On Growth and Form 100 13-15 October 2017 Programme: Friday
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On Genes and Form Enrico Coen*, Richard Kennaway and Christopher Whitewoods
© 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Development (2017) 144, 4203-4213 doi:10.1242/dev.151910 REVIEW On genes and form Enrico Coen*, Richard Kennaway and Christopher Whitewoods ABSTRACT aside ‘not because I doubt for a moment the facts nor dispute the The mechanisms by which organisms acquire their sizes and shapes hypotheses nor decry the importance of one or other; but because we through growth was a major focus of D’Arcy Thompson’s book are so much in the dark as to the mysterious field of force in which the On Growth and Form. By applying mathematical and physical chromosomes lie, far from the visible horizon of physical science, principles to a range of biological forms, Thompson achieved fresh that the matter lies (for the present) beyond the range of problems ’ insights, such as the notion that diverse biological shapes could be which this book professes to discuss (p. 341, Thompson, 1942). related through simple deformations of a coordinate system. However, Much of the darkness and mystery Thompson refers to was lifted in Thompson considered genetics to lie outside the scope of his work, the second half of the 20th century, as the nature of genes and their even though genetics was a growing discipline at the time the mechanisms of action became clear. Nevertheless, the link between book was published. Here, we review how recent advances in cell, gene activity and the generation of form remained obscure, largely developmental, evolutionary and computational biology allow because of difficulties in determining growth patterns and relating Thompson’s ideas to be integrated with genes and the processes them to physico-chemical mechanisms. -
John Wells: Centenary Display Jonty Lees: Artist in Residence Autumn 2005 Winter 2007 6 October 2007 – 13 January 2008
Kenneth Martin & Mary Martin: Constructed Works John Wells: Centenary Display Jonty Lees: Artist in Residence Autumn 2005 Winter 2007 6 October 2007 – 13 January 2008 Notes for Teachers - 1 - Contents Introduction 3 Kenneth Martin & Marty Martin: Constructed Works 4 John Wells: Centenary Display 11 Jonty Lees: Artist in Residence 14 Bernard Leach and his Circle 17 Ways of Looking – Questions to Ask of Any Artwork 19 Suggested Activities 20 Tate Resources & Contacts 22 Further Reading 22 Key Art Terms 24 - 2 - Introduction The Winter 2007 displays present: Kenneth Martin and Mary Martin: Constructed Works (Gallery 1, 3, 4, and the Apse) This exhibition shows the work of two of Britain’s key post-war abstract artists, Kenneth Martin and Mary Martin. The exhibition includes nearly 50 works and focuses on Kenneth Martin’s mobiles and his later Chance and Order series of abstract paintings, alongside Mary Martin’s relief sculptures. Modernism and St Ives from 1940 (Lower Gallery 2) This display of artists associated with St Ives from the Tate Collection is designed to complement the Kenneth Martin and Mary Martin exhibition. It includes work by Mary Martin, Victor Pasmore, Anthony Hill and Adrian Heath alongside St Ives artists such as Peter Lanyon, Terry Frost and Ben Nicholson. John Wells: Centenary Display (The Studio) A small display of paintings and relief constructions by John Wells, designed to celebrate the centenary of his birth. Bernard Leach and his Circle (Upper Gallery 2) Ceramics by Bernard Leach and key studio potters who worked alongside him. These works form part of the Wingfield-Digby Collection, recently gifted to Tate St Ives. -
IV. on Growth and Form and D'arcy Wenworth Thompson
Modified 4th chapter from the novel „Problem promatrača“ („Problem of the observer“), by Antonio Šiber, Jesenski i Turk (2008). Uploaded on the author website, http://asiber.ifs.hr IV. On growth and form and D'Arcy Wenworth Thompson St. Andrews on the North Sea is a cursed town for me. In a winter afternoon in year 1941, a bearded, grey-haired eighty year old man with swollen eyes and big head covered by even bigger hat was descending down the hill side to the harbor. He had a huge butcher’s knife in his hand. A few workers that gathered around a carcass of a huge whale which the North Sea washed on the docks visibly retreated away from a disturbing scene of a tall and hairy figure with an impressive knife. The beardo approached the whale carcass and in less than a minute swiftly separated a thick layer of underskin fat, and then also several large pieces of meat. He carefully stored them in a linen bag that he threw over the shoulder and slowly started his return, uphill. The astonished workers watched the whole procedure almost breathlessly, and then it finally occurred to one of them who was looking in the back of a slowly distancing old man that it was not such a bad idea. It is a war time and shortage of meat. And if professor of natural philosophy Sir D’Arcy Thompson concluded that the fish is edible… Who would know better than him? After all, he thinks only of animals and plants. Of course, Thomson knew perfectly well that the whale is not fish, but to workers this was of not much importance. -
Perspectives
PERspECTIVES steady-state spatial patterns could also arise TIMELINE from such processes in living systems21. The full formalization of the nature of Self-organization in cell biology: self-organization processes came from the work of Prigogine on instabilities and the a brief history emergence of organization in ‘dissipative systems’ in the 1960s22–24, and from Haken who worked on similar issues under the Eric Karsenti name of synergetics11 (TIMELINE). Abstract | Over the past two decades, molecular and cell biologists have made It was clear from the outset that the emergence of dynamical organization important progress in characterizing the components and compartments of the observed in physical and chemical systems cell. New visualization methods have also revealed cellular dynamics. This has should be of importance to biology, and raised complex issues about the organization principles that underlie the scientists who are interested in the periodic emergence of coherent dynamical cell shapes and functions. Self-organization manifestations of life and developmental concepts that were first developed in chemistry and physics and then applied to biology have been actively working in this field19,25–29. From a more general point various morphogenetic problems in biology over the past century are now of view, Kauffman built on the ideas of beginning to be applied to the organization of the living cell. Prigogine and Haken in an attempt to explain the origin of order in biology30–32. One of the most fundamental problems in this complex state of living matter as a self- Self-organization was also invoked to biology concerns the origin of forms and organized end8–10. -
Copyrighted Material
1 Symmetry of Shapes in Biology: from D’Arcy Thompson to Morphometrics 1.1. Introduction Any attentive observer of the morphological diversity of the living world quickly becomes convinced of the omnipresence of its multiple symmetries. From unicellular to multicellular organisms, most organic forms present an anatomical or morphological organization that often reflects, with remarkable precision, the expression of geometric principles of symmetry. The bilateral symmetry of lepidopteran wings, the rotational symmetry of starfish and flower corollas, the spiral symmetry of nautilus shells and goat horns, and the translational symmetry of myriapod segments are all eloquent examples (Figure 1.1). Although the harmony that emanates from the symmetry of organic forms has inspired many artists, it has also fascinated generations of biologists wondering about the regulatory principles governing the development of these forms. This is the case for D’Arcy Thompson (1860–1948), for whom the organic expression of symmetries supported his vision of the role of physical forces and mathematical principles in the processes of morphogenesisCOPYRIGHTED and growth. D’Arcy Thompson’s MATERIAL work also foreshadowed the emergence of a science of forms (Gould 1971), one facet of which is a new branch of biometrics, morphometrics, which focuses on the quantitative description of shapes and the statistical analysis of their variations. Over the past two decades, morphometrics has developed a methodological Chapter written by Sylvain GERBER and Yoland SAVRIAMA. 2 Systematics and the Exploration of Life framework for the analysis of symmetry. The study of symmetry is today at the heart of several research programs as an object of study in its own right, or as a property allowing developmental or evolutionary inferences. -
Theory of the Growth and Evolution of Feather Shape
30JOURNAL R.O. PRUMOF EXPERIMENTAL AND S. WILLIAMSON ZOOLOGY (MOL DEV EVOL) 291:30–57 (2001) Theory of the Growth and Evolution of Feather Shape RICHARD O. PRUM* AND SCOTT WILLIAMSON Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 ABSTRACT We present the first explicit theory of the growth of feather shape, defined as the outline of a pennaceous feather vane. Based on a reanalysis of data from the literature, we pro- pose that the absolute growth rate of the barbs and rachis ridges, not the vertical growth rate, is uniform throughout the follicle. The growth of feathers is simulated with a mathematical model based on six growth parameters: (1) absolute barb and rachis ridge growth rate, (2) angle of heli- cal growth of barb ridges, (3) initial barb ridge number, (4) new barb ridge addition rate, (5) barb ridge diameter, and (6) the angle of barb ramus expansion following emergence from the sheath. The model simulates growth by cell division in the follicle collar and, except for the sixth param- eter, does not account for growth by differentiation in cell size and shape during later keratiniza- tion. The model can simulate a diversity of feather shapes that correspond closely in shape to real feathers, including various contour feathers, asymmetrical feathers, and even emarginate prima- ries. Simulations of feather growth under different parameter values demonstrate that each pa- rameter can have substantial, independent effects on feather shape. Many parameters also have complex and redundant effects on feather shape through their influence on the diameter of the follicle, the barb ridge fusion rate, and the internodal distance. -
On Hybrid Creativity
arts Article On Hybrid Creativity Andy Lomas ID Department of Computing, Goldsmiths College, University of London, London SE14 6NW, UK; [email protected] Received: 2 May 2018; Accepted: 5 July 2018; Published: 9 July 2018 Abstract: This article reviews the development of the author’s computational art practice, where the computer is used both as a device that provides the medium for generation of art (‘computer as art’) as well as acting actively as an assistant in the process of creating art (‘computer as artist’s assistant’), helping explore the space of possibilities afforded by generative systems. Drawing analogies with Kasparov’s Advanced Chess and the deliberate development of unstable aircraft using fly-by-wire technology, the article argues for a collaborative relationship with the computer that can free the artist to more fearlessly engage with the challenges of working with emergent systems that exhibit complex unpredictable behavior. The article also describes ‘Species Explorer’, the system the author has created in response to these challenges to assist exploration of the possibilities afforded by parametrically driven generative systems. This system provides a framework to allow the user to use a number of different techniques to explore new parameter combinations, including genetic algorithms, and machine learning methods. As the system learns the artist’s preferences the relationship with the computer can be considered to change from one of assistance to collaboration. Keywords: art; computer; evolutionary design; machine learning; computationally assisted design 1. Introduction How are we to work creatively with generative systems that computationally create results? In particular, how should we work with systems deliberately designed to encourage emergence: complex systems where results are intrinsically difficult to predict? There is a strong analogy with plant breeding, where we are working with a medium that is naturally rich. -
Pattern Formation in Nature: Physical Constraints and Self-Organising Characteristics
Pattern formation in nature: Physical constraints and self-organising characteristics Philip Ball ________________________________________________________________ Abstract The formation of patterns is apparent in natural systems ranging from clouds to animal markings, and from sand dunes to the intricate shells of microscopic marine organisms. Despite the astonishing range and variety of such structures, many seem to have analogous features: the zebra’s stripes put us in mind of the ripples of blown sand, for example. In this article I review some of the common patterns found in nature and explain how they are typically formed through simple, local interactions between many components of a system – a form of physical computation that gives rise to self- organisation and emergent structures and behaviours. ________________________________________________________________ Introduction When the naturalist Joseph Banks first encountered Fingal’s Cave on the Scottish island of Staffa, he was astonished by the quasi-geometric, prismatic pillars of rock that flank the entrance. As Banks put it, Compared to this what are the cathedrals or palaces built by men! Mere models or playthings, as diminutive as his works will always be when compared with those of nature. What now is the boast of the architect! Regularity, the only part in which he fancied himself to exceed his mistress, Nature, is here found in her possession, and here it has been for ages undescribed. This structure has a counterpart on the coast of Ireland: the Giant’s Causeway in County Antrim, where again one can see the extraordinarily regular and geometric honeycomb structure of the fractured igneous rock (Figure 1). When we make an architectural pattern like this, it is through careful planning and construction, with each individual element cut to shape and laid in place. -
Graphs in Nature
Graphs in Nature David Eppstein University of California, Irvine Algorithms and Data Structures Symposium (WADS) August 2019 Inspiration: Steinitz's theorem Purely combinatorial characterization of geometric objects: Graphs of convex polyhedra are exactly the 3-vertex-connected planar graphs Image: Kluka [2006] Overview Cracked surfaces, bubble foams, and crumpled paper also form natural graph-like structures What properties do these graphs have? How can we recognize and synthesize them? I. Cracks and Needles Motorcycle graphs: Canonical quad mesh partitioning Problem: partition irregular quad-mesh into regular submeshes [Eppstein et al. 2008] Inspiration: Light cycle game from TRON movies Mesh partitioning method Grow cut paths outwards from each irregular (non-degree-4) vertex Cut paths continue straight across regular (degree-4) vertices They stop when they run into another path Result: approximation to optimal partition (exact optimum is NP-complete) Mesh-free motorcycle graphs Earlier... Motorcycles move from initial points with given velocities When they hit trails of other motorcycles, they crash [Eppstein and Erickson 1999] Application of mesh-free motorcycle graphs Initially: A simplified model of the inward movement of reflex vertices in straight skeletons, a rectilinear variant of medial axes with applications including building roof construction, folding and cutting problems, surface interpolation, geographic analysis, and mesh construction Later: Subroutine for constructing straight skeletons of simple polygons [Cheng and Vigneron 2007; Huber and Held 2012] Image: Huber [2012] Construction of mesh-free motorcycle graphs Main ideas: Define asymmetric distance: Time when one motorcycle would crash into another's trail Repeatedly find closest pair and eliminate crashed motorcycle Image: Dancede [2011] O(n17=11+) [Eppstein and Erickson 1999] Improved to O(n4=3+) [Vigneron and Yan 2014] Additional log speedup using mutual nearest neighbors instead of closest pairs [Mamano et al. -
Research on Parametric Form Design Based on Natural Patterns
MATEC Web of Conferences 176, 01012 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817601012 IFID 2018 Research on Parametric Form Design Based on Natural Patterns X Li1, JN Su2,a 1School of Mechanical & Electronical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology,730050 Lanzhou Gansu, China 2School of Design Art, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050 Lanzhou Gansu, China Abstract. Parametric form design method based on natural patterns is proposed for the design schema of the traditional form bionics. Firstly, the concepts of natural patterns are analyzed, concluded and summarized. Secondly, the parametric design thinking is elaborated from three aspects: thinking mode, design flow, tools and scripts. It is also proposes a parametric logo design method. This paper takes logarithmic spiral pattern as an example to describe the process from the law of natural pattern to logo design, which includes nature pattern analysis, control rules of from and color, algorithm research and generating design. 1 Introduction The term pattern is not unfamiliar and covers a wide range of fields, such as biology, economics, computer The aesthetic laws of statistical aesthetics, most of which science and technology, physics. are based on the structure and growth of plants and We are in nature. Human exploration of natural animals in the natural world[1]. Learning in nature exists patterns began as early as ancient Greek philosophers. at every stage of design development. Different stages of Plato, Pythagoras, and Empedocles had tried to reveal development have different understandings. From the the order of the natural world, and established the initial appearance simulating to rational creation born philosophical foundation for the study of natural patterns. -
Bowen, Jonathan P; Giannini, Tula; Ara, Rachel; Lomas, Andy and Siefring, Judith
Bowen, Jonathan P; Giannini, Tula; Ara, Rachel; Lomas, Andy and Siefring, Judith. 2019. ’Digital Art, Culture and Heritage: New constructs and consciousness’. In: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts (EVA 2019). London, United Kingdom 8 - 11 July 2019. [Conference or Workshop Item] http://research.gold.ac.uk/27627/ The version presented here may differ from the published, performed or presented work. Please go to the persistent GRO record above for more information. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Goldsmiths, University of London via the following email address: [email protected]. The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. For more information, please contact the GRO team: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/EVA2019.1 Digital Art, Culture and Heritage: New constructs and consciousness Jonathan P. Bowen Tula Giannini London South Bank University Pratt Institute School of Engineering School of Information London SE1 0AA, UK New York, NY 10011, USA http://www.jpbowen.com http://sites.google.com/view/tgiannini/ [email protected] [email protected] Rachel Ara Andy Lomas Judith Siefring Thames-Side Studios Goldsmiths, University of London Bodleian Libraries Harrington Way, Woolwich Department of Computing University of Oxford London SE18 5NR, UK London SE14 6NW, UK Oxford OX1 3BG http://www.2ra.co http://www.andylomas.com UK [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] This half-day Symposium explores themes of digital art, culture, and heritage, bringing together speakers from a range of disciplines to consider technology with respect to artistic and academic practice. -
GODARD FILM AS THEORY Volker Pantenburg Farocki/Godard
FILM CULTURE IN TRANSITION FAROCKI/ GODARD FILM AS THEORY volker pantenburg Farocki/Godard Farocki/Godard Film as Theory Volker Pantenburg Amsterdam University Press The translation of this book is made possible by a grant from Volkswagen Foundation. Originally published as: Volker Pantenburg, Film als Theorie. Bildforschung bei Harun Farocki und Jean-Luc Godard, transcript Verlag, 2006 [isbn 3-899420440-9] Translated by Michael Turnbull This publication was supported by the Internationales Kolleg für Kulturtechnikforschung und Medienphilosophie of the Bauhaus-Universität Weimar with funds from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. IKKM BOOKS Volume 25 An overview of the whole series can be found at www.ikkm-weimar.de/schriften Cover illustration (front): Jean-Luc Godard, Histoire(s) du cinéma, Chapter 4B (1988-1998) Cover illustration (back): Interface © Harun Farocki 1995 Cover design: Kok Korpershoek, Amsterdam Layout: Crius Group, Hulshout Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by the University of Chicago Press. isbn 978 90 8964 891 4 e-isbn 978 90 4852 755 7 doi 10.5117/9789089648914 nur 670 © V. Pantenburg / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2015 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Every effort has been made to obtain permission to use all copyrighted illustrations reproduced in this book.