DOCSLIB.ORG

Edward Drea on the Nanjing Massacre: a Japanese

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Edward Drea on the Nanjing Massacre: a Japanese Honda Katsuichi. The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan's National Shame. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 1999. xxvii + 367 pp. $90.95, cloth, ISBN 978-0-7656-0334-0. Reviewed by Edward J. Drea Published on H-Japan (November, 1999) Since the early 1970s Honda Katsuichi has de‐ immediacy and intensity to the gruesome depic‐ voted a good part of his professional life to re‐ tions of the murderous and rapacious conduct of counting the brutality of the Imperial Japanese the Japanese army in China that made them fresh Army in China, particularly the Nanjing Massacre. and powerful indictments of a military organiza‐ Honda's frst book on the subject, Chugoku no tion gone amok and a society unwilling to con‐ tabi, (1972) originally appeared in Japan in serial‐ front either that historical fact or its legacy. In ized form in the Asahi shimbun during 1971.[1] other words, timing was everything, and without The section on the Nanjing massacre created a that special immediacy conferred by the context sensation surfacing as it did at a time of Japanese- in which it originally appeared, the overall impact Chinese rapproachment exemplified by Prime of Honda's indictment is diminished. Honda's Minister Tanaka Kakukei's impending to visit Bei‐ works are as much period pieces of reportage as jing. Honda's next book on the atrocities, Nankin e anything else, and reviewing an English language no michi, (1987) more specifically focused on the translation of Nankin e no michi ten years after 1937 Central China campaign culminating in the reading the book in the original ranks as an anti‐ slaughter at Nanjing.[2] Although at that time still quarian experience. The facts are there, but the a work in progress, Honda published the book to intensity and emotion are gone. Or are they? weigh in on the textbook controversy of the early Iris Chang's bestselling The Rape of Nanjing 1980s which, among other things, had sparked a has reignited, at least in the American academic high profile dispute created between Japanese re‐ community, the issue of Japanese military atroci‐ visionists and conservatives over the "truth" of ties committed in China, and general readers fa‐ the Nanjing Massacre. miliar with Chang's book may fnd Honda's ac‐ When originally published, Honda's polemics counts just more of the same.[3] This would be were topical to contemporaneous political, social, unfortunate. and educational debates in Japan. There was an H-Net Reviews Honda tells his English language readers that More to the point, the several accounts drawn his purpose in approving the translation of his from the confessions were unrelated to one an‐ work is to stir Americans to exert gaiatsu (outside other and indeed were heavily laced with then pressure), that mysterious external force that current Chinese Communist propaganda themes, somehow compels Japanese bureaucrats to mend making it possible for apologists to claim the for‐ their ways, and in this case make the government mer soldiers merely mouthed the script their cap‐ acknowledge its horrific past, or as Honda puts it; tors prepared for them. A more systematic effort "bring about change in the disgraceful anti-inter‐ specifically recounting the Nanjing Massacre was nationalist behavior of the Japanese government Waseda University Professor Hora Tomio's 1967 and the conservative forces." (xxvii) This state‐ article "Nankin jiken," the frst of several articles ment implies either that his own efforts in Japan and books on the massacre that Hora published have proven unsuccessful in this regard or that over the next two decades.[6] Hora drew heavily his latest book Nankin Daigyakusatsu (1997) in on testimony and exhibits of the International conjunction with gaiatsu will change opinions.[4] Military Tribunal for the Far East to craft his tale Now, available for a wider English-reading of horror at Nanjing.[7] audience, Honda's work is, after its own fashion, a Honda's lasting contribution to the historiog‐ far more compelling indictment of the imperial raphy of the Nanjing massacre derives from his army than Iris Chang's bestseller. Honda spares path breaking interviews with Chinese victims of few feelings. He is as critical of the official histo‐ the Japanese army's brutality. Their testimony, ries of the campaign for concealing by omission recorded and published by Honda, makes plain facts unfavorable to the imperial army as he is of the scope of the atrocities far exceeded the con‐ Japanese whose appeals to the world about Hi‐ fines of Nanjing. Murder, rape, and pillage began roshima and Nagasaki gain Japan a reputation for weeks earlier when Japanese forces landed at emphasizing Japanese victim hood "without ever Hangzhou Bay and continued remorselessly dur‐ reflecting upon our own violent aspect." (139) In ing the Japanese forces drive upriver the Yangtzu its English-language version, The Nanjing Mas‐ River toward the Chinese capital. What happened sacre combines the translation of Nankin e no at Nanjing in December 1937 was neither the start michi with selected excerpts of Chugoku no tabi point nor the end point of Japanese brutality in and Nankin Daigyakusatsu plus an introductory China. Honda concludes that to speak only of fve overview written by Frank Gibney and an after‐ days at Nanjing is meaningless, and the three word prepared by Japanese historian Fujiwara month period from November 1937 to January Akira. Before discussing The Nanjing Massacre, 1938 must be considered as a single phenomenon. however, it is worth noting that Honda's exposure (134, 285) One might add that during the next sev‐ of Japanese atrocities in China had precedent. en years in China, especially in the notorious Kanki Haruo's edition of Sanko, Nihonjin no "mopping up" campaigns conducted in north Chi‐ Chugoku ni okeru senso hanzai no kokuhaku na, the Japanese feld army's conduct was a run‐ (1957), drew on confessions made by Japanese sol‐ ning tale of atrocity. diers in the early 1950s while awaiting repatria‐ Honda's methodology relies on heavily on the tion to the Chinese Communists.[5] Protests by Ja‐ journalistic device of juxtaposition. He quotes at panese veteran's groups, an attack on the editor, length, for instance, from contemporary Japanese and accusations that the accounts were trumped newspaper accounts of military operations in Chi‐ up communist propaganda enabled many Japa‐ na, replete with the "patriotic gore" so character‐ nese to dismiss the book as mere sensationalism. istic of the period, and supplements those journal‐ 2 H-Net Reviews istic accounts with the versions of operations in servations which in no way detract from her su‐ the published official military history of the cam‐ perb effort. In several instances, military nomen‐ paign.[8] Contrasting wartime propaganda and clature is not as precise as one might expect. For the impersonal rendering of the official history example, should the "small battleships" on page with the oral testimony of Chinese victims of the 39 not be "small gunboats?" Asagumo, not Chuon brutal war machine highlights all the more the shimbunsha (17) publishes the Defense Agency's discrepancy over "historical truth" between the official history series, and Shirai Katsumi is surely oppressor and the oppressed. Where available, the historian Usui Katsumi (284). Better editing Honda also provides Japanese soldiers' frst per‐ should also have eliminated the maddening repe‐ son accounts, including excerpts of the diary of tition of the awkward construction "who was xx 16th Division Commander General Nakajima Ke‐ years old by traditional Chinese reckoning," sago [9], of the feld army's brutality "for the sake which carries literal translation too far. These are of those Japanese who believe the strictly disci‐ minor cavils. Sandness' excellent translation has plined imperial army would never act like that." made available to a much wider audience one as‐ (119) The narrative is liberally illustrated with pect of Japan's attempts to come to terms with its facsimiles of contemporary Japanese newspaper disgraceful conduct in China and should effective‐ accounts of the fghting, maps, schematic draw‐ ly put to rest fatuous assertions that Nanjing re‐ ings, and photos of the sites of various massacres mains a taboo topic. The debate over the Nanjing or rapes or both, and photographs those of aging Incident in Japan may not have been resolved in a Chinese peasants whose straightforward testi‐ politically correct manner, but as Honda's work monies of personal suffering are the heart and shows it has been and continues to be an emo‐ soul of Honda's work. tional issue that prompts outrage, reflection, and The reader is entitled to ask why the Japanese perhaps someday closure. soldiers routinely committed such crimes. Honda Notes does not address that issue preferring to let Japa‐ [1]. Honda Katsuichi, Chugoku no tabi, (Trav‐ nese veterans of the campaign explain their moti‐ els in China) Tokyo: Asahi shimbunsha, 1972. vations directly. He implies that social forces of "a [2]. Honda Katsuichi, Nankin e no michi, (The forced, undemocratic modernization that dramat‐ road to Nanjing) Tokyo: Asahi shimbunsha, 1987. ically benefited the military,"(27) were at the root of the behavior. More compelling speculations on [3]. Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking: The For‐ the soldiers' motivations for systematic murder gotten Holocaust of World War II. New York: Ba‐ and rape are offered in Frank Gibney's well sic Books, 1997. drawn introduction and Fujiwara AkiraÕs post‐ [4]. Honda Katsuichi, Nankin daigyakusatsu, script. Gibney plays off Iris Chang's work as an (The great Nanjing massacre) Tokyo: Asahi shim‐ uncritical account of what happened at Nanjing in bunsha, 1997. order to emphasize to the reader that Honda gets [5]. Kanki Haruo, ed., Sanko, Nihonjin no the facts straight.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Diaspora of Korean Children: a Cross-Cultural Study of the Educational Crisis in Contemporary South Korea
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2007 The Diaspora of Korean Children: A Cross-Cultural Study of the Educational Crisis in Contemporary South Korea Young-ee Cho The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Cho, Young-ee, "The Diaspora of Korean Children: A Cross-Cultural Study of the Educational Crisis in Contemporary South Korea" (2007). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1244. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1244 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE DIASPORA OF KOREAN CHILDREN: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF THE EDUCATIONAL CRISIS IN CONTEMPORARY SOUTH KOREA By Young-ee Cho B.A Economics / East Asian Languages and Cultures, Indiana University, 1986 M.B.A. International Marketing, Indiana University, 1988 Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Montana Missoula, MT Summer 2007 Approved by: Dr. David A. Strobel, Dean Graduate School Dr. Roberta D. Evans, Chair School of Education Dr. C. LeRoy Anderson Dept of Sociology Dr. John C. Lundt Dept of Educational Leadership & Counseling Dr. William P. McCaw Dept of Educational Leadership & Counseling Dr. John C.
    [Show full text]
  • John W. Dower. Embracing Defeat. Japan in the Wake of World War II
    John W. Dower. Embracing Defeat. Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999. 676 pp. $29.95, cloth, ISBN 978-0-393-04686-1. Reviewed by Mark Selden Published on H-Asia (October, 1999) Embracing Defeat, John Dower's magisterial refashion another society as a democratic nation. chronicle of Japan under U.S. occupation, is the "Initially," Dower tells us with characteristic inci‐ summa of his four important studies of twentieth- siveness and irony, "the Americans imposed a century Japan and the U.S.-Japan relationship.[1] root-and-branch agenda of 'demilitarization and Its sweep is ambitious, ranging from political and democratization' that was in every sense a re‐ diplomatic history to innovative attempts to lo‐ markable display of arrogant idealism-both self- cate the Japanese people in the fow of change, in‐ righteous and genuinely visionary." (p. 23) Draw‐ cluding the frst efforts to chart cultural and social ing on a wealth of archival, documentary and dimensions of the era. Central to the work, and to published sources to illuminate kaleidoscopic Ja‐ the continuing debate about the occupation, are panese and American perspectives, he highlights three intertwined political issues whose resolu‐ MacArthur's arrogance and peccadilloes while tion would profoundly affect Japan's postwar positively assessing American contributions to an course: the emperor, the constitution and democ‐ enduring democratic political transformation. ratization, and the war crimes tribunals. In taking "Never," he concludes, "had a genuinely demo‐ discussion of these and other issues far beyond cratic revolution been associated with military the official record, Dower offers fresh social and dictatorship, to say nothing of a neocolonial mili‐ cultural perspectives on Japan and the U.S.-Japan tary dictatorship .
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of U.S. Relations with Japan and China: Will Bilateral
    An annual publication of the University of San Francisco Center for the Pacific Rim Volume IV · Number 1 May · 2004 Copyright 2004 CONTENTS Editors Joaquin Gonzalez The Future of U.S. Relations with Japan and China: John Nelson Will Bilateral Relations Survive the New American Unilateralism? Editorial >>.................................................................Rita Kernacs 1 Consultants Barbara K. Bundy The Maintenance of Imperial Shintô in Postwar Japan Hartmut Fischer Patrick L. Hatcher as Seen at Yasukuni Shrine and Its Yûshûkan Museum Richard J. Kozicki Stephen Uhalley, Jr. >>...........................................................Richard Lambert 9 Xiaoxin Wu The Sôka Gakkai in Australia and Quebec: Editorial Board Yoko Arisaka An Example of the Globalization of a New Japanese Religion Bih-hsya Hsieh Uldis Kruze >>........................................................Daniel A. Metraux 19 Man-lui Lau Mark Mir Memory and the Vietnam War: Noriko Nagata Stephen Roddy A Daughter’s Choice in Yung Krall’s A Thousand Tears Falling Kyoko Suda Bruce Wydick >>......................................Nathalie Huynh Chau Nguyen 31 Asia Pacific: Perspectives Center for the Pacific Rim Asia Pacific: Perspectives is a peer-reviewed journal published on average once a year in April/May. It welcomes 2130 Fulton St, LM202 submissions from all fields of the social sciences and the humanities with relevance to the Asia Pacific region.* San Francisco, CA In keeping with the Jesuit traditions of the University of San Francisco, Asia Pacific: Perspectives commits itself 94117-1080 to the highest standards of learning and scholarship. Tel: (415) 422-6357 Our task is to inform public opinion by a broad hospitality to divergent views and ideas that promote cross- Fax: (415) 422-5933 cultural understanding, tolerance, and the dissemination of knowledge unreservedly.
    [Show full text]
  • President Carter's Korean Withdrawal Policy
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1989 President Carter's Korean Withdrawal Policy Tae Hwan Ok Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Ok, Tae Hwan, "President Carter's Korean Withdrawal Policy" (1989). Dissertations. 2713. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2713 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1989 Tae Hwan Ok PRESIDENT CARTER'S KOREAN WITHDRAWAL POLICY by Tae Hwan Ok A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 1989 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation was initiated and completed during my five years of study as a graduate student at the History Department of Loyola University of Chicago. The greatest debt I owe is to Professor Theodore J. Karamanski. As director, Dr. Karamanski has been intimately associated with my dissertation throughout the course of the study. He has generously given his time. His discussions, clarifications, and suggestions through the course of various drafts were especially fruitful. I wish to thank other members of the committee, Dr. Sheldon s. Cohen and Dr. Mark A. Allee, for their helpful suggestions and comments. I am especially indebted to my wife, Kyung Hee Ok (Mok), and my daughter, Justine Mina, for their encouragement and sacrifices.
    [Show full text]
  • PCI Newsletter Summer
    Vol. 6 No. 1 “Building Bridges Between Countries and Peoples” Summer 2004 TThhee PPCCII NNeewwss PCI is grateful to and wishes to thank all the participants and supporters of this year’s dinner. Especially, we would like to recognize the generous contributions of the following sponsors: Squire Sanders & Dempsey, the Wells Fargo Foundation, Center Bank, Neufeld Jaffe LLP, the RAND Corporation and P. Chan & Edwards Inc. New Opportunities in Vietnam Following-up on last year’s visit to Vietnam by PCI board member Desaix Anderson, the board of directors of PCI has Presentation of Building Bridges Award to Gen. Stackpole (left) by PCI President Kenneth Tuggle (right) agreed to further explore opportunities to “build bridges” with the people and country of Vietnam. An initial budget Annual Award Dinner 2004 for such purposes was approved. The annual award dinner is one of the highlights of the year In light of this effort, PCI was honored to support a recent visit by Madam Ton Nu Thi Nihn, Vice-Chairperson, for the Pacific Century Institute (PCI) and its partners. This Foreign Affairs Committee of the National Assembly of event serves as an opportunity to honor an individual who Vietnam, to the United States. Her visit included a study has through his life and work exemplifies the core principles tour, sponsored by the Asia Foundation, to examine the of PCI. It is also a time for the members and supporters of legislative process of the United States at the federal, state, PCI to gather and strengthen relationships. Lastly, the and local levels, in an effort to better understand the dinner is an occasion to introduce PCI to the broader public.
    [Show full text]
  • The Okinawan Rape Incident and the End of the Cold War in East Asia
    Johnson: ESSAY -- The Okinawan Rape Incident and the End of the Cold War i ESSAY THE OKINAWAN RAPE INCIDENT AND THE END OF THE COLD WAR IN EAST ASIA CHALMERS JOHNSON* The Cold War in Europe ended in 1989, when the people of Berlin defied their overlords and began to dismantle the wall that divided their city. I believe that the Cold War in East Asia only began to end six years later, on September 4, 1995, when three American servicemen abducted and raped a twelve-year-old schoolgirl in Okinawa. The reaction to that rape throughout Japan and also in South Korea was to draw attention to the persistence of Cold War-type relationships in East Asia-particularly to the presence of a foreign legion of 100,000 American troops-but also including the artificial distinction between economics and security in relations between the United States and its trading partners in East Asia. It caused some Japanese to begin to see Okinawa not simply as Japan's poorest prefecture but also as an example on Japanese soil of the American base at Guantanamo in Cuba. The end of the Cold War in East Asia differs from Europe in that the USSR acquiesced to its loss of "superpower" status, whereas the United States has chosen to act as if nothing much has changed. The "reaffirmation" at the April Summit in Tokyo last year of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty makes it clear that the United States intends to maintain its forward bases in Japan and South Korea because it considers them "the cornerstone for achieving common security objectives and for maintaining a stable and prosperous environment for the Asia-Pacific region as we enter the twenty- first century."' In his confirmation hearings before the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Extension Course Institute
    Extension Course Institute Folder Citation: Collection: Records of the 1976 Campaign Committee to Elect Jimmy Carter; Series: Noel Sterrett Subject File; Folder: Extension Course Institute; Container 82 To See Complete Finding Aid: http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/library/findingaids/Carter-Mondale%20Campaign_1976.pdf 1. · M A T C H A N S W E R 2.USE NUMBF.R 1 SHEET TO THl!S PENCIL. STOP- EXERCISE NUM· BER. Carefully 16 through 22) DO'S: I. Check the "course," "volume," and "form" numbers from the answer sheet address tab against the "VRE answer ·sheet identification number" in .. the righthand column of the shipping list. If numbers do not match, take action to return the answer sheet and the shipping list to ECI immediately with a note of explanation. 2. Note that numerical sequence on answer sheet alternates across from column to column. 3. Use only medium sharp #J black lead pencil for marking answer sheet. 4. Circle the correct answer in this test booklet. After you are sure of your answers, transfer them to the answer sheet. If you have to change an answer on the answer sheet, be sure that the erasure is complete. Use a clean eraser. But try to avoid any erasure on the answer sheet if at all possible. 5. Take action to return entire answer sheet to ECI. 6. Keep Volume Review Exercise booklet for review and. reference .. 7. If mandatorily enrolled student, process questions or comments through your unit trainer or OJT supervisor. If voluntarily enrolled student, send que~.tions or comments to ECI on ECI Form 17.
    [Show full text]
  • Frank Bauman, 2009 USDCHS Oral History
    FRANK A. BAUMAN November 21, 2005 Tape 1, Side 1 Portland, Oregon Foundational Years, 1921-1935 KS: This is Karen Saul speaking. I am a volunteer with the United States District Court Historical Society, and we are taking the oral history of Frank Anthony Bauman, Jr. This is November 21, 2005. We are in Mr. Bauman’s office at the Carriage House in Portland, Oregon, and this is the first tape and the first side. So, Mr. Bauman, would you begin by stating your full name, your date and place of birth? FB: Gladly, Miss Saul. Frank Anthony Bauman, Jr., and I was born in Portland, Oregon on June 10, 1921. KS: Mr. Bauman, I’d like to begin by having you tell me whatever you would like about your family history and your grandmother and grandfather. FB: Thank you. Let me begin with reference to my grandparents. I’ll take my paternal side first. My grandfather John Bauman, at that time spelt with two “Ns”, Baumann, was born in Berlin, Germany, and left Germany in approximately 1871 at the time of the Franco Prussian War. His reasons, I daresay, were twofold—one, political and two, as a young man he did not want to serve in a war to which he was not sympathetic. So he immigrated to America. Let me add that in 1977, I had the pleasure of being in Berlin for roughly one week when my son, Todd, was studying at the Free Berlin University, and I made an attempt to learn something about my grandfather through official records in Berlin.
    [Show full text]
  • The Journal of Japanese Studies, Volumes 1:1 – 44:2 (1974 – 2018) Page 2
    Symposium on Japanese Society. Introduction by Susan B. Hanley. 8,1 Symposium on Ie Society. THE JOURNAL OF JAPANESE Introduction by Kozo Yamamura. 11,1 STUDIES Symposium: Transition From Medieval to Early Modern Japan. Introduction by Michael P. Birt and Kozo Yamamura. 12,2 Special Issue: A Forum on the Trade Crisis. Introduction by Kenneth B. Pyle. 13,2 Index to Volume 1, Number 1 through Symposium: Social Control and Early Socialization. Volume 44, Number 2 Introduction by Thomas P. Rohlen. 15,1 (Autumn 1974 through Summer 2018) Symposium on Gender and Women in Japan. Introduction by Susan B. Hanley. 19,1 Symposium on Contemporary Japanese Popular Culture. Introduction by John Whittier Treat. 19,2 © 2000–2018 by the Society for Japanese Studies Symposium on Teaching and Learning in Japan. Introduction by Thomas P. Rohlen. 20,1 This index is divided into eight parts: Symposia, Articles, Book Reviews, Opinion and Comment, Communications, Publications Symposium on Continuity and Change in Heisei Japan. of Note, Miscellaneous, and a List of Contributors. Introduction by Susan B. Hanley and John Whittier Treat 23,2 ARTICLES SYMPOSIA Akita, George. An Examination of E.H. Norman's Scholarship. 3,2 - Allen, Laura W. Images of the Poet Saigyo as Recluse. 21,1 Workshop on the Economic and Institutional History of Medieval Japan. Allinson, Gary Dean. The Moderation of Organized Labor in Postwar Introduction by Kozo Yamamura. 1,2 Japan. 1,2 Symposium: The Ashio Copper Mine Pollution Incident. Allison, Anne. Memoirs of the Orient. 27,2 Introduction by Kenneth B. Pyle 1,2 Ambaras, David R.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanking Massacre 1 Nanking Massacre
    Nanking Massacre 1 Nanking Massacre "Rape of Nanking" redirects here. For Iris Chang's book, see The Rape of Nanking (book). "Nankin Jiken" redirects here. For the 1927 Nankin Jiken, see Nanjing Incident. Nanking / Nanjing Massacre Rape of Nanking Massacre victims on the shore of the Yangtze River with a Japanese soldier standing nearby Chinese name Traditional Chinese 南 京 大 屠 殺 Simplified Chinese 南 京 大 屠 杀 Transcriptions Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin Nánjīng Dàtúshā Japanese name Kanji 1. 南 京 大 虐 殺 2. 南 京 事 件 Transcriptions - Traditional Hepburn 1. Nankin Daigyakusatsu 2. Nankin Jiken Nanking Massacre 2 Nanking Massacre Battle of Nanking (1937) Nanking Safety Zone International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone Japanese war crimes Contest to kill 100 people using a sword International Military Tribunal for the Far East Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal Historiography of the Nanking Massacre Nanking Massacre denial Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall Japanese history textbook controversies Films The Battle of China Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre City of Life and Death Don't Cry, Nanking The Flowers of War John Rabe Nanking Tokyo Trial The Truth about Nanjing Books American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking The Good Man of Nanking The Rape of Nanking Tokyo The Nanking Massacre or Nanjing Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanking, was a mass murder and war rape that occurred during the six-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanking (Nanjing), the former capital of the Republic of China, on December 13, 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
    [Show full text]
  • Reforming Japan: Measuring the Success of the Allied Occupation's Economic Educational and Constitutional Gordon Duncan Union College - Schenectady, NY
    Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2016 Reforming Japan: Measuring the Success of the Allied Occupation's Economic Educational and Constitutional Gordon Duncan Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the International Relations Commons, Japanese Studies Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Duncan, Gordon, "Reforming Japan: Measuring the Success of the Allied Occupation's Economic Educational and Constitutional" (2016). Honors Theses. 144. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/144 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reforming Japan: Measuring the Success of the Allied Occupation’s Economic, Educational, and Constitutional Reforms By Gordon S. Duncan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of History Union College June 2016 Contents ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………...…iii 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..1 2. Chapter I: Reform of Industry……………………………………………………...13 3. Chapter II: Education Reform……………………………………………………..37 4. Chapter III: Article IX……………………………………………………………….58 5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..75 Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………….79 ii ABSTRACT DUNCAN, GORDON Reforming Japan: Measuring the Success of the Allied Occupation’s Economic, Educational, and Constitutional Reforms Following the surrender of Japan on September 2 of 1945, American forces occupied Japan in an attempt to remove Japan’s ability to wage aggressive war. From 1945 to 1952, Occupation authorities in Tokyo under General Douglas MacArthur undertook a number of reforms intended to ‘demilitarize’ and ‘democratize’ Japan, some of which left major structural changes to the pre-war Japanese system.
    [Show full text]
  • Every Sunday, Leather-Clad Teen-Agers Spill out of Harajuku Station and Head To- Ward Yoyogi Park, There to Dance Until Dark
    Every Sunday, leather-clad teen-agers spill out of Harajuku Station and head to- ward Yoyogi Park, there to dance until dark. The passion for such distractions has its critics: A recent government white paper asserted that today's Japanese youth are "devoid of perseverance, dependent upon others, and self-centered." The Wilson QuarterlyISummer 1985 46 Japan's New Popular Culture On any given day, Americans encounter something from Japan. To Detroit's dismay, roughly 1.9 million U.S. citizens purchased Toyotas, Datsuns, and other Japanese-made cars in 1984. At work, we use Canon copiers, Komatsu tractors, and Epson com- puters. At home, we listen to Panasonic or AIWA stereos and watch TV on Sony or Hitachi sets. Scarcely a week of network evening news passes without some mention of Japan, either as economic rival or as political ally. Yet, despite this daily presence, Japan today remains a country no less strange to American eyes than it was some eight decades ago. It was then that the American Lafcadio Hearn, one of the first Japan scholars, wrote of "the immense difficulty of perceiving and comprehending what underlies the surface of Japanese life." Current American attempts to understand Japan reflect continuing confusion. Business analysts speak of Japan's eco- nomic success-quality-control circles, high worker productiv- ity-in almost mystical tones. Sociologists sketch a society of labyrinthine complexity. Historians go back to the violent ex- tremes of the feudal Tokugawa era (1603-1868) or the horrors of the Pacific War. Feature stories in American magazines and newspapers concentrate on kabuki performances, flower ar- ranging, geisha, and tea ceremonies.
    [Show full text]