&R),)T'T*-! whichyjkej! utilizedwvknk|gf! art,ctv-! archeology,ctejgqnqi{-! science,uekgpeg- ku!Qvvgt!Xcnng{!Jkij!uekgpeg!vgcejgt!yjq!jgnru!T'Tis Otter Valley High science teacher who helps R&R andcpf!jkuvqtkecn!tgugctej!vq!kpxguvkicvg!vjg!xknncig!ctgc/ historical research to investigate the village area. uvwfgpvu!students fgukip!design cpf!and conduct eqpfwev! wildlife yknfnkhg! uvwfkgu!studies ykvj!with a c RelicsTgnkeu!'!Twkpu!ku!rtgugpvgf!cu!c!rctvpgtujkr!qh!vjg & Ruins is presented as a partnership of the particularrctvkewnct!hqewu!qp!vjg!Oqwpv!Vcdqt!ctgc/ focus on the Mount Tabor area. GreenItggp!Oqwpvckp!Pcvkqpcn!Hqtguv-!vjg!Xgtoqpv!Ctejcgq. Mountain National Forest, the Vermont Archaeo- InKp!3116-!vjg!ctejgqnqi{!eqpegpvtcvgf!kp!gzecxcvkpi!c 2005, the archeology concentrated in excavating a nqikecn!logical Society, Uqekgv{-! and cpf! the vjg! Hayes Jc{gu! Foundation. Hqwpfcvkqp/! Program Rtqitco ugevkqp!qh!c!dctp!hqwpfcvkqp!pqv!vqq!hct!htqo!vjg!Itkhhkvjsection of a barn foundation not too far from the Griffith DirectorFktgevqt! is ku! Debra Fgdtc! Baasch, Dccuej-! coordinator eqqtfkpcvqt! for hqt! gifted, ikhvgf- ucy!oknn!eqorngz-!vjg!ukvg!qh!c!Itkhhkvj.gtc!uejqqnjqwugsaw mill complex, the site of a Griffith-era schoolhouse talented,vcngpvgf-!cpf!gptkejogpv!gfwecvkqp!kp!vjg!Twvncpf!Uqwvj and enrichment education in the Rutland South thatvjcv!ncvgt!dgecog!c!jwpvkpi!ecor-!cpf!vyq!ycnn!ugevkqpu later became a hunting camp, and two wall sections Uwrgtxkuqt{!Wpkqp/!Ctejgqnqikuvu!ctg!Fcxkf!Nce{!qh!vjgSupervisory Union. Archeologists are David Lacy of the qh!qpg!qh!vjg!gkijv!ejcteqcn!!mknp!!twkpu-!!nqecvgf!!c!!hgyof one of the eight charcoal kiln ruins, located a few

A-40C.51 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.33/! A-22. PitRkv!U2!)kpukfg*!gzecxcvgf!vq!vjg!hnqqt!qh!vjg Si (inside) excavated to the floor of the FigureHkiwtg! A-23. C.34/! PitRkv! S2 U3! (outside) )qwvukfg*! excavated gzecxcvgf!vq! to what yjcv! was ycu kiln,mknp-!yjkej!ku!eqcvgf!ykvj!c!vjkem!nc{gt!qh!dtkem.jctf which is coated with a thick layer of brick-hard grounditqwpf! level ngxgn! during fwtkpi! the vjg! operating qrgtcvkpi! period, rgtkqf-! showing ujqykpi pitch.rkvej/!Jcnh!qh!vjg!rkvej!eqcvkpi!ycu!tgoqxgf!vq!tgxgcn Half of the pitch coating was removed to reveal possiblerquukdng! continuation eqpvkpwcvkqp! qh!of foundation hqwpfcvkqp! uvqpgu!stones along cnqpi! the vjg whatyjcv!okijv!dg!hqwpfcvkqp!uvqpgu!wpfgt!vjg!ycnn/!Pqvg might be foundation stones under the wall. Note qwvukfg!qh!vjg!ycnn/!Ycnn!eqpfkvkqp!ycu!yqtug!qwvukfg-outside of the wall. Wall condition was worse outside, ventxgpv!jqng!cv!!okffng.tkijv/ hole at middle-right. !Fcxkf!Nce{!rjqvq/David Lacy photo. possiblyrquukdn{!hqt!ncem!qh!rkvej!eqcvkpi/ for lack of pitch coating. !Fcxkf!Nce{!rjqvq/David Lacy photo. hundredjwpftgf!hggv!vq!vjg!yguv!qh!vjg!oknn/! feet to the west of the mill. 9¿!kpejgu!nqpi!d{!4À!kpejgu!ykfg!d{!3¾!kpejgu!vjkem/81/2 inches long by 334 inches wide by 21/4 inches thick. Uwthceg!gxkfgpeg!qh!vjg!ejcteqcn!mknp!ycu!cdqwv!c!61.Surface evidence of the charcoal kiln was about a 50- NonePqpg!qh!vjg!dtkemu!hqwpf!eqpvckpgf!dtkem!octmu!.!vtcfg of the bricks found contained brick marks - trade hqqv!fkcogvgt!ctgc!uvtgyp!ykvj!tgf!dtkem-!uocnn!dkvu!qhfoot diameter area strewn with red brick, small bits of pcogu!vjcv!kfgpvkh{!ocmgt!cpf!ecp!uqogvkogu!dg!wugf!vqnames that identify maker and can sometimes be used to charcoal,ejcteqcn-!cpf!dncem!rkvej/!Vjg!ukvg!ycu!qxgtitqyp!cpf and black pitch. The site was overgrown and “`date'fcvg” !thevjg !brick.dtkem/ !MaybeOc{dg! lessnguu! thanvjcp! 10%21&! ofqh! thevjg !brickdtkem! hadjcf thevjg!hktuv!vjkpi!ycu!vq!engct!vjg!dtwuj!htqo!vjg!ukvg/!Ykvj first thing was to clear the brush from the site. With htqiu!.!tgevcpiwnct!ujcnnqy!fgrtguukqpu!qp!vjg!nctigt-!hncvfrogs - rectangular shallow depressions on the larger, flat thevjg!igpgtcn!ctgc!qh!vjg!mknp!twkp!wpeqxgtgf!cpf!engctgf- general area of the kiln ruin uncovered and cleared, ukfg!qh!vjg!dtkem/!Xctkqwu!tgcuqpu!ctg!ikxgp!cu!rwtrqug!qhside of the brick. Various reasons are given as purpose of sectionsugevkqpu!qh!vjg!ycnn!vqqm!ujcrg!cpf!c!fcvwo!rqkpv!eqwnf of the wall took shape and a datum point could htqiu

A-41C.52 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.35/! A-24. SilasUkncu !IGriffith'stkhhkvj”u !qofficehhkeg! catDanbyv!Fcpd{ Station,Uvcvkqp-!ec!2991u.29;1u/!Vjtgg!qh!vjg!hqwt ca 1880s-1890s. Three of the four charcoalejcteqcn! mknpu!kilns that vjcv! operated qrgtcvgf! here jgtg! are ctg visiblexkukdng!kp!vjg!dcemitqwpf!vq!vjg!nghv-!yjgtg in the background to the left, where c!jqrrgt!qh!ejcteqcn!ku!dgkpi!nqcfgf!kpvq!!ca hopper of charcoal is being loaded into a waitingyckvkpi!tckntqcf!ect railroad car./!Tqncpfq!eqnngevkqp/! Rolando collection.

FigureHkiwtg!C.36/! A-25. Vjg!tqcf!wr!vjg!Dki!Dtcpej!vqThe road up the Big Branch to Itkhhkvj!Griffith kp!in the vjg! 1880s-1890s 2991u.29;1u! kp!in the vjg! days fc{u beforedghqtg! HT!FR 10. 21/! The Vjg! depth fgrvj! of qh! the vjg! wagon yciqp wheelyjggn!vtcemu!vgnnu!kv!cnn/!Vjku!ugevkqp!nqqmu tracks tells it all. This section looks tovq!dg!ygnn!fqyp!vjg!oqwpvckp-!lwuv!cdqxg be well down the mountain, just above MountOqwpv!Vcdqt!xknncig Tabor village./!Tqncpfq!eqnngevkqp/ Rolando collection.

A-42C.53 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.37/! A-26. LookingNqqmkpi!oqtg!nkmg!c!uegpg!htqo more like a scene from •`Dante'sFcpvg”u !Inferno,Kphgtpq- –"! thisvjku !wasycu! GriffithItkhhkvj! xvillageknncig cv!kvu!rgcm-!vcmgp!htqo!vjg!fgem!qh!c!dwknfkpiat its peak, taken from the deck of a building cv!vjg!uqwvj!gpf!qh!vjg!xknncig/!Vjg!tqy!qhat the south end of the village. The row of eightgkijv!ejcteqcn!mknpu!ctg!cv!nghv!cpf!vjg!ucy charcoal kilns are at left and the saw milloknn!kpxkukdng!kp!vjg!jc|g!qh!uoqmg!vq!vjg!hct invisible in the haze of smoke to the far right.tkijv/ !Tqncpfq!eqnngevkqp/Rolando collection.

FigureHkiwtg!C.38/! A-27. Vjg!ucyoknn!eqorngz-!vcmgpThe sawmill complex, taken fromhtqo!vjg!vqr!qh!qpg!qh!vjg!ejcteqcn!mknpu- the top of one of the charcoal kilns, lookingnqqmkpi! eastward. gcuvyctf/! Jqwugu!Houses are ctg! barely dctgn{ visiblexkukdng!vjtqwij!vjg!jc|g!qh!uoqmg!cv!vjg through the haze of smoke at the northpqtvj!ukfg!qh!vjg!xknncig/!Qp!vjg!tgxgtug side of the village. On the reverse sideukfg!qh!cnn!hqwt!rjqvqu!qp!vjgug!vyq!rcigu of all four photos on these two pages isku! printedrtkpvgf! !"W.•Y/ !H.J/ !Stillman,Uvknnocp-! TroyVtq{! NY"P[– candpf !ywrittentkvvgp !kinp! nlonghandqpijcpf! kisu! •"ComplimentsEqornkogpvu ofqh! US./! NL./! IGriffith."tkhhkvj/–!Tqncpfq!eqnngevkqp/ Rolando collection.

A-43C.54 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.39/!! A-28. Vjku!rjqvq!nqqmu!nkmg!Itkhhkvj!gzegrv!hqt!vjg!dwknfkpi!qp!vjg!tkug!dgjkpf!vjg!mknpu!)vjgtg!ku!pq!gxkfgpegThis photo looks like Griffith except for the building on the rise behind the kilns (there is no evidence ofqh !thisvjku !catv !OldQnf! LJob)qd*! candpf! vthejg! mkilnsknpu! fdon'tqp”v !appearcrrgct !tovq !bedg !in-line.kp.nkpg/ !TheVjg !photorjqvq !wasycu !foundhqwpf !byd{ !KateMcvg !KinneyMkppg{ !ofqh !UVMWXO !ECAPCR! candpf thevjg !namepcog! qonp! vthejg! dbackcem! treadsgcfu! •"PublishedRwdnkujgf !byd{ !B.D/ !C.E/ !Kinney,Mkppg{-! ECastleton,cuvngvqp-! XVt."v/– !MaybeOc{dg !someoneuqogqpg !recognizestgeqipk|gu! kit?vA

!

AsCu!vjg!gzecxcvkqpu!rtqeggfgf-!swkvg!d{!ejcpeg-!c!xgpv the excavations proceeded, quite by chance, a vent thatvjcv!vjg!rkvej-!c!tgukfwg!qh!vjg!ejcttkpi!rtqeguu-!eqcvgf the pitch, a residue of the charring process, coated holejqng!kp!vjg!dtkem!ycnn!ycu!gpeqwpvgtgf!kp!rkv!U2-!vjg in the brick wall was encountered in pit S 1 , the andcpf!ucvwtcvgf!pqv!qpn{!vjg!hnqqt!dwv!jcf!hqtogf!wryctf saturated not only the floor but had formed upward "inside"•kpukfg– !pit,rkv- !sixukz !layersnc{gtu !ofqh !brickdtkem !downfqyp !fromhtqo !thevjg !surface.uwthceg/ alongcnqpi!vjg!dqvvqo!ukfgu!qh!vjg!cflqkpkpi!ycnn!uwej!vjcv the bottom sides of the adjoining wall such that Vjg!vjkempguu!qh!vjg!ycnn!ogcuwtgf!cv!vjg!vqr!)vjg!{gctThe thickness of the wall measured at the top (the year whereyjgtg!hnqqt!ogv!ycnn-!vjg!rkvej!ncrrgf!wryctf!cickpuv floor met wall, the pitch lapped upward against 20053116!uwthceg!ngxgn*!ycu!cdqwv!26!kpejgu/!Dgecwug!vjg surface level) was about 15 inches. Because the thevjg!ycnn!cpf!vjg!eqtpgt!ycu!tqwpfgf!tcvjgt!vjcp!uswctg/ wall and the corner was rounded rather than square. brickdtkem!nc{gtu!cv!itqwpf!ngxgn!ygtg!pqv!vkijvn{!oqtvctgf layers at ground level were not tightly mortared Vjku!ku!rtqdcdn{!vtwg!cnn!ctqwpf!vjg!gfig!qh!yjgtg!mknpThis is probably true all around the edge of where kiln together,vqigvjgt-!dwv!!ygtg!fkuctvkewncvgf!fwg!vq!ygcvjgtkpi!cpf but were disarticulated due to weathering and hnqqt!oggvu!mknp!ycnn/!Vjg!rkvej!uvctvgf!dwknfkpi!wr!cdqwvfloor meets kiln wall. The pitch started building up about otherqvjgt!uwthceg!fkuvwtdcpegu-!vjg!ycnn!vjkempguu!ycu!dgvvgt surface disturbances, the wall thickness was better 1021! inches kpejgu! horizontally jqtk|qpvcnn{! htqo!from vjg!the ycnn!wall cpf!and sloped unqrgf! in kp measuredogcuwtgf! vjtqwij!through vjg!the vent xgpv! hole. jqng/! That Vjcv! measurement, ogcuwtgogpv- concaveeqpecxg!hcujkqp!wryctf!cickpuv!vjg!ycnn!vq!eqxgt!vyq fashion upward against the wall to cover two whereyjgtg!vjg!dtkemu!ygtg!vkijvn{!oqtvctgf-!hqwpf!vjg!mknp the bricks were tightly mortared, found the kiln nc{gtu!qh!dtkem/!Vjg!ncrrkpi!rkvej!kp!qpg.jcnh!qh!vjg!hnqqtlayers of brick. The lapping pitch in one-half of the floor wallycnn!vq!dg!gzcevn{!24!kpejgu!vjkem/ to be exactly 13 inches thick. areactgc!qh!vjg!rkv!ycu!gzecxcvgf!vq!gzrqug!vjg!oggvkpi!qh of the pit was excavated to expose the meeting of Vjg!jctf.rkvej!hnqqt!qh!vjg!mknp!ycu!tgcejgf!29!kpejguThe hard-pitch floor of the kiln was reached 18 inches thevjg!ycnn!cpf!hnqqt=!vjg!qvjgt!jcnh!nghv!cu!ku!)hkiwtg!C.33*/ wall and floor; the other half left as is (figure A-22). downfqyp!kp!rkv!U2-!kpukfg!vjg!mknp!ycnn/!Jgtg!kv!ycu!pqvkegf in pit Si, inside the kiln wall. Here it was noticed AtCv!vjg!lwpevwtgu!qh!vjg!ycnn!cpf!hnqqt-!hncv!uvqpgu!ygtg the junctures of the wall and floor, flat stones were

A-44C.55 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

hqwpf!nc{kpi!ngpivjykug!qwvyctf!htqo!vjg!ycnnu!qp!vjgfound laying lengthwise outward from the walls on the -.! weyg! don'tfqp”v !knowmpqy !thisvjku !forhqt !sure)uwtg* !onqp !oppositeqrrqukvg !sidesukfgu! ofqh! thevjg kilnmknp!hnqqt/!Yjgvjgt!vjku!ycu!vjg!dqvvqo!qh!vjg!hnqqt-!vjg floor. Whether this was the bottom of the floor, the kilnmknp! wall ycnn! were ygtg! found hqwpf! vq!to be dg! close enqug! to vq! 36 47! inches kpejgu! long, nqpi- topvqr!qh!vjg!hnqqt-!vjg!kpukfg.jcnh!qh!c!uvqpg!hqwpfcvkqp!ycnn of the floor, the inside-half of a stone foundation wall measuredogcuwtgf!htqo!vjgkt!qwvgt!gfig!)gfigu!cyc{!htqo!vjg from their outer edge (edges away from the thatvjcv!uwrrqtvgf!vjg!dtkem!ycnn!cdqxg-!qt!uqogvjkpi!gnug supported the brick wall above, or something else wall).ycnn*/!Kh!vjcv!ku!vjg!vqr!qh!c!hqwpfcvkqp!ycnn-!kv!uggou!vq If that is the top of a foundation wall, it seems to wasycu!pqv!fgvgtokpgf/!Gzecxcvkqpu!fkf!pqv!eqpvkpwg!dgnqy not determined. Excavations did not continue below bedg! a c! more oqtg! substantial uwduvcpvkcn!hqwpfcvkqp! foundation vjcp!than shown ujqyp!kp! in pre- rtg. thevjg!ngxgn!qh!vjg!rkvej!hnqqt/ level of the pitch floor. viouslyxkqwun{!tghgtgpegf!hkiwtg!6.21!)Tqncpfq!2;;3<266*/!Jqy referenced figure 5-10 (Rolando 1992:155). How ExcavatingGzecxcvkpi!rkv!U3!qwvukfg! pit S2 outside vjg!the ycnn-!tguwnvgf!kp!gz.wall, resulted in ex- deepfggr! fdoesqgu! vthisjku! hfoundationqwpfcvkqp! igo?qA! YWhat'sjcv”u !underwpfgt! vthat?jcvA posingrqukpi!vjg!qwvukfg!gpf!qh!vjg!ucog!xgpv!jqng!cu!hqwpf!kp the outside end of the same vent hole as found in WhenYjgp!yg!hwnn{!wpeqxgt!qpg!qh!vjgug!ukvgu!cpf!igv!tgcn we fully uncover one of these sites and get real thevjg! inside kpukfg! pit. rkv/! This Vjku! excavation gzecxcvkqp! reached tgcejgf! the vjg! original, qtkikpcn- “`downfqyp! candpf! fdirty'ktv{” !intokpvq !thevjg !pitch-rkvej. !andcpf !charcoal-saturatedejcteqcn.ucvwtcvgf operatingqrgtcvkpi!uwthceg!itqwpf!ngxgn!cv!vjg!fgrvj!qh!33!kpejgu- surface ground level at the depth of 22 inches, innardskppctfu!qh!c!mknp!hqwpfcvkqp-!yg!ujqwnf!mpqy!oqtg!cdqwv of a kiln foundation, we should know more about someuqog!5!kpejgu!dgnqy!vjg!kpukfg!hnqqt!ngxgn/!Hncv!uvqpgu- 4 inches below the inside floor level. Flat stones, howjqy!vjg{!ygtg!eqpuvtwevgf/ they were constructed. similarukoknct!kp!uk|g!cpf!fgrnq{ogpv!vq!vjqug!wpeqxgtgf!kpukfg in size and deployment to those uncovered inside thevjg!dqvvqo!qh!vjg!ycnn!ygtg!cnuq!gpeqwpvgtgf!cnqpi!vjg bottom of the wall were also encountered along the WashingtonYcujkpivqp!Eqwpv{ County outsideqwvukfg! qh!of the vjg! wall ycnn! (figure )hkiwtg! A-23). C.34*/! This Vjku! begged dgiigf! the vjg questionswguvkqp!yjgvjgt!vjg!kpukfg!cpf!qwvukfg!uvqpgu!ygtg-!kp whether the inside and outside stones were, in Uqwvj!South Woodbury Yqqfdwt{! Charcoal Ejcteqcn! Kiln, Mknp-! VT-WA-167, XV.YC.278- hcev-!nqpi!fact, long continuouseqpvkpwqwu !uvqpgu!vjcv!gzvgpf!htqo!cdqwv!cstones that extend from about a Woodbury:Yqqfdwt{

A-45C.56 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.3;/!! A-29. Vjg!Octuj!Hcto!nkog!mknp!)XV.CF.2466*-!cdqwv!c!jcnh.okng!wr!vjg!gcuvgtp!unqrg!qh!c!oqwpvckp!cdqwvThe Marsh Farm lime kiln (VT-AD-1355), about a half-mile up the eastern slope of a mountain about c!okng!uqwvjyguv!qh!Tqwvg!211!cpf!236!kpvgtugevkqp!cv!Jcpeqem!xknncig/!Vjku!rjqvq!ycu!vcmgp!d{!jkmgt.gzrnqtgt!Uvgxga mile southwest of Route 100 and 125 intersection at Hancock village. This photo was taken by hiker-explorer Steve DonovanFqpqxcp!qh!Urtkpihkgnf-!Xv/-!kp!Fgegodgt!3114-!yjkng!upqyujqgkpi!kp!vjg!ctgc/ of Springfield, Vt., in December 2003, while snowshoeing in the area.

UGEVKQP!E!.!NKOG!MKNPUSECTION C - LIME KILNS studyuvwf{!yknn!eqpvkpwg!hqt!vjcv!ukvg*/ will continue for that site). ButDwv!vjg!oquv!kpvtkiwkpi!ukvg!ku!vjcv!cv!yjcv!ycu!qpeg the most intriguing site is that at what was once ByD{! far hct! the vjg! most oquv! activity cevkxkv{! was ycu! in kp! the vjg! discovery fkueqxgt{! and cpf thevjg!xknncig!qh!Ujgtocp-!c!uvqr!qp!vjg!JV'Y!TT!cnqpi village of Sherman, a stop on the HT&W RR along recordingtgeqtfkpi!qh!nkog!mknp!tgockpu!.!35!kp!cnn/!Enwgu!vq!oquv of lime kiln remains - 24 in all. Clues to most thevjg!Fggthkgnf!Tkxgt!kp!uqwvjyguvgtp!Yjkvkpijco!.!vjg Deerfield River in southwestern Whitingham - the ofqh!vjgug!ecog!htqo!vjg!tguwnv!qh!vjg!dqqm!dgkpi!tgcf!cpf these came from the result of the book being read and Ujgtocp!Ectdkfg!Eqorcp{!yqtmu/!Vjgtg-!cnuq-!uvwf{Sherman Carbide Company works. There, also, study connectionseqppgevkqpu! dgkpi!being ocfg!made dgvyggp!between vjku!this and cpf! suspicious uwurkekqwu continues.eqpvkpwgu/!Vjcpmhwnn{-!uqog!vjkpiu! Thankfully, some things neverpgxgt!gpf/! end. stoneuvqpg!ycnnu!kp!vjg!yqqfu/! walls in the woods. OneQpg!oclqt!nkog!dwtpkpi!qrgtcvkqp-!cnqpi!hcekpi!ukfgu major lime burning operation, along facing sides AddisonCffkuqp!Eqwpv{ County ofqh !vthejg !YWinooskikpqqumk !TRiverkxgt! pneargct! UStv! OMichael'skejcgn”u !CollegeEqnngig !ecamecog !vtoq ac!fgxcuvcvkpi!gpf!ykvj!kvu!fgoqnkvkqp!kp!3114.3115

A-46C.57 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

USWU!Gpxktqpogpvcn!Rtqvgevkqp!Cigpe{!vjtqwij!vjg!Ncmg Environmental Protection Agency through the Lake comeeqog!kp!htqo!vjg!gcuv!cpf!etquu!vjg!dtqqm!cv!vjg!twkp/!Dwv in from the east and cross the brook at the ruin. But ChamplainEjcornckp!Dcukp!Rtqitco/! Basin Program. raintckp!ycu!hcnnkpi!vjg!fc{!qh!vjg!kpurgevkqp-!Owff{!Dtqqm was falling the day of the inspection, Muddy Brook Vjg!ytkvgt!jcu!pqv!xkukvgf!vjgug!vyq!ukvgu=!vjgkt!gzcevThe writer has not visited these two sites; their exact wasycu!nkxkpi!wr!vq!kvu!pcog-!cpf!vjg!owff{!rcuvwtg!fkfp(v living up to its name, and the muddy pasture didn't nlocationsqecvkqpu! candpf! owners'qypgtu”! namespcogu! arectg !intentionallykpvgpvkqpcnn{! notpqv nqqm!cnn!vjcv!kpxkvkpi/!Fktgev!qp.ukvg!kpurgevkqp!ycu!nghvlook all that inviting. Direct on-site inspection was left mentioned.ogpvkqpgf/! hqt!cpqvjgt!fc{/for another day. Kp!2;;5-!cv!vjg!kpxkvcvkqp!qh!vjg!ncvg!Dknn!Owtrj{-!yjqIn 1994, at the invitation of the late Bill Murphy, who HamiltonJcoknvqp! Hifi Jknn! Lime Nkog! Kiln, Mknp-! VT-AD-741, XV.CF.852-! Bridport: Dtkfrqtv< knewmpgy!Rcv!cpf!Ejctngu!)Rgvg*!Dtcmgng{-!qypgtu!qh!vjg Pat and Charles (Pete) Brakeley, owners of the WhenYjgp!vjku!mknp!twkp!ycu!nqecvgf!d{!Lcem!Tqugp-!jg!tg. this kiln ruin was located by Jack Rosen, he re- propertyrtqrgtv{!vjcv!dqtfgtgf!vjg!rcuvwtg!qp!vjg!yguv-!K!ycu that bordered the pasture on the west, I was portedrqtvgf !thatvjcv !"there•vjgtg !arectg !severalugxgtcn !featureshgcvwtgu !ofqh !differentfkhhgtgpv !sizesuk|gu hkpcnn{!cdng!vq!fq!c!ycnmqxgt!kpurgevkqp!qh!vjg!itqwpfu/finally able to do a walkover inspection of the grounds. spreadurtgcf!vjtqwij.qwv!vjg!ctgc/!Vjg!qypgtu!fwi!qwv! through-out the area. The owners dug out the vjg Vq!o{!To my complete eqorngvg!uwtrtkug-! surprise, no pq!nkog!mknp!tgockpu! lime kiln remains were ygtg nlargest....ctiguv//// !!TheVjg !smalleruocnngt !featureshgcvwtgu !appearcrrgct !tovq !bedg !kintact."pvcev/– !TheVjg anywherecp{yjgtg!vq!dg!hqwpf-!uq!K!jcxg!pq!kfgc!yjcv!kv!ycu!K to be found, so I have no idea what it was I siteukvg!ku!qp!rtkxcvg!rtqrgtv{!wrjknn!cpf!gcuv!qh!Jgogpyc{ is on private property uphill and east of Hemenway sawucy!kp!vjg!hkgnf!kp!2;;4!vjcv!K!vjqwijv!ygtg!tgockpu!qh!c in the field in 1993 that I thought were remains of a Road,Tqcf-!yjkej!twpu!rctcnngn!vq!Tqwvg!33C!cdqwv!c!okng!gcuv which runs parallel to Route 22A about a mile east nkog!mknp/!Cnqpi!vjg!hgpeg!nkpg!dgvyggp!vjg!Dtcmgng{lime kiln. Along the fence line between the Brakeley ofqh!Dtkfrqtv!xknncig/ Bridport village. housejqwug!cpf!vjg!rcuvwtg!ku!c!pqtvj.uqwvj!nkoguvqpg!ngfig and the pasture is a north-south limestone ledge outcrop,qwvetqr-!cdqwv!9!vq!21!hggv!jkij-!kpvq!yjkej!ctg!uocnn about 8 to 10 feet high, into which are small DaigneauFckipgcw!Jknn!Nkog!Mknp-!XV.CF.854-!Qtygnn< Hill Lime Kiln, VT-AD-743, Orwell: !CnuqAlso quarryswctt{!gzecxcvkqpu/!Vjku!eqwnf!rquukdn{!dg!vjg!uqwteg!qh excavations. This could possibly be the source of nqecvgf!cpf!tgeqtfgf!kp!2;;4!d{!Lcem!Tqugp-!vjku!nkoglocated and recorded in 1993 by Jack Rosen, this lime stoneuvqpg!hqt!dwknfkpi!vjg!mknp!cpf!cnuq!dwtpkpi!hqt!nkog/ for building the kiln and also burning for lime. kilnmknp!twkp!ku!qp!rtkxcvg!rtqrgtv{-!cdqwv!2-911!hggv!gcuv!qh ruin is on private property, about 1,800 feet east of Vjg!ukvg!ycu!kfgpvkhkgf!cu!CF.NM12!kp!vjg!qtkikpcnThe site was identified as AD-LKO1 in the original OrwellQtygnn! Uvcvkqp!Station Tqcf!Road cpf!and a c! mile okng! northeast pqtvjgcuv! of qh! Orwell Qtygnn editiongfkvkqp !)(RolandoTqncpfq !21992:245);;3<356* !dbecausegecwug !kitv! ecouldn'tqwnfp”v !dbeg !hfound.qwpf/ village.xknncig/!C!uvqpg!swctt{!cpf!c!rquukdng!uvqpg!ejcodgt!ctg A stone quarry and a possible stone chamber are AsCu!vjg!rtqrgtv{!ku!c!rcuvwtg-!pq!fgxgnqrogpv!qt!itqwpf the property is a pasture, no development or ground alsocnuq!kp!vjg!xkekpkv{/!!! in the vicinity. disturbancefkuvwtdcpeg!ku!xkukdng-!cpf!vjgtg!ku!iqqf!ctejkxcn!fcvc!cu is visible, and there is good archival data as tovq! it'skv”u !existencegzkuvgpeg! inkp !1857,2968-! afterchvgt !reviewtgxkgy! byd{! thevjg !StateUvcvg BoyceDq{eg!Nkog!Mknp-!XV.CF.958-!Okffngdwt{< Lime Kiln, VT-AD-847, Middlebury:!Kphqtoc. Informa- ArcheologistCtejgqnqikuv! qp!on 3113-!2002, an cp! official qhhkekcn! site ukvg! identification kfgpvkhkecvkqp tionvkqp!cdqwv!vjku!ukvg!ecog!htqo!c!nkog!mknp!kpfkecvkqp!qp about this site came from a lime kiln indication on numberpwodgt!ycu!cuukipgf/ was assigned. thevjg!2968!Ycnnkpi!ocr!qh!Cffkuqp!Eqwpv{-!cdqwv!vyq 1857 Walling map of Addison County, about two milesokngu!gcuv!qh!Okffngdwt{!Xknncig!qp!vjg!uqwvj!ukfg!qh east of Middlebury Village on the south side of MarshOctuj! Farm Hcto! Lime Nkog! Kiln, Mknp-! VT-AD-1355, XV.CF.2466-! Hancock: Jcpeqem< today'svqfc{”u !QuarrySwctt{ !Road.Tqcf/ !TheVjg !siteukvg !appearedcrrgctgf !tovq !bedg !aboutcdqwv !650011 Kpkvkcn!kpfkecvkqp!qh!uqogvjkpi!kpfwuvtkcn!kp!vjku!xkekpkv{Initial indication of something industrial in this vicinity hggv!feet west yguv! of qh! Muddy Owff{! Brook Dtqqm! and cpf! diagonally fkciqpcnn{! southwest uqwvjyguv wasycu!rtqxkfgf!kp!Qevqdgt!2;95!d{!c!hqtogt!WUHU!Tcpigt provided in October 1984 by a former USFS Ranger acrosscetquu!vjg!tqcf!cpf!Owff{!Dtqqm!htqo!vjg!G/![/!Dq{eg the road and Muddy Brook from the E. Y. Boyce ofqh! the vjg! Middlebury Okffngdwt{! District Fkuvtkev! Office. Qhhkeg/! Jg!uckf!He said that vjcv! what yjcv house.jqwug/ !VThejg !21871982! DBeersggtu! omapcr! qofh! OMiddleburykffngdwt{! fdoesn'tqgup”v !ushowjqy appearedcrrgctgf!vq!dg!tgockpu!qh!ejcteqcn!mknpu!gzkuvgf!wr!vjg to be remains of charcoal kilns existed up the thevjg!mknp!dwv!fqgu!ujqy!vjg!Dq{eg!cpf!cnuq!vjg!Xgtoqpv kiln but does show the Boyce and also the Vermont sideukfg !ofqh !vthejg !omountain,qwpvckp- !ywestguv !qofh! TRouteqwvg! 210011! candpf! •"ac! dbitkv! usouth"qwvj– MarbleOctdng!Swctt{!lwuv!pqtvjyguv-!qp!vjg!pqtvj!ukfg!qh!vjg Quarry just northwest, on the north side of the ofqh!vjg!Tqwvg!236!kpvgtugevkqp!kp!vjg!xkekpkv{!qh!vyq!uocnn the Route 125 intersection in the vicinity of two small road,tqcf-!rquukdn{!jcxkpi!jcf!uqog!eqppgevkqp!ykvj!vjg!mknp/ possibly having had some connection with the kiln. brooks.dtqqmu/!Jg!jcf!pq!hwtvjgt!urgekhke!kphqtocvkqp!tgictfkpi He had no further specific information regarding !A C! drive-by ftkxg.d{! kpurgevkqp!inspection qh!of vjg!the ukvg-!site, was ycu! made ocfg! in kp thevjg! siteukvg! exceptgzegrv! tovq !warnyctp !meog !thatvjcv !ancp !"extremely•gzvtgogn{ !unco-wpeq. Ugrvgodgt!2;;2!cpf!tguwnvgf!kp!uggkpi!pqvjkpi!nqqmkpiSeptember 1991 and resulted in seeing nothing looking operativeqrgtcvkxg! tresident"gukfgpv–! nlivedkxgf! calongnqpi! ca! mountainoqwpvckp! roadtqcf! justlwuv nkmg!c!nkog!mknp!kp!vjg!hkgnf!dgukfg!vjg!jkijyc{/!Dwv!kplike a lime kiln in the field beside the highway. But in southuqwvj!qh!vjg!mknp!ctgc/ of the kiln area. AugustCwiwuv!2;;4-!cpqvjgt!ftkxg.d{!kpurgevkqp!ykvj!vjg!ckf!qh 1993, another drive-by inspection with the aid of Vjg!ctgc!qh!kpvgtguv!ycu!kpurgevgf!kp!eqorcp{!ykvjThe area of interest was inspected in company with binocularsdkpqewnctu!tguwnvgf!kp!urqvvkpi!yjcv!crrgctgf!vjg!mknp resulted in spotting what appeared the kiln BobDqd!Yguv!vjg!chvgtpqqp!qh!Oc{!24-!2;9;/!Cuuwokpi!vjg West the afternoon of May 13, 1989. Assuming the ruintwkp!qp!vjg!uqwvj!ukfg!qh!vjg!jkijyc{-!gcuv!qh!Owff{ on the south side of the highway, east of Muddy ForestHqtguv !TRanger'scpigt”u !"two•vyq !smalluocnn !brooks"dtqqmu– !wereygtg !thosevjqug !shownujqyp !qonp brookdtqqm!cv!vjg!yqqfgf!gfig!qh!c!rcuvwtg-!lwuv!yjgtg!vjg at the wooded edge of a pasture, just where the thevjg!WUIU!vqrq!qrrqukvg!vjg!dtkfig!qxgt!vjg!Yjkvg!Tkxgt- USGS topo opposite the bridge over the White River, 18572968!ocr!kpfkecvgf!kv!vq!dg/ map indicated it to be. justlwuv!uqwvj!qh!vjg!oknnu-!yg!rctmgf!dgjkpf!c!qpg!qh!vjg south of the mills, we parked behind a one of the Vjg!Dq{eg!jqwug!ku!c!dtkem!jqwug!cpf!kp!2;;5!ycu!vjgThe Boyce house is a brick house and in 1994 was the milloknn!dwknfkpiu!cpf!jkmgf!wr!vjg!oqwpvckpukfg!ugctejkpi buildings and hiked up the mountainside searching residencetgukfgpeg!qh!Gtke!Hncpcicp-!yjq!mpgy!cdqwv!vjg!nkog of Eric Flanagan, who knew about the lime hqt!yjcvgxgt!yg!eqwnf!hkpf!vjcv!nqqmgf!nkmg!c!ejcteqcnfor whatever we could find that looked like a charcoal kilnmknp!dwv!eqwnfp(v!cff!cp{!pgy!kphqtocvkqp!cdqwv!kv/!Jg but couldn't add any new information about it. He kilnmknp!twkp/!Yjcv!crrgctgf!vq!dg!egnnct!jqngu!ygtg!hqwpf ruin. What appeared to be cellar holes were found gaveicxg! me og! permission rgtokuukqp! vq!to inspect kpurgev! vjg!the field hkgnf! anytime cp{vkog! I K plusrnwu!uqog!uwurkekqwu!dncem!fktv!dwv!pq!rqukvkxg!ejcteqcn some suspicious black dirt but no positive charcoal wanted.ycpvgf/!Vq!igv!vq!vjg!twkp-!c!dctdgf!yktg!)gngevtkeA*!hgpeg To get to the ruin, a barbed wire (electric?) fence identificationkfgpvkhkecvkqp!ycu!ocfg/!Dgkpi!vqyctf!vjg!gpf!qh!c!nqpi was made. Being toward the end of a long mustowuv!dg!pgiqvkcvgf-!vjgp!etquu!c!rcuvwtg!kpjcdkvgf!d{ be negotiated, then cross a pasture inhabited by dayfc{!fqkpi!hkgnf!yqtm!gnugyjgtg-!yg!urgpv!jctfn{!cp!jqwt doing field work elsewhere, we spent hardly an hour cattle.ecvvng/!Vq!cxqkf!vjg!ecvvng-!dguv!crrtqcej!yqwnf!dg!vq To avoid the cattle, best approach would be to onqp!vjg!pqy.ujcfgf!ukfg!qh!vjg!oqwpvckp!dghqtg!yg!nghv- the now-shaded side of the mountain before we left,

A-47C.58 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

Marsh"Octuj– !atcv !thevjg !endgpf !ofqh !ac !roadtqcf !atcv !caboutdqwv !thevjg !21,600--711.! vtoq! 21,700--811. hfootqqv !gelevation.ngxcvkqp/! CAddingffkpi! FDale'scng”u !"750•861 !feethggv !abovecdqxg! vthejg! triver"kxgt– tovq !thevjg !river'stkxgt”u !880-foot991.hqqv !elevationgngxcvkqp !atcv !thevjg !bridgedtkfig !makesocmgu !thevjg r elevationgngxcvkqp!qh!vjg!nkog!mknp!cv!cdqwv!2-741!hggv/!Uqogyjgtg of the lime kiln at about 1,630 feet. Somewhere alongcnqpi!vjg!2-711.!vq!2-811.hqqv!gngxcvkqp!dcpf!yguv!qh!vjg the 1,600- to 1,700-foot elevation band west of the rivertkxgt!cpf!kp!vjg!xkekpkv{!qh!vjg!Octuj!hcto!okijv!dg!vjg and in the vicinity of the Marsh farm might be the nkog!lime kiln mknp! remains, tgockpu-! gzegrv!except vjcv!that the vjg! Beers Dggtu! map ocr! also cnuq identifieskfgpvkhkgu !ac !•"LimeNkog !Ledge"Ngfig– !justlwuv !northwestpqtvjyguv !ofqh !thevjg !dbridge.tkfig/ !CA mapocr! attachedcvvcejgf! vtoq! rpagecig! ;9! ofqh! Dale'sFcng”u !reporttgrqtv !indicateskpfkecvgu! ac dolomitefqnqokvg!swctt{!nqecvkqp!cv!Jcpeqem!pgct!vjg!lwpevwtg!qh quarry location at Hancock near the juncture of thevjg!Cffkuqp0Ykpfuqt!Eqwpv{!dqwpfct{!cpf!vjg!Yjkvg Addison/Windsor County boundary and the White River,Tkxgt-!cnvjqwij!vjku!nqecvkqp!okijv!pqv!jcxg!dggp!ogcpv although this location might not have been meant tovq!dg!cu!owej!rtgekug!cu!tgrtgugpvcvkxg/ be as much precise as representative. VThat'sjcv”u !whereyjgtg !thingsvjkpiu !stooduvqqf !untilwpvkn !ancp !emailgockn !messageoguucig !ywascu FigureHkiwtg!C.41/! A-30. Vjg!Dtkuvqn!nkog!mknp!cu!kv!rtqdcdn{!nqqmgfThe Bristol lime kiln as it probably looked receivedtgegkxgf!kp!Fgegodgt!3114!htqo!dqvj!Ikqxcppc!Rggdngu- in December 2003 from both Giovanna Peebles, cdqwv!about 1900 2;11! (see )ugg! Rolando Tqncpfq! 1992:242-43, 2;;3<353.54-! VT-RU-409); XV.TW.51;*= andcpf!c!jkmgt-!Uvgxg!Fqpqxcp!qh!Urtkpihkgnf-!Xv/!Fqpqxcp a hiker, Steve Donovan of Springfield, Vt. Donovan viewxkgy!ku!vq!vjg!pqtvj!vqyctf!Tqwvg!28/ is to the north toward Route 17. !Eqwtvgu{!qh!VgfCourtesy of Ted hadjcf! foundhqwpf! "something"•uqogvjkpi–! catv! thevjg! approximatecrrtqzkocvg! usitekvg! qofh! thevjg LylisN{nku!cpf!vjg!Dtkuvqn!Jkuvqtkecn!Uqekgv{/! and the Bristol Historical Society. elusivegnwukxg !kiln.mknp/ !FromHtqo !rphotosjqvqu !vtakencmgp !dby{! FDonovan,qpqxcp-! vthejg! •"some-uqog. thing"vjkpi– !wasycu !confirmedeqphktogf !ascu !beingdgkpi !ac !nlimekog !mkilnknp! truinwkp! )(figurehkiwtg !CA-. 29,3;-!rcig!C.57*/! page A-46). withykvj! all cnn! good iqqf! intentions kpvgpvkqpu! of qh! returning tgvwtpkpi! to vq! continue eqpvkpwg! the vjg OnQp!Vjwtufc{!oqtpkpi-! Thursday morning, Oc{!24-!May 13, 2004, 3115-!kp!eqorcp{ in company searchugctej!cv!uqog!ncvgt!fcvg/ at some later date. withykvj!WU!Hqtguv!Ugtxkeg!Ctejgqnqikuv!Fcxkf!Nce{-!cpf US Forest Service Archeologist David Lacy, and Kp!vjg!eqwtug!qh!fqkpi!ctejkxcn!tgugctej!cdqwv!vjg!nkogIn the course of doing archival research about the lime EricGtke!Dqyocp!qh!vjg!WUHU!Tqejguvgt!qhhkeg-!vjg!mknp!twkp Bowman of the USFS Rochester office, the kiln ruin burningdwtpkpi!kpfwuvt{!kp!Xgtoqpv-!tghgtgpegu!ygtg!ncvgt!hqwpf industry in Vermont, references were later found wasycu!nqecvgf-!uvwfkgf-!ocrrgf-!cpf!rjqvqitcrjgf/!Hktg. located, studied, mapped, and photographed. Fire- thatvjcv!kfgpvkhkgf!vjku!ukvg!cu!c!rquukdng!nkog!dwtpkpi!ctgc< identified this site as a possible lime burning area: brickdtkem!cpf!tgf!dtkem!ygtg!hqwpf!kp!vjg!htqpv!ctejyc{= and red brick were found in the front archway; however,jqygxgt-! hgy!few brick dtkem! marks octmu! were ygtg! readable. tgcfcdng/! The Vjg! one qpg HalfJcnh!c!okng!uqwvj!qh!vjg!xknncig!qh!Jcpeqem!vjgtg!ku!c a mile south of the village of Hancock there is a markedoctmgf! hfirebrickktgdtkem! ywithkvj! rpartialctvkcn! nlettersgvvgtu! )("EL•GN! '&! MK")•* !cannotecppqv beddgf!qh!nkoguvqpg-!qh!nctig!gzvgpv/!Kv!ku!pqv!c!fqnqokvg- of limestone, of large extent. It is not a dolomite, bedg!ocvejgf!ykvj!cp{!mpqyp!octm!)Itcxgu!2;;7*/!Htqo matched with any known mark (Graves 1996). From thoughvjqwij!kv!eqpvckpu!c!nkvvng!ocipgukc/!Kv!ku!eqorqugf!qh it contains a little magnesia. It is composed of thevjg!uk|g!cpf!eqphkiwtcvkqp!qh!vjg!mknp-!rnwu!vjg!rtgugpeg size and configuration of the kiln, plus the presence carbonateectdqpcvg!qh!nkog!;1/4-!ectdqpcvg!qh!ocipgukc!7/;- of lime 90.3, carbonate of magnesia 6.9, ofqh!hktgdtkem-!vjg!mknp!qrgtcvgf!kpvq!vjg!2991u!rgtkqf=!cp firebrick, the kiln operated into the 1880s period; an oxydqz{f! qh!of iron ktqp! a c! trace, vtceg-! silica uknkec! 2.8 3/9! (Hitchcock )Jkvejeqem! gv!et al., cn/- earlygctn{!qrgtcvkpi0eqpuvtwevkqp!fcvg!ku!fkhhkewnv!vq!cuegtvckp/ operating/construction date is difficult to ascertain. 1861:357).2972<468*/ AC!iqqf!fgcn!qh!vjcpmu!iqgu!vq!Uvgxg!Fqpqxcp!hqt!pqv good deal of thanks goes to Steve Donovan for not onlyqpn{!hkpfkpi!vjku!ukvg-!dwv!vcmkpi!vjg!vkog!vq!eqpvcev!vjg finding this site, but taking the time to contact the LimestoneNkoguvqpg!ycu!dwtpgf!hqt!nkog!ocp{!{gctu!ciq!cv!c was burned for lime many years ago at a stateuvcvg! carcheologist'tejgqnqikuv” !officeqhhkeg !aboutcdqwv! kit.v/ nqecnkv{!qp!vjg!yguv!ukfg!qh!vjg!Yjkvg!Tkxgt-!qt!oqtglocality on the west side of the White River, or more Vjg!The kiln mknp! structure uvtwevwtg! is ku! approximately crrtqzkocvgn{! 22!11 feet hggv! high jkij properlyrtqrgtn{! vjg!the western yguvgtp! branch dtcpej! qh!of White Yjkvg! River. Tkxgt/! The Vjg (measured)ogcuwtgf!cv!UG!eqtpgt*-! at SE corner), 33!22 feet hggv!cetquu!vjg!htqpv! across the front (at )cv nqecnkv{!ku!pgct!vjg!Tqejguvgt!vqyp!nkpg!)Rgtmkpu!2;42.locality is near the Rochester town line (Perkins 1931- aboutcdqwv!4!hggv!cdqxg!itqwpf!cpf!cnuq!cetquu!vjg!wrrgt-!tgct 3 feet above ground and also across the upper, rear 32:233).43<344*/ ofqh!vjg!mknp*-!cpf!27!hggv!fggr!)ogcuwtgf!cv!vjg!vqr!qh!vjg the kiln), and 16 feet deep (measured at the top of the northpqtvj!ycnn*/!Vjg!ftcy!ctej!ogcuwtgf!cdqwv!5!hggv!jkij!d{ wall). The draw arch measured about 4 feet high by Kp!In Hancock, Jcpeqem-! the vjg! southeastern uqwvjgcuvgtp! township vqypujkr!qh! of Addison Cffkuqp 3041!kpejgu!ykfg-!qxgtcnn-!cpf!4!hggv!jkij!kpukfg!d{!cdqwv inches wide, overall, and 3 feet high inside by about County,Eqwpv{-!fqnqokvg!jcu!dggp!dwtpgf!hqt!nkog!qp!vjg!yguv dolomite has been burned for lime on the west twovyq!hggv!fggr!)vq!kpvgtpcn!dtgcmfqyp*/!Vjg!ctej!ku!qhh. feet deep (to internal breakdown). The arch is off- sideukfg!qh!vjg!Yjkvg!Tkxgt!xcnng{!pgct!vjg!Tqejguvgt!vqyp of the White River valley near the Rochester town centeregpvgt!vq!vjg!nghv!)uqwvj*!d{!cdqwv!c!hqqv/!Kpukfg!fkcogvgt to the left (south) by about a foot. Inside diameter nkpg-!line, which yjkej! is ku! also cnuq! that vjcv! of qh! Windsor Ykpfuqt! County. Eqwpv{/! The Vjg ofqh! the vjg! charge ejctig! hole jqng! cu!as measured ogcuwtgf! cv!at vjg!the vqr!top ku!is 6 7! feet, hggv- nqecnkv{!ku!cdqwv!861!hggv!cdqxg!vjg!tkxgt-!pgctn{!fwglocality is about 750 feet above the river, nearly due somewhatuqogyjcv!uocnn!eqpukfgtkpi!vjg!qwvgt!fkogpukqpu!qh!vjg small considering the outer dimensions of the westyguv!qh!vjg!dtkfig!qxgt!kv-!qp!vjg!F/!I/!Octuj!hcto of the bridge over it, on the D. G. Marsh farm kiln.mknp/!Gzegrv!hqt!vjg!dtkem!ftcy!ctej-!pq!qvjgt!dtkemu!ygtg Except for the brick draw arch, no other bricks were (Dale)Fcng!2;26<2;.31*/ 1915:19-20). hqwpf!cuuqekcvgf!ykvj!vjg!mknp/found associated with the kiln. AboutCdqwv!36!hggv!kp!htqpv!qh!vjg!mknp!ku!c!uvqpg!ycnn- 25 feet in front of the kiln is a stone wall, VThejg! 18712982! BeersDggtu! mapocr! ofqh! HancockJcpeqem! kidentifiedfgpvkhkgf! •"G.I/! E.G/ varyingxct{kpi!htqo!4!vq!5!hggv!jkij-!yjkej!rtqdcdn{!chhqtfgf!c from 3 to 4 feet high, which probably afforded a

A-48C.59 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.42/! A-31. MisidentifiedOkukfgpvkhkgf !"Pittsford•Rkvvuhqtf !ironktqp !works,yqtmu- –" !vthesejgug FigureHkiwtg! A-32. C.43/! MisidentifiedOkukfgpvkhkgf! •"sawmill,"ucyoknn-–! vthesejgug! alsocnuq! arectg ctg!fghkpkvgn{!okf.2;vj.E!nkog!mknpu!cpf!oc{dg!vjg!vyqare definitely mid-19th-C lime kilns and maybe the two limenkog!mknpu!cpf!okijv!dg!vjg!Jwpvng{!mknpu!vjcv!tgrncegf kilns and might be the Huntley kilns that replaced 2972!mknpu!1861 kilns of qh!vjg! the Brandon Dtcpfqp!Nkog!Eq Lime Co./!Eqwtvgu{! Courtesy qh!vjgof the thevjg!vyq!cv!vjg!nghv/!Eqorctg!ykvj!Tqncpfq!2;;3<357- two at the left. Compare with Rolando 1992:246, VermontXgtoqpv!Jkuvqtkecn!Uqekgv{/ Historical Society. figurehkiwtg!9.35 8-24./!Eqwtvgu{!qh!vjg!Xgtoqpv!Jkuvqtkecn!Uqekgv{/ Courtesy of the Vermont Historical Society. platformrncvhqto!vq!nqcf!cp!cpkocn.ftcyp!yciqp!ykvj!dwtpgf to load an animal-drawn wagon with burned 2839!vq!41!kpejgu=!vjg!ycnn!ku!nckf!wr!ykvj!wpoqtvctgf!uvqpg to 30 inches; the wall is laid up with unmortared stone nkog!htqo!vjg!mknp!xkc!yjggndcttqyu/!Pq!gxkfgpeg!qh!vjglime from the kiln via wheelbarrows. No evidence of the andcpf!ku!vqrrgf!d{!c!ukz.ukfgf-!r{tcokf.ujcrgf-!6¿!hggv is topped by a six-sided, pyramid-shaped, 5'A feet quarryswctt{!uqwteg!ycu!hqwpf/ source was found. high,jkij-!ujkpingf!yqqf!tqqh!)c!tgcn!pgcv!lqd*/!Vjg!kpukfg!ku shingled wood roof (a real neat job). The inside is Vjg!The site ukvg! is ku! on qp! the vjg! property rtqrgtv{! of qh! Chesapeake Ejgucrgcmg! Wood Yqqf usedwugf! by d{! the vjg! owner qypgt! for hqt! storing uvqtkpi! garden ictfgp! tools, vqqnu-! paint, rckpv- Products,Rtqfwevu-!Kpe/-!jgcfswctvgtgf!cv!Ejgucrgcmg-!Xc/!Vjg Inc., headquartered at Chesapeake, Va. The hardware,jctfyctg-!gve/-!cpf!ku!yktgf!hqt!nkijv!)vcnm!cdqwv!cfcrvkxg etc., and is wired for light (talk about adaptive HancockJcpeqem!oknn!jcu!dggp!enqugf!hqt!uqog!vkog!rgt!nqecn mill has been closed for some time per local re-use).tg.wug*/!Kpvgtkqt!ceeguu!ycu!ickpgf!d{!cp!wpnqemgf!yqqf Interior access was gained by an unlocked wood kphqtocvkqp/!C!uwrgtxkuqt{.ngxgn!rncpv!gornq{gg!yjq!yginformation. A supervisory-level plant employee who we doorfqqt!htcogf!kpvq!c!54.kpej.ykfg!qrgpkpi!yjgtg!vjg!ftcy framed into a 43-inch-wide opening where the draw metogv!yjkng!eqokpi!qwv!qh!vjg!ukvg!)cpf!yjq!uckf!vjcv!jg while coming out of the site (and who said that he archctej!rtqdcdn{!ycu/! probably was. hadjcf!dggp!vqnf!vjg!mknp!ocfg!rqvcuj*!uckf!vjcv!vjg!oknn!jcf been told the kiln made potash) said that the mill had Vjg!qypgtu!eqwnf!pqv!dg!hqwpf!hqt!cp{!jkuvqt{!qh!vjgThe owners could not be found for any history of the nopq!fgxgnqrogpv!rncpu!hqt!vjg!ukvg!cu!hct!cu!jg!mpgy/! development plans for the site as far as he knew. kiln,mknp-!uq!pqvjkpi!hwtvjgt!ku!mpqyp!cdqwv!qrgtcvkqp!fcvgu- so nothing further is known about operation dates, originalqtkikpcn!qypgtujkr-!gve/ ownership, etc. LongNqpi!Rqkpv!Nkog!Mknp-!XV.CF.2467-!Hgttkudwti< Point Lime Kiln, VT-AD-1356, Ferrisburg: !VjkuThis Uvqpg!hqt!eqpuvtwevkpi!vjg!mknp!eqwnf!jcxg!eqog!htqoStone for constructing the kiln could have come from kilnmknp!ycu!dtqwijv!vq!o{!cvvgpvkqp!d{!Lqjp!Ngkf{-!yjq was brought to my attention by John Leidy, who anycp{!qh!vjg!gzrqugf!ngfigu!vjcv!fqv!vjg!xkekpkv{-!qt!htqo of the exposed ledges that dot the vicinity, or from phonedrjqpgf!og!qp!fc{!kp!2;;9!cpf!fguetkdgf!kvu!nqecvkqp/!Yg me on day in 1998 and described its location. We anycp{!qh!vjg!htcevwtgf!ujqtg!ngfig/!Uvqpg!hqt!dwtpkpi!okijv of the fractured shore ledge. Stone for burning might metogv!cpf!kpurgevgf!vjg!ukvg!c!hgy!yggmu!ncvgt/ and inspected the site a few weeks later. havejcxg!eqog!htqo!vjg!octdng!swctt{!ogpvkqpgf!d{!Dggtu- come from the marble quarry mentioned by Beers, LongNqpi!Rqkpv!ku!c!pcttqy-!swctvgt.okng!nqpi!rgpkpuwnc Point is a narrow, quarter-mile long peninsula above.cdqxg/!Tgcuqp!hqt!c!nkog!mknp!jgtg!eqwnf!dg!hqt!rtqzkokv{ Reason for a lime kiln here could be for proximity alongcnqpi!Ncmg!Ejcornckp!lwuv!uqwvj!qh!Vqyp!Hcto!Dc{- Lake Champlain just south of Town Farm Bay, tovq! the vjg! nearby pgctd{! quarry, swctt{-! access ceeguu! to vq! lake ncmg! boat dqcv! cargo ectiq aboutcdqwv!vjtgg!tqcf!okngu!yguv!qh!Pqtvj!Hgttkudwti!)cv!vjg three road miles west of North Ferrisburg (at the transportation,vtcpurqtvcvkqp-!cpf!rtqzkokv{!vq!vjg!tckntqcf!cv!Hgttkudwti and proximity to the railroad at Ferrisburg ncmg!gpf!qh!Nqpi!Rqkpv!Tqcf*/!Vjg!Dggtu!2982!ocr!qhlake end of Long Point Road). The Beers 1871 map of Uvcvkqp-!cdqwv!c!okng!cyc{/Station, about a mile away. FerrisburgHgttkudwti! !identifieskfgpvkhkgu! !itkv !as!cu "Camp!•Ecor !Grove"Itqxg–! !andcpf !alsocnuq !in-kp. dicatesfkecvgu! "Black•Dncem! MarbleOctdng! Quarry"aboutSwctt{–cdqwv! 21,000-111! feethggv! south,uqwvj- ChittendenEjkvvgpfgp!Eqwpv{ County betweendgvyggp!vjg!rqkpv!cpf!Ngyku!Etggm/!Nqpi!Rqkpv!vqfc{!ku the point and Lewis Creek. Long Point today is dottedfqvvgf!ykvj!ocp{!uwoogt!eqvvcigu=!ceeguu!ku!tguvtkevgf/ with many summer cottages; access is restricted. WestonYguvqp!Nkog!Yqtmu-!XV.EJ.393-!Uqwvj!Dwtnkpivqp- Lime Works, VT-CH-282, South Burlington, Kp!vjg!ukfg!{ctf!qh!c!eqvvcig!ycu!vjg!mknp-!nqqmkpi!hqtIn the side yard of a cottage was the kiln, looking for cpf!Ejcornckp!Xcnng{!Nkog!Eqorcp{-!XV.EJ.395-and Champlain Valley Lime Company, VT-CH-284, allcnn !vthejg !yworldqtnf !nlikekmg! usomebody'sqogdqf{”u !toolvqqn !shedujgf !-. !andcpf !itkv !was.ycu/ !VThejg Colchester:Eqnejguvgt

A-49C.5; 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

strippeduvtkrrgf!d{!kvu!qypgt!hqt!uetcr!ogvcn-!ngcxkpi!qpn{!rkngu by its owner for scrap metal, leaving only piles ofqh!dtkem-!uetcru!qh!dtqmgp!ogvcn!cpf!incuu-!cpf!vjg!uqnkf brick, scraps of broken metal and glass, and the solid concreteeqpetgvg!hqwpfcvkqp!qh!vjg!mknp!dwknfkpi-!vjwu!gpfkpi!cp{ foundation of the kiln building, thus ending any nationalpcvkqpcn!tgeqipkvkqp!hqt!vjg!ukvg!)Twuugnn!3114<9*/!Uqqp recognition for the site (Russell 2003:8). Soon thereafter,vjgtgchvgt-! rncpu!plans ygtg!were chqqv!afoot for hqt! a c! major oclqt! residential tgukfgpvkcn developmentfgxgnqrogpv!qp!vjg!hqtogt!Yguvqp!Nkog!Yqtmu!rtqrgtv{ on the former Weston Lime Works property onqp!vjg!Uqwvj!Dwtnkpivqp!ukfg/ the South Burlington side. DuringFwtkpi!vjg!hcnn!qh!3114-!cu!rctv!qh!writcfg!vq!vjg!Nkog the fall of 2003, as part of upgrade to the Lime KilnMknp! Bridge, Dtkfig-! the vjg! huge jwig! limestone nkoguvqpg! quarries swcttkgu! below dgnqy! the vjg bridgedtkfig!ygtg!ftckpgf!d{!hqwt!rworu/!Ugxgtcn!cwvqoqdkngu were drained by four pumps. Several automobiles plusrnwu!swctt{!gzecxcvkpi!gswkrogpv!ygtg!fkueqxgtgf!cv!vjg quarry excavating equipment were discovered at the bottomdqvvqo!cnqpi!ykvj!vjg!vwppgn!vjcv!jcf!dggp!dwknv!wpfgt along with the tunnel that had been built under thevjg!tqcf!vq!eqppgevgf!vjg!vyq!swcttkgu!)Twuugnn!3114<;*/ road to connected the two quarries (Russell 2003:9). Vjg!gcuv!swctt{!jcu!ukpeg!dggp!dcemhknngf!ykvj!ocvgtkcnThe east quarry has since been backfilled with material htqo!vjg!Hngvejgt!Cnngp!Jqurkvcn!gzrcpukqp!rtqitco-!cpffrom the Fletcher Allen Hospital expansion program, and thevjg!rqwtgf!eqpetgvg!mknp!hqwpfcvkqp!jcu!dggp!tc|gf/ poured concrete kiln foundation has been razed.

LawNcy!Kuncpf!Nkog!Mknp-!EJ.NM13-!Eqnejguvgt< Island Lime Kiln, CH-LK02, Colchester:!Ncy Law Kuncpf!Island ku!is a c! small, uocnn-! 5-acre 6.cetg! island kuncpf! in kp! Lake Ncmg! Champlain, Ejcornckp- managedocpcigf!eqqrgtcvkxgn{!d{!vjg!Vqyp!qh!Eqnejguvgt!cpf cooperatively by the Town of Colchester and VermontXgtoqpv!Hqtguv-!Rctmu-!cpf!Tgetgcvkqp/!Kv!ku!pcogf!hqt Forest, Parks, and Recreation. It is named for FigureHkiwtg!C.44/! A-33. AC! "left•nghv !eye"g{g– !1870s2981u !stereoscopicuvgtgqueqrke! photorjqvq! qofh JohnLqjp!Ncy-!gctn{!ugvvngt!)f/!2951*!cpf!ngcfgt!kp!vjg!Vqyp Law, early settler (d. 1840) and leader in the Town limenkog!mknpu!qp!vjg!Eqnejguvgt!ukfg!qh!vjg!Nkog!Mknp!Dtkfig/ kilns on the Colchester side of the Lime Kiln Bridge. ofqh!Eqnejguvgt/! Colchester. PhotoRjqvq!ku!d{!C/!H/!Uv{ngu!qh!Dwtnkpivqp-!rtqdcdn{!vcmgp is by A. F. Styles of Burlington, probably taken KInp! 1994,2;;5-! ac !"stone•uvqpg !beehive"dggjkxg–! typev{rg! structureuvtwevwtg! wasycu! dis-fku. fromhtqo!vjg!tkug!cv!vjg!uqwvjyguv!eqtpgt!qh!Nkog!Mknp!Tqcf the rise at the southwest corner of Lime Kiln Road coveredeqxgtgf!qp!vjg!kuncpf!yjkej!okijv!dg!c!nkog!mknp!)Qtuqk on the island which might be a lime kiln (Orsoi cpf!Tqwvg!26/!Vjgug!mknpu!qrgtcvgf!wpvkn!vjg!gctn{!2;31and Route 15. These kilns operated until the early 1920s.u/ tovq! Peebles, Rggdngu-! ca. ec/! November Pqxgodgt! 2;;5*/!1994). Cu!As vjg!the season ugcuqp! was ycu CourtesyEqwtvgu{!qh!Ict{!Ktkuj-!Lgtkejq-!Xv/ of Gary Irish, Jericho, Vt. alreadycntgcf{!ncvg!vjgtg!yqwnf!dg!pq!cvvgorv!vq!kpurgev!vjg late there would be no attempt to inspect the islandkuncpf!vjcv!{gct!dwv!yqwnf!dg!ecnngf!dcem!vjg!pgzv!{gct that year but would be called back the next year whenyjgp!yg!yqwnf!dg!dqcvgf!qwv!vq!vjg!kuncpf!hqt!c!tgvwtp we would be boated out to the island for a return becamedgecog!c!oclqt!nkog!ocpwhcevwtkpi!ctgc!chvgt!vjg!gpf!qh a major lime manufacturing area after the end of inspectionkpurgevkqp!)Tqncpfq!vq!Rggdngu-!Fgegodgt!3-!2;;5*/!Vjg (Rolando to Peebles, December 2, 1994). The thevjg!Yct!qh!2923!ykvj!vjg!dwknfkpi!qh!nkog!mknpu!cv!vjg War of 1812 with the building of lime kilns at the returntgvwtp!ecnn!ycu!pgxgt!tgegkxgf/ call was never received. southuqwvj!gpf!qh!Nkog!Mknp!Dtkfig!)vjg!Uqwvj!Dwtnkpivqp end of Lime Kiln Bridge (the South Burlington DueFwg!vq!vjg!rtqzkokv{!qh!Ncy!Kuncpf!vq!Octdng!Kuncpf to the proximity of Law Island to Marble Island side;ukfg=! VT-CH-282). XV.EJ.393*/! Kp!In vjg!the early gctn{! 1920s 2;31u! the vjg! operations qrgtcvkqpu inkp!!Ocnngvu!!Dc{!!cpf!!nkoguvqpg!!hgcvwtgu!kp!vjg!igpgtcn Mallets Bay and limestone features in the general wereygtg!oqfgtpk|gf!ykvj!vjg!eqpuvtwevkqp!qh!c!pgy-!rqwtgf. modernized with the construction of a new, poured- Colchester-MalletsEqnejguvgt.Ocnngvu!Dc{!ctgc-!kv!ycu!uwtokugf!vjcv!vjku- Bay area, it was surmised that this, concreteeqpetgvg!dwknfkpi!vq!jqnf!vjg!vjtgg!jwig-!jkij.ecrcekv{ building to hold the three huge, high-capacity too,vqq-!ycu!c!nkog!mknp!twkp!)ugg!Tqncpfq!2;;3<34;-!Dcvgu was a lime kiln ruin (see Rolando 1992:239, Bates nkog!mknpu!yjkej!ygpv!kpvq!qrgtcvkqp!kp!2;37!)XV.EJ.lime kilns which went into operation in 1926 (VT-CH- nkog!mknp-!HU.229)EJ*-!cpf!Uvcxg!Rqkpv!nkog!mknp-!EJ.lime kiln, FS-118(CH), and Stave Point lime kiln, CH- 284).395*/!!Ykvj!!vjg!!gpf!!qh!!c!!WU!!Iqxgtpogpv!eqpvtcev!hqt With the end of a US Government contract for LK01).NM12*/!C!tgegpv!tgrqtv!qp! A recent report on historic jkuvqtke! resources tguqwtegu!qh!Ncy of Law agriculturalcitkewnvwtcn!nkog!kp!2;82-!vjg!yqtmu!enqugf-!vjwu!gpfkpi lime in 1971, the works closed, thus ending KIsland,uncpf-! jhowever,qygxgt-! omentionsgpvkqpu! pnoq! nlimekog! kilnmknp! orqt !"beehive•dggjkxg overqxgt!261!{gctu!qh!nkog!ocpwhcevwtg!cv!vjku!ukvg// 150 years of lime manufacture at this site.. hfeature."gcvwtg/–! (Colman)Eqnocp! 32007).118*/! RPossiblequukdng! hfuturewvwtg! ywork,qtm-! kifh! thevjg Kp!2;9;-!cp!cuuguuogpv!qh!vjg!ukvg!qh!vjg!EjcornckpIn 1989, an assessment of the site of the Champlain islandkuncpf!ku!ceeguukdng/ is accessible. ValleyXcnng{!Nkog!Eqorcp{!ukvg!fgvgtokpgf!kv!vq!dg!gnkikdng Lime Company site determined it to be eligible hqt!for National Pcvkqpcn! Register Tgikuvgt! of qh! Historic Jkuvqtke! Places Rncegu! although cnvjqwij Htcpmnkp!Eqwpv{Franklin County preservationrtgugtxcvkqp!qh!vjg!ukvg!yqwnf!dg!eqorngz/!Cpf!htqo of the site would be complex. And from subsurfaceuwduwthceg! vguvkpi!testing vjgtg!there existed gzkuvgf! potential rqvgpvkcn! for hqt! cultural ewnvwtcn Uokvj!Nkog!Yqtmu-!HT.NM13-!Igqtikc

A-50C.61 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A ofqh!vjg!Uv/!Cndcpu!.!Igqtikc!vqyp!nkpg!)Oknn!Dtqqm*=!cnqpi the St. Albans - Georgia town line (Mill Brook); along measuredogcuwtgf!21!hv!8¿!kp/!fkcogvgt=!vjg!qwvukfg!fkcogvgt 10 ft 7'A in. diameter; the outside diameter thevjg !nearbypgctd{ !ushorejqtg! kisu! •"LimeNkog !TRockqem! RPoint,"qkpv-– !vtodayqfc{! rpopulatedqrwncvgf measuredogcuwtgf!29!hggv/!Kpukfg!fgrvj!ku!tqwijn{!4!hggv-!uq!vjcv 18 feet. Inside depth is roughly 3 feet, so that withykvj!ncmg!ujqtg!jqogu/!Pq!gxkfgpeg!qh!c!nkog!mknp!ycu lake shore homes. No evidence of a lime kiln was thevjg!kpukfg!dqvvqo!ku!vjg!ucog!ngxgn!cu!vjg!dqvvqo!qh!vjg inside bottom is the same level as the bottom of the hqwpf=!pqdqf{!swgtkgf!jcf!jgctf!qt!uggp!cp{vjkpi/!Cfound; nobody queried had heard or seen anything. A htqpv!ycnn!dwv!cdqwv!5!hggv!cdqxg!vjg!uwttqwpfkpi!itqwpffront wall but about 4 feet above the surrounding ground previousrtgxkqwu! igqnqi{!geology tgrqtv!report mentioned ogpvkqpgf! ugxgp!seven lime nkog! kiln mknp ngxgn/!Ycnnu!crrgct!vq!dg!xgtvkecn!cpf!ft{!nckf!nkoguvqpglevel. Walls appear to be vertical and dry laid limestone companieseqorcpkgu !inkp !vthejg !ustatevcvg! dbutwv! vthejg! USmithokvj! NLimekog! YWorksqtmu! ywasn'tcup”v (calcite).)ecnekvg*/!Pq!yqtmgf!swctt{!qt!ngfig!ycu!qdugtxgf!kp!vjg No worked quarry or ledge was observed in the amongcoqpi!vjgo!)Rgtmkpu!2;21<45;*/!Ctejkxcn!cpf!hkgnf!yqtm them (Perkins 1910:349). Archival and field work immediatekoogfkcvg! xkekpkv{!vicinity fwtkpi!during gzrnqtcvkqpu!explorations qh!of vjg!the area ctgc continueseqpvkpwgu!qp!nqecvkpi!cpqvjgt!gnwukxg!mknp!qrgtcvkqp/ on locating another elusive kiln operation. althoughcnvjqwij!uocnn!nkoguvqpg!qwvetqru!crrgct!kp!vjg!xkekpkv{/ small limestone outcrops appear in the vicinity. Vjg!vqrqitcrj{!ku!igpgtcnn{!ngxgn!kp!vjku!ctgc!cpf!vjgThe topography is generally level in this area and the Uvknrgp!Nkog!Mknp-!HT.NM14-!Uv/!Cndcpu

A-51C.62 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

USchool"ejqqn–! kinp! west-centralyguv.egpvtcn! rpartctv! ofqh! thevjg !townvqyp !ofqh !Newbury.Pgydwt{/ onqp!gzcevn{!yjgtg!vjku!ukvg!ku-!c!xkukv!vq!Pgydwt{!ycu exactly where this site is, a visit to Newbury was Vjg!uejqqnjqwug!u{odqn!ku!pqv!kpfkecvgf!qp!vjg!WUIUThe schoolhouse symbol is not indicated on the USGS madeocfg!qp!Lwpg!36-!3118/!C!hgy!uvqru-!eqpxgtucvkqpu!ykvj on June 25, 2007. A few stops, conversations with GrotonItqvqp! 7.5-minute 8/6.okpwvg! vqrq!topo ocr!map )2;84*!(1973) dwv!but the vjg! building dwknfkpi cooperativeeqqrgtcvkxg!hqnmu-!dwv!uvknn!pq!gxkfgpeg!qh!vjg!ukvg/!Vjg folks, but still no evidence of the site. The kpfkecvkqp!okijv!dg!vjcv!qh!vjg!hqtogt!uejqqnjqwug/!Kv!kuindication might be that of the former schoolhouse. It is "Limekiln•Nkogmknp! ECemetery"gogvgt{–! ywascu! found,hqwpf-! however,jqygxgt-! onqp! SwiftUykhv onqp!vjg!gcuv!ukfg!qh!Uycor!Tqcf-!yjkej!rctcnngnu!Ueqvv the east side of Swamp Road, which parallels Scott RoadTqcf!)N{og!Mknp!Tqcf!qp!cp!qp.nkpg!ocr*-!uq!vjg!mknp (Lyme Kiln Road on an on-line map), so the kiln Brook,Dtqqm-! about cdqwv! 1 2¿!1/2 miles okngu! north pqtvj! of qh! Newbury Pgydwt{! Center. Egpvgt/ wasycu!vjgtg!uqogyjgtg-!kh!cv!cnn!cp{oqtg/!Vqq!dcf!vjku there somewhere, if at all anymore. Too bad this ComparisonEqorctkuqp! ykvj!with vjg!the 1961 2;72! Doll Fqnn! Igqnqike!Geologic Ocr!Map of qh neatpgcv!Pgydwt{!rnceg.pcog!jcu!unkrrgf!htqo!xkukdknkv{!cpf Newbury place-name has slipped from visibility and XgtoqpvVermont !ujqyu!vjg!ukvg!ctgc!vq!dg!pgctn{!qp!vjg!dqtfgt!qhshows the site area to be nearly on the border of nqecn!mpqyngfig/!Oc{dg!uqogfc{////local knowledge. Maybe someday.... twovyq!v{rgu!qh!Yckvu!Tkxgt!nkoguvqpg/ types of Waits River limestone. RutlandTwvncpf!Eqwpv{ County AlongCnqpi!vjg!yguv!ukfg!qh!vjg!vqyp-!htqo!T{gicvg!nkpg the west side of the town, from Ryegate line south,uqwvj-!nkgu!c!fggr!xcnng{-!ujwv!kp!qp!vjg!yguv!d{!vjg lies a deep valley, shut in on the west by the CoonsEqqpu! Den Fgp! Lime Nkog! Kiln, Mknp-! VT-RU-291, XV.TW.3;2-! Fair Hckt! Haven: Jcxgp< massiveocuukxg!Vqrujco!jknnu-!cpf!qp!vjg!gcuv!d{!Lghhgtuqp Topsham hills, and on the east by Jefferson Kphqtocvkqp!Information cdqwv!about vjku!this ukvg!site initially kpkvkcnn{! came ecog! from htqo! Peter Rgvgt hill,jknn-!cpf! and the vjg!jgkijvu!yguv!qh!vjg!Egpvgt-!cpf!Nqpi heights west of the Center, and Long PattenRcvvgp!qh!Hckt!Jcxgp-!yjq!hqwpf!yjcv!crrgctgf!vq!dg!c of Fair Haven, who found what appeared to be a Pond....Rqpf////! Vjg!The uqkn!soil along cnqpi! the vjg! valley xcnng{! is ku! of qh! limestone nkoguvqpg nlimekog! mkilnknp! truinwkp! •"wellygnn! qoffhh! thevjg! roadtqcf! andcpf! southuqwvj! ofqh !GlenIngp hqtocvkqp-!formation, fggr!deep and cpf! productive. rtqfwevkxg/! The Vjg! farms hctou! which yjkej Lake."Ncmg/– !ButDwv !ac !hfewgy !cattemptsvvgorvu !madeocfg! kinp! 21992;;3! vtoq! ecoordinateqqtfkpcvg !ca clingenkpi!vq!vjg!jknnu!qp!vjg!yguv-!ctg!coqpi!vjg!dguv!kp to the hills on the west, are among the best in hikejkmg!kpvq!vjg!ctgc!ykvj!Ot/!Rcvvgp!ygtg!wpuweeguuhwn/ into the area with Mr. Patten were unsuccessful. town,vqyp-!cpf!vjg!nqecnkv{!ku!pqvgf!hqt!kvu!qtejctfu-!cpf!kvu and the locality is noted for its orchards, and its Vjgp!kp!2;;4-!vjgp!Uvcvg!Ncpfu!Hqtguvgt!Twuugnn!Tgc{Then in 1993, then State Lands Forester Russell Reay gzegnngpv!rcuvwtcig!)Ygnnu!2;13<37;*/excellent pasturage (Wells 1902:269). (Pittsford)Rkvvuhqtf!qhhkeg*!uckf!vjcv!jg!cnuq!mpgy!qh!c!mknp.v{rg office) said that he also knew of a kiln-type ! Vjku!This part rctv! of qh! the vjg! town, vqyp-! once qpeg! called ecnngf! the vjg! Nourse Pqwtug hgcvwtg!kp!vjg!igpgtcn!ctgc!qh!Eqqpu!Fgp!Oqwpvckp-!vjcvfeature in the general area of Coons Den Mountain, that neighborhood,pgkijdqtjqqf-!cpf!qhvgp-!Fkuvtkev!23-!ku!oqtg!igpgtcnn{ and often, District 12, is more generally matchedocvejgf!vjg!igpgtcn!ctgc!fguetkdgf!d{!Rgvgt!Rcvvgp/!Tgc{ the general area described by Peter Patten. Reay designatedfgukipcvgf !ascu !vthejg !•"LimeNkog !MKiln"....knp–//// !InKp !21807,918- !FDistrictkuvtkev !PNo.q/ assumedcuuwogf!kv!vq!dg!c!ejcteqcn!mknp!cpf!uckf!vjcv!vjg!dguv it to be a charcoal kiln and said that the best 1223!ycu!guvcdnkujgf-!cpf!c!uejqqnjqwug!ycu!chvgtyctf was established, and a schoolhouse was afterward approachcrrtqcej!kpvq!vjg!ctgc!qh!vjg!twkp!okijv!dg!htqo!vjg into the area of the ruin might be from the builtdwknv! on qp!vjg!Pqwtug! the Nourse farm, hcto-!pgct!vjg!uocnn! near the small cemetery egogvgt{ RouteTqwvg!33C!ukfg!kp!Hckt!Jcxgp!xkc!c!uvcvg!hqtguv!tqcf/ 22A side in Fair Haven via a state forest road. there.vjgtg/! Later Ncvgt! a c! schoolhouse uejqqnjqwug! was ycu! erected gtgevgf! near pgct! Isaac Kucce CoonsEqqpu!Fgp!ku!pgct!vjg!yguvgtp!dqwpfct{!qh!vjg!uvcvg Den is near the western boundary of the state Eastman'sGcuvocp”u! ywhichjkej! ywascu! tremodeledgoqfgngf! k pin! 21889,99;-! catv! ancp hqtguv!rtqrgtv{/forest property. gzrgpug!qh!cdqwv!%911-!cpf!ku!wugf!cnuq!hqt!tgnkikqwuexpense of about $800, and is used also for religious Vjg!mknp!ycu!xkukvgf!Lwpg!23-!2;;5!ykvj!Dqd!Yguv!cpfThe kiln was visited June 12, 1994 with Bob West and meetings.oggvkpiu/ Reay.Tgc{/!Kv!ycu!dwknv!kpvq!vjg!ukfg!qh!c!nqy!jknn!uwej!vjcv!vjg It was built into the side of a low hill such that the ! !Sometime Uqogvkog! pgct!near 293;-!1829, Lqjp!John Botten Dqvvgp! began dgicp! the vjg backdcem!)yguv*!ukfg!ycu!ngxgn!ykvj!vjg!jknn!cpf!vjg!htqpv (west) side was level with the hill and the front manufactureocpwhcevwtg!qh!nkog-!yjkej!ycu!ecttkgf!qp!ncvgt!d{ of lime, which was carried on later by (east))gcuv*! wallycnn! ywascu! wupr! vtoq! sixukz! feethggv! high.jkij/! TheVjg! ruin'stwkp”u !outsideqwvukfg CharlesEjctngu!Igqtig-!yjq!fkf!c!nctig!dwukpguu!wpvkn!2947!qt George, who did a large business until 1836 or wallsycnnu!ygtg!ocfg!qh!c!okz!qh!uncvg!cpf!tqwpf!uvqpgu/!Vjg were made of a mix of slate and round stones. The “`37,48-! whenyjgp! jheg! solduqnf! outqwv !tovq !IsaacKucce !Eastman,Gcuvocp-! whoyjq ruin'stwkp”u !NE,PG- !NW,PY- !andcpf !SWUY !cornerseqtpgtu !wereygtg !inkp !goodiqqf !enoughgpqwij continuedeqpvkpwgf! vjg!the work yqtm! about cdqwv! twenty vygpv{! years, {gctu-! until wpvkn conditioneqpfkvkqp!vq!fgvgtokpg!vjcv!vjg!qwvukfg!fkogpukqpu!ygtg to determine that the outside dimensions were competitioneqorgvkvkqp!htqo!nkog!dtqwijv!d{!tckntqcf!twkpgf!vjg from lime brought by railroad ruined the 1425! by d{! 14 25! feet hggv! square. uswctg/! The Vjg! north pqtvj! wall ycnn! was ycu! in kp! best dguv business,dwukpguu-!cu!vjg!pgy!swcnkv{!ycu!yjkvgt/!Ot/!Gcuvocp as the new quality was whiter. Mr. Eastman condition,eqpfkvkqp-!Vjg!gcuv!ycnn-!yjkej!rtqdcdn{!eqpvckpgf!vjg The east wall, which probably contained the madeocfg! in kp! some uqog! years {gctu! about cdqwv! 3,000 4-111! bushels dwujgnu! of qh! lime, nkog- workingyqtmkpi! arch, ctej-! was ycu! completely eqorngvgn{! collapsed, eqnncrugf-! slumped unworgf whichyjkej!ycu!wugf!kp!cnn!vjg!tgikqp-!cpf!ycnnu!rncuvgtgf was used in all the region, and walls plastered outwardqwvyctf!cpf!fqypjknn!vqyctf!vjg!tqcf/!Vjg!kpukfg!ycu and downhill toward the road. The inside was withykvj!kv!ukzv{!{gctu!ciq!ctg!uvknn!hkto!)Ygnnu!2;13<37;. it sixty years ago are still firm (Wells 1902:269- oval-shaped,qxcn.ujcrgf-!ogcuwtkpi!77!kpejgu!cetquu!d{!cdqwv!21!hggv measuring 66 inches across by about 10 feet 270).381*/ nqpi/!Dtgcmfqyp!hknngf!vjg!kpukfg!cnoquv!vq!vjg!vqr!qh!vjglong. Breakdown filled the inside almost to the top of the ruin.twkp/!Ukpeg!vjg!htqpv!ku!eqnncrugf-! Since the front is collapsed, vjgtg!ku!pq!yc{!vqthere is no way to Wells'Ygnnu” !bookdqqm !alsocnuq !containseqpvckpu! ac !photorjqvq !"in•kp !thevjg !LimeNkog !KilnMknp determinefgvgtokpg !thevjg !gexactzcev !•"front"htqpv– !ofqh !thevjg !kinsidepukfg !carea.tgc/ !VTherejgtg !ywascu Neighborhood"Pgkijdqtjqqf–! althoughcnvjqwij! pnoq! nlimekog! mkilnknp! ecancp! dbeg! useenggp! kinp! kit,v- nopq!gxkfgpeg!qh!dwtpkpi!qp!vjg!kpukfg!ycnn!cpf!pq!dwtpgf evidence of burning on the inside wall and no burned andcpf!qp!rcig!349hh!ku!c!ocr!ujqykpi!vjg!nc{qwv!qh!vjg on page 238ff is a map showing the layout of the nkog!ycu!hqwpf!kpukfg!qt!qwvukfg!vjg!twkp-!ngcfkpi!vqlime was found inside or outside the ruin, leading to town'svqyp”u !schooluejqqn !districts.fkuvtkevu/! NothingPqvjkpi! ecouldqwnf! bedg! foundhqwpf! inkp! thevjg speculationurgewncvkqp!vjcv!vjg!mknp!okijv!pqv!jcxg!gxgt!dggp!rwv that the kiln might not have ever been put bookdqqm!vjcv!icxg!urgekhke!nqecvkqp!qh!vjg!mknp!hqt!yjkej!vjg that gave specific location of the kiln for which the intokpvq!qrgtcvkqp/!Tgockpu!qh!c!uvqpg!ycnn!ygtg!hqwpf!cdqwv operation. Remains of a stone wall were found about schooluejqqn!fkuvtkev!ycu!pcogf/ district was named. 1021!hggv!uqwvj!qh!vjg!uqwvj!ycnn/ feet south of the south wall. FollowingHqnnqykpi!ocp{!rjqpg!ecnnu!cpf!ngvvgtu!vjcv!oqtg!qt many phone calls and letters that more or Vjg!ukvg!ku!cv!c!rqkpv!vyq!uvtckijv.nkpg!okngu!gcuv!qhThe site is at a point two straight-line miles east of nguu!eqphktogf!yjcv!K!cntgcf{!mpgy-!dwv!ecuv!pq!pgy!nkijvless confirmed what I already knew, but cast no new light RouteTqwvg!33C!cpf!c!jcnh.okng!uqwvj!qh!vjg!Dgpuqp!vqyp!nkpg 22A and a half-mile south of the Benson town line

A-52C.63 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

(or,)qt-!cdqwv!2-911!hggv!uqwvjyguv!qh!;58.hqqv!Eqqpu!Fgp about 1,800 feet southwest of 947-foot Coons Den peak;rgcm=!mknp!gngxcvkqp!ku!cdqwv!861!hggv*/!Yqqfu!tqcfu!iq kiln elevation is about 750 feet). Woods roads go kpvq!vjg!ctgc-!dwv!fktgevkqpu!ctg!dguv!nghv!wpytkvvgp!cu!vjginto the area, but directions are best left unwritten as the closestenquguv!ftkxgcdng!rqkpv!nghv!pgctn{!c!jcnh.okng!qh!dwuj. driveable point left nearly a half-mile of bush- whackingyjcemkpi!kp!jgcx{!vtggu!cpf!wpfgtdtwuj!vq!hkpf!kv/ in heavy trees and underbrush to find it.

DayFc{!Nkog!Mknp-!XV.TW.3;3-!Ktc< Lime Kiln, VT-RU-292, Ira: !Vjku!mknp!ecog!vq!o{This kiln came to my attentioncvvgpvkqp!kp!ncvg!2;;3-!vjcpmu!vq!Fcxkf!Rqvvgt!qh!Yguv in late 1992, thanks to David Potter of West Rutland:Twvncpf<

K!ykuj!vq!ogpvkqp!c!nkog!mknp!vjcv!yqtmgf!hqt!ocp{I wish to mention a lime kiln that worked for many years{gctu !kinp! KIra,tc-! XVt.,v/-! vthatjcv! fdoesn'tqgup”v !appearcrrgct !inkp !your{qwt !vtext.gzv/! VThisjku wasycu!vjg!C/!G/!'!N/!Y/!Fc{!qrgtcvkqp-!nkuvgf!kp!vjg the A. E. & L. W. Day operation, listed in the RutlandTwvncpf! ECountyqwpv{! EChild'sjknf”u !GazetteerIc|gvvggt !andcpf !DirectoryFktgevqt{ ![of]]qh_ 1881.2992/!Kv!uvcvgu!vjgtg!vjg!dwukpguu!dwtpgf!3111!ndu!qh It states there the business burned 2000 lbs of nkog!rgt!cppwo/lime per annum. !!KI! mknewpgy! vthejg! fdaughtercwijvgt! qofh! qonepg! qofh! vthejg! FDay's,c{”u-! sheujg! fdiedkgf! ca! hgy!{gctu!ciq!cv!vjg!cig!qh!211,!{tu/!Ujg!tgncvgf!vjcvfew years ago at the age of 100+ yrs. She related that ascu!c!{qwpi!iktn!ujg!hgf!ocp{!dqctfgtu!vjcv!yqtmgf!cv a young girl she fed many boarders that worked at herjgt! father'shcvjgt”u !operation.qrgtcvkqp/! AlsoCnuq! sheujg! talkedvcnmgf! qofh! thevjg! manyocp{ horsejqtug!vgcou!tgswktgf!vq!oqxg!vjg!uvqpg!cpf!rtqfwev/ teams required to move the stone and product. VThejg !igrand-daughtertcpf.fcwijvgt !qofh !vthejg! FDay'sc{”u !isku !stilluvknn !kinp !tresidencegukfgpeg !catv thevjg!jqog!rnceg!cpf!eqwnf!hwtpkuj!{qw!ykvj!fgvcknu!qh home place and could furnish you with details of thevjg!qrgtcvkqp/!Vjg!mknp!uvknn!ku!rtgugpv/!Vjg!dwukpguu operation. The kiln still is present. The business recordstgeqtfu!oc{!uvknn!dg!vjgtg!)Rqvvgt!vq!Tqncpfq-!2;;3*/ may still be there (Potter to Rolando, 1992).

Vjg!297;!Dggtu!ocr!qh!Ktc!ujqyu!pq!swctt{!qt!mknp!cvThe 1869 Beers map of Ira shows no quarry or kiln at thisvjku! locationnqecvkqp! dbutwv! fdoesqgu! kidentifyfgpvkh{! •"A.C/! GE./! '&! NL./! W.Y/! Day"Fc{–! atcv thevjg!ukvg!qh!vjg!hcto/! site of the farm. FigureHkiwtg!C.45/! A-34. FragileHtcikng!tgockpu!qh!vjg!ec2982!Fc{!nkog remains of the cal 871 Day lime Child'sEjknf”u 1881!2992 !GazetteerIc|gvvggt !ofqh !RutlandTwvncpf !CountyEqwpv{ !statesuvcvgu !inkp !vthejg kilnmknp!cv!Ktc-!cu!kv!ycu!kp!2;;6/!Xkgy!ku!htqo!vjg!gcuv!ykvj at Ira, as it was in 1995. View is from the east with historyjkuvqt{! qofh! KIratc! "Limestone•Nkoguvqpg !isku !foundhqwpf !inkp !someuqog !partsrctvu! ofqh !thevjg ovalqxcn!hktgrnceg!uggp!cv!dqvvqo!egpvgt/ fireplace seen at bottom center. !Tqncpfq!rjqvq/Rolando photo. town,vqyp-!htqo!yjkej!ku!ocfg!c!xgt{!iqqf!swcnkv{!qh!nkog/ from which is made a very good quality of lime. Vjg!nkog.mknp!qh!C/!G/!'!U/!Y/!Fc{!]uke_-!nqecvgf!qp!tqcfThe lime-kiln of A. E. & S. W. Day [sic], located on road 9,;- !manufacturesocpwhcevwtgu! caboutdqwv! 2,0003-111! dbarrelscttgnu! rpergt! cannum"ppwo– !(Child)Ejknf [War]]Yct_!vkogu/!Qrgtcvqt!kp!2;11-!F/!F/!Fc{!qh!Ktc!)Fcng times. Operator in 1900, D. D. Day of Ira (Dale 1881:145;2992<256=! qp!on rcig!page 461-!350, C/!A. G/!E. cpf!and L. N/! W. Y/! Day Fc{! are ctg 1914:141).2;25<252*/ kfgpvkhkgf!cu!Ctfgp!G/!cpf!Ngqpctf!Y/!Fc{*/identified as Arden E. and Leonard W. Day). VThejg !18862997 !HistoryJkuvqt{! qofh! TRutlandwvncpf !ECountyqwpv{! ustatesvcvgu! vthatjcv! •"TheVjg ExactlyGzcevn{!yjgp!vjg!mknp!egcugf!qrgtcvkqp!ku!wpmpqyp/!Kv when the kiln ceased operation is unknown. It onlyqpn{!kpfwuvt{!qh!cp{!korqtvcpeg!]kp!Ktc_!ku!vjg!nkog!mknp industry of any importance [in Ira] is the lime kiln wasycu!nkuvgf!kp! listed in NewPgy!Gpincpf!Dwukpguu!Fktgevqt{ England Business Directory!qh!2;31 of 1920 ofqh!C/!G/!'!U/!Y/!Fc{-!yjkej!ycu!uvctvgf!cdqwv!hkhvggp A. E. & S. W. Day, which was started about fifteen ("D.)•F/! D.F/! DayFc{! &'! Sons,"Uqpu-–! pagercig! 478),589*-! dbutwv! pnotqv! inkp !thevjg !19262;37 years{gctu !cago"iq– !)(SmithUokvj !candpf !TRanncpp! 21886:634).997<745*/ !VThisjku !ywouldqwnf !omakecmg issue.kuuwg/! A C! 1924 2;35! geology igqnqi{! report tgrqtv! about cdqwv! the vjg! quarry swctt{! does fqgu thevjg!uvctvkpi!fcvg!qh!vjg!mknp!cdqwv!2982/!Vjg!swctt{!ycu starting date of the kiln about 1871. The quarry was mentionogpvkqp! vthejg! mkiln,knp-! dbutwv! qonlypn{! ywithkvj! tregardgictf! vtoq! vthejg! squarry'swctt{”u describedfguetkdgf!kp!2;25!cu!hqnnqyu< in 1914 as follows: proximityrtqzkokv{!vq!kv!)Iqtfqp!2;35<254.55*/!Kp!jku!2;35!nkuv!qh to it (Gordon 1924:143-44). In his 1924 list of nlimekog! mkilnsknpu! kinp! XVermont,gtoqpv-! IG./! JH./! RPerkinsgtmkpu! fdidn'tkfp”v !mentionogpvkqp !vthejg Vjg!Fc{!swctt{!ku!4¾!okngu!uqwvj.uqwvjyguv!qh!YguvThe Day quarry is 31/4 miles south-southwest of West DayFc{!mknp!cv!cnn!)Rgtmkpu-!2;35<462*/ kiln at all (Perkins, 1924:351). Rutland,Twvncpf-! 1 2¾!1/4 miles okngu! southeast uqwvjgcuv! qh!of the vjg! top vqr! of qh! Mount Oqwpv Vjg!mknp!ycu!xkukvgf!Lwpg!24-!2;;5-!kp!eqorcp{!ykvjThe kiln was visited June 13, 1994, in company with Herrick,Jgttkem-!kp!vjg!Vceqpke!Tcpig-!qp!vjg!2-411.hqqv!ngxgn- in the Taconic Range, on the 1,300-foot level, BobDqd!Yguv/!Vjg!Fc{!Hcto!ku!cdqwv!2-111!hggv!pqtvjyguv West. The Day Farm is about 1,000 feet northwest kp!vjg!vqyp!qh!Ktc-!Twvncpf!Eqwpv{/!Vjg!swctt{!ku!tg.in the town of Ira, Rutland County. The quarry is re- ofqh!vjg!Etquu!cpf!Yguv!Tqcfu!lwpevkqp!!kp!Ktc=!rgtokuukqp the Cross and West Roads junction in Ira; permission portedrqtvgf!cu!jcxkpi!dggp!kp!qrgtcvkqp!!kp!!Tgxqnwvkqpct{ as having been in operation in Revolutionary wasycu!pggfgf!)cpf!itcpvgf*!vq!gzrnqtg/ needed (and granted) to explore.

A-53C.64 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

Vjg!mknp!ycu!cp!ktqp!ujgnn!v{rg-!ykvj!ugxgp!dcpfu!qhThe kiln was an iron shell type, with seven bands of placedrncegf!vjg!ukvg!lwuv!pqtvj!qh!vjg!Twvncpf.Enctgpfqp!vqyp the site just north of the Rutland-Clarendon town rivetedtkxgvgf!ktqp!rncvgu!htqo!dqvvqo!vq!vqr-!oc{dg!25!hggv iron plates from bottom to top, maybe 14 feet nlinekpg! alongcnqpi! ColdEqnf! RiverTkxgt! RoadTqcf! andcpf! indicatedkpfkecvgf! "J.•L/ high.jkij/!Vjg!dqvvqo!dcpf!ku!tgkphqtegf!d{!vyq!tqwpf-!ktqp The bottom band is reinforced by two round, iron McConnell"OeEqppgnn–! qonp! vthejg! ywestguv! usidekfg! qofh! thevjg! road;tqcf=! therevjgtg! isku! nopq bindersdkpfgtu!vjcv!iktfng!vjg!uvcem/!Vjg!dqvvqo!vyq!dcpfu!jcxg that girdle the stack. The bottom two bands have indicationkpfkecvkqp!qh!vjg!nkog!mknp/! of the lime kiln. hqwt!uocnn!ktqp!cvvcejogpvu!vjcv!uvkem!qwv!htqo!vjg!ktqpfour small iron attachments that stick out from the iron FieldHkgnf!kpurgevkqp!qh!vjg!ctgc!ycu!ocfg!kp!Pqxgodgt inspection of the area was made in November bandsdcpfu!cdqwv!4!kpejgu!cpf!crrgct!vq!dg!rquukdng!xgpvkpi about 3 inches and appear to be possible venting 1994,2;;5-!vq!fgvgtokpg!kh!cp{!kfgpvkhkcdng!uwthceg!tgockpu!qh to determine if any identifiable surface remains of devices.fgxkegu/!Gcej!jcu!yjcv!crrgctu!vq!dg!c!ewtxgf!jcpfng Each has what appears to be a curved handle thevjg!nkog!mknp!gzkuv/!Vjg!hqtogt!OeEqppgnn!jqwug!ycu lime kiln exist. The former McConnell house was atopcvqr!vjgo/!Vjg!crrtqzkocvgn{!8.hqqv!fkcogvgt!ktqp!ujgnn them. The approximately 7-foot diameter iron shell hqwpf!found lwuv!just inside kpukfg! the vjg! Rutland Twvncpf! town vqyp! line, nkpg-! north pqtvj! of qh reststguvu!qp!c!tqwpf-!2;.kpej!vjkem!eqpetgvg!dcug!tgkphqtegf on a round, 19-inch thick concrete base reinforced Clarendon,Enctgpfqp-!qp!vjg!yguv!ukfg!qh!Eqnf!Tkxgt!Tqcf/!Otu on the west side of Cold River Road. Mrs withykvj!cp!ktqp!dcpf!.!cpf!vjcv!qp!c!uswctg!uvqpg!dcug/ an iron band - and that on a square stone base. Buck,Dwem-!yjq!nkxgf!vjgtg-!uckf!vjcv!{gu-!vjg!nkog!mknp!eqwnf who lived there, said that yes, the lime kiln could Kpvq!vjg!vqru!qh!vjg!pqtvj!cpf!uqwvj!uvqpg!dcugu!ctgInto the tops of the north and south stone bases are stilluvknn!dg!uggp-!kv!ycu!c!tqwpf!jqng!kp!vjg!itqwpf!vjcv!cu!c be seen, it was a round hole in the ground that as a hktg.ctejgu!)hktgrnceg!qrgpkpiu*-!tgeguugf!cdqwv!4!hggvfire-arches (fireplace openings), recessed about 3 feet childejknf!ujg!jkf!kp!vjg!jqng!vq!igv!qwv!qh!eqnf!ykpfu-!cpf!vjcv she hid in the hole to get out of cold winds, and that kpvq!vjg!ycnnu/!Gcej!ku!c!hncvvgpgf.qxcn!qrgpkpi!ocfg!qhinto the walls. Each is a flattened-oval opening made of thevjg! Buck Dwem! family hcokn{! had jcf! purchased rwtejcugf! the vjg! house jqwug! from htqo! the vjg brickdtkem!nckf!gpfykug/!C!eqnwop!qh!dtkem!nckf!hncv!wr!vjg laid endwise. A column of brick laid flat up the McConnellOeEqppgnn!hcokn{!pgctn{!211!{gctu!ciq/!Ujg!uckf!vjcv family nearly 100 years ago. She said that middleokffng!fkxkfgu!vjg!qrgpkpi!kpvq!vyq!uocnngt!qrgpkpiu- divides the opening into two smaller openings, nonepqpg!qh!vjg!Dwem!hcokn{!qrgtcvgf!vjg!mknp/!Jgt!fcwijvgt- of the Buck family operated the kiln. Her daughter, similarukoknct!vq!hktg!ctejgu!uggp!cv!vjg!nkog!mknp!twkpu!cv!Pgy to fire arches seen at the lime kiln ruins at New GailIckn!Dwem-!icxg!og!fktgevkqpu!vq!vjg!mknp-!yjkej!ycu Buck, gave me directions to the kiln, which was HavenJcxgp!)XV.CF.466=!ugg!cnuq!Tqncpfq!2;;3<331-!hkiwtg (VT-AD-355; see also Rolando 1992:220, figure hqwpf!cdqwv!c!jcnh.okng!jkmg!wr!c!vtckn!qp!vjg!gcuv!ukfg!qhfound about a half-mile hike up a trail on the east side of 8.25*/!Cv!vjg!dcug!qh!vjg!gcuv!ycnn!ku!vjg!ftcy!ctej!yjgtg7-14). At the base of the east wall is the draw arch where ColdEqnf!Urtkpi!Tqcf! Spring Road burneddwtpgf!nkog!ycu!tgoqxgf/!Vjg!ctejyc{!ku!tgeguugf!kpvq lime was removed. The archway is recessed into Vjg!twkp!ycu!hqwpf!cdqwv!44!hggv!pqtvj!qh!vjg!vtckn-The ruin was found about 33 feet north of the trail, thevjg!ycnn!cv!itqwpf!ngxgn-!cdqwv!6!hggv!ykfg!cv!vjg!dqvvqo wall at ground level, about 5 feet wide at the bottom builtdwknv!kpvq!vjg!fqypjknn!unqrg!qh!c!pgctd{!mpqnn!vjcv!ku into the downhill slope of a nearby knoll that is andcpf!31!kpejgu!jkij/!Vjg!qwvukfg!ctej!ku!ocfg!qh!vyq 20 inches high. The outside arch is made of two aboutcdqwv!211!hggv!vq!vjg!pqtvjgcuv!)gngx/!;31!hggv*/!Vjg!twkp 100 feet to the northeast (elev. 920 feet). The ruin courseseqwtugu!qh!tgf!dtkem!nckf!gpfykug=!vjg!xgtvkecn!ycnn!kpukfg of red brick laid endwise; the vertical wall inside isku! characterized ejctcevgtk|gf! d{!by c!a round tqwpf! stone uvqpg! wall ycnn! built dwknv! into kpvq! the vjg ku!is made ocfg! of qh! firebrick hktgdtkem! laid nckf! lengthwise ngpivjykug! across cetquu! the vjg! face. hceg/ downwardfqypyctf!unqrg!qh!c!pgctd{!mpqnn/!Cdqwv!291²!qh!kvu!ycnn slope of a nearby knoll. About 180° of its wall Kpukfg!vjg!dcug!ku!cp!ktqp!htcog!qp!yjkej!cv!qpg!vkogInside the base is an iron frame on which at one time exists,gzkuvu-!oquvn{!vjg!fqypyctf!ukfg!qh!vjg!mknp/!Qpg!ugevkqp mostly the downward side of the kiln. One section probablyrtqdcdn{!uwrrqtvgf!vjg!okuukpi!ktqp!fqqt/!Vjg!kpukfg!qh supported the missing iron door. The inside of ofqh!ycnn!ogcuwtgf!64!kpejgu!cdqxg!vjg!kpukfg!hnqqt-!yjkej wall measured 53 inches above the inside floor, which thisvjku! iron ktqp! frame htcog! doorway fqqtyc{! ku!is choked ejqmgf! with ykvj! pieces rkgegu! of qh containseqpvckpu!dtgcmfqyp!htqo!eqnncrugf!ycnnu/ breakdown from collapsed walls. decayedfgec{gf!uvqpg!cpf!dtkem/!Tgockpu!qh!uvqpg!hqwpfcvkqp stone and brick. Remains of stone foundation Vjg!ycnn!ycu!igpgtcnn{!44!kpejgu!vjkem-!nckp!wr!ykvjThe wall was generally 33 inches thick, lain up with wallsycnnu!gzvgpfgf!pqtvjyctf!cpf!uqwvjyctf!htqo!vjg!dcug extended northward and southward from the base roughtqwij!uvqpg!vjcv!ygtg!rncegf!ykfg!gpf!vq!vjg!kpukfg!qt stone that were placed wide end to the inside or ofqh!vjg!mknp/ the kiln. outsideqwvukfg!hceg!qh!vjg!ycnn/!Vjg!pcttqy!gpfu!qh!vjg!uvqpgu face of the wall. The narrow ends of the stones Vjg!nqy!jknn!dgjkpf!vjg!mknp!ku!eqxgtgf!ykvj!dtqmgpThe low hill behind the kiln is covered with broken wereygtg!ugv!vq!vjg!kpvgtkqt!qh!vjg!ycnn/!Pq!ukip!qh!oqtvctkpi set to the interior of the wall. No sign of mortaring stone,uvqpg-!yjkej!nqqm!nkmg!vjg!tgockpu!qh!c!eqnncrugf!uvqpg which look like the remains of a collapsed stone wasycu!hqwpf/!Uvqpgu!ygtg!igpgtcnn{!7.!d{!7.kpej!hceg!d{ found. Stones were generally 6- by 6-inch face by building.dwknfkpi/!Cv!vjg!vqr!qh!vjg!jknn!cpf!ngxgn!ykvj!vjg!vqr!qh At the top of the hill and level with the top of 12-inch23.kpej!fggr!kpvq!vjg!ycnn/!Uqog!ygtg!xct{!nctig!uvqpgu= deep into the wall. Some were vary large stones; thevjg!mknp!ku!c!uvqpg!tcor!vjcv!rtqdcdn{!uwrrqtvgf!vtcemu!vq kiln is a stone ramp that probably supported tracks to smalluocnn!uvqpgu!ygtg!wugf!hqt!ejkpmkpi!uocnn!qrgpkpiu/!Vjg stones were used for chinking small openings. The allowcnnqy !ac !usmallocnn! •"skipumkr !ecar"ct– !loadednqcfgf !withykvj !limestonenkoguvqpg !tovq !trollqnn !vtoq insidekpukfg!qh!vjg!ycnn!crrgctgf!vq!eqpvckp!fktv!cpf!uocnn of the wall appeared to contain dirt and small thevjg!vqr!qh!vjg!mknp/!Lwuv!qxgt!vjg!vqr!qh!vjku!jknn!ku!c!nctig top of the kiln Just over the top of this hill is a large stones.uvqpgu/ quarry,swctt{-!vjg!uk|g!qh!yjkej!eqwnf!pqv!dg!fgvgtokpgf!fwg!vq the size of which could not be determined due to Vjg!htqpv!qrgpkpi!qh!vjg!mknp!hcegf!fqypjknn-!vq!vjgThe front opening of the kiln faced downhill, to the thevjg!coqwpv!qh!hqnkcig/!Vjg!koogfkcvg!fgrvj!crrgctgf!kp amount of foliage. The immediate depth appeared in west.yguv/!Vjg!qrgpkpi!ycu!pqv!xkukdng!fwg!vq!vjg!coqwpv!qh The opening was not visible due to the amount of thevjg!qtfgt!qh!23!vq!26!hggv/ order of 12 to 15 feet. breakdown;dtgcmfqyp=!jqygxgt-! however, c!uocnn!cpkocn!dqttqy!kpvq!vjga small animal borrow into the basedcug! of qh! the vjg! wall ycnn! probably rtqdcdn{! extended gzvgpfgf! into kpvq! the vjg! buried dwtkgf McConnellOeEqppgnn!Nkog!Mknp-!XV.TW.3;5-!Twvncpf!Vqyp< Lime Kiln, VT-RU-294, Rutland Town: opening.qrgpkpi/!Ocp{!dkvu!qh!dwtpgf!nkog!ygtg!kp!gxkfgpeg!cv Many bits of burned lime were in evidence at Vjg!hktuv!mpqyp!mknp!kp!vjku!ctgc!ycu!qrgtcvgf!d{!LqjpThe first known kiln in this area was operated by John andcpf! near pgct! the vjg! base dcug! of qh! the vjg! wall ycnn! where yjgtg! the vjg! opening qrgpkpi! is ku McConnellOeEqppgnn!pgct!vjg!uqwvjgcuv!eqtpgt!qh!vqyp!cu!gctn{!cu near the southeast corner of town as early as supposeduwrrqugf!vq!jcxg!dggp/ to have been. 1808.2919/!Tgopcpvu!qh!vjg!qrgtcvkqp!ecp!uvknn!dg!uggp!qhh!vjg Remnants of the operation can still be seen off the Vjg!The inside kpukfg! wall ycnn! was ycu! thinly vjkpn{! coated eqcvgf! with ykvj! a c! white yjkvg gcuv!ukfg!qh!Eqnf!Tkxgt!Tqcf!cetquu!htqo!vjg!rtgugpveast side of Cold River Road across from the present substance,uwduvcpeg-!oquv!nkmgn{!tgukfwg!qh!dwtpgf!nkog/!Qvjgtykug- most likely residue ofburned lime. Otherwise, BuckDwem!jqoguvgcf/!Vjtgg!qh!jku!ceeqwpv!dqqmu-!urcppkpi homestead. Three of his account books, spanning nopq! parching rctejkpi! qt!inc|kpi!or glazing eqwnf!could dg!be found hqwpf! on qp! the vjg! inside kpukfg thevjg! years {gctu! 1811 2922! to vq! 1839, 294;-! are ctg! housed jqwugf! at cv! the vjg! Vermont Xgtoqpv walls.ycnnu/! HistoricalJkuvqtkecn!Uqekgv{!)Jcpeg!2;;2<631.32*/ Society (Hance 1991:520-21). QuarriesSwcttkgu!htqo!yjkej!uvqpg!okijv!jcxg!dggp!ftcyp!hqt from which stone might have been drawn for Vjg!The 1854 2965! Scott Ueqvv! and cpf! 1869 297;! Beers Dggtu! maps ocru! of qh! Rutland Twvncpf burningdwtpkpi!nc{!cdqwv!c!jwpftgf!hggv!gcuv!cpf!uqwvjgcuv/ lay about a hundred feet east and southeast.

A-54C.65 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

Hwnngt!Nkog!Mknp-!HU.66)TW*-!Oqwpv!Jqnn{

A-55C.66 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

WashingtonYcujkpivqp!Eqwpv{ County 1992:270,2;;3<381-!YF.237*-!dwv!owej!oqtg!ycu! WD-126), but much more was found. hqwpf/!Vjg The overallqxgtcnn! usitekvg! kisu! canp! kindustrialpfwuvtkcn! carcheologist'stejgqnqikuv”u !findhkpf !ofqh! ac! nlife-khg. Hquvgt!Nkog!Mknp-!YC.NM12-!EcnckuMassachusetts ofqh!vjg!rqpf/!)Dcemocp!vq!Rggdngu-!Ugrvgodgt!39-!2;;6*/ the pond. (Backman to Peebles, September 28, 1995). stateuvcvg!nkpg/!Dghqtg!vjg!Ujgtocp!Fco!ycu!dwknv!kp!2;37- line. Before the Sherman Dam was built in 1926, Kp!Lwpg!2;;7-!vjg!ukvg!ycu!xkukvgf!cnqpi!ykvj!ugxgp!qtIn June 1996, the site was visited along with seven or thevjg !DeerfieldFggthkgnf !rantcp !vthroughjtqwij! ca! fdeepggr! igorgeqtig! jhere;gtg=! vtodayqfc{! kit'sv”u !ca gkijv!rgqrng-!ngf!d{!Rtkuegnnc!Dcemocp/!Chvgt!c!ujqtv-eight people, led by Priscella Backman. After a short, ncmg!lake - .! Sherman Ujgtocp! Reservoir Tgugtxqkt! .!- uqog!some 211!100 feet hggv! above cdqxg! its kvu quarter-mileswctvgt.okng!jkmg!vjtqwij!vjg!yqqfu-!yg!hqwpf!c!uocnn hike through the woods, we found a small hqtogt!tkxgt!jgkijv/former river height. concentrationeqpegpvtcvkqp!qh!uvqpgu!vjcv!yg!ygtg!vqnf!ycu!vjg!mknp/ of stones that we were told was the kiln. HavingJcxkpi! uggp!seen uq!so many ocp{! nkog!lime mknpu!kilns kp!in various xctkqwu! rctvu!parts of qh EarlyGctn{!jkuvqt{!qh!Nkog!Jqnnqy history of Lime Hollow Vermont,Xgtoqpv-!K!ucy!pqvjkpi!jgtg!vjcv!eqpxkpegf!og!vjku!ycu I saw nothing here that convinced me this was "Lime•Nkog! Hollow"Jqnnqy–! describesfguetkdgu! ancp !areactgc !southuqwvj !ofqh !ReadsboroTgcfudqtq thevjg!tgockpu!qh!c!nkog!mknp!)cnvjqwij!K!eqwnf!dg!ytqpi*/! remains of a lime kiln (although I could be wrong). villagexknncig!vjcv!gzvgpfu!kpvq!uqwvjyguvgtp!Yjkvkpijco!kp that extends into southwestern Whitingham in VThejg! recordtgeqtf! kinp! Foster'sHquvgt”u !journallqwtpcn !ofqh !diggingfkiikpi! marloctn! andcpf WindhamYkpfjco!Eqwpv{/!Kv!ku!qp!vjg!gcuv!ukfg!qh!vjg!Fggthkgnf County. It is on the east side of the Deerfield hwnnkpi!cpf!ftcykpi!vjg!mknp-!cpf!c!hgy!tghgtgpegu!vqfulling and drawing the kiln, and a few references to River,Tkxgt-!yjkej!dgeqogu!vjg!Ujgtocp!Tgugtxqkt!cv!cdqwv which becomes the Sherman Reservoir at about beingdgkpi! •"atcv! thevjg! LittleNkvvng! rpond"qpf–! fdon'tqp”v! appearcrrgct! vtoq! dbeg! tiedvkgf! tovq thevjg!Jcttkocp!Rqygt!Rncpv!)nqecvgf!cv!vjg!vqyp0eqwpv{ Harriman Power Plant (located at the town/county gkvjgt!urgekhkecnn{/!Tgictfnguu-!vjg!octn!fkiikpi!cpf!vjgeither specifically. Regardless, the marl digging and the boundary).dqwpfct{*/!Nkog!Jqnnqy-!vjgtghqtg-!uvtcffngu!vyq!vqypu Lime Hollow, therefore, straddles two towns nkog!dwtpkpi!crrgct!vq!dg!kp!vjg!ucog!xkekpkv{-!uq!c!nkoglime burning appear to be in the same vicinity, so a lime inkp!vyq!eqwpvkgu/! two counties. kilnmknp!ycu!)kuA*!pq!fqwdv!uqogyjgtg!kp!vjg!ctgc!qh!Nkvvng was (is?) no doubt somewhere in the area of Little LimeNkog!dwtpkpi!uvctvgf!cv!Nkog!Jqnnqy!cu!gctn{!cu!2931 burning started at Lime Hollow as early as 1820 Pond.Rqpf/ whenyjgp!uqogqpg!hqwpf!iqqf-!dwtpcdng!nkoguvqpg!pgctd{ someone found good, burnable limestone nearby BeingDgkpi!kpjgtgpvn{!uvcdng!fwg!vq!vjgkt!nqy-!uswcv!fgukip- inherently stable due to their low, squat design, andcpf!tqcuvgf!kv!hqt!citkewnvwtcn!wug/!D{!2941!vjgtg!ygtg!cu roasted it for agricultural use. By 1830 there were as mostoquv! lime nkog! kilns mknpu! survive uwtxkxg! many ocp{! decades fgecfgu! after chvgt! being dgkpi manyocp{!cu!pkpg!mknpu!qrgtcvkpi!kp!Yjkvkpijco=!vjtgg!dgkpi as nine kilns operating in Whitingham; three being abandoned.cdcpfqpgf/!Dwv!cv!vjg!Nkvvng!Rqpf!ukvg!yjgtg!yg!ygtg!ngf But at the Little Pond site where we were led inkp!vjg!Nkog!Jqnnqy!ugevkqp!qh!vqyp!)Lknnuqp!29;5<57*/ the Lime Hollow section of town (Jillson 1894:46). therevjgtg!ygtg!vqq!hgy!uvqpgu-!nkvvng!hncv!yqtmkpi!ctgc-!pq were too few stones, little flat working area, no Vjg!2967!Jctyqqf!ocr!qh!Dgppkpivqp!Eqwpv{!ujqyuThe 1856 Harwood map of Bennington County shows visiblexkukdng!swctt{!qt!uqwteg!qh!uvqpg!vq!dwtp-!cpf!pq!ukip!qh quarry or source of stone to burn, and no sign of ac!hqwtvj! fourth lime nkog!mknp-!qrgtcvgf!d{!Cocfgp!'!Uqp-! kiln, operated by Amaden & Son, also cnuq anycp{!dwtpgf!nkog!vjcv!ujqwnf! burned lime that should have jcxg!dggp! been strewn uvtgyp!cdqwv about operatingqrgtcvkpi!cdqwv!vjg!ucog!vkog!kp!vjg!Tgcfudqtq!rctv!qh about the same time in the Readsboro part of duringfwtkpi!vjg!{gctu!qh!dwtpkpi/!Cpf!vjg!ukvg!ycu!qpn{!c!hgy the years of burning. And the site was only a few LimeNkog!Jqnnqy!)ugg!Tqncpfq!2;;3<376-!DG.HU8*/!Pcogu Hollow (see Rolando 1992:265, BE-F57). Names hfeetggv! hfromtqo! vthejg! ywater'scvgt”u !edge,gfig- !whichyjkej !wasycu !notpqv !whereyjgtg! ac !kilnmknp associatedcuuqekcvgf!ykvj!vjg!nkog!kpfwuvt{!kp!Yjkvkpijco!ygtg with the lime industry in Whitingham were wouldyqwnf!jcxg!dggp!dwknv-!qp!fcor!itqwpf!vjcv!yqwnf!jcxg have been built, on damp ground that would have BishopDkujqr! (Beers )Dggtu! YkpfjcoWindham !1869:36), 297;<47*-! Lqjp!John Parsons Rctuqpu! and cpf drainedftckpgf!cyc{!vjg!jgcv/!Pq!tqcf!kp!qt!qwv!ycu!crrctgpv/ away the heat. No road in or out was apparent. BenjaminDgplcokp! Dcvvngu!Battles (Jillson )Lknnuqp! 1894:46), 29;5<57*-! and cpf! Rev. Tgx/! Nathan Pcvjcp UStatusvcvwu! qofh! vthisjku! usitekvg! kisu! •"NeedsPggfu! moreoqtg! hfieldkgnf! ywork."qtm/– DruryFtwt{!Ujgtocp!)Inqxgt!gv!cn/-!2;;5*/ Sherman (Glover et al., 1994). OnQp! November Pqxgodgt! 7-!6, 1867, 2978-! the vjg! Whitingham Yjkvkpijco! Lead Ngcf! and cpf WindhamYkpfjco!Eqwpv{ County Uknxgt!Okpkpi!Eqorcp{!ycu!ejctvgtgf!d{!vjg!IgpgtcnSilver Mining Company was chartered by the General Assembly.Cuugodn{/!Eqtrqtcvg!ogodgtu!ygtg!O/!D/!Dkujqr-!Y/ Corporate members were M. B. Bishop, W. AC!Dtkgh!Jkuvqt{!qh!Vjg!Xgtoqpv!Nkog!cpf!vjg Brief History of The Vermont Lime and the H.J/!Hqnngvv!cpf!C/!J/!Vwemgt!qh!Tgcfudqtq-!cpf!Rctng{ Follett and A. H. Tucker of Readsboro, and Parley Ujgtocp!Ectdkfg!Eqorcpkgu!cv!YjkvkpijcoSherman Carbide Companies at Whitingham Uvctt-!J/!P/!Jkz-!cpf!Ujwdcgn!Cvjgtvqp!qh!Yjkvkpijco/Starr, H. N. Hix, and Shubael Atherton of Whitingham. MostOquv! were ygtg! businessmen dwukpguuogp! kp!in either gkvjgt! town. vqyp/! The Vjg! charter ejctvgt IntroductionKpvtqfwevkqp authorizedcwvjqtk|gf! vthejg! ecompanyqorcp{! vtoq! gexplorezrnqtg! •"forhqt! nlead,gcf-! usilverknxgt! candpf Vjku!ukvg!ycu!nkvgtcnn{!uvwodngf!kpvq!This site was literally stumbled into vjg!hcnn!qh!2;;1the fall of 1990 otherqvjgt!qtgu!cpf!okpgtcnu-!cpf!hqt!yqtmkpi-!uognvkpi!cpf ores and minerals, and for working, smelting and whileyjkng!ejgemkpi!qwv!c! checking out a possible rquukdng!nkog!mknp!twkp! lime kiln ruin that vjcv!eq. co- vendingxgpfkpi! vthejg! usame."cog/–! (Acts)Cevu !2978<295.297*/!Vjg!Xgtoqpv1867:184-186). The Vermont worker,yqtmgt-!Tqdgtv!Fkqp!cv!IG!Cgtqurceg-!Rkvvuhkgnf-!Ocuu/- Robert Dion at GE Aerospace, Pittsfield, Mass., GeneralIgpgtcn!Cuugodn{!kuuwgf!77!ejctvgtu!hqt!pgy!dwukpguu Assembly issued 66 charters for new business hadjcf!vqnf!og!cdqwv/!Cpf!vjcv!twkp!ycu!hqwpf!)ugg!Tqncpfq told me about. And that ruin was found (see Rolando thatvjcv!{gct!)c!rquukdng!tguwnv!qh!vjg!gpf!qh!vjg!Ekxkn!YctA*/ year (a possible result of the end of the Civil War?).

A-56C.67 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

•

761

FigureHkiwtg!C.46/! A-35. Vjg!uqwvjyguvgtp!eqtpgt!qhThe southwestern corner of Yjkvkpijco!cpf!vjg!cntgcf{!kpfwuvtkcn.Whitingham and the already industrial- izedk|gf !•"LimeNkog !Hollow"Jqnnqy– !areactgc !ascu !itkv !cappearedrrgctgf inkp!297;/!Cnn!vjg!oclqt!rnc{gtu!cpf!vjgkt 1869. All the major players and their theirvjgkt!okpkpi!xgpvwtgu!ctg!kpfkecvgf mining ventures are indicated./ BeersDggtu! YkpfjcoWindham !297;<47/1869:36.

h 161' St"

e5X1.1711freay enp€1/1 97. ID/ST E ! yi 1,6 Phs1, f b Akto---VrB (Sherii, Ca *Over 90 .1. herge.

•1•••=•••

Kp!297;-!vjg!Tgx/!P/!F/!Ujgtocp!ycu!qrgtcvkpi!c!nkogIn 1869, the Rev. N. D. Sherman was operating a lime thevjg!tckntqcf!uvcvkqp-!yjkej!ugtxgf!vjg!Ujgtocp!hcokn{ railroad station, which served the Sherman family kilnmknp!cpf!yqtmkpi!c!pgctd{!swctt{!vjcv!ycu!kfgpvkhkgf!qp and working a nearby quarry that was identified on andcpf!vjgkt!pgkijdqtu!wpvkn!kv!enqugf!kp!2;13!)Uykhv!2;88< their neighbors until it closed in 1902 (Swift 1977: thevjg! DBeersggtu! omapcr! casu! •"Rev.Tgx/! PN./! !D.F/ !Sherman'sUjgtocp”u !SilverUknxgt! OMine"kpg– 625*/!Ykvj!vjg!tckntqcf-!vjg!xknncig!qh!Ujgtocp!cpf!Nkog514). With the railroad, the village of Sherman and Lime (figure)hkiwtg !A-35).C.46*/ !TheVjg !sameucog !omapcr !kidentifiesfgpvkhkgu !ca !•"LeadNgcf !'& !USilverknxgt Hollow,Jqnnqy-! ocfg!made a c! significant ukipkhkecpv! stride uvtkfg! toward vqyctf! industrial- kpfwuvtkcn. Mine"Okpg– !justlwuv !tovq !vthejg !pnorthqtvj! qofh! USherman'sjgtocp”u !nearpgct !thevjg !namepcog !•"M.O/ ization,k|cvkqp-! dbutwv! dby{! vthejg! vturnwtp! qofh! vthejg! ecenturygpvwt{! vthejg! •"silveruknxgt! dboom"qqo– B.D/ !DBishop"kujqr– !andcpf !anothercpqvjgt !onqp !thevjg !ywestguv !usidekfg !qofh! vthejg! FDeerfieldggthkgnf peteredrgvgtgf!qwv-!lwuv!cu!kpvgtguv!vwtpgf!vq!c!nguu!incoqtqwu out, just as interest turned to a less glamorous RiverTkxgt !associatedcuuqekcvgf !withykvj !thevjg !pnamecog! •"A.C/! YW./ !UShumway."jwoyc{/– !VThejg mineralokpgtcn!.!Ujgtocp!Octdng/ - Sherman Marble. recentlytgegpvn{!ejctvgtgf!Yjkvkpijco!Ngcf!cpf!Uknxgt!Okpkpi chartered Whitingham Lead and Silver Mining CompanyEqorcp{!fqgu!pqv!crrgct!qp!vjg!ocr/ does not appear on the map. TheVjg!Xgtoqpv!Nkog!cpf!Ujgtocp!Ectdkfg!Eqorcpkgu Vermont Lime and Sherman Carbide Companies ByD{! 1894,29;5-! "no•pq !startlinguvctvnkpi !resultstguwnvu !havejcxg !beendggp !developedfgxgnqrgf KInp !ca! 21984;95! rpapercrgt! caboutdqwv!• "OldQnf! TReadsborogcfudqtq! candpf!Y Whitingham,"jkvkpijco-– duringfwtkpi!vjg!31!{gctu!qh!]vjg!Yjkvkpijco!Ngcf!cpf!Uknxct the 20 years of [the Whitingham Lead and Silvar 87thvj-grade.itcfg! ustudentvwfgpv! ECharlottejctnqvvg! NLefebvreghgdxtg! ywrotetqvg! •"IK! camo! ex-gz. MiningOkpkpi !ECompany's]qorcp{”u_ !existence"gzkuvgpeg– !(Jillson)Lknnuqp !1894:47).29;5<58*/ !DuringFwtkpi pectingrgevkpi!vq!tgegkxg!c!ocr!cpf!c!eqr{!qh!cp!qtkikpcn!ngvvgt to receive a map and a copy of an original letter thatvjcv!vkog!vjg!JV'Y!jcf!dggp!dwknv!cpf!c!uocnn!xknncig time the HT&W had been built and a small village headjgcf!htqo!vjg!Xgtoqpv!Nkog!Eqorcp{!fcvgf!Fgegodgt from the Vermont Lime Company dated December thatvjcv!itgy!ctqwpf!vjg!nkog!mknpu!cpf!ucy!oknnu!dgecog!c grew around the lime kilns and saw mills became a 2,3- !19072;18! whichyjkej! KI! ywillknn! addcff! tovq !thisvjku !report."tgrqtv/– !ThisVjku !givesikxgu! thevjg railroadtckntqcf! stopuvqr! calledecnngf! "Shermans."•Ujgtocpu/–! TheVjg !USWU !GovernmentIqxgtpogpv hktuv-!gctn{!fcvg!hqt!vjku!pgy!eqorcp{/!Vjg!2;21!kuuwg!qhfirst, early date for this new company. The 1910 issue of tookvqqm!pqvkeg!cpf!qrgpgf!c!uocnn!rquv!qhhkeg-!rtqdcdn{!cv notice and opened a small post office, probably at thevjg! Pgy!New England Gpincpf! Business Dwukpguu! Directory Fktgevqt{! (page )rcig! 425) 536*

A-57C.68 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A mentionedogpvkqpgf !"Vermont•Xgtoqpv !LimeNkog !Company,Eqorcp{- !TReadsboro"gcfudqtq– !inkp !vthejg sessionuguukqp!)Jwddctf!2;35<372.373*/!Vjg!uvwfgpvu!tgikuvgt. (Hubbard 1924:261-262). The students register- "lime•nkog !business"dwukpguu– !categoryecvgiqt{ !(the)vjg !previousrtgxkqwu !availablecxckncdng! issue,kuuwg- ingkpi!hqt!vjku!eqwtug!pwodgtgf!htqo!ukz!vq!vygnxg-!cpf!vjg for this course numbered from six to twelve, and the 1902,2;13-! mentioned ogpvkqpgf! nkog!lime dgkpi!being ocfg!made qpn{!only cv!at Ira Ktc! and cpf workyqtm!ycu!ecttkgf!qwv!qp!vjtgg!uwoogtu!kp!uqwvj.egpvtcn was carried out on three summers in south-central Colchester,Eqnejguvgt-!pqv!Yjkvkpijco!qt!Tgcfudqtq*/! not Whitingham or Readsboro). Vermont.Xgtoqpv/!Kp!2;35-!vjg!encuu!pwodgtgf!pkpg!htqo!vjtgg In 1924, the class numbered nine from three WhatYjcv!ku!vjku!pgy!nkog!eqorcp{A!Ycu!kv!cv!UjgtocpuA is this new lime company? Was it at Shermans? colleges:eqnngigu

A-58C.69 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

•Ale • 1 Iltk ;.

•

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• 11 r.

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FigureHkiwtg!C.47/! A-36. Vjg!Ujgtocp!Ectdkfg!Eqorcp{!eqorngz!cv!kv!crrgctgf!uqogvkog!dghqtg!dgkpi!tc|gf-!dwv!rquukdn{!chvgtThe Sherman Carbide Company complex at it appeared sometime before being razed, but possibly after closingenqukpi!)ec2;31A*/!Xkgy!ku!nqqmkpi!gcuv!htqo!cetquu!vjg!Fggthkgnf!Tkxgt!dghqtg!kv!ycu!hnqqfgf/!Pqvg!qpg!qh!vjg!vyq (ca 1 920?). View is looking east from across the Deerfield River before it was flooded. Note one of the two concreteeqpetgvg!ycvgt!uvqtcig!vqygtu!cv!wrrgt!tkijv-!c!dwknfkpi!eqpvckpkpi!vjtgg!hwtpcegu!)vjtgg!ctejgu*!cv!nqygt!tkijv-!cpf water storage towers at upper right, a building containing three furnaces (three arches) at lower right, and c!nctig-!nqpi!uwrrn{!qh!tcy!uvqpg!kp!vjg!egpvgt-!yjkej!ycu!ftcyp!htqo!vjg!swctt{!vjcv!ku!dgjkpf!vjg!jknn!qhh.rjqvq!vqa large, long supply of raw stone in the center, which was drawn from the quarry that is behind the hill off-photo to right.tkijv/ !www.alpenwald.com/earlyreadsboro,yyy/cnrgpycnf/eqo0gctn{tgcfudqtq- !"Lime•Nkog !KilnMknp !AcrossCetquu! TRiver."kxgt/– !!

upstreamwruvtgco! from htqo! Sherman Ujgtocp! Bridge Dtkfig! are ctg!uocnn! small outcrops qwvetqru HubbardJwddctf!cnuq!ogpvkqpgf!hkpfkpi!vtgoqnkvg-!cevkpqnkvg- also mentioned finding tremolite, actinolite, whichyjkej!ygtg!qrgpgf!eqoogtekcnn{!nqpi!ciq!)Jwddctf were opened commercially long ago (Hubbard micaokec!)owueqxkvg*-!cpf!r{tkvg!kp!vjg!Ujgtocp!octdng!pgct (muscovite), and pyrite in the Sherman marble near 1924:271).2;35<382*/ thevjg!qnf!ectdkfg!rncpv/ old carbide plant.

Vjg!2967!OeEngnncp!cpf!Dggtu!297;!ocru!qh!Yjkvkpi.The 1856 McClellan and Beers 1869 maps of Whiting- Uqog!Some very xgt{! showy ujqy{! specimens urgekogpu! [of ]qh! tremolite vtgoqnkvg! and cpf hamjco!dqvj!ujqy!c!dtkfig!etquukpi!vjg!Fggthkgnf!Tkxgt!cv both show a bridge crossing the Deerfield River at actinolite]cevkpqnkvg_!eqnngevgf!pgct!vjg!wrrgt!eqpvcevu-!cnuq!pgct collected near the upper contacts, also near aboutcdqwv!Ujgtocp-!dwv!vjg!29;;!WUIU!Yknokpivqp!vqrq Sherman, but the 1899 USGS Wilmington topo thevjg!tckntqcf!pgct!Ujgtocp////!Vjg!et{uvcnu!ctg!nqpi- railroad near Sherman.... The crystals are long, doesn't.fqgup”v/! WhatYjcv !"bridge"•dtkfig– !HubbardJwddctf! addressedcfftguugf! abovecdqxg! ascu prismatic,rtkuocvke-!qhvgp!xgt{!ungpfgt!cpf!tcpig!kp!eqnqt!htqo often very slender and range in color from "Sherman•Ujgtocp !Bridge"Dtkfig– !isku !unknown.wpmpqyp/ whiteyjkvg!vjtqwij!fgnkecvg!vkpvu!qh!cswcoctkpg!vq!itggp through delicate tints of aquamarine to green andcpf!gxgp!fctm!itggp!)Jwddctf!2;35<385.386*/! even dark green (Hubbard 1924:274-275). !!!Cv!Ujgtocp-!itcrjkvg!ku!eqooqp!rctvkewnctn{!kp!vjgAt Sherman, graphite is common particularly in the nqygt!nc{gtu!gzrqugf/!Et{uvcnu!cu!nctig!cu!rgcu!qeewt-lower layers exposed. Crystals as large as peas occur, KInp! summinguwookpi! wup,r-! underwpfgt! thevjg! headingjgcfkpi! ofqh !"Economic•Geqpqoke butdwv!oqtg!htgswgpvn{!vjg{!ctg!ogtg!urgemu!vq!vjg!uk|g!qh more frequently they are mere specks to the size of Resources,"Tguqwtegu-– !HubbardJwddctf! states:uvcvgu< pinrkp!jgcfu/!Owej!qh!vjg!itcrjkvg!ku!kp!dwpejgu-!dwv heads. Much of the graphite is in bunches, but someuqog!ku!kp!oqtg!qt!nguu!eqpvkpwqwu!nc{gtu-!ocmkpi!vjg is in more or less continuous layers, making the Kp!urkvg!qh!c!iqqf!fgcn!qh!kpvgtguv-!pqv!vq!uc{!oknfIn spite of a good deal of interest, not to say mild rocktqem!itc{!cpf!uvtgcmgf/!Ucorngu!eqwnf!dg!vcmgp!jcxkpi gray and streaked. Samples could be taken having excitementgzekvgogpv!qxgt!rquukdng!ygcnvj!kp!ogvcnnke!qtgu!kp!vjg over possible wealth in metallic ores in the 1021!vq!26&!itcrjkvg/!Oquv!qh!kv!ku!hqnkcvgf!qt!hncm{- to 15% graphite. Most of it is foliated or flaky, ReadsboroTgcfudqtq!tgikqp-!kv!uggou!pgeguuct{!vq!uvcvg!vjcv!vjg region, it seems necessary to state that the someuqog! ujqyu!shows c!a radiate tcfkcvg! pattern. rcvvgtp/! Itcrjkvg!Graphite ku!is pqv!not so uq placernceg!jcu!pq!rtqokug!qh!korqtvcpeg!kp!vjku!fktgevkqp/ has no promise of importance in this direction. commoneqooqp! jkijgt!higher wr!up in kp! the vjg! Sherman Ujgtocp! outcrops, qwvetqru-! but dwv GoldIqnf!cpf!uknxgt!uq!ctfgpvn{!uqwijv!cv!vkog!d{!ogp!ctg and silver so ardently sought at time by men are occursqeewtu!pgctn{!cnn!vjtqwij!vjg!tqem/!Kp!qvjgt!rncegu!kv!ku nearly all through the rock. In other places it is notpqv!vq!dg!hqwpf!jgtg!kp!yqtmcdng!swcpvkvkgu/!Vtcegu!qh to be found here in workable quantities. Traces of alsocnuq!urctkpi/!Cv!ecor-!qp!vjg!Yjkvpg{!hcto!qpg.jcnh sparing. At camp, on the Whitney farm one-half thevjg!hqtogt!jcxg!dggp!hqwpf-!hcmg!cuuc{u!jcxg!ocfg former have been found, fake assays have made mileokng! east gcuv! of qh! Readsboro, Tgcfudqtq-! many ocp{! small uocnn! crystals et{uvcnu! were ygtg disturbingfkuvwtdkpi!tgvwtpu-!dwv!vjg!uvgtp!hcev!tgockpu!vjcv!oqtg returns, but the stern fact remains that more seen.uggp/!)Jwddctf!2;35<384.385*/ (Hubbard 1924:273-274). moneyoqpg{!jcf!cntgcf{!dggp!rwv!kpvq!vjg!!iqnf!!cpf!!uknxgt had already been put into the gold and silver

A-59C.6; 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

miningokpkpi!dwukpguu!qh!vjku!nkvvng!tgikqp!vjcv!jcu!gxgt!dggp business of this little region that has ever been schoolhouse,uejqqnjqwug-! candpf! ywhatjcv! RPAL,CN-! KInc.,pe/-! describedfguetkdgf! casu! "the•vjg takenvcmgp!qwv!qt!ku!nkcdng!vq!dg!vcmgp!qwv-!pq!ocvvgt!jqy out or is liable to be taken out, no matter how colossaleqnquucn! truinswkpu! qofh! ca! nlatecvg !kindustrialpfwuvtkcn! periodrgtkqf! ecarbidectdkfg! yworks"qtmu– muchowej!oc{!{gv!dg!kpxguvgf////!Vjg!ejkgh!xcnwgu!ykvj may yet be invested.... The chief values with (Glover)Inqxgt!gv!cn/!2;;5<;5*/! et al. 1994:94). geologicigqnqike! eqppgevkqpu!connections ctg!are uqknu-!soils, water, ycvgt-! and cpf! water ycvgt Vjg!Dkujqr!nkog!mknp-!pqv!hqwpf!d{!vjku!ytkvgt!kp!2;;1-The Bishop lime kiln, not found by this writer in 1990, power,rqygt-!dwknfkpi!cpf!tqcf!ocvgtkcnu-!itcxgnu-!cpf!ucpfu/ building and road materials, gravels, and sands. wasycu!cnuq!pqv!hqwpf!d{!RCN-!Kpe/!)ugg!Tqncpfq!2;;3<37;- also not found by PAL, Inc. (see Rolando 1992:269, (Hubbard)Jwddctf!2;35<44;.451*/ 1924:339-340). WD-FS14).YF.HU25*/!Kv!ycu!vjqwijv!kp!2;;1!vjcv!kv!okijv!jcxg It was thought in 1990 that it might have !!!Vjg!octdng!cv!Ujgtocp!jcu!dggp!ujqyp!d{!cevwcnThe marble at Sherman has been shown by actual beendggp!kp!vjg!xkekpkv{!qh!c!itcxgn!rkv!cpf!fguvtq{gf!fwg!vq in the vicinity of a gravel pit and destroyed due to usewug!vq! to be dg! valuable xcnwcdng!hqt! for the vjg!ocpwhcevwtg! manufacture of qh!ecnekwo calcium constructioneqpuvtwevkqp!qh!vjg!JV'YTT-!vjg!ceeqorcp{kpi!tqcf- of the HT&WRR, the accompanying road, carbide.ectdkfg/!Fwtkpi!vjg!gctn{!rctv!qh!vjg!yct!]Yqtnf!Yct During the early part of the war [World War orqt! both, dqvj-! but dwv! that vjcv! subsurface uwduwthceg! remains tgockpu! might okijv! yet {gv! exist. gzkuv/ K_!I] a c! plant rncpv! for hqt! its kvu! manufacture ocpwhcevwtg! was ycu! constructed eqpuvtwevgf! at cv PAL,RCN-!Kpe-!igpgtcnn{!citggf!ykvj!vjku!hkpfkpi-!cffkpi!vjcv Inc, generally agreed with this fmding, adding that Ujgtocp!cv!c!nctig!equv/!C!xgt{!gzegnngpv!rtqfwev!ycuSherman at a large cost. A very excellent product was thevjg!itcxgnkpi!qrgtcvkqp-!yjkej!ycu!rtqdcdn{!cuuqekcvgf graveling operation, which was probably associated madeocfg!hqt!ukz!qt!gkijv!{gctu-!dwv!cdqwv!c!{gct!ciq!vjg for six or eight years, but about a year ago the withykvj!vjg!eqpuvtwevkqp!qh!vjg!Jcttkocp!cpf0qt!Ujgtocp the construction of the Harriman and/or Sherman plantrncpv!ujwv!fqyp!cpf!pqy!kv!ku!dgkpi!fkuocpvngf/!Vjgtg shut down and now it is being dismantled. There developments,fgxgnqrogpvu-! korcevgf!impacted vjgug! these ukvgu!sites )Inqxgt!(Glover gv!et al., cn/- seemsuggou!vq!dg!pq!nqecn!tgcuqp!yj{!vjg!rtqeguu!ujqwnf to be no local reason why the process should 1994:96).2;;5<;7*/ notpqv!dg!uweeguuhwnn{!ecttkgf!hqtyctf/!Dwv!vjg!rnceg!ku be successfully carried forward. But the place is PAL,RCN-!Kpe/-!cnuq!xgtkhkgf!c!nkog!mknp!twkp!vjcv!ycu!hqwpf Inc., also verified a lime kiln ruin that was found someuqog!fkuvcpeg!htqo!c!eqcn!uwrrn{!cpf!qwv!qp!c!uvwd distance from a coal supply and out on a stub andcpf!tgeqtfgf!kp!2;;1!)Inqxgt!gv!cn/-!2;;5<;7=!Tqncpfq recorded in 1990 (Glover et al., 1994:96; Rolando railroadtckntqcf! gzrgpukxg!expensive vq!to qrgtcvg!operate cpf!and these vjgug! things vjkpiu! are ctg 1992:270,2;;3<381-!XV.YF.237*/ VT-WD-126). handicaps.jcpfkecru/!Qp!vjg!qvjgt!jcpf!vjg!rncpv!ku!hct!gpqwij On the other hand the plant is far enough AdditionalCffkvkqpcn!ukvgu!nqecvgf!cpf!tgeqtfgf!kp!vjg!urqv!ejgem sites located and recorded in the spot check htqo!kpfwuvtkcn!egpvgtu!vq!jcxg!nkvvng!qt!pq!fgvtkogpvcnfrom industrial centers to have little or no detrimental areactgc!ctg!cu!hqnnqyu!)kp!ugswgpeg!d{!ukvg!kfgpvkhkecvkqp are as follows (in sequence by site identification contactseqpvcevu!ykvj!vjg!nctig!ncdqt!rtqdngo/! with the large labor problem. Further, Hwtvjgt-! the vjg number).pwodgt*/!Cnn!gzegrv!vjg!ectdkfg!rncpv!cpf!vjg!ucy!oknn All except the carbide plant and the saw mill productrtqfwev!ku!enckogf!vq!dg!xgt{!uwrgtkqt/!Vjg!octdng!ku is claimed to be very superior. The marble is andcpf! dam fco! are ctg! indicated kpfkecvgf! qp!on the vjg! Beers Dggtu! 1869 297;! map ocr! of qh abundantcdwpfcpv!cpf!xgt{!gcukn{!iqvvgp!htqo!swctt{!vq!rncpv/ and very easily gotten from quarry to plant. WhitinghamYjkvkpijco!kp!Fkuvtkev!25!)hkiwtg!C.46-!rcig!C.68*/ in District 14 (figure A-35, page A-57). Vjg!igqnqike!cpf!igqitcrjke!eqpfkvkqpu!oc{!dg!eqp.The geologic and geographic conditions may be con- sideredukfgtgf!xgt{!ucvkuhcevqt{!)Jwddctf!2;35<453*/ very satisfactory (Hubbard 1924:342). Rev.Tgx/!P/!F/!Ujgtocp!tgukfgpeg-!XV.YF.253< N. D. Sherman residence, VT-WD-142:!!Tgx/!P/ Rev. N. D.F/!)Pcvjcp!Ftwt{*!Ujgtocp!ycu!dqtp!2929!kp!Ucxq{- (Nathan Drury) Sherman was born 1818 in Savoy, Ujgtocp!TgxkukvgfSherman Revisited Mass.,Ocuu/-!cttkxgf!cv!Yjkvkpijco!htqo!vjgtg!kp!2951-!ugvvngf arrived at Whitingham from there in 1840, settled ForHqt!vyq!oqpvju!vjg!uwoogt!qh!2;;4-!Rwdnke!Ctejcgqnqi{ two months the summer of 1993, Public Archaeology onqp!c!hcto!cpf!eqoogpegf!rtgcejkpi!cv!vjg!Wpkxgtucnkuv a farm and commenced preaching at the Universalist Laboratory,Ncdqtcvqt{-!Kpe-!)RCN-!Kpe*!qh!Rcyvwemgv-!TK-!eqpfwevgf Inc, (PAL, Inc) of Pawtucket, RI, conducted ChurchEjwtej!kp!2966!)Ejknf!2995<415=!Ujgtocp!2;;2<2;42*/ in 1855 (Child 1884:304; Sherman 1991:1931). ancp!ctejcgqnqi{!uwtxg{!)Rjcug!KC*!hqt!gkijv!j{ftqgngevtke archaeology survey (Phase IA) for eight hydroelectric HisJku! residence tgukfgpeg! ku!is shown ujqyp! qp!on the vjg! 1869 297;! Beers Dggtu! map ocr! of qh developmentsfgxgnqrogpvu!cnqpi!vjg!Fggthkgnf!Tkxgt!kp!Xgtoqpv!cpf along the Deerfield River in Vermont and WhitinghamYjkvkpijco! qp!on vjg!the qrrqukvg!opposite )uqwvj*!(south) ukfg!side qh!of a c! small uocnn MassachusettsOcuucejwugvvu!)ugg!Inqxgt!gv!cn/-!2;;5*/!Vjku!uwtxg{!ycu (see Glover et al., 1994). This survey was DeerfieldFggthkgnf!Tkxgt!vtkdwvct{!htqo!vjg!Fkuvtkev!25!Uejqqn River tributary from the District 14 School donefqpg! to vq! assist cuukuv! the vjg! New Pgy! England Gpincpf! Power Rqygt! Company Eqorcp{! in kp housejqwug! (figure )hkiwtg! A-35). C.46*/! Remains Tgockpu! eqpukuv!consist qh!of a c! drylaid ft{nckf meetingoggvkpi! Federal Hgfgtcn! Energy Gpgti{! Regulatory Tgiwncvqt{! Commission Eqookuukqp hkgnfuvqpg!fieldstone hqwpfcvkqp!foundation ykvj!with iqqf!good to vq! excellent gzegnngpv! physical rj{ukecn requirementstgswktgogpvu!hqt!vjg!tgnkegpukpi!qh!vjg!Fggthkgnf!Tkxgt for the relicensing of the Deerfield River integritykpvgitkv{!)Inqxgt!cv!cn/-!2;;5<228*/!! (Glover at al., 1994:117). HydroelectricJ{ftqgngevtke!Rtqlgevu!)HGTE!N/R/!Pq/!3434*/! Projects (FERC L.P. No. 2323). OneQpg!qh!vjg!gkijv!fgxgnqrogpv!ctgcu!kp!vjg!uwtxg{!ycu of the eight development areas in the survey was N.P/!C/!Ujgtocp!tgukfgpeg-!XV.YF.254< A. Sherman residence, VT-WD-143:!!P/!C/!)Pcvjcp N. A. (Nathan thevjg!Ujgtocp!Fgxgnqrogpv-!yjkej!kpenwfgf!dqvj!ukfgu!qh Sherman Development, which included both sides of Albert)Cndgtv* !ShermanUjgtocp !wasycu !TRev.gx/! PN./! FD./! USherman'sjgtocp”u !son.uqp/ !HeJg !ywascu thevjg!Ujgtocp!Tgugtxqkt-!htqo!vjg!Jcttkocp!Rqygt!Rncpv Sherman Reservoir, from the Harriman Power Plant borndqtp!2953!cv!Ucxq{-!Ocuu/-!)Ujgtocp!2;;2<2;44*!cpf!jku 1842 at Savoy, Mass., (Sherman 1991:1933) and his southuqwvj !tovq !ShermanUjgtocp! DamFco! kinp! TRowe,qyg-! OMass.cuu/! USo-calledq.ecnngf! •"spoturqv residencetgukfgpeg!ku!ujqyp!qp!vjg!297;!Dggtu!ocr!qh!Yjkvkpi. is shown on the 1869 Beers map of Whiting- checks"ejgemu– !-. !ywalkovercnmqxgt !usurveyswtxg{u !qofh! rparticularctvkewnct !careastgcu !ywithinkvjkp !vthejg hamjco!cetquu!vjg!tqcf!htqo!Tgx/!P/!F/!Ujgtocp!)hkiwtg!C. across the road from Rev. N. D. Sherman (figure A- developmentsfgxgnqrogpvu!.!ygtg!fqpg!vq!xkuwcnn{!ejgem!hqt!mpqyp!qt - were done to visually check for known or 35).46*/!Kp!vjg!RCN-!Kpe/-!ukvg!rncp-!jqygxgt-!kv!ku!ujqyp In the PAL, Inc., site plan, however, it is shown yet{gv!wpfkueqxgtgf!ewnvwtcn!hgcvwtgu/!Vjg!urqv!ejgem!ctgc undiscovered cultural features. The spot check area withinykvjkp!c!hgy!fq|gp!hggv!qh!vjg!ockp!Ujgtocp!Ectdkfg a few dozen feet of the main Sherman Carbide kp!vjg!Ujgtocp!Fgxgnqrogpv!gzvgpfgf!cnqpi!vjg!gcuvin the Sherman Development extended along the east complexeqorngz!cpf!cdqwv!236!hggv!wr!vjg!tqcf!htqo!vjg!XV. and about 125 feet up the road from the VT- shoreujqtg!qh!vjg!tgugtxqkt!htqo!!vjg!Jcttkocp!Rqygt!Rncpv of the reservoir from the Harriman Power Plant WD-126YF.237!nkog!mknp)A*/!Uwthceg!tgockpu!ctg!fguetkdgf!cu lime kiln(?). Surface remains are described as 23¾!okngu!uqwvj!vq!Yjggngt!Dtqqm/1/4 miles south to Wheeler Brook. goodiqqf!vq!gzegnngpv!)Inqxgt!gv!cn/-!2;;5<228*/ to excellent (Glover et al., 1994:117). AC!pwodgt!qh!ukvgu!cpf!tgockpu!ygtg!hqwpf!kp!vjg!urqv number of sites and remains were found in the spot !! checkejgem !carea.tgc/! JHistoric-periodkuvqtke.rgtkqf !usiteskvgu !kincludedpenwfgf !vtwoyq! •"leadngcf !candpf Ujgtocp!Ectdkfg!Eqorcp{-!XV.YF.255

A-60C.71 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.48/! A-37. FragileHtcikng!twkpu!qh!c!uvcemgf ruins of a stacked groupitqwr!qh!hqwt!jgcx{!fwv{-!kpfwuvtkcn!tg. of four heavy duty, industrial re- fractoryhtcevqt{! ovens qxgpu! manufactured ocpwhcevwtgf! d{!by the vjg MissouriOkuuqwtk! Hktgdtkem!Firebrick Eq/!Co. qh!of St. Uv/! Louis, Nqwku- locatednqecvgf! kp!in pgct!near vjg!the center egpvgt! qh!of the vjg! old qnf ShermanUjgtocp! Ectdkfg!Carbide eqorngz/!complex. Swkgv!Quiet re- tg. mindersokpfgtu!qh!oqtg!uqqv{!cpf!jgevke!fc{u- of more sooty and hectic days, todayvqfc{!vjg{!rtqxkfg!ujgnvgt!hqt!yknfnkhg/ they provide shelter for wildlife. WatercoloredYcvgteqnqtgf! rjqvq!photo d{!by Matthew Ocvvjgy! A. C/ KiersteadMkgtuvgcf!)2;;;*=!Tqncpfq!eqnngevkqp/ (1999); Rolando collection.

.014 1{'E r ..frrff)19trir

byd{!!986.hqqv!)pqtvj.uqwvj*!ctgc-!dqtfgtkpi!vjg!JV'YTT 875-foot (north-south) area, bordering the HT&WRR yet{gv!cpqvjgt!dwknfkpi-!lwuv!vq!vjg!pqtvjgcuv/!Lwuv!pqtvj!qh another building, just to the northeast. Just north of right-of-way,tkijv.qh.yc{-!cdqwv!c!jcnh.okng!pqtvj!qh!vjg!Xv/.Ocuu/ about a half-mile north of the Vt.-Mass. thisvjku!ku!c!dwknfkpi!hqwpfcvkqp!ykvj!c!rkng!qh!hktg!dtkem/ is a building foundation with a pile of fire brick. stateuvcvg! line. nkpg/! In Kp! its kvu! site ukvg! plan, rncp-! PAL, RCN-! Inc., Kpe/-! identifies kfgpvkhkgu! 20 31 AC! pair rckt! of qh! 16-foot 27.hqqv! square uswctg! by d{! about cdqwv! 20-foot 31.hqqv! high, jkij- structures/remainsuvtwevwtgu0tgockpu! cv!at vjg!ukvg!the site (Glover )Inqxgt! gv!cn/-!2;;5<;;-et al., 1994:99, eqpetgvg!ycvgt!vqygtu!ugv!cvqr!vyq!jknnu!qxgtnqqmkpi!vjgconcrete water towers set atop two hills overlooking the FigureHkiwtg!7.9*/!Uqogqpg!ykvj!cp!kpvkocvg!mpqyngfig!qh 6-8). Someone with an intimate knowledge of uqwvj!gpf!qh!vjg!eqorngz-!rquukdn{!rtqxkfkpi!c!nctig-south end of the complex, possibly providing a large, gctn{!early 20 31thvj-century .egpvwt{! carbide ectdkfg! manufacture ocpwhcevwtg! might okijv! better dgvvgt tgcf{!xqnwog!qh!ycvgt!kp!ecug!qh!hktg!fqyp!dgnqy/!Cv!vjgready volume of water in case of fire down below. At the describefguetkdg!vjgkt!wugu/!Vjgtg!crrgctu!vq!dg!c!ocvgtkcn!hnqy their uses. There appears to be a material flow pqtvj!gpf!qh!vjg!eqorngz!ku!cp!wphkpkujgf!uvtwevwtg-!qhnorth end of the complex is an unfinished structure, of htqo!swctt{-!vq!hwtpcegu-!vq!tckntqcf!ukfkpi-!dwv!vjg!ocp{from quarry, to furnaces, to railroad siding, but the many pouredrqwtgf!eqpetgvg!cpf!uvggn!tgkphqtegogpv!tqfu!uvkemkpi!qwv concrete and steel reinforcement rods sticking out otherqvjgt!dwknfkpiu!ykvj!urgekcnk|gf!qxgpu!)hkiwtg!C.48*!vjcv buildings with specialized ovens (figure A-37) that thevjg!vqru!qh!wphkpkujgf!eqnwopu/!Uqog!uc{!kv!ycu!vq!dg!c tops of unfinished columns. Some say it was to be a begdgi!qvjgt!rwtrqugu!hqt!vjgkt!gzkuvgpeg/!Uqog!ycnnu!ctg other purposes for their existence. Some walls are jqvgn!qt!tqqokpi!jqwug!hqt!yqtmgtu-!cpf!vjku!eqwnf!dghotel or rooming house for workers, and this could be pouredrqwtgf! concrete, eqpetgvg-! qvjgtu-!others, possibly rquukdn{! htqo!from the vjg! earlier gctnkgt ikxgp!kvu!dgkpi!c!eqwrng!jwpftgf!hggv!cyc{!htqo!vjggiven its being a couple hundred feet away from the VermontXgtoqpv!Nkog!Eqorcp{!gtc-!ctg!oqtvctgf!uvqpg/!Qpg Lime Company era, are mortared stone. One kpfwuvtkcn!egpvgt!qh!vjg!eqorngz/industrial center of the complex. stoneuvqpg !ywallcnn !cadjacentflcegpv !ca! dbuildingwknfkpi! kidentifiedfgpvkhkgf! casu! •"furnaces"hwtpcegu– !kisu AC!!23.hqqv!nqpi!d{!7.hqqv!ykfg!ktqp!htcog!kfgpvkhkgf!d{ 12-foot long by 6-foot wide iron frame identified by 1324!hggv!jkij/! feet high. PAL,RCN-!Kpe/-!cu!c!tckntqcf!vtguvng!nc{u!qp!vjg!itqwpf!pgct Inc., as a railroad trestle lays on the ground near VThreejtgg! dbuildingswknfkpiu! qonp! vthejg! rplanncp! jhavecxg! vthejg! ywordqtf! •"furnace"hwtpceg– thevjg!hqtogt!JV'Y!tkijv.qh.yc{/!Kv!nqqmu!ykfg!gpqwij!vq former HT&W right-of-way. It looks wide enough to associatedcuuqekcvgf!ykvj!vjgo/!Qpg!ku!cv!vjg!uqwvjyguv!eqtpgt!qh with them. One is at the southwest corner of accommodateceeqooqfcvg!vjg!qtkikpcn!4.hqqv!icwig-!dwv!pqv!pgctn{!cu the original 3-foot gauge, but not nearly as thevjg!ukvg-!cflcegpv!vjg!tckntqcf!tkijv.qh.yc{-!ujqykpi!yjcv site, adjacent the railroad right-of-way, showing what uvtqpi!hqt!vjg!uvcpfctf!5.hqqv!9¿!.kpej!icwig!)cpf!vjgstrong for the standard 4-foot 8'A -inch gauge (and the appearscrrgctu!vq!dg!vjtgg!hwtpcegu/!Cpf!vjtgg!itcpkvg!ctejyc{u to be three furnaces. And three granite archways associatedcuuqekcvgf!nctigt!gpikpgu!cpf!ectu*!vjcv!kv!eqpxgtvgf!vq!kp larger engines and cars) that it converted to in canecp! still uvknn! be dg! seen uggp! here. jgtg/! But Dwv! what yjcv! it kv! gong iqpi! on? qpA! Three Vjtgg 2;23.2;24/!Okijv!vjg!cdcpfqpgf!vtguvng!dg!c!xguvkig!qh1912-1913. Might the abandoned trestle be a vestige of "furnace•hwtpceg! hfirektg! boxes"dqzgu–! arectg! indicatedkpfkecvgf! inkp! thevjg !buildingdwknfkpi thatvjcv!gctnkgt!icwig-!rquukdn{!fkuectfgf!yjgp!c!jgcx{!fwv{ earlier gauge, possibly discarded when a heavy duty koogfkcvgn{!vq!vjg!pqtvj/!Hqwt!hwtpcegu!ctg!kpfkecvgf!cvimmediately to the north. Four furnaces are indicated at uvqpg.ctej!dtkfig!ycu!dwknv!c!hgy!jwpftgf!hggv!vq!vjgstone-arch bridge was built a few hundred feet to the

A-61C.72 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A north?pqtvjA!Qt!oc{dg!yjgp!vjg!vtcemu!jcf!vq!dg!oqxgf!vq Or maybe when the tracks had to be moved to incorrectlykpeqttgevn{!kfgpvkhkgf!vjg!et{uvcnnkpg!itcrjkvg!kp!vjg identified the crystalline graphite in the higherjkijgt!itqwpf!yjgp!vjg!Ujgtocp!Fco!ycu!dwknvA ground when the Sherman Dam was built? foliationhqnkcvkqp!cu! as galena icngpc!)ngcf!qtg-! (lead ore, which yjkej! contains eqpvckpu!uocnn small Vjg!ukvg!dgiu!hqt!c!fgvckngf!cpcn{uku!ykvj!ogcuwtgfThe site begs for a detailed analysis with measured amountscoqwpvu!qh!uknxgt*-!cpf!tgrqtvgf!kv!cu!uwej=!qt!uocnn of silver), and reported it as such; or small drawingsftcykpiu!qh!gcej!uvtwevwtg!ceeqorcpkgf!d{!ctejgqnqikecn of each structure accompanied by archeological pocketsrqemgvu!rh!vjg!qtg!ctg!cevwcnn{!rtgugpv!kp!vjg!hqnkcvkqp pf the ore are actually present in the foliation gzecxcvkqpu!kpvq!excavations into the vjg!hqwpfcvkqpu!vq!dgvvgt! foundations to better understand wpfgtuvcpf andcpf!ygtg!eqttgevn{!kfgpvkhkgf/!Kpvgtguvkpin{-!cp!cuuc{!qh were correctly identified. Interestingly, an assay of whatyjcv!ygpv!qp!vjgtg/ went on there. thevjg!Ujgtocp!Octdng!htqo!hkxg!qwvetqru!kp!2;6;!hckngf Sherman Marble from five outcrops in 1959 failed AC!hgy!gcukn{!cuuguucdng-!nqqug!hktgdtkemu!ykvj!xctkqwu few easily assessable, loose firebricks with various tovq!kfgpvkh{!vjg!rtgugpeg!qh!icngpc!)Umgjcp!2;72<66. identify the presence of galena (Skehan 1961:55- brickdtkem!octmu!cpf!uk|gu-!ygtg!tgeqtfgf!d{!vjg!ytkvgt!kp marks and sizes, were recorded by the writer in 67*/!Vjku!oc{!kpfkecvg!gkvjgt!vjcv!vjg!cuuc{!ucorngu56). This may indicate either that the assay samples 19922;;3!)dtkem!fkogpukqpu!ctg!Ngpivj!d{!Ykfvj!d{!Jgkijv*< (brick dimensions are Length by Width by Height): wereygtg!vqq!uocnn!vq!rkem!qwv!wr!vtcegu!qh!icngpc-!vjcv too small to pick out up traces of galena, that galenaicngpc!ycu!pgxgt!rctv!qh!vjg!hqtocvkqp-!qt!vjcv!icngpc was never part of the formation, or that galena "NABCo"•PCDEq– !(North)Pqtvj !AmericanCogtkecp !BrickDtkem !Co?),EqA*- !89 !xz !3%4f !z!3¾/x 21/4. isku!pqv!nqecvgf!kp!vjg!Ujgtocp!octdng-!dwv!kp!uqog not located in the Sherman marble, but in some "M.D.•O/F/! ValentineXcngpvkpg! '&! Bro,Dtq-! Woodbridge,Yqqfdtkfig-! PN.J."/L/–! ;9! xz otherqvjgt!ogvcoqtrjke!tqem!)Inqxgt!gv!cn/-!2;;5<68.69*/ metamorphic rock (Glover et al., 1994:57-58). 45¾003¿!z!3¾!)pcttqy.gpf!dtkem!hqt!nkpkpi!c!tqwpf1/4//21/2 x 21/4 (narrow-end brick for lining a round hwtpceg*/furnace). DistrictFkuvtkev!25!Uejqqn-!XV.YF.25;< 14 School, VT-WD-149:!Uejqqn!Fkuvtkev!25!ycu School District 14 was "CERVIS"•EGTXKU– !(Garfield)Icthkgnf !FireHktg !ClayEnc{ !Co.,Eq/- !RPenn.),gpp/*- !A????-1927AAA.2;38 kp!in the vjg! extreme gzvtgog! southwest uqwvjyguv! eqtpgt!corner qh!of vjg!the town vqyp! of qh "I.•K/ !E.G/ !Co."Eq/– !(unk)wpm !mfgr),ohit*-! 98h7/8 !z!5¿!z!3¿x 41/2 x 2'A Yjkvkpijco!cpf!ycu!pgct!vjg!lwpevkqp!qh!vjg!vyq!ockpWhitingham and was near the junction of the two main "Ostrander,•Quvtcpfgt- !TroyVtq{ !NY,P[- !USpecialrgekcn! OM[F]R"]H_T–! !8%9g !z!5¿!z!3¿x 41/2 x 2'A tqcfyc{u!roadways qh!of vjg!the district fkuvtkev! - .! one qpg! from htqo! Readsboro Tgcfudqtq! to vq "(no•)pq !mark)"octm*– !9; !xz !4%5f !z!3¾x 21/4 Massachusetts,Ocuucejwugvvu-!cpf!vjg!qvjgt!htqo!vjg!jknnu!qh!vjg!gcuv- and the other from the hills of the east, "????6294,•AAAA73;5- !MissouriOkuuqwtk !F.H/ !B.D/ !Co.,Eq/- !StUv !Louis"Nqwku– !large,nctig- !ovalqxcn ftqrrkpi!fqyp!vjg!uvggr!kpenkpg!vq!vjg!Fggthkgnf!Tkxgtdropping down the steep incline to the Deerfield River shapedujcrgf!!tghtcevqt{!qxgp!)ugg!hkiwtg!C.48* refractory oven (see figure A-37) valley.xcnng{/! Kv!It was ycu! not pqv! uncommon wpeqooqp! to vq! find hkpf! district fkuvtkev! school uejqqn jqwugu!cv!qt!pgct!tqcf!lwpevkqpu!hqt!vjg!eqpxgpkgpeg!qhhouses at or near road junctions for the convenience of Rev.Tgx/!P/!F/!Ujgtocp!Uknxgt!Okpg0Nkog!Mknp-!XV.YF. N. D. Sherman Silver Mine/Lime Kiln, VT-WD- uvwfgpvu-!students, uqog!some qh!of whom yjqo! had jcf! long nqpi! distances fkuvcpegu! to vq! walk ycnm 259<148:!Vjg!Tgx/!P/!F/!Ujgtocp!okpg!ku!cp!qdxkqwu!hgcvwtg The Rev. N. D. Sherman mine is an obvious feature betweendgvyggp!jqog!cpf!uejqqn/!Vjg!uvggr!tqcf!uvknn!crrgctgf home and school. The steep road still appeared kfgpvkhkgf!identified qp!on the vjg! 1869 297;! Beers Dggtu! map ocr! of qh! Whitingham. Yjkvkpijco/! It Kv qp!vjg!29;;!Yknokpivqp-!Xv/-!vqrq-!dwv!d{!vjg!2;61u-!ycuon the 1899 Wilmington, Vt., topo, but by the 1950s, was standsuvcpfu!qwv!kp!nctig!dqnf!ngvvgtkpi!)kpfkecvkpi!jg!ycu!cp out in large bold lettering (indicating he was an fdescribedguetkdgf !ascu !havingjcxkpi !"been•dggp !abandonedcdcpfqpgf !souq !longnqpi !thatvjcv !itkv !isku !callnn gctn{!uwduetkdgt!hqt!c!eqr{!qh!vjg!Cvncu*/!Vjg!okpg!ycuearly subscriber for a copy of the Atlas). The mine was igrowntqyp! wupr! vtoq! dbrush"twuj– !(Graves)Itcxgu! 1975:84).2;86<95*/ ! nqecvgf!cdqwv!2-311!hggv!uqwvjgcuv!qh!jku!tgukfgpeg/located about 1,200 feet southeast of his residence. DateFcvg! ofqh !thevjg !school'suejqqn”u !constructioneqpuvtwevkqp !isku !unknown,wpmpqyp-! dbutwv! itkv WhereasYjgtgcu! vjg!the vyq!two qvjgt!other mines okpgu! kp!in the vjg! vicinity xkekpkv{! are ctg appearscrrgctu!qp!vjg!2967!OeEngnncp!ocr!qh!Yjkvkpijco!cu on the 1856 McClellan map of Whitingham as kidentifiedfgpvkhkgf !ascu !•"leadngcf !'&! usilver"knxgt–! omines,kpgu-! USherman'sjgtocp”u !isku !ac !usilverknxgt "S.H."•U/J/– !betweendgvyggp !thevjg !ShumwayUjwoyc{! andcpf! ShermanUjgtocp! tresidences.gukfgpegu/ mineokpg!qpn{!)hkiwtg!C.46*/!Ocp{!jcxg!fqwdvgf!c!rtgugpeg only (figure A-35). Many have doubted a presence AsCu!gctn{!2893-!vjg!Xgtoqpv!ngikuncvwtg!ocpfcvgf!vjcv early 1782, the Vermont legislature mandated that ofqh!uknxgt!kp!Nkog!Jqnnqy!iqkpi!dcem!vq!igqnqikuv!Gfyctf silver in Lime Hollow going back to geologist Edward townsvqypu!dg!fkxkfgf!kpvq!uejqqn!fkuvtkevu-!gcej!ykvj!kvu!qyp be divided into school districts, each with its own Hitchcock,Jkvejeqem- !whoyjq! treportedgrqtvgf !vthatjcv !"we•yg !havejcxg !neverpgxgt !beendggp !ablecdng qpg.tqqo!uejqqn/!Vjcv!gpfgf!kp!29;1!yjgp!egpvtcnk|gfone-room school. That ended in 1890 when centralized tovq!ngctp!vjg!rtgekug!nqecnkv{!qh!gxgp!qpg!yqtmcdng!okpg learn the precise locality of even one workable mine uejqqn!fkuvtkevu!tgrncegf!vjg!ownvkvwfg!qh!uocnn!fkuvtkevu/school districts replaced the multitude of small districts. ofqh !usilver"knxgt– !(Hitchcock)Jkvejeqem !etgv !al.,cn/- !1861:53-54).2972<64.65*/ !XVermontgtoqpv !UStatevcvg RemainsTgockpu!qh!vjg!uejqqn!ygtg!fguetkdgf!d{!RCN-!Kpe/-!cu of the school were described by PAL, Inc., as GeologistIgqnqikuv!Igqtig!J/!Rgtmkpu!ncvgt!tgrqtvgf< George H. Perkins later reported: jcxkpi!c!ft{nckf!itcpkvg!hqwpfcvkqp!ykvj!c!ncvgt!egogpvhaving a drylaid granite foundation with a later cement uvgru!cffgf/steps added. VermontXgtoqpv!jcu!pgxgt-!uq!hct!cu!K!ecp!cuegtvckp-!rtqfwegf has never, so far as I can ascertain, produced anycp{!uknxgt!wpvkn!ykvjkp!c!hgy!{gctu!ciq/!Kv!jcu!dggp silver until within a few years ago. It has been L.N/!Ujwoyc{!tgukfgpeg-!XV.YF.261< Shumway residence, VT-WD-150: !Vjku!tgukfgpegThis residence obtainedqdvckpgf!kp!uocnn!swcpvkv{!htqo!vjg!ejcneqr{tkvg!cpf in small quantity from the chalcopyrite and wasycu!koogfkcvgn{!dgjkpf!!vjg!Fkuvtkev!25!uejqqn!jqwug immediately behind the District 14 school house pyrrhotiter{ttjqvkvg!yjkej!ctg!ockpn{!yqtmgf!hqt!eqrrgt/!Vjg which are mainly worked for copper. The (figure)hkiwtg!C.46*/!Vjku!okijv!jcxg!dggp!Ngyku!Ujwoyc{- A-35). This might have been Lewis Shumway, totalvqvcn!coqwpv!qh!uknxgt!rtqfwegf!kp!2;17!ycu!2-434 amount of silver produced in 1906 was 1,323 whoyjq!ycu!dqtp!kp!Yjkvkpijco!kp!2932!cpf!fkgf!vjgtg!kp was born in Whitingham in 1821 and died there in ounces,qwpegu-!yqtvj!%997!)Rgtmkpu!2;19<68*! worth $886 (Perkins 1908:57) 2988/!Vjg!hqwpfcvkqp!ku!fguetkdgf!cu!dgkpi!qh!ft{nckf1877. The foundation is described as being of drylaid hkgnfuvqpg!ycnnu/!fieldstone walls. PAL,RCN-!Kpe/-!qhhgtu!c!oqtg!rncwukdng!gzrncpcvkqp< Inc., offers a more plausible explanation: LeadNgcf! & '!Uknxgt!Okpg! Silver Mine and cpf!Nkog! Lime Kiln, Mknp-!XV.YF.262< VT-WD-151: Ugxgtcn!uegpctkqu!ctg!rquukdng!eqpegtpkpi!vjg!tgrqtvgfSeveral scenarios are possible concerning the reported Vjku!okpgtcn!ctgc!ku!ujqyp!qp!vjg!297;!Dggtu!ocr!qhThis mineral area is shown on the 1869 Beers map of ngcf!cpf!uknxgt!okpgu!kp!vjg!Ujgtocp!cpf!Tgcfudqtqlead and silver mines in the Sherman and Readsboro Yjkvkpijco!cdqwv!2-211!hggv!fwg!pqtvj!)cpf!kpvq!vjgWhitingham about 1,100 feet due north (and into the area.ctgc/!Gkvjgt!vjg!Dkujqru-!Ujgtocpu-!cpf!Ujwoyc{u Either the Bishops, Shermans, and Shumways woods)yqqfu*!qh!vjg!Fkuvtkev!25!uejqqnjqwug!ukvg!)hkiwtg!C.46*/ of the District 14 schoolhouse site (figure A-35).

A-62C.73 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

i

FigureHkiwtg!C.49/! A-38. VThejg! ecaptioncrvkqp! catv! nlower-rightqygt.tkijv! treadsgcfu! •"OnQp!vjg!!J/V/'/Y/T/T/-!Nkog!Mknpu!Tgcfudqtq!Xv/ the H.T.&.W.R.R., Lime Kilns Readsboro Vt. –"! )(Note:Pqvg

NoPq!pcog!)qt!nkog!mknp*!ku!cuuqekcvgf!ykvj!kv!qp!vjg!ocr- name (or lime kiln) is associated with it on the map, undocumentedwpfqewogpvgf! ukvg!site qh!of c!a saw ucy! mill oknn! and cpf! breached dtgcejgf! dam, fco- butdwv! itkv! isn'tkup”v !toovqq !farhct !(700)811 !ft?)hvA* !fromhtqo !thevjg !M.O/ !B.D/ !BishopDkujqr aboutcdqwv!611!hggv!pqtvjgcuv!qh!vjg!Fkuvtkev!25!uejqqn!jqwug/ 500 feet northeast of the District 14 school house. residence,tgukfgpeg-!yjkej!ku!ujqyp!ykvj!c!nkog!mknp!cetquu!vjg which is shown with a lime kiln across the Kv!It consists eqpukuvu! of qh! the vjg! remains tgockpu! of qh! one qpg! drylaid ft{nckf! fieldstone hkgnfuvqpg roadtqcf!htqo!kv/ from it. hqwpfcvkqp!ycnn!cpf!c!dtgcejgf!ft{nckf!fco/!RCN-!Kpe/-foundation wall and a breached drylaid dam. PAL, Inc., VisualXkuwcn!uwthceg!tgockpu!eqpukuvu!qh!qwvetqru!cpf!ngfigu surface remains consists of outcrops and ledges suggestsuwiiguvu! kitv! •"mayoc{! havejcxg! contributedeqpvtkdwvgf! vtoq! vthejg! limenkog! "boom"•dqqo– ofqh!ipgkuu!cpf!itcpkvg-!c!ft{nckf!52.!d{!44.hqqv!hqwpfcvkqp gneiss and granite, a drylaid 41- by 33-foot foundation duringfwtkpi! vthejg! 21830s."941u/–! ofqh! cut ewv!cpf!wpewv! and uncut stone, uvqpg-!cpf!c!ft{nckf! and a drylaid 20- 31.!d{!31.hqqv by 20-foot squareuswctg!d{!cdqwv!8.!vq!9.hqqv!jkij!nkog!mknp/ by about 7- to 8-foot high lime kiln. Writer'sYtkvgt”u! observation:qdugtxcvkqp

A-63C.74 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A town,vqyp-! wroteytqvg! vthatjcv! •"aboutcdqwv! 18302941! therevjgtg! wereygtg! ascu! manyocp{! casu! 9; wasycu!qrgtcvgf!d{!Cnxcp!Iqqfgnn-!yjq!qypgf!c!hcto!lwuv operated by Alvan Goodell, who owned a farm just kilnsmknpu !kinp !hfullwnn! qoperation,rgtcvkqp-! 43! dbeinggkpi! catv! NLimekog! JHollow"qnnqy–! )(JillsonLknnuqp downhillfqypjknn!cnqpi!Yguv!Tqcf!)Ueqvv!2;59*/!Vjg!ukvg!ku!cdqwv along West Road (Scott 1948). The site is about 1894:46).29;5<57*/!Kv!ku!cuuwogf!jg!ku!cfftguukpi!vjg!4!mknpu!kp!vjg It is assumed he is addressing the 3 kilns in the 1,2002-311!hggv!gngxcvkqp/ feet elevation. WhitinghamYjkvkpijco !gendpf !qofh! NLimekog! JHollow.qnnqy/! JHeg! fdidn'tkfp”v! uspecificallyrgekhkecnn{ Vjg!The kiln, mknp-! about cdqwv! 90% ;1&! intact kpvcev! and cpf! in kp! exceptional gzegrvkqpcn kidentifyfgpvkh{! vthejg! vthreejtgg! nlimekog! mkilnsknpu! )(itkv! kisu! assumedcuuwogf! jheg! didn'tfkfp”v condition,eqpfkvkqp-!ycu!dwknv!qh!ft{!nckf!uvqpg!swcttkgf!htqo!nqecn was built of dry laid stone quarried from local kpenwfg!vjg!ec2967!Cocfgp!'!Uqp!mknp!ukpeg!kv!ycu!kpinclude the cal 856 Amaden & Son kiln since it was in ngfigu/!Kvu!htqpv!ycnn!tkugu!;!hggv!cpf!gzvgpfu!wr!vq!44ledges. Its front wall rises 9 feet and extends up to 33 thevjg!Tgcfudqtq!gpf!qh!vjg!jqnnqy*!qt!jqy!ocp{!)yjkej Readsboro end of the hollow) or how many (which hggv!cetquu!vjg!pcttqy!pqtvj.uqwvj!fgrtguukqp!dgvyggpfeet across the narrow north-south depression between ones?)qpguA*!ygtg!uvknn!qrgtcvkpi!kp!29;5/!Dwv!jg!ytqvg!)qp!vjg were still operating in 1894. But he wrote (on the twovyq!tqem!qwvetqr!ngfigu/!Vjg!kpvcev!ftcy!ctej!ogcuwtgf rock outcrop ledges. The intact draw arch measured sameucog!rcig*!vjcv!vjg!kpfwuvt{!hnqwtkujgf!htqo!2931!vq page) that the industry flourished from 1820 to 34! feet hggv! high jkij! by d{! 16 27! inches kpejgu! wide, ykfg-! and cpf! is ku! capped ecrrgf! d{!by a c 18402951 !•"whenyjgp !thevjg !woodyqqf !begandgicp !tovq !bedg !scarceuecteg !andcpf !itkv !becamedgecog substantialuwduvcpvkcn!nkpvgn!uvqpg!)hkiwtg!C.4;*/ lintel stone (figure A-39). necessarypgeguuct{ !tovq !abandoncdcpfqp !vthejg! dbusiness."wukpguu/– !AndCpf !usincekpeg !jhisku !dbookqqm Vjg!kpukfg!ujchv!ku!qxcn-!kvu!fkcogvgt!ogcuwtgf!cdqwvThe inside shaft is oval, its diameter measured about wasycu!rwdnkujgf!kp!29;5-!nkog!dwtpkpi!cevkxkvkgu!chvgt!vjcv published in 1894, lime burning activities after that 8!hggv!ykfg!d{!9!hggv!nqpi!ykvj!vjg!nqpi!czku!kp!nkpg!ykvj7 feet wide by 8 feet long with the long axis in line with datefcvg!cv!vjg!ectdkfg!yqtmu!ygtg!pqv!rctv!qh!jku!ceeqwpvkpi at the carbide works were not part of his accounting thevjg!ftcy!ctej/!Fgrvj!htqo!vjg!vqr!vq!dtgcmfqyp!kpukfg draw arch. Depth from the top to breakdown inside hqt!pwodgtu!qh!mknpu/for numbers of kilns thevjg!dcem!ycnn!ku!cdqwv!6¿!hggv-!yjkej!ecnewncvgu!vq!cdqwv back wall is about 5'A feet, which calculates to about Uq!yjgtg!co!K!iqkpi!ykvj!vjkuA!Lwuv!vjcv!vjg!uqng!nkogSo where am I going with this? Just that the sole lime 34¿!hggv!qh!dtgcmfqyp!kpukfg!vjg!ujchv-!jkpvkpi!cv!c!jkijgt1/2 feet of breakdown inside the shaft, hinting at a higher kilnmknp!kfgpvkhkgf!qp!vjg!297;!Dggtu!ocr!qh!Yjkvkpijco!kp identified on the 1869 Beers map of Whitingham in htqpv!ycnn!cpf!ujchv!cv!qpg!vkog/!Ewtkqwun{-!vjg!vqr!qh!vjgfront wall and shaft at one time. Curiously, the top of the DistrictFkuvtkev!25!ku!vjcv!cuuqekcvgf!ykvj!vjg!Dkujqru-!vjg!qpn{ 14 is that associated with the Bishops, the only shaftujchv!crrgctu!ngxgn!ykvj!vjg!vqr!qh!vjg!htqpv!ycnn-!cu!kh!vjg appears level with the top of the front wall, as if the oneqpg!kp!vjg!Yjkvkpijco!ctgc!qh!Nkog!Jqnnqy!vjcv!dqvj in the Whitingham area of Lime Hollow that both topvqr!rqtvkqp!qh!vjg!uvtwevwtg!jcf!dggp!ujgctgf!ngxgn!cv!qpg portion of the structure had been sheared level at one PAL,RCN-! KInc.,pe/-! candpf! vthisjku! ywritertkvgt! fdidn'tkfp”v! find.hkpf/ !Yet,[gv- !threevjtgg !kilnsmknpu timevkog!)pqv!nkmgn{*/!Vjg!itqwpf!qp!gkvjgt!ukfg!cpf!dgjkpf (not likely). The ground on either side and behind wereygtg!hqwpf/!Lknnuqp!jcf!vq!jcxg!mpqyp!qh!vjg!Dkujqr!mknp found. Jillson had to have known of the Bishop kiln thevjg!ujchv!ftqru!qhh!c!hgy!hggv!ctqwpf!vjg!mknp/ shaft drops off a few feet around the kiln. sinceukpeg!kv!ycu!uq!qdxkqwun{!kpfkecvgf!qp!vjg!Dggtu!ocr/!Uq- it was so obviously indicated on the Beers map. So, AC!swkem!ugctej!qh!ngfigu!kp!vjg!koogfkcvg!xkekpkv{ quick search of ledges in the immediate vicinity wereygtg! there vjgtg! three vjtgg! or qt! four hqwt! lime nkog! kilns mknpu! operating qrgtcvkpi! in kp revealedtgxgcngf!pq!tkej!nkoguvqpg!qt!ecnekvg!vjcv!yqwnf!jcxg no rich limestone or calcite that would have Whitingham'sYjkvkpijco”u! usectiongevkqp! qofh! thevjg! hollow?jqnnqyA! Or,Qt-! maybeoc{dg! thatvjcv beendggp!dwtpgf!hqt!nkog/!Pq!yqtmgf!swctt{!ycu!hqwpf-!dwv burned for lime. No worked quarry was found, but thirdvjktf!mknp-!cv!XV.YF.262!)vjg!qvjgt!vyq!cv!XV.YF.237 kiln, at VT-WD-151 (the other two at VT-WD-126 manyocp{! outcrops qwvetqru! qh!of large nctig! schist-appearing uejkuv.crrgctkpi! uvqpg!stone ku!is in kp andcpf!.259*-!ku!kp!hcev-!vjg!gnwukxg!Dkujqr!nkog!mknpA!Uq -148), is in fact, the elusive Bishop lime kiln? So evidencegxkfgpeg!ykvjkp!cdqwv!c!41.!vq!5.hqqv!tcfkwu!qh!vjg!ukvg- within about a 30- to 4-foot radius of the site, maybeoc{dg!kp!hcev!vjg!Dkujqr!nkog!mknp!ycu!hqwpf!chvgt!cnnA in fact the Bishop lime kiln was found after all? whichyjkej!okijv!cpuygt!yjgtg!uvqpg!ecog!htqo!vq!dwtp!kp might answer where stone came from to burn in ...Matt?///OcvvA thevjg!mknp/!Kp!c!fguetkrvkqp!qh!cpqvjgt!nkog!mknp!kp!vjg!ctgc kiln. In a description of another lime kiln in the area (see)ugg !VT-WD-271,XV.YF.382- !hfollowing),qnnqykpi*- !"Limy•Nko{ !schistuejkuv !formshqtou !omuchwej .!.!.!.!. ofqh!vjg!dgftqem!kp!vjku!nqecn!ctgc////!Vjcv!tqem!ku!kp!guugpeg the bedrock in this local area.... That rock is in essence ancp! impure korwtg! metamorphosed ogvcoqtrjqugf! limestone, nkoguvqpg-! the vjg! limestone nkoguvqpg NOTE:PQVG

GoodellIqqfgnn!Hcto!Nkog!Mknp-!XV.YF.364-!Yguvokpuvgt< Farm Lime Kiln, VT-WD-253, Westminster: Cooper-EllisEqqrgt.Gnnku!Nkog!Mknp-!XV.YF.381-!Yguvokpuvgt< Lime Kiln, VT-WD-270, Westminster: Vjku!ukvg!)hqtogtn{!YF.NM14=!Tqncpfq2;;3<378*!ku!vjgThis site (formerly WD-LK03; Rolando1992:267) is the Vjku!This lime nkog! kiln mknp! is ku! on qp! the vjg! property rtqrgtv{! of qh! maple ocrng! syrup u{twr south-mostuqwvj.oquv! qh!of vjg!the vjtgg!three Yguvokpuvgt!Westminster nkog!lime mknpu/!kilns Kv!It is ku manufacturerocpwhcevwtgt!Htcukgt!Eqqrgt.Gnnku-!yjkej!ku!wr!c!icvgf- Frasier Cooper-Ellis, which is up a gated, nqecvgf!located about cdqwv! 1,800 2-911! straight-line uvtckijv.nkpg! {ctfu!yards WSW YUY! of qh privatertkxcvg! tqcf!road yguvyctf!westward qhh!off Dgoku!Bemis Jknn!Hill Tqcf!Road cv!at the vjg WestminsterYguvokpuvgt!Yguv!xknncig-!lwuv!pqtvj!qh!c!ycujgf.qwv West village, just north of a washed-out intersectionkpvgtugevkqp!qh!Ctpqh!Yc{-!cdqwv!4!uvtckijv.nkpg!okngu of Arnof Way, about 3 straight-line miles damfco!vjcv!jgnf!dcem!c!hqtogt!keg!rqpf!)Jccu!vq!Tqncpfq- that held back a former ice pond (Haas to Rolando, northpqtvj!qh!Yguvokpuvgt!Yguv!xknncig/!Vjg!mknp!twkp!ycu of Westminster West village. The kiln ruin was MayOc{!41-!3118*/!Uvcpfkpi!cv!vjku!ukvg!ku!vjg!tgockpu!qh!cp 30, 2007). Standing at this site is the remains of an hqwpf!cdqwv!c!swctvgt.okng!wr!vjg!tkijv!)wrjknn*!ukfg!qhfound about a quarter-mile up the right (uphill) side of 1830s-1840s2941u.2951u !geratc !hfarmer'sctogt”u !intermittentkpvgtokvvgpv !typev{rg !limenkog !kilnmknp !vthatjcv thisvjku!pcttqy-!vykuvkpi!yqqfu!!tqcf-!!cv!!cdqwv!!2-211!!hggv narrow, twisting woods road, at about 1,100 feet

A-64C.75 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg! A-39. C.4;/! RobertTqdgtv! Hass Jcuu! of qh! West- Yguv. minsterokpuvgt! Yguv-!West, uvcpfkpi!standing pgzv!next vq!to the vjg IGoodellqqfgnn! nlimekog! mkilnknp! truin'swkp”u! drawftcy! archctej! onqp MayOc{!41-!3118/!Vjku!twkp!ku!kp!rctvkew. 30, 2007. This ruin is in particu- larlynctn{!iqqf!eqpfkvkqp!hqt!jcxkpi!uwtxkxgf good condition for having survived 286!{gctu/175 years. !Tqncpfq!rjqvq/Rolando photo.

gngxcvkqp/!Vjg!twkp!ugvu!cdqwv!36!hggv!qhh!cpf!unkijvn{elevation. The ruin sets about 25 feet off and slightly htqo!vjg!uvtwevwtg-!ngcxkpi!vjg!ujchv!qrgp!hqt!kpurgevkqpfrom the structure, leaving the shaft open for inspection uphillwrjknn!htqo!vjg!tqcf!cpf!ycu!ygnn!jkffgp!d{!hqnkcig/ from the road and was well hidden by foliage. htqo!from the vjg! trail. vtckn/! The Vjg! round tqwpf! shaft ujchv! measured ogcuwtgf! 9'A ;¿! hggv!feet in kp Kpkvkcn!Initial crrgctcpeg!appearance qh! of vjg!the mknp!kiln ku!is that vjcv! of qh! a c! partially rctvkcnn{ diameterfkcogvgt!cpf!vjg!dcem!ycnn!qh!vjg!ujchv!tqug! and the back wall of the shaft rose 11 22! feet hggv collapsedeqnncrugf! uvqpg!stone ycnn-!wall, but dwv! closer enqugt! inspection kpurgevkqp! reveals tgxgcnu! a c abovecdqxg! vthejg! interiorkpvgtkqt! breakdown.dtgcmfqyp/! VThejg! mkiln'sknp”u! bottomdqvvqo! isku circular,ektewnct-!9.hqqv!fkcogvgt!ejcodgt-!cdqwv!8¿!hggv!jkij 8-foot diameter chamber, about 7'A feet high probablyrtqdcdn{!cpqvjgt!4!vq!5!hggv!wpfgt!vjg!dtgcmfqyp/!Vyq another 3 to 4 feet under the breakdown. Two behinddgjkpf!c!nctig!f{kpi!vtgg!vtwpm/!Vjg!htqpv!ycnn!qh!vjg!mknp a large dying tree trunk. The front wall of the kiln unmarkedwpoctmgf!tgf!dtkemu!ygtg!hqwpf!cflcegpv!vq!vjg!htqpv red bricks were found adjacent to the front ku!eqnncrugf!ykvj!pq!xkuwcn!gxkfgpeg!qh!vjg!ftcy!ctej!)vjgis collapsed with no visual evidence of the draw arch (the wall,ycnn-!ogcuwtkpi!8¾!kpejgu!nqpi!d{!4¿!kpejgu!ykfg!d{ measuring 71/4 inches long by 3'A inches wide by usualwuwcn!ygcm!rqkpv!kp!vjgug!qnf!mknpu*/!Vjg!ujchv!qh!vjg!mknp weak point in these old kilns). The shaft of the kiln 121h/4 !inches kpejgu! thick. vjkem/! Purpose Rwtrqug! of qh! the vjg! bricks dtkemu! is ku! unknown, wpmpqyp- wasycu!dwknv!kpvq!vjg!jkijgt!itqwpf!dgjkpf!kv/!C!ugctej!hqt built into the higher ground behind it. A search for unlesswpnguu!wugf!vq!dgvvgt!ugcn!vjg!ktqp!xgpvkpi!fqqt!hqt!vjg used to better seal the iron venting door for the thevjg!swctt{!ycu!pqv!ocfg=!pq!jkuvqt{!qh!vjg!mknp!ku!mpqyp/ quarry was not made; no history of the kiln is known. drawftcy! arch ctej! against cickpuv! the vjg! rough tqwij! stone uvqpg! exterior. gzvgtkqt/! Original Qtkikpcn ConditionEqpfkvkqp! qofh! vthejg! mkilnknp! kisu! dbestguv! fdescribedguetkdgf! casu! •"fragile."htcikng/– owner/operatorqypgt0qrgtcvqt! cpf!and jkuvqt{!history qh!of vjg!the kiln mknp! are ctg! unknown. wpmpqyp/ WhatYjcv! remains tgockpu! ku!is fragile, htcikng-! cv!at best, dguv-! but dwv! fortunately hqtvwpcvgn{! is ku PinnacleRkppceng! Association Cuuqekcvkqp! Lime Nkog! Kiln, Mknp-! VT-WD-271, XV.YF.382- preservedrtgugtxgf!cpf!rtqvgevgf!d{!vjg!Rkppceng!Cuuqekcvkqp-!cu and protected by the Pinnacle Association, as Westminster:Yguvokpuvgt

A-65C.76 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

FigureHkiwtg!C.51/! A-40. VThejg! •"WestYguv !Twin"Vykp– !ofqh !thevjg !BlackDncem !RiverTkxgt !TwinVykp FigureHkiwtg!C.52/! A-41. VThejg! •"EastGcuv !Twin"Vykp– !ofqh !thevjg !BlackDncem !RiverTkxgt !TwinVykp LimeNkog!Mknpu!kp!Rn{oqwvj/!Pqvg!uocnn!ftcy!ctej!eqorctgf Kilns in Plymouth. Note small draw arch compared LimeNkog!Mknpu!kp!Rn{oqwvj!C!jgcx{!nkpvgn!uvqpg!jcu!jgnrgf Kilns in Plymouth A heavy lintel stone has helped tovq!kvu!vykp!cv!tkijv/ its twin at right. !Tqncpfq!rjqvq/Rolando photo. keepmggr!vjku!twkp!kpvcev/ this ruin intact. !Tqncpfq!rjqvq/Rolando photo.

BlackDncem! River Tkxgt! Twins Vykpu! Lime Nkog! Kilns, Mknpu-! VT-WN-231, XV.YP.342- conditioneqpfkvkqp!vjcp!vjg!qvjgt!twkp-!cp!qnf!nqiikpi!tqcf!jcxkpi than the other ruin, an old logging road having Plymouth:Rn{oqwvj< ! Vjku!This pair rckt! of qh!mknp! kiln ruins twkpu! is ku! located nqecvgf!gcuv! east of qh beendggp!dwknv!wr!vjg!ukfg!qh!vjg!jknn!dgjkpf!vjg!twkp!cpf built up the side of the hill behind the ruin and RouteTqwvg! 211-!100, about cdqwv! a c! half-mile jcnh.okng! north pqtvj! of qh! the vjg! Plymouth Rn{oqwvj plowedrnqygf!kpvq!vjg!vqr!qh!kv/!Vjg!kpvgtkqt!ku!hwnn{!hknngf!uq into the top of it. The interior is fully filled so ElementaryGngogpvct{!Uejqqn!cpf!311!hggv!pqtvj!qh!c!jkijyc{!rwnn. School and 200 feet north of a highway pull- thatvjcv!yjcv!tgockpu!ku!qpn{!vjg!htqpv!)yguv*!ycnn!qh!vjg!mknp what remains is only the front (west) wall of the kiln offqhh!qp!vjg!yguv!ukfg!qh!vjg!jkijyc{/ on the west side of the highway. andcpf!rqtvkqpu!qh!vjg!ukfg!)pqtvj!cpf!uqwvj*!ycnnu/!Vjg portions of the side (north and south) walls. The Vjg!yguvgtp.oquv!qh!vjg!vyq!mknp!twkpu!ku!qpn{!31!vq!41The western-most of the two kiln ruins is only 20 to 30 drawftcy!ctej!ogcuwtgf!35!kpejgu!ykfg!d{!56!kpejgu!jkij/ arch measured 24 inches wide by 45 inches high. hggv!gcuv!qhh!vjg!gfig!qh!Tqwvg!211-!cv!vjg!gfig!qh!vjgfeet east off the edge of Route 100, at the edge of the Kvu!Its full hwnn! depth fgrvj! cannot ecppqv! be dg! measured ogcuwtgf! due fwg! to vq! breakdown dtgcmfqyp hqtguv/!forest. Ectg!Care must owuv! be dg! taken vcmgp! exploring gzrnqtkpi! here jgtg! lest nguv! one qpg chokingejqmkpi!vjg!kpukfg-!cdqwv!vyq!hggv!kp/!Vjg!twkp!ogcuwtgf the inside, about two feet in. The ruin measured accidentallyceekfgpvcnn{!hcnn!kpvq!vjg!9.hqqv!fkcogvgt!d{!7¿.hqqv!fggr fall into the 8-foot diameter by 6'A-foot deep aboutcdqwv!29!hggv!cetquu!vjg!dqvvqo!cpf!tkugu!vq!gzcevn{!22 18 feet across the bottom and rises to exactly 11 holejqng!qh!vjg!twkp/!Vjg!htqpv!qh!vjg!mknp!hcegu!vq!vjg!gcuv- of the ruin. The front of the kiln faces to the east, hggv!feet at cv!kvu!jkijguv! its highest point. rqkpv/!Kv!ku! It is made ocfg! of qh!tqwij! rough cut ewv!cpf and towardvqyctf!vjg!Dncem!Tkxgt-!cpf!ogcuwtgf!cdqwv!26!hggv!6 the Black River, and measured about 15 feet 5 randomtcpfqo!nckf!uvqpg/!Pq!hktgdtkem!ycu!kp!gxkfgpeg/ laid stone. No firebrick was in evidence. kpejgu!cetquu!vjg!dqvvqo!)hkiwtg!C.51*/!Vjg!ftcy!ctejinches across the bottom (figure A-40). The draw arch Vjgug!These mknp!kiln ruins twkpu! are ctg! most oquv! likely nkmgn{! those vjqug! shown ujqyp! on qp measuredogcuwtgf!3;!kpejgu!ykfg!d{!43!kpejgu!jkij/!C!5.hqqv 29 inches wide by 32 inches high. A 4-foot UScott'seqvv”u 1859!296; !geologyigqnqi{ !mapocr !ofqh !Plymouth,Rn{oqwvj- !whichyjkej !isku !vthejg !qonlypn{ highjkij!htqpv!ycnn!ugevkqp-!qh!yjkej!vjg!ftcy!ctej!ku!rctv-!ku front wall section, of which the draw arch is part, is placernceg!vjcv!vyq!mknpu!ctg!ujqyp!qp!qrrqukvg!ukfgu!qh!Dncem that two kilns are shown on opposite sides of Black slumpingunworkpi!hqtyctf!cpf!cyc{!htqo!vjg!ockp!mknp!uvtwevwtg forward and away from the main kiln structure RiverTkxgt! between dgvyggp! Woodward Yqqfyctf! Reservoir Tgugtxqkt! and cpf! Unionville Wpkqpxknng andcpf!okijv!eqnncrug!kp!c!hgy!{gctu!kh!pqv!uwrrqtvgf!cpf might collapse in a few years if not supported and (today's)vqfc{”u !PlymouthRn{oqwvj !Union).Wpkqp*/ stabilized.uvcdknk|gf/!Vjg!qxgtcnn!twkp!ogcuwtgf!cdqwv!;¿!hggv!jkij The overall ruin measured about 91/2 feet high atcv!kvu!jkijguv!rqkpv/!Vjg!twkp!ku!ocfg!qh!tqwij!ewv!cpf its highest point. The ruin is made of rough cut and CCCEEE!Tqcf!Nkog!Mknp-!XV.YP.343-!Rn{oqwvj< Road Lime Kiln, VT-WN-232, Plymouth: !VjgThe randomtcpfqo!nckp!uvqpg/!Vjg!ftcy!ctej!ku!qrgp!vjtqwij!vq!vjg lain stone. The draw arch is open through to the ruintwkp!ku!nqecvgf!cdqwv!261!hggv!pqtvj!qh!vjg!kpvgtugevkqp!qh is located about 150 feet north of the intersection of kpvgtkqt=!kv!ogcuwtgf!cdqwv!7!hqqv!fggr!cpf!ku!uvqpg!nkpgf/interior; it measured about 6 foot deep and is stone lined. CCCEEE!Tqcf! Road and cpf!Tqwvg!211/!EEE!Tqcf!ku!vjg!nqecnn{ Route 100. CCC Road is the locally NoPq!hktgdtkem!ycu!uggp!cp{yjgtg!kp!cuuqekcvkqp!ykvj!vjg firebrick was seen anywhere in association with the acceptedceegrvgf! pcog!name hqt!for vjku!this tqcf-!road, yjkej!which ku!is the vjg! first hktuv! road tqcf ruin.twkp/!C!hncv!itqwpf!ctgc!nc{u!fktgevn{!kp!htqpv!qh!)gcuv*!vjg A flat ground area lays directly in front of (east) the ngcfkpi!yguv!htqo!Tqwvg!211!cdqwv!c!swctvgt.okng!uqwvjleading west from Route 100 about a quarter-mile south ruintwkp!yjgtg!vjg!gcuvgtp!gfig!ujqyu!dwtpgf!nkog!gtqfkpi where the eastern edge shows burned lime eroding ofqh!Yqqfyctf!Tgugtxqkt/ Woodward Reservoir. out.qwv/!Vjku!ycu!qdxkqwun{!vjg!nqcfkpi!ctgc!hqt!vjg!dwtpgf This was obviously the loading area for the burned Vjg!The ruin twkp! is ku! low, nqy-! circular ektewnct! rise, tkug-! about cdqwv! 8 9! feet hggv! inside kpukfg nkog/lime. diameterfkcogvgt!d{!cdqwv!4!hggv!fggr!kp!vjg!okffng/!Rkgegu!qh by about 3 feet deep in the middle. Pieces of Vjg!gcuvgtp.oquv!qh!vjg!vyq!mknp!twkpu!ku!cdqwv!236The eastern-most of the two kiln ruins is about 125 burneddwtpgf! nkog!lime ctg!are gtqfkpi!eroding qwv!out qh!of vjg!the top vqr! of qh! the vjg! kilns mknpu hggv!vq!vjg!gcuv-!qp!vjg!gcuv!ukfg!qh!Dncem!Tkxgt!)hkiwtg!C.feet to the east, on the east side of Black River (figure A- embankment.godcpmogpv/!Vjg!mknpu!ftcy!ctej!ku!pqv!xkukdng/!Cdqwv The kilns draw arch is not visible. About 41).52*/!Vjku!mknp!twkp!hcegu!yguv-!nqqmkpi!cnoquv!fktgevn{ This kiln ruin faces west, looking almost directly 100211!hggv!vq!vjg!pqtvjyguv-!wr!c!unkijv!tkukpi!ftcy-!ku!yjcv feet to the northwest, up a slight rising draw, is what backdcem!cv!vjg!yguvgtp.oquv!mknp!twkp/!Kv!ku!kp!oqtg!fkuvwtdgf at the western-most kiln ruin. It is in more disturbed appearscrrgctu!vq!dg!c!nkoguvqpg!swctt{!vjcv!rtqdcdn{!rtqxkfgf to be a limestone quarry that probably provided

A-66C.77 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A stoneuvqpg! hqt!for burning dwtpkpi! kp!in vjg!the kiln. mknp/! Cdqwv!About 61!50 hggv!feet vq!to the vjg back.dcem/!Vjg!kpvgtkqt!ku!igpgtcnn{!ecxgf.kp!cpf!ogcuwtgu The interior is generally caved-in and measures northeastpqtvjgcuv!qh!vjg!mknp!twkp!ku!yjcv!cv!hktuv!incpeg!crrgctu of the kiln ruin is what at first glance appears aboutcdqwv!6!hggv!kp!fkcogvgt!cv!vjg!dqvvqo/!Cp!crrtqzkocvgn{ 5 feet in diameter at the bottom. An approximately tovq!dg!cpqvjgt!mknp!twkp!dwv!vwtpgf!qwv!vq!dg!nqqug!tqemu be another kiln ruin but turned out to be loose rocks 48-inch59.kpej!ykfg!ugevkqp!qh!kpukfg!uvcpfkpi!ycnn!vjcv!uvcpfu wide section of inside standing wall that stands piledrkngf!cvqr!c!ngfig!qwvetqr/!Yjcv!crrgctu!vq!dg!cp!qnf atop a ledge outcrop. What appears to be an old atcv!vjg!htqpv.ukfg!gzjkdkvu!c!inc|gf!uwthceg/!C!pwodgt!qh the front-side exhibits a glazed surface. A number of roadtqcf!twpu!uqogyjcv!dgvyggp!vjg!twkp!cpf!vjg!cflcegpv runs somewhat between the ruin and the adjacent smalluocnn!vtggu!ygtg!itqykpi!qwv!qh!vjg!ycnnu/ trees were growing out of the walls. hillsidejknnukfg!dwv!rgvgtu!qwv!pgct!vjg!tqem!rkng/ but peters out near the rock pile. AC!yqqfu!tqcf!ngcfu!211!hggv!wrjknn!dgjkpf!vjg!twkp woods road leads 100 feet uphill behind the ruin ExceptGzegrv!vjcv!kv!crrgctu!vq!jcxg!qrgtcvgf!kp!vjg!gctn{.!vq that it appears to have operated in the early- to htqo!vjg!uqwvj!vq!c!nkoguvqpg!swctt{-!yjkej!okijv!jcxgfrom the south to a limestone quarry, which might have mid-19thokf.2;vj!egpvwt{-!pqvjkpi!hwtvjgt!ku!mpqyp!cdqwv!vjku century, nothing further is known about this beendggp!vjg!uqwteg!qh!uvqpg!hqt!dwtpkpi/!Pq!yqtm!octmu the source of stone for burning. No work marks kiln.mknp/! KItv! doesn'tfqgup”v! appearcrrgct! inkp! thevjg !1859296; !geologyigqnqi{! mapocr! ofqh wereygtg!xkukdng!qp!vjg!swctt{!ycnnu/ visible on the quarry walls. Plymouth.Rn{oqwvj/!Pq!hktgdtkem!ycu!kp!gxkfgpeg/ No firebrick was in evidence. Vjg!twkp!crrgctu!ukoknct!kp!eqpuvtwevkqp!vq!vjcv!hctvjgtThe ruin appears similar in construction to that farther northpqtvj!cnqpi!vjg!ucog!ukfg!qh!vjg!dtqqm!)XV.YP.296- along the same side of the brook (VT-WN-185, RoadcutTqcfewv!Nkog!Mknp-!XV.YP.344-!Rn{oqwvj< Lime Kiln, VT-WN-233, Plymouth:!Vjg!mknp The kiln ReservoirTgugtxqkt!Dtqqm!Nkog!Mknp*-!dwv!gurgekcnn{!ukoknct!vq Brook Lime Kiln), but especially similar to ruintwkp!ku!cdqwv!31!hggv!yguv!qh!Tqwvg!211-!qp!vjg!qrrqukvg is about 20 feet west of Route 100, on the opposite bothdqvj!Dncem!Tkxgt!Vykp!Nkog!Mknp!twkpu!)XV.YP.342* Black River Twin Lime Kiln ruins (VT-WN-231) sideukfg! of qh! the vjg! highway jkijyc{! from htqo! the vjg! southwest uqwvjyguv! end gpf! of qh aboutcdqwv!¿!okng!pqtvj!qh!vjg!Rn{oqwvj!Gngogpvct{!Uejqqn/ 1/2 mile north of the Plymouth Elementary School. WoodwardYqqfyctf!Tgugtxqkt/!Vjg!mknp!twkp!ku!qdxkqwu!htqo!vjg Reservoir. The kiln ruin is obvious from the Vjg!twkp!fqgu!pqv!crrgct!qp!vjg!Dggtu!297;!pqt!vjgThe ruin does not appear on the Beers 1869 nor the highwayjkijyc{!fwg!vq!vjg!crrtqzkocvgn{!9.hqqv.ykfg!d{!5.hqqv. due to the approximately 8-foot-wide by 4-foot- Ueqvv!296;!igqnqi{!ocru!qh!Rn{oqwvj/!Kv!ycu!crrtq.Scott 1859 geology maps of Plymouth. It was appro- highjkij!oqwpf!qh!yjkvg!dwtpgf!nkog!tgukfwg/!Kv!ku!lwuv!kpukfg mound of white burned lime residue. It is just inside priatelyrtkcvgn{! namedpcogf! •"HillsideJknnukfg! LimeNkog! Kiln"Mknp–! byd{ !thevjg !PlymouthRn{oqwvj thevjg!yqqfu!cv!vjg!vqr!qh!vjg!oqwpf!qh!yjkvg!nkog/ woods at the top of the mound of white lime. ElementaryGngogpvct{!Uejqqn!uvwfgpvu!vjg!fc{!qh!vjg!Oc{!29vj School students the day of the May 18th Vjg!twkp!eqpukuvu!qh!cp!crrtqzkocvgn{!7.hqqv!fkcogvgtThe ruin consists of an approximately 6-foot diameter tour.vqwt/ hgcvwtg!yjqug!rgtkogvgt!gfigu!tkug!qpn{!kpejgu!cdqxg!vjgfeature whose perimeter edges rise only inches above the centeregpvgt!rqtvkqp!qh!vjg!hgcvwtg/!Dwtpgf-!yjkvg!nkog!gtqfgu portion of the feature. Burned, white lime erodes .!.!.!.!. gcukn{!htqo!vjg!pqtvjgtp!gfig!qh!vjku!tckugf!rgtkogvgt/easily from the northern edge of this raised perimeter. LittleNkvvng!gnug!tgockpu!qp!vjg!uwthceg!vq!fghkpg!vjg!mknp!twkp/ else remains on the surface to define the kiln ruin. PeterRgvgt!Uswktg!Nkog!Mknp-!XV.YP.346-!Ygcvjgtuhkgnf< Squire Lime Kiln, VT-WN-235, Weathersfield: Vjg!mknp!ku!pqv!kpfkecvgf!qp!vjg!Dggtu!297;!qt!vjg!296;The kiln is not indicated on the Beers 1869 or the 1859 Vjku!mknp!twkp!ecog!vq!o{!cvvgpvkqp!cu!rctv!qh!c!XgtoqpvThis kiln ruin came to my attention as part of a Vermont geologyigqnqi{!ocru!qh!Rn{oqwvj/ maps of Plymouth. ArcheologyCtejgqnqi{!Yggm!vqwt!qh!nkog!mknpu!kp!vjg!Ygcvjgtuhkgnf Week tour of lime kilns in the Weathersfield KItv! wasycu! appropriatelycrrtqrtkcvgn{! pnamedcogf! •"RoadcutTqcfewv! NLimekog! MKiln"knp–! dby{ areactgc!qp!Oc{!22-!2;;6/!Vjg!ukvg!ku!c!hgy!jwpftgf!{ctfu on May 11, 1995. The site is a few hundred yards thevjg!5 4thvj, -!6 5th vj, -!cpf!7 and 6thvj-grade .itcfg!encuu!htqo!Rn{oqwvj!Gngogpvct{ class from Plymouth Elementary southuqwvj!qhh!Tqwvg!242-!wr!c!rtkxcvg!)cpf!icvgf*!fktv!tqcf off Route 131, up a private (and gated) dirt road Uejqqn!vjg!fc{!qh!vjg!Oc{!29vj!vqwt/School the day of the May 18th tour. ownedqypgf! by d{! the vjg! Cersosimo Egtuqukoq! Lumber Nwodgt! Company Eqorcp{! (of )qh Brattleboro)Dtcvvngdqtq*!hqt!ceeguu!vq!vjgkt!itcxgn!rkv!hctvjgt!wr!vjg for access to their gravel pit farther up the HillsideJknnukfg!Nkog!Mknp-!XV.YP.345-!Rn{oqwvj< Lime Kiln, VT-WN-234, Plymouth:!Vjku!mknp This kiln roadtqcf!)vjg!tqcf!ku!pqv!kpfkecvgf!qp!vjg!WUIU!vqrq!ocr*/ (the road is not indicated on the USGS topo map). ruintwkp!ku!cdqwv!411!hggv!gcuv!qh!Tqwvg!211!cv!c!rqkpv!vjcv!ku is about 300 feet east of Route 100 at a point that is Vjg!korqukpi!mknp!twkp!ku!unkijvn{!wrjknn!cpf!qp!vjg!yguvThe imposing kiln ruin is slightly uphill and on the west aboutcdqwv! 1,000 2-111! feet hggv! south uqwvj! of qh! the vjg! Plymouth-Bridgewater Rn{oqwvj.Dtkfigycvgt sideukfg!qh!vjg!ceeguu!tqcf-!cpf!kp!iqqf!eqpfkvkqp!ykvj!cnn of the access road, and in good condition with all townvqyp! line nkpg! and cpf! about cdqwv! 600 711! feet hggv! south uqwvj! of qh! VT-WN-185, XV.YP.296- hqwt!gzvgtpcn!cpf!kvu!tqwpf!kpvgtpcn!ycnnu!igpgtcnn{!kpvcev/four external and its round internal walls generally intact. ReservoirTgugtxqkt!Dtqqm!Nkog!Mknp!)Tqncpfq!2;;3<364*/!Vjg Brook Lime Kiln (Rolando 1992:253). The AccordingCeeqtfkpi!vq!nqecn!jkuvqt{!cwvjqtkv{!Gfkvj!H/!Jwpvgt- to local history authority Edith F. Hunter, kilnmknp!ku!cdqwv!41!hggv!gcuv!qh!Tgugtxqkt!Dtqqm!cpf!xkukdng is about 30 feet east of Reservoir Brook and visible thenvjgp!rtgukfgpv!qh!vjg!Ygcvjgtuhkgnf!Jkuvqtkecn!Uqekgv{- president of the Weathersfield Historical Society, htqo!kv/!from it. thevjg!mknp!ycu!qypgf!d{!Rgvgt!Uswktg!)289;.2978*!cpf!ku kiln was owned by Peter Squire (1789-1867) and is Kv!ogcuwtgf!cdqwv!7!hggv!21!kpejgu!jkij!cv!kvu!jkijguvIt measured about 6 feet 10 inches high at its highest consideredeqpukfgtgf!vjg!qnfguv!qh!vjg!ocp{!mknpu!kp!Ygcvjgtuhkgnf/ the oldest of the many kilns in Weathersfield. andcpf!29¿!hggv!cetquu!cv!vjg!dqvvqo/!Vjg!egpvgt!ftcy!ctej 181/2 feet across at the bottom. The center draw arch JohnLqjp! Squire, Uswktg-! Peters Rgvgtu! father, hcvjgt-! brought dtqwijv! vjg!the family hcokn{! to vq measuredogcuwtgf!91!kpejgu!ykfg!cv!vjg!dqvvqo-!59!kpejgu!ykfg 80 inches wide at the bottom, 48 inches wide WeathersfieldYgcvjgtuhkgnf !inkp !1799.28;;/ !CA! jhouseqwug! kidentifiedfgpvkhkgf! casu! •"P.R/! USquire"swktg– nearpgct!vjg!vqr-!cpf!47!kpejgu!jkij!cv!egpvgt/!Vjg!ftcy!ctej the top, and 36 inches high at center. The draw arch isku!kpfkecvgf!qp!vjg!297;!Dggtu!ocr!qh!Ygcvjgtuhkgnf!qp indicated on the 1869 Beers map of Weathersfield on ku!rctv!qh!c!fkuvkpev!3;.kpej!fggr!htqpv!ycnn!ugevkqp!vjcvis part of a distinct 29-inch deep front wall section that thevjg! northpqtvj! sideukfg! ofqh !today'svqfc{”u !RouteTqwvg !131,242 -!approximatelycrrtqzkocvgn{ risestkugu! from htqo!cdqwv! about c!hqqv!a foot high jkij! at cv!vjg! the right-front tkijv.htqpv! corner eqtpgt acrosscetquu!htqo!vjg!Egtuqukoq!ceeguu!tqcf!icvg/ from the Cersosimo access road gate. (southwest)uqwvjyguv! eqtpgt*!corner) and cpf! gradually itcfwcnn{! slopes unqrgu! upward, wryctf- reachingtgcejkpi!vjg!vqr!qh!vjg!twkp!cdqwv!qxgt!vjg!ftcy!ctej- the top of the ruin about over the draw arch, AbrahamCdtcjco! Uokvj!Smith Lime Nkog! Kiln, Mknp-! VT-WN-236, XV.YP.347- whereyjgtg!kv!ku!57!kpejgu!cdqxg!vjg!itqwpf!cpf!66!kpejgu it is 46 inches above the ground and 55 inches Weathersfield:Ygcvjgtuhkgnf

A-67C.78 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

AscutneyCuewvpg{!Tqcf-!yjkej!umktvu!vjg!uqwvj!gfig!qh!Nkvvng Road, which skirts the south edge of Little AddisonCffkuqp!Eqwpv{ County AscutneyCuewvpg{! Oqwpvckp/!Mountain. Cu!As rctv!part of qh! an cp! Annual Cppwcn! Vermont Xgtoqpv ArchaeologyCtejcgqnqi{!Yggm!gxgpv!)Oc{!22-!2;;6*-!K!ngf!c!vqwt!qh Week event (May 11, 1995), I led a tour of VermontXgtoqpv! Glass Incuu! Factory/Lake Hcevqt{0Ncmg! Dunmore Fwpoqtg! Glass Incuu nqecn!nkog!mknp!tgockpu!cpf!kp!vjg!rtqeguu-!yg!xkukvgf!vjkulocal lime kiln remains and in the process, we visited this Company,Eqorcp{-!XV.CF.2592-!Ucnkudwt{< VT-AD-1481, Salisbury:!Vjku!ku!vjg!ukvg!qh This is the site of oneqpg!cpf!eqphktogf!jgt!uwurkekqpu!vjcv!vjg!hgcvwtg!ycu!cp and confirmed her suspicions that the feature was an twovyq! ofqh !Vermont'sXgtoqpv”u! fourhqwt !majoroclqt !historicjkuvqtke! glassincuu !manu-ocpw. oldqnf!nkog!mknp-!qpg!qh!ocp{!cntgcf{!mpqyp!vq!gzkuv!kp!vjg lime kiln, one of many already known to exist in the hcevwtgtu

A-68C.79 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

Kp!In 1814, 2925-! the vjg! works yqtmu! bought dqwijv! some uqog! land ncpf! along cnqpi! the vjg MiddleburyOkffngdwt{!Tkxgt!kp!Gcuv!Okffngdwt{-!hkxg!okngu!vq!vjg River in East Middlebury, five miles to the north,pqtvj-!cpf!dwknv!c!uocnngt!incuu!yqtm!vjgtg!)ugg!XV.CF. and built a smaller glass work there (see VT-AD- 1491,25;2-!rcig!C.81*-! page A-70), BusinessDwukpguu!cv!vjg!incuu!yqtmu!rgcmgf!vjg!uwoogt!0hcnn!qh at the glass works peaked the summer /fall of 1814,2925-! dwv!but on qp! March Octej! 27, 38-! 1815, 2926-! fire, hktg-! that vjcv! bugaboo dwicdqq! of qh woodenyqqfgp!kpfwuvtkcn!dwknfkpiu-!uvtwem!cv!vjg!Ncmg!Fwpoqtg industrial buildings, struck at the Lake Dunmore works.yqtmu/! Vjg!The main ockp! factory hcevqt{! building dwknfkpi! and cpf! all cnn! buildings dwknfkpiu attachedcvvcejgf! ygtg!were consumed eqpuwogf! dwv!but the vjg! furnaces, hwtpcegu-! their vjgkt hqwpfcvkqpu-!ft{kpi!qxgpu-!cpf!ecnekpkpi!qxgpu!ygtg!pqvfoundations, drying ovens, and calcining ovens were not damagedfcocigf!)Rgvgtugp!3112<62*/!Ucngu!jcf!cntgcf{!dgiwp!vq (Petersen 2001:51). Sales had already begun to slipunkr!dcfn{-!jqygxgt-!cpf!uqog!kpxguvqtu!ygtg!tgcf{!vq badly, however, and some investors were ready to jumplwor!ujkr-!uq!kv!ku!pq!uwtrtkug!vjg!eqorcp{!ycu!enqugf!qp ship, so it is no surprise the company was closed on AugustCwiwuv! 41-!2928-!30, 1817, when yjgp! its kvu! chief ejkgh! supporter, uwrrqtvgt-! Epaphras Grcrjtcu JonesLqpgu!tgukipgf!htqo!vjg!eqorcp{!)Rgvgtugp!3112<66*/ resigned from the company (Petersen 2001:55). Ukpeg!vjg!fggf!ftcykpi!fgrkevu!vjg!yqtmu!dwknfkpiuSince the deed drawing depicts the works buildings FigureHkiwtg!C.53/! A-42. AboutCdqwv!c!3.kpej!fkcogvgt!rkgeg!qh!tqwij a 2-inch diameter piece of rough backdcem!unkijvn{!htqo!vjg!ujqtgu!qh!vjg!ncmg-!Rgvgtugp!urgew. slightly from the shores of the lake, Petersen specu- wasteycuvg!incuu!htqo!vjg!xkekpkv{!qh!vjg!Ncmg!Fwpoqtg!incuu. glass from the vicinity of the Lake Dunmore glass- ncvgu!vjcv!vjg!hcevqt{!dwknfkpiu!uvqqf!qp!vjg!ukvg!qh!vjglates that the factory buildings stood on the site of the makingocmkpi!ukvg/ site. !Tqncpfq!rjqvq/Rolando photo. presentrtgugpv! )(2001)3112*! USunsetwpugv! NLodgeqfig! qonp! vthejg! nlake'scmg”u !WestYguv !ShoreUjqtg Road;Tqcf=!qvjgtu!uc{!kv!ucv!cnqpi!vjg!ujqtg!nkpg!qh!vjg!hqtogt others say it sat along the shore line of the former CampEcor !FDunmorewpoqtg !hforqt !DBoysq{u! rproperty,tqrgtv{-! candpf! {yetgv! qothersvjgtu! usayc{! kit'sv”u mentogpv! caused ecwugf! uvchh!staff tgfwevkqpu!reductions vjcv!that ngf!led vq!to the vjg! works yqtmu underwpfgt!!ycvgt!dgecwug!vjg!ncmg!ku!pqy!jkijgt!vjcp!kv!ycu water because the lake is now higher than it was shuttingujwvvkpi!fqyp!kp!2953-!dtkpikpi!cp!gpf!vq!incuu!ocmkpi down in 1842, bringing an end to glass making 200311!{gctu!ciq!)Rgvgtugp!3112<35*/ years ago (Petersen 2001:24). onqp!vjg!ujqtg!qh!Ncmg!Fwpoqtg!)Rgvgtugp!3112<;4*/ the shore of Lake Dunmore (Petersen 2001:93). Kpvgtguv!tgxkxgf!kp!vjg!qnf!kfng!incuu!yqtmu!cdqwv!26Interest revived in the old idle glass works about 15 Kp!2963!vjg!rtqrgtv{!ycu!rwtejcugf!d{!Gfyctf!F/In 1852 the property was purchased by Edward D. years{gctu! later, ncvgt-! this vjku! time vkog! by d{! an cp! all-Vermont cnn.Xgtoqpv! group itqwr! of qh BarberDctdgt!qh!Okffngdwt{-!dgikppkpi!vjg!jkuvqt{!qh!vjg!tguqtv of Middlebury, beginning the history of the resort kpxguvqtu-!yjq!ygtg!ejctvgtgf!qp!Pqxgodgt!4-!2943-!cuinvestors, who were chartered on November 3, 1832, as hotels.jqvgnu/!Vjg!Fwpoqtg! The Dunmore Jqvgn!Hotel ycu!was dwknv!cflcegpv!built adjacent vq!vjgto the thevjg! Lake Ncmg! Dunmore Fwpoqtg! Glass Incuu! Company Eqorcp{! (Acts )Cevu! and cpf! Laws Ncyu glassincuu!hcevqt{!cpf!wugf!jqwugu!dwknv!d{!vjg!incuu!yqtmu!hqt factory and used houses built by the glass works for 1832:96-99).2943<;7.;;*/! Vjg!The pgy!new eqorcp{!company dqwijv!bought wr!up vjg!the old qnf itskvu!gornq{ggu!cu!eqvvcigu!)Twemgt!2;;9<2*/!Vjg!jqvgn employees as cottages (Rucker 1998:1). The hotel VermontXgtoqpv!Incuu!Hcevqt{!rtqrgtv{!cpf!ygtg!uqqp!jktkpi Glass Factory property and were soon hiring burneddwtpgf! kp!in 1906. 2;17/! Camp Ecor! Dumore Fwoqtg! hqnnqygf!followed cv!at the vjg! site, ukvg- glassmakersincuuocmgtu! htqo!from the vjg! struggling uvtwiinkpi! Champlain Ejcornckp! Glass Incuu includingkpenwfkpi!c!ecor!dwknfkpi!)ykvjqwv!hqwpfcvkqp*!dwknv!qp- a camp building (without foundation) built on, CompanyEqorcp{!cv!Dwtnkpivqp-!yjkej!jcf!uwhhgtgf!c!fkucuvtqwu at Burlington, which had suffered a disastrous orqt!cflcegpv!vq-!vjg!incuuyqtmu!ukvg/!Mggyc{fkp!Ecoru adjacent to, the glassworks site. Keewaydin Camps hktg!vjg!{gct!dghqtg!)ugg!XV.EJ.2134-!Ejcornckp!Incuufire the year before (see VT-CH-1023, Champlain Glass boughtdqwijv!vjg!rtqrgtv{!ctqwpf!2;;1!cpf!!oquv!qh!vjg!qnf the property around 1990 and most of the old Company,Eqorcp{-!rcig!C.82*/!Vjg{!ygtg!kp!hwnn!rtqfwevkqp!vjg page A-71). They were in full production the buildingsdwknfkpiu!ygtg!fgoqnkujgf/ were demolished. nextpgzv!Hgdtwct{!)Rgvgtugp!3112<95*/ February (Petersen 2001:84). Vjg!ukvg!ycu!qtkikpcnn{!tgeqtfgf!d{!Fqppc!Lgtt{!qh!vjgThe site was originally recorded by Donna Jerry of the Vjg!pgy!incuu!yqtmu!ycu!kp!hwnn!rtqfwevkqp!gctn{!kpThe new glass works was in full production early in DivisionFkxkukqp!hqt!Jkuvqtke!Rtgugtxcvkqp!qp!Lwpg!33-!2;89!cu for Historic Preservation on June 22, 1978 as 1833,2944-!rtqfwekpi!ykpfqy!incuu!cu!fkf!kvu!rtgfgeguuqt-!dwv producing window glass as did its predecessor, but FS-37(AD);HU.48)CF*=!kv!ycu!wrfcvgf!d{!Uvgxg!Pgnuqp-!Lcpwct{!33- it was updated by Steve Nelson, January 22, withykvj!c!fkhhgtgpeg!.!vjkppgt!cpf!ykvj!c!nkijv!dnwg!jwg/ a difference - thinner and with a light blue hue. 1981,2;92-!cpf!tgkfgpvkhkgf!HU.5;)CF*/!Vjg!ukvg!ku!nqecvgf and reidentified FS-49(AD). The site is located PetersenRgvgtugp!uc{u!vjku!eqwnf!dg!vjg!tguwnv!qh!ejcpikpi!ucpf says this could be the result of changing sand aboutcdqwv!2¿!okngu!pqtvjgcuv!qh!Ucnkudwt{!xknncig-!qp!vjg 11/2 miles northeast of Salisbury village, on the supply,uwrrn{-!korqtvkpi!kv!htqo!Rkvvuhqtf-!yjkej!jcf!nguu!ktqp importing it from Pittsford, which had less iron westyguv! side ukfg! of qh! Lake Ncmg! Dunmore, Fwpoqtg-! just lwuv! southwest uqwvjyguv! qh!of the vjg thanvjcp! that vjcv! found hqwpf! locally nqecnn{! at cv! Lake Ncmg! Dunmore. Fwpoqtg/! (Petersen )Rgvgtugp intersectionkpvgtugevkqp!qh!Yguv!Ujqtg!Tqcf!cpf!Uwoce!Ncpg/! of West Shore Road and Sumac Lane. 2001:90).3112<;1*/ WhenYjgp!ncuv!xkukvgf!d{!vjku!ytkvgt!kp!Pqxgodgt!3117- last visited by this writer in November 2006, AC!pgy!hwtpceg!ycu!dwknv!kp!294;!cpf!kp!2951-!dqvj!vjg new furnace was built in 1839 and in 1840, both the muchowej !iglassncuu !uslagnci !)("frit")•htkv–* !couldeqwnf !dbeg !useenggp! calongnqpi! vthejg! ushorelinejqtgnkpg ChamplainEjcornckp!cpf!Ncmg!Fwpoqtg!incuu!hcevqtkgu!jkv!vjgkt and Lake Dunmore glass factories hit their (figure)hkiwtg!C.53*/!Yjkng!vjgtg!vjcv!ejknn{!hcnn!fc{-!eqpvtce. A-42). While there that chilly fall day, contrac- highestjkijguv! xcnwg!value qh!of total vqvcn! goods iqqfu! produced rtqfwegf! - .! $55,000 %66-111 torsvqtu!ygtg!fkiikpi!c!fggr!jqng!cdqwv!211!hggv!pqtvj!qh!vjg were digging a deep hole about 100 feet north of the (Petersen)Rgvgtugp!3112<;2*/!Dwv!htqo!vjgtg!qp!kv!ycu!fqypjknn 2001:91). But from there on it was downhill baydc{!vq!kortqxg!c!ycuvg!nkpg-!dwv!pq!incuu0dtkem0kpfwuvtkcn. to improve a waste line, but no glass/brick/industrial- hqt!vjg!yqtmu!cu!hkpcpekcn!rtqdngou!eqpvkpwgf!vq!jqwpffor the works as financial problems continued to hound relatedtgncvgf!ctvkhcevu!ocfg!cp!crrgctcpeg/!Eqpukfgtkpi!vjcv artifacts made an appearance. Considering that thevjg!kpxguvqtu!cpf!equvu!hqt!hwgn-!ycigu-!cpf!tcy!ocvgtkcnu investors and costs for fuel, wages, and raw materials mostoquv!qh!vjg!ctgc!jcu!pqv!dggp!ugxgtgn{!fgxgnqrgf-!cpf of the area has not been severely developed, and continuedeqpvkpwgf!vq!tkug/!Uvkhh!eqorgvkvkqp!cpf!hcnvgtkpi!ocpcig. to rise. Stiff competition and faltering manage- thatvjcv !whichyjkej! jhas,cu-! kisn'tup”v !densefgpug !orqt !possiblyrquukdn{ !notpqv !immediatekoogfkcvg !vtoq

A-69C.7; 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A thevjg! overall qxgtcnn! ukvg!site of qh! the vjg! glass incuu! works, yqtmu-! potential rqvgpvkcn! is ku! still uvknn USwift'sykhv”u !"a•c !littlenkvvng !westyguv !ofqh !Farr'sHctt”u !hotel"jqvgn– !mightokijv !placernceg !thevjg gzegnngpv!vjcv!ukipkhkecpv!uwduwthceg!tgockpu!okijv!{gvexcellent that significant subsurface remains might yet nlocationqecvkqp! qofh! "the•vjg! large,nctig-! circularektewnct! brickdtkem! buildingdwknfkpi! forhqt! thevjg gexist.zkuv/ !CAsu !OMaxcz! RPetersengvgtugp !usaid,ckf- !•"TheVjg !actualcevwcn !siteukvg !mayoc{ !pnevergxgt manufactureocpwhcevwtg !ofqh !glassincuu !yware"ctg– !aboutcdqwv !whereyjgtg !ca !nlocalqecn! tresidentgukfgpv bedg!nqecvgf!ykvjqwv!cp!ctejcgqnqikecn!gzrnqtcvkqp!qh!vjg located without an archaeological exploration of the saiduckf!ycu!c!hqtogt!dtkem!{ctf-!htqo!vjg!ceewowncvkqp!qh was a former brick yard, from the accumulation of areactgc! /...."///–! !(Petersen)Rgvgtugp !2001:26).3112<37*/ bricksdtkemu!vjgtg/!Vjku!ku!cdqwv!311!hggv!yguv!qh!vjg!Yc{dwt{ there. This is about 200 feet west of the Waybury Kpp!kp!qrgp!itqwpf!pqtvj!cetquu!Tqwvg!236!)Ockp!Uvtggv*-Inn in open ground north across Route 125 (Main Street), VermontXgtoqpv!Incuu!Hcevqt{-!XV.CF.25;2-!Gcuv!Okffng. Glass Factory, VT-AD-1491, East Middle- ac!hgy!fq|gp!hggv!fkciqpcnn{!PY!qh!vjg!hqtogt!Grkueqrcn few dozen feet diagonally NW of the former Episcopal bury:dwt{

A-70C.81 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

2007).3118*/! Any Cp{! connection eqppgevkqp! dgvyggp!between vjg!the 1929 2;3;! article ctvkeng! and cpf Johnson'sLqjpuqp”u !19462;57 !discoveryfkueqxgt{ !isku !notpqv !eclear.ngct/ !VTransparenttcpurctgpv !iglassncuu pipesrkrgu! on qp! display fkurnc{! at cv! the vjg! Bennington Dgppkpivqp! Museum Owugwo! ctg!are at- cv. tributedvtkdwvgf!vq!vjg!Ocpejguvgt!Incuu!Hcevqt{!)hkiwtg!C.54*/ to the Manchester Glass Factory (figure A-43).

ChittendenEjkvvgpfgp!Eqwpv{ County

ChamplainEjcornckp! Glass Incuu! Company, Eqorcp{-! VT-CH-1023, XV.EJ.2134- Burlington:Dwtnkpivqp

"construct•eqpuvtwev !ac !wharf,yjcth- !andcpf !usewug !thevjg !same,ucog- !andcpf !mayoc{! erectgtgev thereon,vjgtgqp-!uvqtg.jqwugu-!cpf!qvjgt!pgeguuct{!dwknfkpiu- store-houses, and other necessary buildings, thevjg!xkekpkv{!qh!Dcvvgt{!Rctm/!Cnuq!ngcugf!hqt!hkxg!{gctu vicinity of Battery Park. Also leased for five years atcv!vjg!hqqv!qh!Rgctn!uvtggv!]uke_-!qt!cv!uwej!qvjgt!rnceg the foot of Pearl street [sic], or at such other place wasycu!ycvgt!nqv!Pq/!81!cv!hqqv!qh!Rgctn!Uvtggv-!ikxkpi!vjg water lot No. 70 at foot of Pearl Street, giving the kp!Dwtnkpivqp.dc{-!pgct!vjg!ukvg!qh!vjg!yqtmu!qh!uckfin Burlington-bay, near the site of the works of said companyeqorcp{!ceeguu!vq!vjg!ncmg!cpf!ukvg!hqt!c!yjcth/! access to the lake and site for a wharf. company,eqorcp{-! cu!as vjg{!they shall ujcnn! find hkpf! convenient, eqpxgpkgpv-! and cpf! may oc{ AfterChvgt! incorporation kpeqtrqtcvkqp! kp!in October Qevqdgt! 1827, 2938-! the vjg! company eqorcp{ constructeqpuvtwev!uckf!yjcth!qh!vjg!ykfvj!qh!hkhv{!hggv-!cpf!oc{ said wharf of the width of fifty feet, and may purchasedrwtejcugf!vjg!dnqem!qh!nqvu!cpf!vjg!rtqrgtv{!ycu!kfgpvk. the block of lots and the property was identi- gzvgpf!vjg!ucog!kpvq!vjg!ycvgtu!qh!ncmg!Ejcornckp-!uqextend the same into the waters of lake Champlain, so hkgf!hqt!hktuv!vkog!cu!vjg!ukvg!qh!vjg!incuu!hcevqt{/!Cookfied for first time as the site of the glass factory Ammi hct!cu!oc{!dg!pgeguuct{!vq!qdvckp!vjg!fgrvj!qh!vjktvggpfar as may be necessary to obtain the depth of thirteen B.D/ !Young's[qwpi”u !18302941 !mapocr !showsujqyu !clusterenwuvgt !ofqh !aboutcdqwv !sixukz !good-iqqf. hggv-!cv!nqy!ycvgt////uckf!eqorcp{!dg!cpf!vjg{-!jgtgd{-feet, at low water.... said company be and they, hereby, sizeuk|g!dwknfkpiu!kp!c!ekv{!dnqem!dqtfgtgf!d{!dgvyggp!Ycvgt buildings in a city block bordered by between Water are,ctg-!cwvjqtk|gf!vq!eqpuvtwev!c!ecttkcig!tqcf!cpf!tckn. authorized to construct a carriage road and rail- andcpf! ChamplainEjcornckp! UStreetsvtggvu! nlabeledcdgngf! •"GlassIncuu! Works."Yqtmu/–! AC !largenctig wayyc{!htqo!uckf!yjcth-!c!eqpxgpkgpv!fkuvcpeg!wr!vjg from said wharf, a convenient distance up the octagonalqevciqpcn! dwknfkpi!building ku!is ujqyp!shown qp!on the vjg! map, ocr-! probably rtqdcdn{ bank,dcpm-!cv!qt!pgct!vjg!yqtmu!qh!uckf!eqorcp{-!cpf!oc{ at or near the works of said company, and may containingeqpvckpkpi!vjg!ockp!hwtpceg-!ykvj!cp!qrgp!{ctf!htqpvkpi the main furnace, with an open yard fronting providertqxkfg!uckf!tckn.yc{!ykvj!rtqrgt!ectu!cpf!yciqpu!cpf said rail-way with proper cars and wagons and onqp!vjg!ncmg/!Cetquu!vjg!uvtggv!uocnngt!dwknfkpiu!.!oc{dg the lake. Across the street smaller buildings - maybe machinesocejkpgu! candpf! gengines,pikpgu-! convenienteqpxgpkgpv! hforqt! usewug! thereof."vjgtgqh/– homesjqogu!qh!yqtmgtu/!Cnvjqwij!c!nctig!yjcth!cpf!tckntqcf of workers. Although a large wharf and railroad (Acts)Cevu!cpf!Ncyu and Laws !2938<89.91*/1827:78-80). atcv!vjg!hqqv!qh!Rgctn!Uvtggv!ycu!rncppgf-!vjg{!ygtg!pgxgt the foot of Pearl Street was planned, they were never built.dwknv/! Vjg!cev!hwtvjgt!rtqxkfgf!hqt!vjg!iqxgtpcpeg!qh!The act further provided for the governance of the vjg Vjg!eqorcp{!ycu!tgcf{!hqt!dwukpguu!kp!Qevqdgt!2938/The company was ready for business in October 1827. corporationeqtrqtcvkqp!dwv!kp!ugevkqp!;!qh!vjg!ejctvgt-!urgekhkecnn{ but in section 9 of the charter, specifically ProductsRtqfwevu! included kpenwfgf! ykpfqy!window incuu=!rquukdn{!glass; possibly other qvjgt! glass incuu deniedfgpkgf!dcpmkpi!rtkxkngigu-!c!tgcevkqp-!rgtjcru-!vq!vjg!hcev banking privileges, a reaction, perhaps, to the fact objectsqdlgevu!)dqvvnguA*/!Vjg!eqorcp{!enqugf!kp!2961!fwg!vq (bottles?). The company closed in 1850 due to thatvjcv!vjg!dcpm!dknnu!kuuwgf!d{!vjg!vjgp!fghwpev!Xgtoqpv the bank bills issued by the then defunct Vermont manyocp{!geqpqoke!hcevqtu-!kpenwfkpi!fgctpguu!qh!yqqf!hqt economic factors, including dearness of wood for GlassIncuu!Hcevqt{!qh!Ncmg!Fwpoqtg!jcf!dgeqog!yqtvjnguu/ Factory of Lake Dunmore had become worthless. hwgn!cpf!fqypyctf!vgpf!qp!korqtv!vctkhh!qp!incuu/!Pqfuel and downward tend on import tariff on glass. No (Carlisle)Ectnkung!3111<245*/ 2000:134). surfaceuwthceg! evidence gxkfgpeg! qh!of the vjg! actual cevwcn! glass incuu! factory hcevqt{! works, yqtmu- JohnLqjp! S. U/! Foster, Hquvgt-! one qpg! of qh! the vjg! incorporators, kpeqtrqtcvqtu-! had jcf! pre- rtg. hwtpceg-!furnace, or qt! related tgncvgf! buildings dwknfkpiu! remain tgockp! today. vqfc{/! (Carlisle )Ectnkung viouslyxkqwun{!ceswktgf!c!dnqem!qh!hqwt!6.cetg!nqvu!kp!vjg!xkekpkv{ acquired a block of four 5-acre lots in the vicinity 2000:133-161)3111<244.272*!/ . ofqh!Rgctn!cpf!Ejcornckp!Uvtggvu!vjg!urtkpi!qh!2938/!Pgzv Pearl and Champlain Streets the spring of 1827. Next BasedDcugf!qp!ocr!fkogpukqpu-!vjg!qevciqp.ujcrgf!incuu on map dimensions, the octagon-shaped glass monthoqpvj!jg!uqnf!c!dnqem!qh!vjtgg!nqvu/!Kp!Oc{-!jg!tgpvgf he sold a block of three lots. In May, he rented hwtpceg!dwknfkpi!qp!vjg!2941!ocr!ku!cdqwv!92!hggv!kpfurnace building on the 1830 map is about 81 feet in tenementsvgpgogpvu!uvcpfkpi!qp!vjg!ncpfu!ecnngf!vjg!Ecpvqpogpv- standing on the lands called the Cantonment, diameterfkcogvgt!cpf!vjg!egpvgt!qh!vjku!dwknfkpi!ku!enqug!vq!;1!hggv and the center of this building is close to 90 feet ownedqypgf! dby{! thevjg! U.S.,W/U/-! generallyigpgtcnn{! mknownpqyp! casu! vthejg! Officer'sQhhkegt”u htqo!vjg!okffng!qh!Rgtw!Uvtggv-!vq!vjg!pqtvj/!Jqy!fqgufrom the middle of Peru Street, to the north. How does Barracks,Dcttcemu-!cv!vjg!pqtvjgtp!gpf!qh!vjg!qnf!oknkvct{!ecor!kp at the northern end of the old military camp in thisvjku! translatevtcpuncvg! vtoq! ywhat'sjcv”u !onqp !thevjg !grounditqwpf! herejgtg! now?pqyA! KIsu! thevjg

A-71C.82 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A areactgc!fgpug!ykvj!dwknfkpiu!cpf!qrgp!ctgcu!eqxgtgf!qxgt dense with buildings and open areas covered over WindhamYkpfjco!Eqwpv{ County withykvj!eqpetgvg!uvtggvu-!ukfgycnmu-!qt!rcxgf!rctmkpi!nqvuA concrete streets, sidewalks, or paved parking lots? Vjg!The city ekv{! block dnqem! in kp! Burlington Dwtnkpivqp! bordered dqtfgtgf! by d{! North Pqtvj VernonXgtpqp!Incuu!Eqorcp{0Xgtpqp!Incuu!Ocpwhcevwtkpi Glass Company/Vernon Glass Manufacturing ChamplainEjcornckp!Uvtggv!cpf!Rctm!Uvtggv!)gcuv!cpf!yguv*!cpf Street and Park Street (east and west) and Co.,Eq/-!YF.IY12-!Xgtpqp< WD-GW01, Vernon:!Gdgpg|gt!Jqyg-!Lt/-!Ejctngu Ebenezer Howe, Jr., Charles Ujgtocp!Uvtggv!cpf!Oqptqg!Uvtggv!)pqtvj!cpf!uqwvj*!ycuSherman Street and Monroe Street (north and south) was J.L/!Ycnmgt-!cpf!Lqgn!Rtcvv!ygtg!ejctvgtgf!vq!qticpk|g!vjg Walker, and Joel Pratt were chartered to organize the checkedejgemgf!qp!Lwn{!29-!3118!cpf!hqwpf!vq!dg!c!tgukfgpvkcn on July 18, 2007 and found to be a residential VernonXgtpqp!Incuu!Eqorcp{!qp!Pqxgodgt!6-!2956!hqt!vjg Glass Company on November 5, 1845 for the neighborhood.pgkijdqtjqqf/! Hqtvwpcvgn{-!Fortunately, vjgtghqtg-!therefore, vjgtg!there ku!is much owej "purpose•rwtrqug !ofqh !mining,okpkpi- !raising,tckukpi- !andcpf !workingyqtmkpi !minerals,okpgtcnu- !candpf open,qrgp-!wprcxgf!urceg!dgvyggp-!kp!htqpv!qh-!cpf!dgjkpf!vjg unpaved space between, in front of, and behind the manufacturingocpwhcevwtkpi!incuu-!kp!vjg!vqyp!qh!Xgtpqp-!eqwpv{!qh glass, in the town of Vernon, county of housesjqwugu! vjcv!that line nkpg! narrow pcttqy! Sherman Ujgtocp! Street. Uvtggv/! Since Ukpeg! Peru Rgtw Windham."Ykpfjco/–! (Acts)Cevu!cpf!Ncyu and Laws !2956<71.72*/!Vjtgg!{gctu1845:60-61). Three years Uvtggv!eqpvkpwgf!yguvyctf!vjtqwij!vjg!dnqem!dqwpfgf!d{Street continued westward through the block bounded by ncvgt-!cpqvjgt!ejctvgt!ycu!crrtqxgf!hqt!Lqjp!Jctv-!Lctxkulater, another charter was approved for John Hart, Jarvis NorthPqtvj!Ejcornckp!Uvtggv!qp!vjg!gcuv!cpf!Rctm!Uvtggv!qp Champlain Street on the east and Park Street on F.H/! Burrows,Dwttqyu- !andcpf !WilliamYknnkco !Newkirk"toPgymktm•vq !incorporatekpeqtrqtcvg! TheVjg thevjg!yguv!cv!vjg!vkog!qh!vjg!incuuyqtmu-!rgt!vjg!2941!ocr- west at the time of the glassworks, per the 1830 map, VernonXgtpqp!Incuu!Ocpwhcevwtkpi!Eqorcp{!hqt!vjg!rwtrqug Glass Manufacturing Company for the purpose andcpf!vjg!incuuyqtmu!hwtpceg-!cnuq!rgt!vjcv!ocr-!dqtfgtgf the glassworks furnace, also per that map, bordered ofqh!okpkpi-!tckukpi-!cpf!yqtmkpi!okpgtcnu!cpf!ocpwhce. mining, raising, and working minerals and manufac- closeenqug!vq!Rgtw!Uvtggv/!Vjku!ocfg!vjg!ctgc!qp!vjg!pqtvj!ukfg to Peru Street. This made the area on the north side turingvwtkpi! glass.incuu/! PNovemberqxgodgt! 210."1/–! (Acts)Cevu!cpf!Ncyu and Laws !2962<229.1851:118- ofqh!Ujgtocp!Uvtggv!qh!rctvkewnct!kpvgtguv/!Cpf!dcugf!qp Sherman Street of particular interest. And based on 119).22;*/!Dwttqyu!cpf!Jwpv!ygtg!pqvcdngu!kp!Xgtpqp/ Burrows and Hunt were notables in Vernon. observationsqdugtxcvkqpu!ocfg!kp!jgcx{!tckp!vjcv!oqtpkpi-!uwhhkekgpv made in heavy rain that morning, sufficient Vjgtg!ku!pq!jkuvqtkecn!gxkfgpeg!vjcv!incuu!ycu!ocfg!kpThere is no historical evidence that glass was made in spaceurceg!ycu!fkueqxgtgf!vq!gzkuv!dgjkpf!89!cpf!91!Ujgtocp was discovered to exist behind 78 and 80 Sherman VernonXgtpqp!fwtkpi!vjg!nkhg!qh!vjg!vyq!ejctvgtu/!Kp!pqtvjyguv during the life of the two charters. In northwest Uvtggv!cpf!vjg!rtqrgtv{!dqtfgtkpi!fkciqpcnn{!pqtvjyguvStreet and the property bordering diagonally northwest partrctv! ofqh !Vernon,Xgtpqp- !however,jqygxgt- !"glass•incuu !sandstoneucpfuvqpg !abounds;cdqwpfu= onqp!vjg!gcuv!ukfg!qh!Rctm!Uvtggv!vq!eqpenwfg!vjcv!vjg!ukvg!qh the east side of Park Street to conclude that the site of nctig!swcpvkvkgu!qh!yjkej!jcxg!dggp!ecttkgf!vq!Yctykem-large quantities of which have been carried to Warwick, almostcnoquv!cnn!qh!vjg!hwtpceg!dwknfkpi!jcu!pqv!dggp!dwknv!wrqp all of the furnace building has not been built upon Mass.,Ocuu/-! andcpf! Keene,Mggpg- !NH"PJ– !(Washburn)Ycujdwtp !1885:276).2996<387*/! SinceUkpeg ofqh!rcxgf!qxgt/ paved over. nearbypgctd{!Mggpg-!jcf!c!jkuvqt{!qh!incuu!ocpwhcevwtg!htqo Keene, had a history of glass manufacture from 18142925!vq!2964-!okijv!vjg!Xgtpqp!incuu!eqorcpkgu!jcxg to 1853, might the Vernon glass companies have RutlandTwvncpf!Eqwpv{ County beendggp!qticpk|gf!uvtkevn{!hqt!vjg!rwtrqug!qh!okpkpi!cpf organized strictly for the purpose of mining and transportingvtcpurqtvkpi!tcy!ocvgtkcnu!vjcv!ygpv!kpvq!vjg!ocpwhcevwtg raw materials that went into the manufacture PittsfordRkvvuhqtf!Incuu!Eqorcp{-!TW!IY12-!Rkvvuhqtf< Glass Company, RU GW01, Pittsford:!Vjg The ofqh!incuu!cv!Mggpg!)qt!gnugyjgtg*A glass at Keene (or elsewhere)? PittsfordRkvvuhqtf!Incuu!Eqorcp{!ycu! Glass Company was chartered ejctvgtgf!Pqxgodgt! November 6, 7- 18342945! )ucog!(same fc{!day cpf!and year {gct! that vjcv! the vjg!Qvvgt!Etggm! Otter Creek Glass Incuu CompanyEqorcp{!qh!Xgtigppgu!ycu!ejctvgtgf=!eqkpekfgpeg-!qt of Vergennes was chartered; coincidence, or REFERENCESTGHGTGPEGU!EKVGF CITED someuqog! connection?). eqppgevkqpA*/! Ujctgjqnfgtu!Shareholders qh!of the vjg! Pittsford Rkvvuhqtf companyeqorcp{!ygtg!Ukogqp!Itcpigt-!Ejcrocp!Jkvejeqem- were Simeon Granger, Chapman Hitchcock, ActsCevu!'!Ncyu!Rcuugf!d{!vjg!Ngikuncvwtg!qh!Vjg!Uvcvg!qh & Laws Passed by the Legislature of The State of ElijahGnklcj!Dtqyp-!N{ocp!Itcpigt-!Coqu!Jkvejeqem-!Ejguvgt Brown, Lyman Granger, Amos Hitchcock, Chester Xgtoqpv-Vermont, !2921-!2922-!2924-!2938-!2943-!2945-!2946-1810, 1811, 1813, 1827, 1832, 1834, 1835, Granger,Itcpigt-!cpf!Gfyctf!L/!Itcpigt!) and Edward J. Granger (ActsCevu!cpf!Ncyu and Laws !2945<1834: 1845,2956-!2962-!2978/ 1851, 1867. 81.82*/!70-71). Allen,Cnngp-! RichardTkejctf! Sanders,Ucpfgtu-! "Furnaces,•Hwtpcegu-! ForgesHqtigu! andcpf NoPq!incuu!yqtmu!jcu!dggp!hqwpf!vq!jcxg!dggp!dwknv!qt glass works has been found to have been built or Foundries."Hqwpftkgu/–! Xgtoqpv!NkhgVermont Life./!Ykpvgt!2;67.68-!rr/!3.;/ Winter 1956-57, pp. 2-9. operatedqrgtcvgf!kp!vjg!vqyp-!dwv!vjcv!c!iqqf!swcnkv{!ucpf!hqt in the town, but that a good quality sand for aaaaaaaaaa,- !"Chronological•Ejtqpqnqikecn! Notes,Pqvgu-! Troy'Vtq{” us! IronKtqp! andcpf glassincuu!ocmkpi!ycu!cxckncdng!kp!vqyp!ecp!dg!kphgttgf!htqo making was available in town can be inferred from USteelvggn! Companies."Eqorcpkgu/–! Report Tgrqtv! of qh! the vjg! Mohawk-Hudson Oqjcym.Jwfuqp thevjg! LakeNcmg! DunmoreFwpoqtg! GlassIncuu! Company'sEqorcp{”u !importingkorqtvkpi! sanducpf AreaCtgc! !Survey, Uwtxg{-! Robert Tqdgtv! M. O/! Vogel, Xqign-! ed., gf/-! Smithsonian Uokvjuqpkcp htqo!Rkvvuhqtf!hqt!kvu!yqtmu!fwtkpi!2944.2953!)Rgvgtugpfrom Pittsford for its works during 1833-1842 (Petersen Kpuvkvwvkqp!Rtguu-!2;84-!rr/!;7.;8/Institution Press, 1973, pp. 96-97. 2001:90).3112<;1*/! Ikxgp!vjg!fcvgu!qh!vjg!uvctvwr!qh!vjg!NcmgGiven the dates of the startup of the Lake Armstrong,Ctouvtqpi-! Octictgv!Margaret D/-!B., Rcognc!Pamela L/!J. Caldwell, Ecnfygnn-! and cpf DunmoreFwpoqtg! Incuu!Glass Company Eqorcp{! )2944*!(1833) and cpf! chartering ejctvgtkpi! the vjg DorothyFqtqvj{! U/!S. Steele. Uvggng/! St.Uv/! Albans Cndcpu! Through Vjtqwij! the vjg! Years, [gctu- PittsfordRkvvuhqtf!Incuu!Eqorcp{!)2945*-!qpg!jcu!vq!yqpfgt!kh Glass Company (1834), one has to wonder if 2874.2;74-!1763-1963, C!A Bicentennial Dkegpvgppkcn! History. Jkuvqt{/! Uv/!St. Albans Cndcpu oneqpg!jcf!cp{vjkpi!vq!fq!ykvj!vjg!qvjgtA!Qt!eqwnf!vjg had anything to do with the other? Or could the HistoricalJkuvqtkecn!Uqekgv{-!Kpe/-!2;88/ Society, Inc., 1977. principalsrtkpekrcnu! qh!of the vjg! Pittsford Rkvvuhqtf! Glass Incuu! Company Eqorcp{! (most )oquv! of qh Backman,Dcemocp-!Rtkueknnc-!Ecncku!nkog!mknp!ngvvgtu!cpf!ngfigt Priscilla, Calais lime kiln letters and ledger whomyjqo!ygtg!cnuq!eqppgevgf!ykvj!vjg!ktqpyqtmu!kp!vqyp were also connected with the ironworks in town datafcvc!vq!Tqncpfq-!2;;6/ to Rolando, 1995. andcpf!mpgy!vjg{!jcf!iqqf!incuu!ucpf*!lwuv!dg!jgfikpi!vjgkt knew they had good glass sand) just be hedging their Barna„Dctpc--!Gf-! Ed, Eqxgtgf!Dtkfigu!qh!XgtoqpvCovered Bridges of Vermont./!Yqqfuvqem- Woodstock, kpvgtguv!kp!c!nqecnn{!cxckncdng!tguqwteg!hqt!cp{!rquukdnginterest in a locally available resource for any possible CountrymanEqwpvt{ocp!Rtguu-!2;;7/ Press, 1996. hwvwtg!eqpukfgtcvkqpA!future consideration? Barret,Dcttgv-! RichardTkejctf! Carter,Ectvgt-! "Making•Ocmkpi! qofh! VermontXgtoqpv! Glass."Incuu/– Xgtoqpv!NkhgVermont Life./!Urtkpi!2;76-!rr/!21.24/ Spring 1965, pp. 10-13.

A-72C.83 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

Beebe,Dggdg- !Flo,Hnq- !"Burden-related•Dwtfgp.tgncvgf !datafcvc !fromhtqo !ShaftsburyUjchvudwt{! deedfggf Ykpfjco!Eqwpv{-!Xgtoqpv-!2895.2995Windham County, Vermont, 1784-1884,-!U{tcewug-!P[- Syracuse, NY, hfiles."kngu/– !ShaftsburyUjchvudwt{ !TownVqyp !QOffice,hhkeg- !UShaftsbury,jchvudwt{- !FallHcnn !32002.113/ Vjg!Lqwtpcn!Qhhkeg-!2995/The Journal Office, 1884. Beers,Dggtu-!H/!Y/-! F. W., AtlasCvncu!qh!Cffkuqp!Eqwpv{-!Xgtoqpv- of Addison County, Vermont, !PgyNew Colman,Eqnocp-! DevinFgxkp! A.,C/-! "Documentation•Fqewogpvcvkqp! ofqh! HistoricJkuvqtke York,[qtm-!H/!Y/!Dggtu!cpf!Eq/-!2982/ F. W. Beers and Co., 1871. ResourcesTguqwtegu! qp!on Law Ncy! Island, Kuncpf-! Colchester, Eqnejguvgt-! Chittenden Ejkvvgpfgp aaaaaaaaaa-!, AtlasCvncu! of qh! Bennington Dgppkpivqp! County, Eqwpv{-! Vermont Xgtoqpv County,Eqwpv{- !XVermont."gtoqpv/– !Burlington,Dwtnkpivqp- !preparedrtgrctgf !forhqt !thevjg !LakeNcmg !Pgy![qtm-!H/!Y/!Dggtu-!C/!F/!Gnnku-!cpf!I/!I/!Uqwng-New York, F. W. Beers, A. D. Ellis, and G. G. Soule, ChamplainEjcornckp!Eqookvvgg-!Octej!34-!3118/ Committee, March 23, 2007. 1869.297;/ Curry,Ewtt{-! DBrucetweg! RP.,/-! "History•Jkuvqt{! qofh! thevjg! MontpelierOqpvrgnkgt! '&! WellsYgnnu aaaaaaaaaa-!, AtlasCvncu! of qh! Franklin Htcpmnkp! and cpf! Grand Itcpf! Isle Kung RiverTkxgt !candpf !DBarrecttg! '&! EChelseajgnugc! TRailroads."ckntqcfu/–! !B&MD'O!Dwnngvkp Bulletin,- Eqwpvkgu-!Xgtoqpv-Counties, Vermont, !Pgy![qtm-!H/!Y/!Dggtu!cpf!Eq/-New York, F. W. Beers and Co., no.pq/!2-!Ykpvgt!2;87.2;88-!rr/!31.43/ 1, Winter 1976-1977, pp. 20-32. 18712982 Dale,Fcng-! T.V/ !Nelson,Pgnuqp- !"Commercial•Eqoogtekcn! MarblesOctdngu! ofqh !WesternYguvgtp aaaaaaaaaa-! AtlasCvncu!qh!Twvncpf!Eqwpv{-!Xgtoqpv of Rutland County, Vermont,-!Pgy New Vermont."Xgtoqpv/–! ReportTgrqtv! qh!of the vjg! State Uvcvg! Geologist Igqnqikuv! on qp! the vjg York,[qtm-!H/!Y/!Dggtu-!C/!F/!Gnnku-!cpf!I/!I/!Uqwng-!297;/ F. W. Beers, A. D. Ellis, and G. G. Soule, 1869. MineralOkpgtcn! Industries Kpfwuvtkgu!cpf!Igqnqi{!qh! and Geology of Vermont Xgtoqpv! 1913- 2;24. aaaaaaaaaa-!, AtlasCvncu!qh!Ykpfjco!Eqwpv{-!Xgtoqpv of Windham County, Vermont,-!Pgy New 2;25-1914, !Igqtig!J/!Rgtmkpu-!gf/-!Dwtnkpivqp-!Htgg!RtguuGeorge H. Perkins, ed., Burlington, Free Press York,[qtm-!H/!Y/!Dggtu-!C/!F/!Gnnku-!cpf!I/!I/!Uqwng-!297;/ F. W. Beers, A. D. Ellis, and G. G. Soule, 1869. Printing,Rtkpvkpi-!2;25-!rr/!2.271/ 1914, pp. 1-160. aaaaaaaaaa-! AtlasCvncu! of qh! Windsor Ykpfuqt! County, Eqwpv{-! Vermont, Xgtoqpv- aaaaaaaaaa-!, TheVjg! Calcite Ecnekvg! Marble Octdng! and cpf! Dolomite Fqnqokvg! of qh !Pgy![qtm-!H/!Y/!Dggtu-!C/!F/!Gnnku-!cpf!I/!I/!Uqwng-New York, F. W. Beers, A. D. Ellis, and G. G. Soule, EasternGcuvgtp!Xgtoqpv Vermont,-!Ycujkpivqp-!Iqxgtpogpv!Rtkpvkpi Washington, Government Printing 1869.297;/ Office,Qhhkeg-!WUIU!Dwnngvkp!69;-!2;26/ USGS Bulletin 589, 1915. BergerDgtigt!Cuuqekcvgu-!Kpe/-! Associates, Inc., NationalPcvkqpcn!Tgikuvgt!Cuuguuogpv Register Assessment Day,Fc{- !HenryJgpt{! EClay,nc{-! •"DayFc{! RPapers:crgtu

A-73C.84 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

HistoricalJkuvqtkecn!Ctejcgqnqi{- Archaeology, !Oqueqy-!KF/-!Vjg!Wpkxgtukv{Moscow, ID., The University [1979].]2;8;_/ ofqh!Kfcjq!Rtguu-!2;98/ Idaho Press, 1987. NationalPcvkqpcn!Uvcpfctf/ Standard. !Lwn{!39-!2935July 28, 1824./ Hance,Jcpeg-! Dawn Fcyp! D., F/-! Vjg!The History Jkuvqt{! of qh! Rutland, Twvncpf-! Vermont, Xgtoqpv- Neilson,Pgknuqp-!Yknnkco!I/-! William G., Ejcteqcn!Dncuv!Hwtpcegu-!TqnnkpiCharcoal Blast Furnaces, Rolling 2872.29721761-1861,.-/! Rutland Twvncpf! Historical Jkuvqtkecn! Society, Uqekgv{-! Academy Cecfgo{ Mills,Oknnu-!Hqtigu!cpf!Uvggn! Forges and Steel Works Yqtmu!qh!Pgy!Gpincpf!kp of New England in Books,Dqqmu-!2;;2/! 1991. 29771866,-!Cogtkecp!Ktqp!cpf!Uvggn!Cuuqekcvkqp-!]2977_/ American Iron and Steel Association, [1866]. Hinsdill,Jkpufknn-!Lqugrj!P/-!] Joseph N., [MapOcr!qh_!Dgppkpivqp-!Xgtoqpv of] Bennington, Vermont,-!Jknn Hill NewPgy!Gpincpf!Dwukpguu!Fktgevqt{!cpf!Ic|gvvggt England Business Directory and Gazetteer,-!Dquvqp- Boston, andcpf!Eqorcp{-!Dgppkpivqp-!2936/ Company, Bennington, 1825. Mass.,Ocuu/-!Ucoruqp-!Owtfqem-!'!Eq/-!2;13-!2;21-!2;31- Sampson, Murdock, & Co., 1902, 1910, 1920, HistoricJkuvqtke!Ukvgu!'!Uvtwevwtgu!Uwtxg{ Sites & Structures Survey,-!Pqtvj!Dgppkpivqp- North Bennington, 1926.2;37/ recordedtgeqtfgf!d{!Ognkuuc!Eqvvqp-!Oc{!2;;7/ by Melissa Cotton, May 1996. Nichols,Pkejqnu-!Dgcej-! Beach, AtlasCvncu!qh!Dnckt!cpf!Jwpvkpifqp!Eqwpvkgu of Blair and Huntingdon Counties Hitchcock,Jkvejeqem-! Gfyctf-!Edward, Gfyctf!Edward Hitchcock, Jkvejeqem-! Jr., Lt/-! Charles Ejctngu Pennsylvania.Rgppu{nxcpkc/!C/!Rqogtq{!'!Eq/-!Rjkncfgnrjkc-!2984/ A. Pomeroy & Co., Philadelphia, 1873. Hitchcock,Jkvejeqem-!cpf!Cndgtv!Jcigt-! and Albert Hager, ReportTgrqtv!qp!vjg!Igqnqi{ on the Geology Parks,Rctmu-!Lqugrj-! Joseph, Pownal:Rqypcn

A-74C.85 311![gctu!qh!Uqqv!cpf!Uygcv200 Years of Soot and Sweat AddendumCffgpfwo!C A

GreenItggp! OMountainqwpvckp! PNationalcvkqpcn! HForest."qtguv/–! UKC.Pgy!GpincpfSIA-New England !H12;.2)6*-!H123.2!]Rjcug!KC_F019-1(5), F012-1 [Phase IA]./!Wpkxgtukv{!qh!Xgtoqpv- University of Vermont, Ejcrvgtu!PgyungvvgtChapters Newsletter,-!Fcxkf!Uvctdwem-!gf/-!2703-!2;;7/ David Starbuck, ed., 16/2, 1996. DepartmentFgrctvogpv!qh!Cpvjtqrqnqi{-!Tgrqtv!$33-!2;8;/ of Anthropology, Report #22, 1979. aaaaaaaaaa- !"Results•Tguwnvu! ofqh !WalkoverYcnmqxgt! SurveyUwtxg{! ofqh VanXcp!Ueq{qe-!Vkoqvj{!E/-!Cevkpi!Fktgevqt0Ewtcvqt-!Dnckt Scoyoc, Timothy C., Acting Director/Curator, Blair WilliamsYknnkcou!G/!Fckng{-!Kpe/-!Rtqrgtv{!Gcuv!qh!Qtg!Dgf E. Dailey, Inc., Property East of Ore Bed CountyEqwpv{! Jkuvqtkecn!Historical Uqekgv{-!Society, RC-!PA, gockn!email to vq! Rolando, Tqncpfq- Road,Tqcf-! TownVqyp! ofqh !Bennington,Dgppkpivqp-! Vermont."Xgtoqpv/–! OctoberQevqdgt! 24,35- JanuaryLcpwct{!23-!3117/ 12, 2006. 2003.3114/ Xgtoqpv!Cwtqtc/Vermont Aurora. !Lwn{!26-!2935July 15, 1824 Rucker,Twemgt-! Nancy,Pcpe{-! •"GlassmakingIncuuocmkpi! qonp! NLakecmg! FDunmore."wpoqtg/–! VjgThe Xgtoqpv![gct!DqqmVermont Year Book,-!Ejguvgt-!Vjg!Pcvkqpcn!Uwtxg{-!2;75/ Chester, The National Survey, 1964. SheldonUjgnfqp! Museum Owugwo! Pgyu!News & '! Notes," Pqvgu-– ! Vol.Xqn/! III,KKK-! No.Pq/! 3,4- Walbridge,Ycndtkfig-!Jgtdgtv!Uvgddkpu-! Herbert Stebbins, Vjg!Jkuvqt{!cpf!Fgxgnqr.The History and Develop- Uwoogt!2;;9-!rcig!2/Summer 1998, page 1. mentogpv!qh!Pqtvj!Dgppkpivqp-!Xgtoqpv/!2;48/ of North Bennington, Vermont. 1937. ! Russell,Twuugnn-! Jeannine,Lgcppkpg-! "The•Vjg! ChamplainEjcornckp! ValleyXcnng{! LimeNkog WallYcnn!cpf!Hqttguv-! and Forrest, MapOcr!qh!Xgtigppgu of Vergennes,-!2964/ 1853. Company:Eqorcp{

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