Initial Environmental Examination
January 2012
NEP: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project- Kakadvitta Town Project
Prepared by Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ministry of Urban Development for the Asian Development Bank.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 31 January 2012)
Currency unit – nepali rupees (NPR) NPR1.00 = $0.0125 $1.00 = NPR79.591
ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank amsl – above mean sea level CMA – Community Medical Auxiliary DI – ductile iron Dia. – diameter DSC – Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS – Department of Water supply and Sewerage EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EPA – Environment Protection Act EPR – Environment Protection Rule GI – galvanized iron GoN – Government of Nepal HDPE – high density polyethylene pipe HHs – households IEE – Initial Environmental Examination lpcd – liter per capita per day lps – liters per second MOUD – Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS – National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA – Nepal Electricity Authority NGO – Non Government Organization Nrs. – Nepali Rupees O&M – operation & maintenance OD – outer diameter PMC – Project Management Consultant PMO – Project Management Office TDF – Town Development Fund VAT – Value Added Tax VDC – Village Development Committee WHO – World Health Organization WSSDO – Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC – Water User’s and Sanitation Committee
NOTES
(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Nepal and its agencies ends on 15 July. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2011 ends on 15 July 2011.
(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.
This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
Government of Nepal Ministry of Urban Development Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Project Management Office Panipokhari, Kathmandu
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (Batch II, Package IV)
Submitted To:
Ministry of Urban Development Government of Nepal Singhdurbar, Kathmandu
January - 2012
Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS …………………………….…………………………………………………………….….iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (Nepali)………………………………...... ……………….………..v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (English)…....……………………………………….……………………………..viii
INTRODUCTION ...... 1
1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT ...... 1 a. Name of the Proposal ...... 1 b. Name and Address of the Proponent ...... 1 c. Consultant Preparing the Report ...... 1 2. BASIS AND EXTENT OF IEE STUDY ...... 2 a. ADB Policy (ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 ...... 2 b. National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines ...... 3 c. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study ...... 7 d. Relevancy of the Project ...... 8 e. Approach and Methodology ...... 9 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 12
1. EXISTING WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 12 a. Water Supply ...... 12 b. Existing Sanitation Situation ...... 12 c. Drainage and Waste Management ...... 12 2. TYPE, CATEGORY AND NEED OF THE SUBPROJECT ...... 13 3. SIZE AND MAGNITUDE OF OPERATION ...... 13 4. PROPOSED SCHEDULE OF IMPLEMENTATION ...... 14 5. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECTS ...... 14 a. Project Components ...... 16 b. Project Requirements ...... 22 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 27
1. PHYSICAL RESOURCES ...... 27 a. Geophysical Profile ...... 27 2. ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...... 28 a. Forest ...... 28 b. Flora ...... 28 c. Fauna ...... 28 3. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 29 a. Population and Communities ...... 29 b. Ethnic Composition ...... 29 c. Health Facilities and Sanitation ...... 30 d. Educational Facilities ...... 30 e. Physical and Cultural Heritage ...... 31 f. Employment ...... 31 g. Distribution of Monthly Income Levels ...... 31 4. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH ...... 32 a. Land Use ...... 32 b. Infrastructural Facilities...... 32 c. Economic Development ...... 34 D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 37
1. BENEFICIAL IMPACTS AND AUGMENTATION MEASURES ...... 37 a. Construction Phase ...... 37 b. Operation and Maintenance Phase ...... 38 2. ADVERSE IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 39 a. Pre-construction Phase ...... 39 b. Construction Phase ...... 40 c. Operation & Maintenance Phase ...... 43 d. Resettlement, relocation and compensation issue ...... 43
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3. IMPLEMENTATION OF MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 48 a. Project Design ...... 48 b. Project Contract ...... 48 c. Bill of Quantities ...... 48 E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT ...... 49
1. ALTERNATIVE IN DESIGN ...... 49 2. ALTERNATIVE IN PROJECT SITE/ LOCATION ...... 49 3. ALTERNATIVE IN TECHNOLOGY, IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE AND RAW MATERIALS ...... 50 4. NO PROJECT OPTION ...... 50 F. INFORMATION DICLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 51
1. PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 51 2. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ...... 51 G. GRIEVANCES AND REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 52 H. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 53
1. MITIGATION AND MONITORING ...... 53 2. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING COST ...... 56 3. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURES AND INSTITUTIONS ...... 57 4. REPORTING PROCEDURE ...... 58 5. PROCUREMENT PLAN AND COST ESTIMATES ...... 59 6. WORK PLAN ...... 59 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 61
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: CRITERIA FOR REQUIREMENT OF IEE AND/OR EIA FOR DRINKING WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS AS PER ANNEX 1 AND SCHEDULE G AND ANNEX 3 SCHEDULE H OF EPR, 1997 AMENDMENT 2007 ...... 9 ABLE 2: SALIENT FEATURES ...... 15 TABLE 3 : PROPOSED LOCATION OF SOURCE ...... 16 TABLE 4: PROPOSED LENGTH OF STORM WATER DRAINAGE ...... 19 TABLE 5: COMPONENTS OF SUBPROJECTS ...... 20 TABLE 6: MATERIALS REQUIRED...... 23 TABLE 7: HUMAN RESOURCE ...... 25 TABLE 8: PROJECT ACTIVITIES ...... 26 TABLE 9 : HOUSEHOLD AND POPULATION STRUCTURE ...... 29 TABLE 10: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY CASTE/ETHNIC GROUPS ...... 29 TABLE 11: LIST OF EDUCATION INSTITUTES ...... 30 TABLE 12: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY OCCUPATION ...... 31 TABLE 13: DISTRIBUTION OF HHS IN PERCENTAGE BY MONTHLY INCOME LEVELS ...... 32 TABLE 14: EXISTING TUBEWELLS ...... 33 TABLE 15 : LIST OF WORKSHOP, FACTORIES ...... 34 TABLE 16 : LIST OF HOTELS AND LODGES ...... 34 TABLE 16 : BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND IMPACTS ...... 41 TABLE 17: EVALUATION OF ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 44 TABLE 18: OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND AUGMENTATION/MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 45 TABLE 19: WATER SUPPLY: ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES – PRE- CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 54 TABLE 20: WATER SUPPLY: ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES – CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 55 TABLE 21: WATER SUPPLY: ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES – OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 56 TABLE 22: MONITORING COSTS ...... 56 TABLE 23: INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 58
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: SCHEMATIC LAYOUT OF PROJECT COMPONENTS ...... 14 FIGURE 2: PIPE LINE SYSYTEM DESIGN LAYOUT ...... 22 FIGURE 4: IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE OF THE PROJECT ...... 60
ANNEXES Annex 1: Approved Terms of Reference Annex 2: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Annex 3: Public Notice Annex 4: Deed of Inquiry (Muchulka) Annex 5: Water quality test report
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ACRONYMS
ADB Asian Development Bank AP Affected Person(s) asl above sea level DDC District Development Committee DSC Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage EIA Environnemental Impact Assessment EMP Environnemental Management Plan EMAP Environmental Management Action Plan EPA Environmental Protection Act EPR Environmental Protection Rules GoN Government of Nepal GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HH Household lpcd litres per capita per day IEE Initial Environmental Examination MPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works MoUD Ministry of Urban Development NEA Nepal Electricity Authority NDWQS National Drinking Water Quality Standard NWSC Nepal Water Supply Corporation OHT Over Head Tank PMO Project Management Office REA Rapid Environmental Assessment RP Resettlement Plan RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete SSTWSSSP Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project TDF Town Development Fund WUSC Water User and Sanitation Committee VDC Village Development Committee ES Environmental Specialist of DS
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background
The Project Management Office (PMO) of Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) is the proponent of the current project. The sub-project is a part of the second phase of the Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) of the Government of Nepal which aims to construct/extend drinking water supply systems, drainage and sanitation facilities as well as provide sanitary health education to the community in the small urban towns of the country. The project embraces the community managed demand responsive approach and is being implemented under ADB finance. The proposed project will facilitate the wards 7 to 13 of Mechinagar Municipality called Kakarvitta.
Purpose off IEE, ADB policy, GoN acts and rules
The purpose of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is to examine the environmental implication of proposed project and its activities to ensure that it will not damage the environment and to provide measures to remove or reduce those impacts into acceptable limits.
Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making process.
The statutory requirement of the Government of Nepal, that has to be adhered to for the proposed project, is the Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 (and amendments 2007). The present IEE study fulfils the requirements pertaining to Rule 3, Annex G of Schedule 1 of EPR, 1997 (including amendments). Similarly, as per ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009, the project is classified Environment Category B and IEE is required as per the checklist suggested by ADB.
Components of the project
The proposed Kakarvitta Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project’ is ground water based water supply system. The project comprises of two major components-Water supply and Sanitation. The water supply part comprises of four subsystems with pumping scheme in which three new deep tubewells and two existing tube wells (altogether 5 tubewells) will be used to exploit ground water. The system also consists of water treatment facilities, elevated reservoirs from where water will be distributed through distribution pipe lines. The second component is sanitation services. There has been proposal to construct storm water drainage line to serve some part of water logged area.
Baseline information
Part of the project area, mainly market area ( part of ward numbers 10 and 11 only) have piped water supply system. The existing water supply system is delivering water to the consumers to 2300 households only . It covers only 36 % of the households and other 64% households are relying upon other sources like hand pumps and wells. The present system does not possess any treatment facility causing high probability of contamination, biologically unsafe and often have high iron content. In the area, around 96.4% of households have toilets in their house and the households having pour flush latrines are almost 73%.
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The socio-economic condition of the area is moderate. Majority of the people depend on business agriculture, service, and foreign jobs for their source of income. The community has good ethnic diversity.Though Brahmin / Chhetri are in majority people from various ethnic groups living together. The northern part of the project area is covered by forest and the area has three community forests.Mid part of the Kakarvitta is coverd by Tokla Tea Estate.
Environmental impacts, mitigation and monitoring
No remarkable significant adverse environmental impacts have been predicted and the anticipated negative impacts are of local in nature and low in magnitude. The main environmental concern for water supply system is related to construction activities such as digging of boreholes for ground water intake and distribution line such as unsettling of street surfaces due to excavation and trenches which could lead to soil erosion and silt run off. The mitigation measures are precautionary types such as proper back filling of the excavated trenches and avoiding cutting of vegetation. The main issues related to the sanitation component are during the operational phase such as nuisance due to blocked water and health hazard due to mosquito breedings. The mitigation measures are related to the periodic maintenance, cleaning and flushing.The locations of major structures have been acquired in consultation with the user committee and no households or community have been displaced or resettled. Therefore there are very less possibilities of adverse impacts on the biological and socio economical environment of the project area.
Monitoring is necessary to check the implementation of mitigation measures and a detailed monitoring schedule has been designed specifying the regular and periodic monitoring activities during the project construction and operation phase. Before the operation of the project, PMO will develop detailed work plan for implementing mitigation measures and monitoring plans based on Environmental Management Plan which will be incorporated into the construction and operation contracts.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Considering the nature of the project; environmental and socio-economic situation of the area and based on the detailed field survey and consultation with the relevant stakeholders, it can be concluded that the proposed project will have only minor negative impacts on the area. The impacts are mostly local in nature and can be easily and cheaply mitigated with suitable mitigation measures and regular monitoring schedules. Implementation of the project will benefit the local people with safe and sufficient supply of drinking water and improved sanitary situation thereby raising the living standard of the people in Kakarvitta. If the project is properly implemented and environmental issues are duly considered, there will be a significant improvement in the health of the environment and people. Hence, IEE is sufficient and proposed project is suitable for implementation.
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A. INTRODUCTION
1. Name and Address of the Individual Institution Preparing the Report
a. Name of the Proposal
The name of the proposal is ‘Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project’ in Jhapa District.
b. Name and Address of the Proponent
The project proponent Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) under Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) will be the responsible agency for the implementation of the proposal. The name and address of the proponent is given below.
Name of the Proponent: Project Management Office Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Urban Development Government of Nepal
Address of the Proponent:
Panipokhari, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 977 1 4423848, 977 1 4412348 Fax: 977 1 4413280 Email: [email protected] Website: www.sstwsssp.gov.np
c. Consultant Preparing the Report
Building Design Authority (P) Ltd. and Plush Engineers & Architects in joint venture have worked on behalf of the proponent for conducting IEE studies and preparing IEE report using all the prevalent guidelines, acts, policies and regulations. The name and address of the consultant is given below.
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2. Basis and Extent of IEE Study
Government of Nepal has prepared a fifteen years development plan to implement the water supply and sanitation programmes in emerging towns or small towns in order to improve the health and the quality of life of the people living in the project towns by constructing and extending water supply system, drainage and sanitation facilities and providing health and hygiene education programmes. The project follow the community managed demand responsive approach where the community will be involved from planning phase to construction, implementation and operation and maintenance phases. The project, ‘Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, STWSSSP’ is the outcome of that effort. Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been providing the financial assistance to implement the project in both the phases (first and second). Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is the implementing agency whereas Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) is the executive agency of the project.
Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making process and that action is taken to reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. This is done through environmental assessment process, which has become an integral part of lending operations and project development and implementation worldwide.
a. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009
ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 is to consider environmental issues in all aspects of the Bank’s operations. ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, financial intermediation loans and private sector investment operations.
The nature of the assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project, the sensitivity, scale, nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impacts and are assigned to one of the following categories:
Category A: A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environment impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required.
Category B: A proposed project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A projects. These impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. An initial environmental examination is required.
Category C: A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed.
Category FI: A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB funds to or through FI (Financial Intermediaries).
The Bank has classified this sub project as of Category B and following normal procedures for project loans and accordingly an IEE Has been conducted.
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The subprojects comprise of water supply and sanitation improvement works. An initial Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) (Annex 2) was undertaken and the Project classified by ADB as Category B and following normal procedures for project loans, an IEE was conducted.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) affirms that environmental and social sustainability is a cornerstone of economic growth and poverty reduction in Asia and the Pacific region. Therefore, ADB’s Strategy 2020 emphasizes assisting developing member countries (DMCs) as they pursue environmentally sustainable and inclusive economic growth. In addition, ADB is committed to ensuring the social and environmental sustainability of the projects it supports. The goal of the Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 is to promote the sustainability of project outcomes by protecting the environment and people from potential adverse impacts of projects. ADB addresses the following objectives in its safeguard policy:
• To avoid adverse impacts of projects on the environment and affected people, where possible; • To minimize, mitigate, and/or compensate for adverse project impacts on the environment and affected people when avoidance is impossible; and • To help borrowers/clients to strengthen their safeguard systems and develop the capacity to manage environmental and social risks.
ADB’s SPS sets out the policy objectives, scope and triggers, and principles for three key safeguard areas:
• Environmental safeguards, • Involuntary resettlement safeguards, and • Indigenous Peoples safeguards.
A project’s environment category is determined by the category of its most environmentally sensitive component, including direct, indirect, induced, and cumulative impacts. Each proposed project is scrutinized as to its type, location, scale, sensitivity and the magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. The level of detail and comprehensiveness of the EIA or IEE are commensurate with the significance of the potential impacts and risks.
b. National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines
i. Policy Measures
The current policies of government of Nepal (GoN) stress the importance of environmentally sound economic development and growth through economic liberalization. The proposed Water Supply Project is in line with these policy measures to the extent possible. Some of these policies relevant to the proposed project are described below.
• Second Three Year Interim Plan, 2068-2071 BS (2011-2015 AD)
The interim plan provides the most recent guidance on urban sector priorities highlighting, in particular, the need to address the effects of rapid urbanization on service levels, water quality and scheme maintenance. It proposes the full integration of sewerage, on-site sanitation and solid waste management in all urban schemes and specially endorses cost recovery from consumers. Local authorities are responsible for overseeing project implementation but with private sector organizations playing increasing roles.
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• Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 BS (2007 AD)
The interim constitution of Nepal realized environmental protection as the policy of the state. Clause (4) of Article (35) of the constitution states that ‘The State shall, while mobilizing the natural resources and heritage of the country that might be useful and beneficial to the interest of the nation, pursue a policy of giving priority to the local community’. The Clause (5) states that ‘The State shall make necessary arrangements to maintain the natural environment. The State shall give priority to special protection of the environment, and rare wildlife, and prevent further damage due to physical development activities, by increasing awareness of the general public about environmental cleanliness. Provision shall be made for the protection of the forest, vegetation and biodiversity, their sustainable use and for equitable distribution of the benefits derived from them’.
• National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Policy, 2066 BS (2009 AD)
It was formulated to provide the overall policy support and guidance towards achieving equity in service delivery by ensuring that the financially marginalized households within the system areas are mainstreamed as valid customers of service through design and implementation of financial incentives where so required. It aims to ensure that the roles and responsibilities of central and local government bodies, external development partners, private sector including NGOs and user groups are clearly defined in scheme implementation and regulation and performance management in accordance with national decentralization policy
• National Policy on Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation, 2004
Provides guidance on water and sanitation service provision in rural areas using community led participatory approaches. While partially relevant in the urban context, particularly around the integration of inputs and local capacity building, it generally fails to address the complex operational challenges to be faced by Municipal authorities in implementing and managing urban services.
ii. Acts and Regulations
• Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act, 2001
The section 3 of the act prohibits a child from engaging in work, sub clause 1 of the clause 3 states “Nobody shall engage in work a child who has not completed fourteen years of age as a labor and sub clause 2 states “Nobody shall engage a child in a risk full occupation or work set forth in the Schedule”. The section 4 states “Child not to be engaged in work against his will by temptation or fear or pressure or by any other means”
• Local Self Governance Act, 1999 & Local Self Governance Regulations, 2000
The Act empowers the local bodies for the conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and implements environmental conservation activities. It also describes about the user group formation to implement the programs in the local areas. The Regulation has provisions for Village Development Committee (VDC), District Development Committee (DDCs) and municipality to coordinate and implement development projects/programs and to provide approval or clearance of the proposed project.
• Water Resources Act, 1992 & Water Resources Regulation, 2000
Water Resource Act is an umbrella act governing water resource management. It declares the order of priority of water use; vests ownership of water in the state; prohibits water pollution; and provides for the formation of Water User Association and system of licensing. The Regulation sets out the procedure to register a WUA and to obtain a license and sets out the rights and obligations of WUA and license holders.
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• Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1997 & Environmental Protection Regulations (EPA), 1999 (and amendments)
EPA and EPR have several provisions to institutionalize environmental consideration in development projects. Section (5) of EPA stipulates that ‘a proponent who is desirous of implementing any proposal shall have to submit such a proposal, accompanied by the report on Initial Environmental Examination or Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposal, to the concerned agency for the approval of such a proposal. The EPR elaborates provisions to prepare and submit the scoping report, Terms of Reference (TOR), and IEE/EIA report for approval and includes public consultation processes. As per the EPR, the Environmental Assessment report, in general, should include detail information on impacts and environmental protection measures, including implementation plan, monitoring and evaluation and environmental auditing. Public consultation is a pre-requisite in all the prescribed projects.
• Drinking Water Regulations, 1998
Regulates the use of drinking water and deals with the control of water pollution and maintenance of quality standards for drinking water. It also sets out the conditions of service utilization by consumers.
• Forest Act, 1993 & Forest Regulations, 1995 (including amendments)
Since forest has an important role in managing water resources, Forest Act has many provisions effecting the integrated water resources management of the country. The basic objective is developing and conserving the forests of the country. The government can provide parts of any type of forest for the implementation of national priority plan with the assurance that it does not adversely affect the environment. The Regulation further elaborate legal measures for the conservation of forests and wild animals.
• Labor Act, 1992
The Act emphasizes on occupational health and safety of workers and stipulates provision of necessary safety gears and adopting necessary precautionary measures against potentially hazardous machine/equipment in the workplace. It also stipulates to make arrangements such as removal of waste accumulated during production process and prevention of dust, fume, vapor and other waste materials, which adversely affect the health of workers
• Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act, 1989 (and amendments) & Water Supply Management Board Act, 2006 & Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission Act, 2006
These acts facilitate the improved management of water and sanitation services. They establish the legal basis for private sector management of schemes and independent fee setting and regulation applicable to all urban schemes.
• Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987 & Solid Waste (Management and Resource Mobilization Rules), 1990
As solid waste has direct impact on water supply system, discharge of solid waste in either public or private places have been prohibited under this Act. The rules entrusts Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Centre, established under the Act, to provide necessary service to individual or institution in managing solid waste. As such any water resource projects may obtain such service and maintain the water resource clean.
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• Town Development Act, 1988
The Act has provisions about the formation of town development committee in any town area to implement town planning and in carrying out the developmental and reconstruction work of that town.
• Land Acquisition Act, (2034 BS) 1977 & Land Acquisition Rules, 1969
These are two main legal instruments that specify procedural matters of land acquisition and compensation. Under these, the Government is allowed to acquire any private land paying reasonable compensation to the affected party for any public purposes or for operation of any development project initiated by government institutions and the water resources laying and originating within such acquired area is spontaneously acquired under this process.
• Water Tax Act, 1966
Under the Act, the water user who use water through a tap distributed by the government is obliged to pay water tax as fixed by prevalent laws and charges are levied if the tax is not paid within the time as fixed by the law.
iii. Standards and guidelines
• National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) and Directives, 2005
Provides details of the water quality standards to be applied to all water supply schemes. These set out the water quality parameters, which the water suppliers should adhere to. The directives also ensures that the water sampling, testing and analysis procedures used to certify that the drinking water supplied or to be supplied conforms to the NDWQS and also sets the monitoring and surveillance procedures to certify that the quality of supplied water conforms to the standards.
• Water Resource Strategy, 2002
Provides a systematic framework for water resource development and identifies action plans to avoid and resolve conflicts and achieve water related development objectives. It has identified the need to integrate and coordinate all the uses of natural resources within the catchment basis and has laid emphasis on the development and management of water resources in a holistic, systematic manner, relying on integrated water resources management.
• National EIA Guidelines, 2050 BS (1993 AD)
In the process of implementing National Conservation Strategy (NCS) in 1990, the government of Nepal in collaboration with The World Conservation Union - IUCN developed a locally suitable environmental assessment guideline. Although National EIA guidelines are procedural guidelines, it substantially encouraged the proponent to prepare an EIA report of the prescribed development projects and programmes and serves as the primary source of integrating environmental aspects in major development projects. The National EIA Guidelines contains objectives, methods of screening projects requiring the level of environmental assessment (IEE or EIA), scoping, impact identification and prediction, report review, monitoring and evaluation and impact auditing ensuring public participation during the preparation of the IEE/ EIA report.
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c. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study
IEE is a tool for incorporating environmental concerns at the project level and is carried out as a part of the feasibility study. The objectives are:
• provide information about the general environmental settings of the project area as baseline data; • provide information on potential impacts of the project and the characteristic of the impacts, magnitude, distribution, affected groups and duration • provide information on potential mitigation measures to minimise the impact including mitigation costs • assess the best alternative project with most benefits and least costs in terms of financial, social and environmental aspects • provide basic information for formulating management and monitoring plans
The present IEE has been conducted for the water supply and sanitation subproject proposed for Kakarvitta Town Project of Mechinagar, Jhapa. It discusses the environmental impacts and mitigation measures relating to the location, design, construction and operation and management of the scheme.
The scope of the study is to study and prepare IEE report as per the format indicated by EPR 2053 BS (1997AD) together with the instructions provided by the project management office. The task during the preparation of this report included description of the project with reference to the physical, biological and social environment, and identification of potential impacts, mitigation measures and monitoring plan and related topics. However, the study does not limit itself only here, but has strived to completeness and objectiveness.
The proposed sub-project is classified as environment Category B project as per the ADB's Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 , an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has to be carried out.
However, after the enforcement of GoN's Environmental Protection Acts 1997 and Environmental Protection Regulation (EPR) 1997 (including amendments 1999), all projects under consideration are required to fulfill either IEE or EIA applications. The screening criterion for the application of IEE or EIA is clearly mentioned in the schedule 1 and schedule 2 of EPR. The points of the schedules determine whether the project should undergo IEE or EIA.
On the basis of the desk study of the various related literatures, the structural components of Sub- Project including the source ( borewells) , and reservoirs will be located at the land procured by the WUSC. Transmission mains and distribution network of the proposed project passes along the existing road tracks. As a whole, the project does not fall in any restricted areas, places of cultural, historical and archaeologically important/monuments, conservation areas, wildlife national parks, and other places where the law of the land prohibits any construction activities. Also the scale of human settlement or human lives affected because of project activities is quite insignificant.
In this way, all the criteria lie within the range of schedule 1 of EPR. As per the ADB's Environmental Assessment Requirements and Environmental Guidelines for selected infrastructure Development Projects and GoN's Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997, Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is sufficient for the proposed project.
The current studies have been conducted as per the TOR approved by MoUD . The environmental issues identified by the TOR have been looked into in detail by this study and EMP and has been designed to address these issues.
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The impacts of providing infrastructure in the areas have been assessed and the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Reports and Environmental Monitoring Plans produced. Studies were conducted according to ADBs Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 and GoNs Environmental Protection Rules (1997) and amendments.
d. Relevancy of the Project
As per the TOR, it is stated that the project needs to be studied from the environmental point of view as per EPA 1997 and EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed water supply and sanitation project is an extension of the existing district water supply and sanitation system which is meant primarily for the market area but has also been supplying a part of the proposed service area. It is expected that on implementation of the project the users of the area will be able to avail of adequate amount of safe drinking water and need not resort to use of unsafe hand pumps to fulfill their water needs. The project needs to go through IEE process as stipulated in EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed project shall be using ground water sources. The treatment capacity of the proposed units is more than 25 lps. The Project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, there is no need to settle any households above the gravity source, and construction of river training works (more than 1 km) is not required. The project shall benefit more than ten thousand persons in the area with higher and better water services.
As the proposed project falls within the definitions provided in the EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007) Annex 1 (G) for drinking water projects; only an IEE should be done. The regulation stated in Annex 1 (H) shall only be applicable, if the proposal does not fall under categories (A) through (H) of Annex 3.
Table 1 compares the status of the project point by point against the conditions defined by Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Regulation 1997 (and its amendments 2007) for which a drinking water would require IEE or EIA.
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Table 1: Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply Projects as per Annex 1 and Schedule g and Annex 3 Schedule h of EPR, 1997 Amendment 2007 Compared with the Situation of the Project IEE Required as per EIA Required as Condition described in S. N the Regulation per the Regulation Conditions in the Project the Act and Regulations Annex 1 g Annex 3 h 1 River Control (training) Up to 1 kilometer Over 1 kilometer NA Channeling Water from Applicable Applicable NA 2 one Watershed to Another Rain Water Collection and Up to 200 hectares More than 200 NA 3 Use of Spewing Wetland hectares Supply of Water in Dry Up to 1 cusec and More than 1 cusec NA Season from Surface utilizing up to 50 % and utilizing the 4 Water Source with a safe of the available total available yield of quantity quantity Ground Water Recharge Up to 50 % of total More than 50 % of NA 5 aquifer aquifer 6 Water Treatment More than 25 litre More than 25 litre per sec per sec 7 Construction of Tunnel for Tunnel construction Not constructed ( NA) Channelling Drinking Water 8 Water Resource 25 to 100 people Over 100 people Not done Development which Displaces People Permanent Residents) 9 Settlement of People Settlement of up to Settlement of above Not done Upstream of Water Source 500 people 500 people 10 Supply of water to a 5, 000 to 50, 000 Over 50, 000 Within 50000 population of 11 Connection of New Source 10, 000 - 100, 000 More than 100, 000 Population within 50,000 to Supply Water to existing water supply system for a population of 12 Extraction of ground water Not done Done No non point and point from sources which are sources of pollution in the located at point and non- vicinity of the water source point sources of biological and chemical pollution and/or their influenced areas. 13 Operation of water supply Not operated Operated This is not a multipurpose project included in a project and is solely for water multipurpose project supply utilizing a source of 25 liter per sec water. (Construction of Multiple Purpose Reservoir Required)
e. Approach and Methodology
The present Initial Environmental Examination report has been prepared based on the Terms of Reference (TOR) approved by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of Nepal. The study has followed the provisions outlined in the Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The major activities undertaken during the preparation of IEE are outlined below.
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i. Desk Study
Existing secondary data relevant to the proposed project was collected from various published and unpublished sources from different governmental and non-governmental organizations. All the related maps, aerial photographs, newspaper articles were gathered and studied. The engineering report of the project and other relevant documents were thoroughly reviewed. Policies, legislations and guidelines relevant to the project were also refereed to.
The desk study also involved the preparation of questionnaire/checklists/matrices for detailed field study to collect the primary data within the Zone of Influence (ZOI). In order to specify the area that would be covered by the assessment, the geographical boundary of the influence area was delineated on the topographical map. Depending upon the nature and extent of the expected impact area, the Zone of Influence (ZOI) was categorized into Direct Impact Zone (DIZ) and Indirect Impact Zone (IIZ).
• Direct Impact Zone (DIZ)
The project directly affected by the project activities are demarcated as Direct Impact Zone. The area bounded by Mechi River in the east Ninda River in west, Nakalbanda Tea Estate in north and Sattighatta Tea Estate along with municipality office in south were delineated as Direct Impact Zone
• Indirect Impact Zone (IIZ)
The area around the DIZ that could be indirectly affected due to project construction and implementation activities such as mobility of people, equipment, vehicles, noise, dust, vibration are demarcated as the Indirect Impact Zone.
ii. Field Work
A detailed field investigation was carried out during November, 2011 to collect baseline information on the physical, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area. The local communities were consulted to understand the social and physical nature of the area. A walkover survey was carried out to identify the environmental structures and to gather relevant baseline information on physical, biological and socio- economic spheres.
• Physical Assessment
Existing physical attributes of the project area were studied through topographical map and site observation, complemented by secondary source of information from reports and interviews. Information on the location, topography, land use, geology, and soil hydrology were collected during field work and from the reports obtained from different institutions.
• Biological Assessment
The ecological attributes of the area was gathered during the field survey. Information on vegetation pattern, wildlife, parks and reserves, sensitive habitats were collected. Identification of wild flora and fauna, rare and endangered species were done during filed observation and by questionnaire survey. The scientific names of the flora and fauna were later recorded referring secondary data/books.
• Socio-economic Assessment
Socio-economic and cultural environment of the project such as population, community structure, distribution of income and sources of livelihood, and expected water users obtained through various secondary and primary sources of data. These included literature review, questionnaire survey, focus
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
group discussion, and the suggestions and comments obtained from all relevant stakeholders though public notice and consultation process.
iii. Data processing
The information obtained from the desk study and field works were processed in a standard format to maintain consistency. The data were tabulated and maps were interpreted. The mitigation and monitoring measures were then proposed based on the impacts identified during the study.
iv. Consultation and Information Dissemination
Public consultation and information dissemination process has been necessary to inform the local people and concerned agencies about the project and to obtain their concern, issues and suggestions. The methods adopted for conducting public consultation included holding meetings with district officials, concerned departments institutions and NGOs. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and meetings were also held with the stakeholders within the Zone of Influence (ZOI).
Similarly the information about the project was disseminated through publication in national newspaper giving details about the project and by inviting any comments and concerns (Annex 3). A copy of the publication was also displayed in the Municipality offices, health institutions and other public area in the project and the deed of inquiry was collected (Annex 4). The final IEE report, after incorporating the comments from concerned department and ADB, will be made available in their respective websites and will be made available to anyone interested upon request.
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B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
1. Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure
a. Water Supply
The present Water Supply and Sanitation situation for most of the project area is not satisfactory. The existing water supply system is delivering water to the consumers to 2300 households in the parts of wards no 10 and 11 only. It covers only 36 % of the households and other 64% households are relying upon other sources like hand pumps and wells. The present system does not possess any treatment facility. Test reports indicate the presence of Fecal coliform in distributed water.
As indicated by water quality tests, the physical quality of water delivered by the shallow tube-well / hand-pumps in the area is more or less satisfactory for household usage but its bacteriological quality is quite poor. The people of ward no 7 and 8 mainly have been suffering from drinking water problem. Usually ground water is not available even at 25 m depth. This assessment also indicated that there is definite need for developing a reliable water supply system, which can supply water in adequate quality and quantity. Similarly the water needs to be treated for removal of iron.
Consumption level of water is found quite high 63.15 lpcd in ward no 11 where as that of ward no 7 is found to be as low as 12.52 lpcd. As per house hold survey, average water consumption level in this area is 32.80 liters per capita per day.
b. Existing Sanitation Situation
The sanitation situation of the area is satisfactory, as there 96.4% of household contains private toilets. The main reasons for having latrines are awareness of the people towards the importance of sanitation and personal hygiene. They also have knowledge on latrine construction techniques. Among those constructed toilets 13.5 % is pit latrine, 43.7 % is ventilated pit latrine, 54.9% is water seal.
There is one public toilet in the market core (near present bus park / Devkota Park) with 10 urinals & 5 pans for male users and 6 pans for female users, is serving from last 6 years. It costs Rs 5.00 for using defecation facilities and Rs 10 for using bathing facilities. It was learned that about 250 people use the toilet every day. Operation and maintenance of the toilet is carried out from the money raised from the users.
There have been 260 cases of community people suffering from water borne diseases in last year. No death case reported in the household survey. The project area has one health post. AMDA Hospital located at Dhulabari ,about 4 km west of Kakarvitta is also serving from last ten years.
c. Drainage and Waste Management
Linear storm water drainage of 3.8 km exists in market area; and about 300 m length in Ittabhatta area. Rest of the service area does not have surface drainage facility.
In market is some solid waste can be observed during day. Municipality is collecting solid waste and disposing it in the bank of Mechi River. People of other parts than market area are found managing solid waste in their back side of house.
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2. Type, Category and Need of the Subproject
This proposed project falls in category B of ADB environmental categorization. It is a groundwater based water supply system with a pumping system, treatment plant, reservoirs at ground level and a elevated one and pipe system to provide house connection to the majority of the household and institutions.
The service area is a part of Mechinagar Municipality and is growing centre in the eastern Terai situated in the East- West Highway and it is a gateway to Nepal from East. It is growing as a business and trading transit hub.
The existing water supply system is providing drinking water to the community from the last fifteen years and although is comparatively in good condition. It is observed that the system has outreached its design capacity only 36 % households are covered, and is not able to cover more areas. It has stopped giving additional connections. Other households have been depending on shallow tube wells or dug wells which they have installed in their premises or nearby. Due to the sub-standard quality of water withdrawn from surface level hand pumps, the consumers are vulnerable to epidemics of water borne diseases such as diarrhea and dysentery, jaundice, etc.
Therefore the locals are highly enthusiastic about installing of a regular piped water supply system to supply adequate quantity of for the whole township and are ready to bear the cost and work for its construction and eventually run it. They have already formed a Drinking Water Users Group and have collected the required fund to contribute their share.
3. Size and Magnitude of Operation
The scheme is designed for design year population of 47,624 in 9,506 households (in the year 2030). There will be 5 tube wells from which water will be drawn at the rate of altogether 74 lps .
The Kakarvitta Town WSP has been designed as a piped water supply system considering ground water as the one and only source with overhead tank for distribution. Part of the proposed project is under operation. Similarly in some places structures like OHT and installation of bore well are completed before. These existing structures are to be utilized. Considering topography of land, location of existing structures , hence the Town Project is divided in following four subsystems :
i.) Existing Bazaar sub-system: This presently operating system is proposed to serve market area (Both side of Highway). One 225 m3 overhead RCC reservoir tank is in operation and is in good condition and should be utilized. This system will serve part of ward no 10.
ii.) Barmeli sub-system: A 450 cum under construction RCC overhead tank and a bore well are situated in the Barmeli tole and thus the name of the system is followed. This will serve part of ward no 10 (North of Highway) and ward no 11 ( Ilame basti area).
iii.) Shanti Ramailo sub system: A 110 cum RCC overhead tank and a borewell is already constructed in this area. This sub-system will cater part of ward no 10 ie Shanti Ramailo and part of market area.
iv.) Surendra Nagar sub System: WUSC has already procured land in Surendranagar ( ward no 8). This subsystem aims to serve part of ward 7-10, 12-13. This will cover Ittabhatta, Pratibha chowk, Srijana chowk, Girigaon, Chautarigau,Nakalbanda, etc. A 450 cum elaveted reservoir tank is proposed for this subsystem.
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For all subsystems multigrade filter units will be installed. Altogether 111.3 km of distribution pipe network is proposed including 15.6 km of existing network.
The cost of the Project is estimated at NRs 343,172,634.53 (water supply component only) 355.743 million ( total with sanitation)
4. Proposed Schedule of Implementation
The work will be contracted to a contractor, the standard procedure for selection and tendering will be followed as per the norms of the Fiscal Act and Regulations. These will comprise of • tendering and approval of contract; • presentation of security performance, • field mobilization of workers, technicians, and professional of the contractor; • procurement and transportation of materials, • installation of structural works, mechanical works, pipe works and finishing works.
5. Description of the Subprojects
The Kakarvitta Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project has been conceptualized as a piped, pumping water supply system based on ground water as the source with an overhead tank for distribution. The system has been formulated for a reliable continuous 24 hours drinking water supply in adequate quantity and quality to the consumers of the service area at the desired service level. The schematic system layout of the project components is given in Figure 1 for easy conceptualization.
Figure 1: Schematic Layout of Project Components
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Table 2: SALIENT FEATURES OF KAKARVITTA TOWN PROJECT
S.NO. Items Description 1 Name of the Project Second Small Town Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Project, Kakarvitta Town Project 2 Type Pumping Scheme 3 Study Level Detailed Engineering Design 4 Location Area Region Eastern Development Region Zone Mechi District Jhapa Municipality Mechinagar Municipality Ward 7 ,8,9,10,11,12,13 . 5 Available Facilities Road East-West Highway Water Supply System Already existing since 2051 for part of wards 10 and 11 Electricity Available Communication Available Health Services Available Banking Facilities Available 6 Source Characteristics Source Name Ground Water Source Type Deep Tube Wells- Source Location Ward #10,8 Safe yield (lps) Existing bazaar 22 lps Shanti Ramailo 14 lps Barmeli 14 lps Surendranagar 24 lps
TOTAL 74 lps
7 Project Components Storage Tank Over Head Reservoirs Existing bazaar 225 cum – existing Shanti Ramailo 110 cum -existing Barmeli 450 cum- existing Surendranagar 450 cum – proposed
Boreholes 3 Nos. each 150 -200 meters deep (additional) Existing 6 nos should be developed Pump 60 HP- 2 nos ; 25HP-2No. Wash Out/ Valve Chamber (Nos.) 31 Existing house hold connection 2300 Additional house hold connection 3163 ( during construction period)
Total Length of pipe (Km) Existing 15.6 km Proposed 95.7 km TOTAL 111.3 km Treatment Unit Pressure treatment plant type ( 4 numbers) 8 Social Status Present Population (2012) 26599 Base Year Population (2015) 29246 Design Year Population (2030) 47624 Growth Rate % (wards 7,8,9,10,11,12,13) Ward wise different but can be taken as 3.1% average Household Numbers 5463 for survey year Average Family Sizes 4.8 9 Total Water Demand
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S.NO. Items Description Base year 2015 (m3/day) 2931.72 Design year 2030 (m3/day) 5071.88 10 Total Cost of the water supply Project, (NRs.) 11 Cost Sharing Arrangement for water supply component ( 343.172 (cost for W/S component) million-NRs) 1. Government of Nepal – 50% 171.58 2. WUSC contribution a) Community Cash Contribution up front cash @ 5 % 17.16 Additional 10 % cash 34.317 b) Loan through TDF 35% 120.111 13 Cost Sharing Arrangement for Sanitation Component (NRs) Total cost of Sanitation Component ( million –NRs) 12.57
Users/ local authority/ Municipality contribution @15% 1.89 GoN Grant @ 85% 10.68 14 Tariff for water supply Rs. / Cum 0-10 Cum / month 18.60 11-20 Cum / month 27.53 20> Cum / month 31.62 15 Economic / Financial ( at 35% TDF loan) FIRR 2.83% EIRR 36.01% AIFC 26.12 AIEC 35.47 16 Environment ADB Category Category B IEE finding No adverse effect, IEE required 17 Project Status Started (date) Jan 2012 Completion December, 2014.
a. Project Components
i. Water Supply System
• Water Source
The designated source to serve the service area is 5 number of deep tube wells as exhibited in the table below:
Table 3 : Proposed location of source S.No Sub system Existing Source location New boring location safe yeild (lps) 1 Existing Bazaar Mechi River Bank 1 numbers 22 2 Shanti Ramailo OHT premises, ward no 10 Existing boring will be 14 used 3 Barmeli OHT premises , ward no 10 -do- 14 4 Surendranagar NA 1 number at proposed 24 OHT premises, next in the 300m south.
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
The screen of the well is proposed of Stainless steel with 30% effective opening area for better yield of water.
• Borehole Platform
A RCC borehole platform will be constructed at each borehole with GI pipe gantry for the installation and removal of pumps from boreholes, if required. All the required fittings have been estimated which will be installed on the top of the boreholes.
• Treatment Facilities
Water quality assessment of the existing boreholes revealed that iron and manganese is above Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard ( NDWQS) values. Similarly pH, Ammonia, Iron and Total Coliform do not meet NDWQS values. Arsenic content is found only from one well and is fairly below NDWQS values ( found 0.006 mg/l where as allowable limit is 0.05 mg/l). Refer Annex 5 for the water analysis report. Treatment system has been accordingly designed.
The treatment unit consists of aeration chamber followed by pressure filter and chlorine dosing. Air pressure will supply air in the aeration chamber. The objective of pressure filter is to reduce iron content in water. After chlorine dosing the water flows to overhead tank for distribution purpose.
• Aerator
Aerator has been designed and operated for 25 and 15 lps respectively for two systems to suit the water demand.
• Pressure Filter Pressure filter has been proposed for all four subsystems
• Ground Level Reservoir / Overhead Tank
A service reservoir has been designed for intermittent inflow for 10-18 hrs from the boreholes and continuous supply to the service area. Three OHTs ( 225 cum, 100 cum and 450 cum capacities ) are already been constructed and these are to be included in the project. One OHT for Surendranagar subsystem has to be constructed. The OHT is to be constructed of RCC and is designed as Intze-type tank to make it economical. Its capacity is standardized as 450 m3. It shall be supported on RCC columns of 18 meters height which are braced together, to make them into a single unit.
• Pumps
Submersible pumps of design capacity have been provided at the deep wells and the ground level reservoir. Those at the deep wells will be of 30 HP and are designed to lift the water up to the Treatment plant. The filtered water is to be pumped to OHT for which a submersible pump of 20 HP is provided. Altogether five pumps with accessories are included. Submersible pumps will be fitted on each of the wells to lead to the service tanks through the treatment system.
• Electrical Facilities
Electrical power will be supplied from the 11 KV transmission line which is currently available about 1300 meters from the proposed deep well site through an 11/0.4 KV- 100 KVA step down transformer to the pump house. A three -phase power line shall be connected to a control panel, which will distribute power to different power load points. A standby Generator has been included in the system.
• Transmission Mains
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
DI pipes are proposed for conveyance of water from deep tube-well to the treatment plant/overhead tank (OHT).
Distribution pipeline About 111.3 Km pipeline has been designed for this system. The distribution system comprises of a pipe network consisting of mainly loops and branches. The entire system has been designed using Ductile Iron (DI), High Density Polythene (HDP) and Galvanized Iron (GI) pipes, of diameters ranging from 50 mm to 315 mm diameter have been used.
There is no specific identification of geological vulnerable area / spots which needs special consideration. Pipe crossing across the roads are at 16 places and pipe crossings for one streamlet at three points have been identified.
• House Connections
The system has been designed, predominantly as house to house connections. The system is analyzed for a design capacity of providing a total of 9506 house connections. However, initially during construction phase, only 3163 new house connections and 2300 new hole changes will be provided to fulfill the need for the base year population.
• Fire Hydrants
Altogether 8 numbers of fire hydrants have been proposed to cater the fire demand.
• Other System Appurtenances
These will primarily comprise of valve chambers or connector boxes to house in flow control valves for controlling flow in the pipeline and connections to the community taps etc. Altogether 354 valve chambers and connection chambers are expected in the system. Some extra road crossing has been initially provided so as to facilitate for less road cuttings during the operational phase.
• Pump House
Permanent pump houses have not been provided. As submerged type of pumps is to be used they shall be kept in the open. Electrical panels’ however will be housed inside the generator house.
• Generator/Operator House
A permanent generator house to accommodate the generator will be constructed. A permanent space to accommodate the pump operator will be provided in this generator house.
• Guard House & office building
A guard house will be constructed to accommodate staff and for revenue collection. WUSC already has office and thus office building is not proposed.
ii. Sanitation and Drainage
The sanitation component (hard ware part) has not been included in the project as the WUSC would like to cut the cost of the whole project and concentrate upon water supply only at present. It is envisaged that WUSC would be doing the sanitation improvement activities independently side by side during the construction phase of the project.
• Surface Drain
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Some linear storm water drainage exists in the market area. More drainage is required to manage storm water so that sanitation is improved.
Drainage is required to carry storm water so that sanitation is improved. The project area as a whole has a slope from north towards south. Though topography permits water to flow, the project intends to demonstrate and partially address the issue by constructing 2350 meters of surface drain in the project area, where there are constraints of water flows. These sections are tabulated below
Table 4: Proposed length of Storm water drainage
S.No Proposed location Ward Length (m) Remarks No 1 Sallaghari chowk 10 750 Both side of road 2 Mechidada ( Purwa 10 900 bothside
pragati tole) 7 Bhanu tole 10 700 Both side TOTAL 2350
As per discussion with WUSC length of drainage has been reduced to 2350 -meters. Stone masonry with cement plaster has been considered. The size provided in the drainage is 300 X 450 mm .
• Solid Waste Management
The project does not have any concrete component for solid waste management. It has only a program to conduct a number of training and awareness generating programs. This software program is envisaged to help to reduce, reuse and recycle the waste from the households. The major sub- components of the project are described below.
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Table 5: Components of Subprojects Infrastructure Function Description Location Deep wells (5 numbers) Source of water for the The wells are designed for At the north tip of ward # project drawing water at 14-24 l. 8 in a radius of 500 m p. s. The depth will be within and in the vicinity around 150 m, the size of of the OHT compound the casing is to be 200 mm ID and pump housing diameter will be of 300 mm diameter Borehole platform For protection of the GI pipe gantry for the At each well source from contamination installation and removal of pumps from boreholes Treatment facilities (2 For bringing the quality of Aeration chamber Before each ground level sets) water to Nepal standard of followed by pressure filter storage tanks after the drinking water and chlorine dosing (all of deep well inside the OHT capacity 40 lps) compound. Ground level reservoir To maintain continuous Rectangular of RCC with In the OHT compound supply of water while a capacity of 800 cu. m pumps are working intermittently for 10 to 18 hrs.’ Overhead Tank For water supply at the RCC, designed as Intze- In the OHT compound at required pressure type supported on RCC north tip of Ward # 8 columns of 22 meters height which are braced together Submersible pumps (5 For drawing water from 30 H.P. Fitted in the deep wells nos.) deep wells to treatment plants Submersible pump (1 For lifting filtered water to 20 HP Between the Ground level no.) OHT storage tank and the OHT Step Down transformer For supplying power to the 1300 m transmission line From the supply point to and transmission line, pumps of 11 KV from supply the pumping site at ward # switching system point and a step down 10 and 8 ( Shantiramailo transformer of 11/0.4-100 & Surendranagar) KVA , switching system and distribution to different equipment Generator As standby for the time 3 phase of 100 KVA At the electric power during power cut capacity supply house. Transmission mains To transmit water from Ductile Iron 150 mm Between wells to wells to the storage tank Diameters treatment plant and subsequently to the storage tanks through treatment system Distribution pipeline For connecting from the DI (300 and 200 mm) and From OHT to the points (111.3 km) storage tanks to ultimate , HDPE pipes (160 to 50 for house connections users through a network mm) for secondary road throughout the service area House/Yard connections For connecting to the Pipes connections from the Throughout the service consumers from service service points near to areas points consumers Community stand posts, For consumers who cannot At locations in the project 6 in the base year and to afford to have individual area where the ultra poor be reduced to nil in the connections are settled. design year Non domestic For non domestic Throughout the service connections consumers area of the project Other system Appurtenances
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Infrastructure Function Description Location Valve To house flow control Different Locations At different locations in chambers/connector valves the distribution pipe boxes network
Generator house For accommodating the The operator of the In the OHT compound generator electric equipment will be near to the pumps given a room in the generator house. Pump house/ To accommodate the A main building for In the OHT tank Operator/Guard operator/s, guard and accommodating different compound. Quarter/office office including persons related to the O & administration and M, security of the water revenue collection supply and sanitation system for the service area will be required. Water Test laboratory For monitoring the A laboratory for In the building for other treatment system and the conducting basic tests for personnel for operation of quality of water supplied monitoring the treatment the system. by the system. system including chlorine dosing of water just prior to entering the storage tanks for distribution, Pipe support block To provide support to the Different Locations Wherever the distribution distribution pipe at pipe needs support. crossing. Three phase electricity For connection of the Power supply to the water From the point where the line extension electric supply supply system will be electric power will be connected to the existing tapped to the OHT transmission line by this compound. extension. Fencing work of OHT For the security of the The OHT compound will The OHT compound in compound system infrastructure and have the all the Ward # 3, the property of the system. infrastructure for drawing water from the source, treatment, water storage and supply, persons and materials for O & M. These need to be safeguarded from vandalism and theft. Sanitation and Drainage Surface drain To solve drainage problem A master plan of 19.05km Core area of the core area of storm drain to serve about 350ha area has been prepared Design of low cost Sample of preliminary latrines drawings of toilets Solid waste Trainings and awareness To the general people Management campaign
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Figure 2: Pipe line system Design layout
b. Project Requirements
i. Land Area
Location of proposed components especially Overhead Tank (OHT) and Tube well boreholes including pump house, and treatment facilities for all the four subsystems has been procured by WUSC.
No additional land is required for construction of any other structures of the project. No temporary land is likely to require during the project execution. The construction camp will be located within the compound wall of the land owned by the project.
The project, especially during distribution, will not entail relocation of any existing public and private facilities such as power lines, communication lines, water supply and sewerage pipelines, canals, foot- trails etc. The desire of the community was to have pipe lines on both sides of main roads especially black topped roads. This will prevent frequent trench digging on this black topped road for service connection.
Additional electricity line, stretching around one kilometer, for Surendranagara subsystem is necessary on the location of bore hole in order to pump water and operate the filtration plant. The
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additional electricity line will not entail disruption of any public utilities as the adjacent area has no settlement and cultivation.
ii. Materials Required
The following Table 6 gives the main materials required during construction and operation of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Project. The source of the materials are:
Aggregate- Crusher at Chisang Khola located around 55Km West of the project site
Sand- Depot at Londra Khola and Haraicha Khola located 55 Km West and Ghailadubba khola located 15 Km North of the project site
Table 6: Materials Required Particulars Unit Quantity Reinforcement M. Ton 27 Cement Bag 3143 Bricks Nos. - Aggregate Cu m 447 Sand Cu m 1241 Wood Cu m - Stone Cu m -
iii. Electricity requirement
The power supply is basically required for the following applications: (a) Light and power to the guard house, (b) Light and power to the office building, (c) Light and power to the generator/pump control room, (d) Light and power to the treatment plant/shed, (e) Light to the STWSS compound/site, such lighting to be provided by fitting an arm to the PCC poles or Poles provided solely for compound light.
In general, each well and Reservoir site is considered provided with; (a) One guard house, (b) One office building (c) One guard/operator house, (d) Two unit of treatment plant (e) One generator shed (f) Two Pump house and (g) Outdoor lighting for the compound.
The electrical load demand of such facilities is assessed assuming lighting loads in the Guard House and Office Building for average 6 hours a day, Diesel Generator/Pump control room, Treatment plant shed and SSTWSSP compound illumination for average 8 hours a day, while all pumps are considered operated as per the optimum schedule.
At wells and reservoir sites, the power supply will be availed by extending NEA 3 -phase 11 kV feeder line from the main-road, where a NEA distribution transformer is located on the H-pole structure. The extended 11 kV line will be tapped at the sites .Each of the sites will be provided with
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an H-pole structure for mounting a distribution transformer of adequate capacity. The capacity of each transformer is determined on the basis of the average operational loads of the respective sites
The line extensions will use 30 sq. mm. (Weasel) ACSR conductors on PCC poles with cross-arms as per the accepted norms and practices of NEA. The PCC poles will be of 11 m. long Type for 11 kV lines and 9 m. long Type for LV lines and both these poles will be of NEA standard.
iv. Human Resource
The following table gives the details of human resource (skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labor) required during the construction and operation and maintenance of the project.
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Table 7: Human Resource Type of Labour required (Quantity ) S.N Activities Unskilled labor Semi-Skilled Labor Skilled Labour Construction work 1. Earthwork 24 1 2. PCC work 81 8.4 3. Form work and scaffolding 38 26.68 4. Concrete admixture and water proofing 1 0.50 work 5. Reinforcement work 114 96 6. Brick work 24 7.5 7. Door and window work 6.506 65.06 8. Cement and Plaster 125 98 9. Floor and wall tiles 34.50 28 10. Painting work 23.80 32.80 11. Railing work 24.52 11.47 12. HDPE piple laying and jointing(butt 22 11 10.53 welded joint) including fitting 13. GI pipe laying and jointing (Socket joint) 16.50 11 6.70 excluding fittings. 14. Ductile Iron Pipe Laying & Jointing 56.50 12.25 12.25 (Tyron joint) excluding fittings. 15 Miscellaneous works 146.859 0.21 58.693 Operation and Maintenance work S.N. Personnel (monthly) Number 1. Engineer/Manager 1 2. Administrator Chief/ Accountant 2 3. Plant / Supervisor/ Mechanical Overseer 3 4 Plant Operator/ Pump Operator 3 5 Office assistants, meter readers 4 5. Plumber 2 6 Junior Office Assistants, Cashiers, 5 Helpers 7. Meter readers 4 6. Watch man/peon 2
v. Project Activities
The following table gives the details of the project activities during the construction and operation and maintenance phases of the project.
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Table 8: Project Activities S. N. Description
Construction Phase A Preliminary and General Requirements 1. Work related to transportation facility, survey equipment and filed assistance B Civil work 1 Land Development 2 Operator / Guard House 3 Office building 4 Boundary Wall (260 m) with 2 Nos. Gate for Office Complex with Treatment facility and 144 m barbed wire fencing 5 Overhead Water Tank (450 cu m) 6 Multigrade Water Treatment Plant 7 Bore hole platform 9 Bore hole drilling ,well development and pumping Test works 10 Pump House 11 Shed for Generator 13 Concrete Valve Chamber (600 x 600 x 1000) 14 House connection 15 Pipe Trench 16 Pipe laying & joining 17 Pipe laying across bridge crossings 18 Fire Hydrant C Pipe & Fitting Works 1 Cost of Distribution Pipe (111.3 Km) 2 Cost of Transmission Pipe (1.992 Km) 3 Pipe fittings 4 Tools & Plants D Electrical Work / Mechanical 1 Total Electrical Work 2 Pumping main work including pumps with installation cost F Environmental Mitigation Work Supply, plantation and caring of different species of flowers and plants (As per layout of the reservoir/OHT premises) and other measures as described in environmental management plan of the project and as directed by engineer O&M Phase Operation and Maintenance activities including operating the system and managing personnel, energy, chemicals, office and water safety plan.
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
1. Physical Resources
a. Geophysical Profile
i. Topography
The proposed Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Project is located at Mechinagar Municipality in Jhapa district of Mechi zone. Topographically, Kakrvitta VDC lies on a generally flat land in the Terai with the Siwaliks on the north at elevations ranging from 120-150 m above the mean sea level.
Location Map
ii. Geology and Soils
The service area is situated on upper terai region of the indogangetic plains with the Siwalik hills to the north. The Terai plain of Kakrvitta belongs to the southern tectonic division of Nepal known as Indogangetic Plain. The area is composed mainly of gravel and boulder along with sand. Area south of the Highway is composed of silty loamy soil, which is highly fertile.
iii. Climate
The climate is tropical . The mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures are 6oC and 38oC. It receives an average annual rainfall of 1500 mm. The highest recorded is 3060 mm. Almost 75 % of the rainfall occurs during monsoon (June to September).
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
iv. Air quality
The air quality of the area can be considered to be fairly less polluted. The main pollution source is the traffic in the highway. There is a brick kiln in the area and is also contributing ,upto a certain extent , toward air pollution . However the number is limited and the topography of the area does not prevent free air flow to the surrounding area.
v. Surface and Ground Water
The proposed project area is situated in between two perennial rivers namely Mechi and Ninda. Other major rivers which flow through the service areas are Kali Khola, Ghailaduba Khola, Palia Khola etc. Ground water is available in the area. There are a number of dug wells and shallow tube wells installed in the project, particularly in south west portion of project area,which supply drinking water to the population. Similarly WUSC is supplying water from the four deep tubewells installed about twenty years ago. The water quality appears to be tolerable except for the bacterial contamination. (A copy of the water quality test result is included hereunder Annex 5)
2. Ecological Resources
a. Forest
Deforestation has decreased the vegetation of the project area. Most of it has been turned into agricultural farm lands. Three Tea Estates are encountered in the project area namely Tokla Tea Estate in the mid of the service area, Sattighatta Tea Estate in the southern side and Nakalbanda Tea Estate in the North East side of the service area. Since the concept of community forests was introduced, two Users Group Community forests (UGCF) have been formed: Aitabare UGCF in Ward # 7 with users from Wards 7-8; Jana Chetana UGCF in ward # 8 with users from wards 8,9 .
b. Flora
The most common floral species found in the forest are Shorea robusta (sal); Acacia catechu (khayar)-Dalbergia sissoo (sisau), other riverine forests and grasslands.
The Shorea robusta forest is dominated by the Shorea robusta species with common associates of Terminalia tomentosa (Asna), Adina cordifolia (karma), Anogeissus latifolia (bud dhayera), Lagerstroemia parvifolia (botdhaiyero), Dillenia pentagyna (Tantari), Syzygium cumini (jamun) and Semicarpus anacardium (bhalayo), etc.
The Acacia catechu-Dalbergia sissoo forest is found on newly deposited alluvium, often gravelly along streams and rivers. The other riverine forest consists of tropical evergreen forest dominated by Syzygium cumini (black plum) tropical deciduous forest usually dominated by Bombax ceiba (simal), Holoptelia integrifolia (chepte pagro) and Trewia nudiflora (pindar) species.
Medicinal plants of significance found in the area are Sikakai (Acacia concinna), Assuro (Adhatoda vasica), Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum), Kureelo (Asparagus racemosus), Harro (Terminalia cheberia), Barro (Terminalia belerica) and Amala (Emblica officinalis), etc.
c. Fauna
Wild life has decreased to a considerable extent in the area. However some wild animals like wild boar (Susscrofa cristatus), deer (Axis axis), porcupine (Hystrix indica) along with other animals are
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
found. Elephants are known to migrate seasonally from Indian forests. Ploceidae passer, Pava cristatus, Corovous corone, Diurnilis neophron and Gallus gallus are some of the bird species seen in the area.
3. Social and Cultural Resources
a. Population and Communities
Table below indicates that the total number of population in the project area is 30531 (in 2012 AD). Average size of the households is 4.79. The table below depicts the presence of 14.7 % of temporary population. Major concentration of temporary population is found in ward no 10 and 12.
Table 9 : Household and Population Structure Ward Cluster Total Population Temporary No. No. of Population Female Male Total HHs 7 11 425 1015 1018 2033 68 8 12 645 1537 1543 3080 126 9 7 139 358 353 711 65 10 50 2798 6641 6669 13310 3262 11 24 826 2004 2012 4016 379 12 7 743 1820 1828 3648 255 13 6 788 1798 1805 3603 315 Total 117 6364 15173 15228 30401 4470 49.90% 50.10% 100.00% 14.70% Source: Field Survey, BDA/PEA JV, 2012
b. Ethnic Composition
A high of 46.70% of population are found to be Brahmin/Chhetri followed by 27.0% in Janajati. Household and Population of Dalit community are 6.9%. A considerable numbers of household and population (19.4% ) are dwelling other caste groups (Madhesi, Mushlim, Sanyasi etc.). The distribution of population by caste and ethnic group for each ward is outlined in Table-10 below.
Table 10: Distribution of Population by Caste/Ethnic Groups Ward Brahman/ Janajati Dalit Others Total No. Chhetri 7 1024 532 72 405 2033 8 1563 767 113 637 3080 9 267 187 48 209 711 10 7106 3821 612 1771 13310 11 1716 1108 426 766 4016 12 1827 858 397 566 3648 13 722 920 413 1548 3603 14225 8193 2081 5902 30401 Total 46.70% 27.00% 6.90% 19.40% 100.00% Source: Field Survey, BDA/PEA JV, 2012
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
c. Health Facilities and Sanitation
Water borne diseases as diarrhea, dysentery, worms (roundworm, whipworm, tapeworm and guineworm), fever (typhoid), and jaundice are most common in the area. These diseases, in fact, are the outcomes of poor water quality, unsanitary conditions and lack of personal hygiene.
There have been 260 cases of community people suffering from water borne diseases in last year. No death case reported in the household survey.
There is one eye hospital (Mechi Eye hospital) and a health post in the project area. People are found to visit Siligurhi, India and Birtamod for receiving health treatment.
d. Educational Facilities
There are 9 Government and 12 private schools and one college run by the Government. They are enlisted below:
Table 11: List of Education Institutes
Cluster- Ward Name of the School / campus Status numbers Laxmi Primary School Kalikhola - 11 Government Saraswati Primary School Intabhatta-12 Government Sri Krishna Primary School Madanbasti-12 Government North point HS. School Barmelitol-10 Private Sri Kanchanjhanga lower sec. School Salghari-13 Government Lophophorous English Boarding School Kakarvitta - 11 Private Tara Punja English Boarding School Kakarvitta - 13 Private Suryodaya HS. School Kakarvitta - 10 Private Kakarbhitta HS School/Campus Kakarvitta - 10 Government Kids care Primary School Kakarvitta - 10 Private Pashupati HS School Kakarvitta - 10 Private Ganga Memoral School Nakalbandha-10 Private Mechi Lower Sec.School Nakalbandha-10 Government Adarsha HS School Intabhatta-13 Government Sunshine Boarding School Intabhatta-14 Private Green Village School Ghailadubba-8 Private Believers' Boarding School Kalikhola Chowk-8 Private Dokandanda Boarding School Surendranagar-8 Private Balkalyan S School Surendranagar-8 Government Everest E. Boarding School Intabhatta-13 Private Centry Mechi pri. School Srijana nagar-7 Government Source: Field Survey, BDA/PEA JV, 2012
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
e. Physical and Cultural Heritage
Kakarvitta is a new settlement. Physical and Cultural heritage are not numerous here. However the settlers who have migrated here have established few religious spots and temples, Masjids and churches have also been established. Being the eastern gateway to Nepal , it is an important location for trade with the hills in the vicinity. The Hindu Temples of some significance are Radhakrishna Temple ward # 10, Krishna Temple in Ward # 8, Devisthan temple in Ward # 10., several Shiva Temples in ward No. 7-9; a Masjid in ward # 13 and a church in ward #13.
f. Employment
Table below shows the occupation structure of people living at Kakarvitta . Of the total population in the Project area, among the many occupational groups, the business profession constitute the largest occupational group 19.6% percent .
Single household and its member may have multiple occupations. So the percentages are based on total response not on total cases. Of the total response, a high of 39.2% household have diversified occupation which is categorized as others followed by 19.4% in business and 15.3% in service. No households fall under the industry category. Similarly, 38.7% of the total response on household population falls under others category which covers children, student, housewife, old age and disabled people. Similarly, findings of the survey showed 19.0% on business and 15.9% on service.
Table 12: Distribution of Population by Occupation
S.No Occupation Population % 1 Agriculture 9.7
2 Business 19.6
3 Service 15.9 4 Industry 0.5 Foreign Employment / 5 10.2 Remittance 6 Wage 6.6 7 Other 38.7 Total 100 Source: Field Survey 2012
g. Distribution of Monthly Income Levels
More than 64% of the household surveyed falls in the higher income slot i.e above Rs 15,000.00 per month followed by 25.2% in the slot of Rs 10,001-15,000.00. Monthly income having less than Rs 6,000.00 is found only 9%. Table below depicts the distribution of income.
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Table 13: Distribution of HHS in percentage by Monthly Income Levels (in Rupees) Monthly Ward Ward Ward Ward Ward Ward Ward Total ( Income No. 7( No. 8 No. 9 ( No. 10 ( No. 11 ( No. 12 No. 13 %) Levels %) ( %) %) %) %) ( %) ( %) Up to Rs 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.2 4000
Rs 4001 - 2.3 1.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 4.0) 2.5 1.3 6000
Rs 6001 - 11.6 9.2 7.1 2.9 24.1 13.3 7.6 8.8 10000
Rs 10001 – 32.6 20.0 28.6 21.4 28.9 28.0 31.6 25.2 15000
Above Rs 15000 53.5 69.2 64.3 75.4 47.0 54.7 57.0 64.6 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Field Survey 2012
4. Economic Development and Prospects for Growth
a. Land Use
Major chunk of land is used for Tea plantation & gardening. In Bazaar area grid pattern roads were developed by Basti Bikas Company in 2032 BS. Municipality is preparing periodic plan. Further no planned land use has been observed. The land of the area is fertile and good for cultivation of many crops. The main use of the land is cultivation.
No specific area has been designated for industries. There are a few small scale industries as rice mills. Agriculture is the main characteristics, the main product being paddy, maize and wheat. Horticulture and livestock rising including poultry is practiced but not in a commercial scale. The people of this area have been also been attracted towards foreign work providing remittance.
b. Infrastructural Facilities
i. Transportation
Kakarvitta lies in the East-West Highway and is a border town. There is network of roads going in all directions in the Municipality. It is also linked by earthen roads to other areas.
ii. Drinking Water Supply
Kakarvitta Water Users & Sanitation Committee was established in 2051 BS (1995 AD) and is one of the oldest WUSC of the Country. The construction of present system under the British Government aid was started in 2042 BS (1986 AD) where 2 numbers of boring (boring Nos 1 & 2) were completed. Later, under the same aid in 2051 BS (1994 AD) a 225 m3 reinforced cement concrete (RCC) overhead tank ( OHT) was constructed. The water supply system was handed over to the WUSC in the same year and is operating then.
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
The existing water supply system is delivering water to the consumers to 2300 households in ward no 10 and 11 (town core area). Inhabitants of other wards of Kakarvitta ie 7,8,9,12,13 are relying on other sources like hand pumps and wells.
The existing system is in good condition and providing drinking water to the community for the last fifteen years. It has been observed that the system has outreached its design capacity, and is not able to cover more areas.
Altogether six deep tube wells are already exist in the project area and are tabulated below :
Table 14: Existing Tubewells Well Location Total Length Pumping Remarks No. Depth of Rate (lps) (m) Screen 1 Mechi River Bank 63 24 7 Operated 2 Mechi River Bank 67 27 7 alternatively 3 Mechi River Bank 109 42 14 Settlement of Pump House Floor 4 Mechi River Bank 68 NA 5 5 Barmeli Tole 122 33 Yet not Kali Khola Bank operated No electric 6 Santi Ramailo W/S 140 39 Yet not connection Scheme OHT site operated
Well No. 1 and 2 were constructed in the year 1986 and are already 26 years old which are operating alternatively with average production rate of 7 liters per second (lps). The 3rd tubewell in Mechi River Bank is producing 14 lps but, there is subsidence around the tubewell on the floor of the pump house. It was reported that the subsidence occurred during the earthquake of September 2011. The 4th tube well in Mechi Bank producing 5 lps water dried from month May 2012. Tubewells constructed near OHTs of Santi Ramailo Water Supply Scheme and Barmeli Tole are yet not operated as no electrical connection is made and no reliable test reports are available.
iii. Surface Drainage, Sanitation & Sewerage
Linear storm water drainage exists in market place but the majority lack surface drain. There is no sewerage system in place in the project area. Many inhabitants lead the sewers to pits in their backyard or wherever convenient. Latrines are found in (96.4%) of the households. In the market area municipality collects solid waste and dispose in near the bank of Mechi River. Most of HH dispose their solid waste in pits. Few houses in the market area dispose it haphazardly.
iv. Electricity
Municipality area has electricity facilities and is connected to the 132 KV sub-station.
v. Communication
The project area is found to have good facilities of telephone and cell phone.
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
c. Economic Development
i. Industry and commerce
No large scale industry is found within the project area. Three numbers of Tea Estates namely Tokla, Sattighatta and Nakalbanda which lie in the vicinity of the project area provide considerable numbers of job since last three decades. Other small scale work shops, rice mills are in operation and are enlisted below.
Table 15 : List of workshop, factories
S No Name of the Industry / Address ( Ward / Pappu Workshop Kakarvitta-10 1 Hussain Motor Workshop Kakarvitta-10 2 Supper Motor Workshop Kakarvitta-10 3 Motor Garage Kakarvitta-10 4 Bisasa rice mill Intabhatta-12 5 Mahindra rice mill Intabhatta-12 6 Gajurmukhi Ply factory Intabhatta-12 7 Mechi rice mill Madanbasti-12 8 Rice and Flour mill Nakalbandha -10 9 Rice and Flour mill Prativa Chowk-13 10 Pashupati Rice and Flour mill Jorsimal -13 11 Source: Socio-Economic Survey 2012
Kakarvitta being eastern gateway of Nepal it is serving as transit town and thus numerous hotels and lodges have emerged mainly in the bazaar area. List of them are given below:
Table 16 : List of Hotels and lodges S.No Name of Hotels / lodges Address ( Ward / Cluster) Him Shikhar Hotel and 1 Lodge Bazar- 10 2 Hotel Darsan Bazar- 10 3 Hotel Dhaka Bazar- 10 4 Hotel kanchanjanga Bazar- 10 5 Hotel HongKong Bazar- 10
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
6 Hotel Athithi Bazar- 10 7 Hotel Namaste Bazar- 10 8 Hotel Rajat Bazar- 10 9 Hotel kanchan Bazar- 10 10 Hotel Himali and Lodge Bazar- 10 11 Hotel Darbar Bazar-10 12 Hotel Srijung Bazar- 10 13 Hotel Silapatra Bazar- 10 14 Hotel Koseli Bazar- 10 15 Hotel Auranachal Bazar- 10 16 Hotel Sawambhu Bazar- 10 17 Hotel Patradise Bazar- 10 18 Hotel Daurali Bazar- 10 19 Hotel Solu Bazar- 10 20 Hotel laligurans Bazar- 10 21 Hotel Phewa and Lodge Bazar- 10 22 Hotel Bidhan Bazar- 10 23 Hotel Sagarmatha Bazar- 10 24 Hotel Chitwan Bazar- 10 25 Hotel Resham Bazar- 10 26 Hotel Laxman Gurung Bazar- 10 27 Hotel Uniq Palace Bazar- 10 28 Hotel Mountain Bazar- 10 29 Hotel Raj Bazar-10 30 Hotel Beni Bazar- 10 31 Hotel Puspanjali Bazar- 10 32 Hotel KkarVitta Bazar- 10 33 Hotel Buddha Bazar- 10 34 Hotel Mechi Bazar- 10 35 Hotel Buddha Bazar- 10 Source: Socio-Economic Survey 2012
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
ii. Agriculture development
Agriculture is the second largest source of income with around 9.7% of the people in the project area depending on agriculture as their major occupation. The expenditure of the inhabitants of the service area is on procurement of agricultural materials
iii. Mineral development
Mineral development activities are non-existent in the project area.
v. Development institutions and Government offices
Inland Container Depot ( ICD) a subsidiary unit of Department of Custom, Government of Nepal is in operation since 2009. About 4 commercial banks and 15 cooperative organizations are serving the people of project area. Apart from them, Police unit, Kakarvitta FM radio station, local newspaper publishing house are also in operation within the project area.
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
The potential impacts of the proposed Kakarvitta town water supply and sanitation project are physical, biological, and socio-cultural in nature. They can occur at various phases of the project such as preconstruction, construction and operation and maintenance phases. The magnitude of the impacts can be small, moderate, or high depending upon its severity, and can be temporary or long term, reversible or irreversible, local or wide. The impacts need not necessary limit to negative but can be positive as well. The objective to Environment Management is to attempt to augment positive impacts and to minimize negative impacts by sustainable mitigation measures.
The quality of the raw water from the boreholes is also crucial. Water quality assessment of the existing boreholes revealed that iron and manganese is above Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard( NDWQS) values. Similarly pH, Ammonia, Iron and Total Coliform do not meet NDWQS values. Arsenic content is found only from one well and is fairly below NDWQS values ( found 0.006 mg/l where as allowable limit is 0.05 mg/l). Refer Annex 5 for the water analysis report. This component which is considered to pose a grave risk in the terai region is not a risk for this project. Treatment system has been accordingly designed.
1. Beneficial Impacts and Augmentation Measures
a. Construction Phase
i. Employment Generation and Increase in Income
One of the major direct beneficial impacts of the water supply and sanitation project at construction stage is the creation of employment opportunity to the local community. The amount of money that is earned by the wages will directly enhance various economic activities and enterprise development with multiplier effect in the Kakarvitta.
In order to augment the impact, the local people particularly poor; dalit (occupational caste), ethnic minority and women will be given priority for employment and on job trainings, whenever required, will be provided.
ii. Skill Enhancement
Although many people in the project area are unskilled at present, the construction of the water supply system and the distribution network is likely to enhance their skills in plumbing, fittings and other construction works. Furthermore, the project will also give on job practical training to the workers which will enhance their technical skills. The skill and knowledge acquired from the project during construction will enhance employment opportunities of local people who can earn livelihoods from similar project in future.
Workers especially pipe laying persons will be given on the job training on plumbing bathroom fittings, and other construction activities in order to augment the impact.
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
iii. Enterprise Development and Business Promotion
During construction period, different types of commercial activities will come into operation in order to cater the demand and requirement of workers. As money flow begins, they will regularly demand different food items , beverage and other daily necessary items. To meet these demands, small shops and restaurants around the vicinity of the construction sites are likely to come. Various farm based enterprises including wide range of agricultural and livestock products will also gain momentum as a result of increased demand by labors during construction period. This will increase local trade and business in the area.
b. Operation and Maintenance Phase
i. Improvement in health and saving of time
After the water supply and sanitation project is complete, the people living within the project area will benefit from the supply of sufficient quantity and good quality water and improved sanitary conditions. Women and girl child will be directly benefited as they have to spend less time in fetching water and thus have more time for study, other household and income generating activities.
The impact will be augmented through regular maintenance of the water supply and sanitation system by the users group (WUSC)
ii. Development of Market center
The availability of good supply of drinking water will accelerate the rate of development of Kakrvitta as a leading market centre.
In order to promote development of market centre, Municipality shall ensure planned growth with required infrastructure facilities for healthy and hygienic environment in the market areas and regular operation and maintenance of the water supply and sanitation system will be ensured.
iii. Appreciation of Land Value
One of the major benefits of the project is that the land price will increase due to the availability of reliable safe drinking water and sanitation system. East -West Highway commence from the Kakarvitta. The unavailability of good drinking water could be one of the reasons for some persons to opt out for conducting their business in the project area. Upon completion of the present project, the potential business men will be attracted in the area.
In order to promote the land development in the area, the local people will be made aware that high value lands are acceptable to the banks and microfinance institutions to provide loans for them to start their own economic/social ventures.
iv. Women Empowerment
Women and girls in particular will largely benefit from this project, as they are the ones who spend a great deal of time in fetching water. With the operation of the water supply scheme this time will be saved. As contaminated water can lead to infection by several diseases the women of the family also have to spend a good deal of their time to care for the sick family member. With the improvement of water supply, there will be marked reduction in the occurrence of infectious disease in the area. They will get more time to spend on other economic and social activities leading to empowerment.
In order to augment the impact, the water supply system will be regularly maintained so that it operates smoothly and health and awareness programmes will be given to the local people
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
v ) Quality of Life Values
The project is not expected to adversely affect any cultural or recreational resources but will increase the existing quality of life values due to improvement in personal, household and community hygiene practices and health.
The project may help to enhance the life quality of people by many ways, like by providing opportunities for jobs, providing good quality water, improved sanitation etc.
2. Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures
a. Pre-construction Phase
• Damage to Utility lines, community services, and infrastructure
Electric power supply infrastructure such as switching system, transmission lines, transformers etc can be disturbed or damaged by the structures of the project causing inconvenience to the public. Similarly the east west highway running through the project area, road to Bahundangi, Inttabhatta road and other nearby places from the project areas and network of internal roads can be damaged/disturbed while excavating for laying pipelines.
In order to mitigate the possible damage to utilities, services and infrastructure due to particular location of the project structure, as far as possible, the location of the project structures will avoid electric poles and power supply structures. It will also avoid any storm drains along the roads and wherever there is no alternative for distribution lines to cross storm drains, it will pass through culverts or hume pipes. In such situation, permissions from concerned authorities will be obtained, agreements will be done and the locals will be notified well ahead of the construction time.
As legal obstructions may result in delay of work, legal requirements, such as Letters of Approval and agreement for (i) acquisition of land and properties, (ii) disruption of water supply, and irrigation canals and digging of roads will obtained as and when needed from relevant authorities.
• Risk of pollution of the raw water (deep tube well water)
There is possibility that the consumers will be at a risk of getting polluted water due to inadequate measures to protect the system,.
To mitigate the risk of pollution of raw water supply (deep tube well water), safe intake sites with minimum risk of pollution will be selected and distribution pipes will be located away from drains (to avoid permeation of drain water).
Adequate source and intake protection measures will be provided for e.g. the well point will be located at a slightly higher elevation from drainage point of view; and the annular space between the drilled hole and well casing will be sealed off and provision for grouting the well casing will be made. The deep well bored will be well protected with a concrete platform so that surface water does not enter the well. Furthermore, once the boring is completed, the well will be chlorinated according to the standards so as to disinfect the pipes and screen that have been placed underground.
• Impact due to ground water abstraction
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Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
The excessive abstraction of the ground water can deplete aquifer thereby affecting the surface wells and ultimately cause ground subsidence.
To avoid the impact due to excessive abstraction of the ground water, a program for yield monitoring will be developed to monitor the abstraction percentage and the project will be redesigned with alternative water sources if the proposed abstraction rate exceeds sustainable yield. .
b. Construction Phase
i. Physical Environment
• Erosion and land surface disturbance
Excavation and digging of trenches during construction has the potential to cause erosion and caving thereby causing soil erosion, silt runoff, and unsettling of street surfaces. Unorganized disposal of the excavated earth can disturb the street surface and decrease the value of the area where it is disposed. The activity as such will be a nuisance and discomfort to the road users and inhabitants.
However, since most of the project area is level ground without erosion prone spots there is less risk of landslides or erosion while digging trenches for the distribution lines.
During construction, precautionary measures will be taken, proper backfilling of excavated trenches will be done and the excavated soil will be placed against erosion. Construction activities will be, as far as possible, avoided during the rainy season and temporary diversions and sign boards for pedestrians will be provided.
• Damage to the Existing Facilities
During the construction time, while excavating the earth, water supply distribution pipe lines are may get damaged in few places particularly in bazaar area in spite of great care. A repair team consisting plumber will be kept standby so that immediate repair can take place.
To avoid damage to telephone/ telecom line coordination with the office will be setup. Layout drawing if possible will be received from concerned office to avoid possible damage.
• Air and Noise pollution
The construction activity will comprise of drilling of deep wells, lying of pipes, construction of storage tanks, intake pipes, transport and installation of pumps. These do not involve heavy machines except while drilling of boreholes which will produce some noise for short time. There will be some activities such as transportation, loading/unloading of construction materials such as sand and aggregates, quarrying operations, and operation of crushers, stockpiling of construction waste and construction materials and earthworks. These will cause some deterioration of air quality due to dust generation and vehicular emission as well as noise pollution.
The construction works can cause vibrations causing structural damage to buildings and structures in the locality. Use of power horns and movement of heavy vehicles at speed can cause a serious disturbance to the community, educational institutes, hospitals, residences etc.
Mitigating measures to reduce air and noise pollution are: - Provide information to the public about the work schedule - Fit mufflers in vehicles to control noise. - Limit the speed of vehicles. - Ban the use of power horns in vehicles.
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- Regular maintenance of equipment and vehicles. - Prohibit the operation of plants and construction vehicles between 7 PM to 6 AM in residential areas. - Compensate the damages caused by vibration to structures if caused by construction activities. - Avoid working at sensitive times (during religious festivals in the area) - Increase the work force in sensitive areas so as to finish the work quickly
• Impact due to quarrying
The construction intake well, treatment plant, tanks and other structures of the project will require river bed materials, boulders, and other construction materials. The extraction of these materials from inappropriate places or in excessive amount can cause damage to the local environment and accelerate erosion, landslide, disturb drainage pattern and cause water logging and water pollution. It can also change the morphology of the rivers and scar the environments.
In order to mitigate the impact from quarrying activities, construction materials will be obtained from quarries approved by the DDC; borrow pits will be leveled so as to suit the aesthetics of the area and to restore it to its original state after the project is complete. Quarrying/mining activities in river/streams for extraction of construction materials will not be done so as to change the river cross sections and longitudinal profiles.
ii. Biological Environment
• Loss of vegetation
The biological environmental issues identified during TOR preparation, environmental screening and field survey are project related changes on biodiversity. Maintenance of biological diversity has a long-term benefit to the human beings . Since, the proposed project will have less or on impacts on biodiversity biological environmental issues in relevance with the baseline environment conditions are briefly dealt in the following table in terms of type of impacts (long, medium and short term) significance of impacts (high, medium and low ) and initiation of impacts ( construction and operation phase).
Table 16 : Biological Environmental Issues and Impacts Issue Impacts Direct / Extent Duration Magnitude Initiation indirect Population • Resettlement D Local Short L C • Relocation Forest/ • Loss of vegetation from D Local Short and L C & O Vegetation clearance of structure Medium sites, water supply transmission and distribution lines. Terrestrial • Loss of terrestrial fauna D Site Short L C fauna and and habitat due to habitat project sitting and related activities Aquatic • Loss of aquatic life and D Regional Long L C ecosystem habitat due to untreated and life wastewater discharge into rivers.
Note: D= Direct impacts I= Indirect Impacts L= Low Impacts M= Moderate Impacts H= High impacts C=Construction Phase O= Operation (Commissioning) Phase
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The parts of the project area where construction activities will take place do not lie within forest area. The project components require a very small area of land for implementation; environmental impacts on the vegetation and natural eco- system do not seem to be significant.
iii. Socio-economic Environment
• Disturbance to the community activities The socio-economic impact during the construction of the project structures include disturbance to the community activities, festivals and social event. The free movement of vehicular traffic and pedestrians will be affected. Excessive noise will affect the peace and serenity, health and sleep time in the neighborhood of construction areas.
In order to minimize the disturbance to the community activities, a detailed Traffic Management Plan will be developed for areas along the construction works to minimize traffic flow interference from construction activities. Advance local public notifications of construction activities, schedules, routings, and affected areas including road closures will be made. Signage in Nepali and English languages will be erected. The residents will be consulted and informed about the disturbances in advance.
• Social Dispute and Dissatisfaction
There is possibility of influx of outside workforce and with them money from the construction work and unwanted communities can cause some strife with the local community. Local population may not get employment benefit from the project causing dissatisfaction and conflict in the area. There is possibility of social dispute in the community due to irresponsible behavior of the workers such as gambling and alcoholism
An employment policy will be prepared so that the local people may not be deprived of the employment opportunities. The local people and women above the age of 16 will be given preference for employment. Wages will be settled based on DWEC (District Wage Evaluation Committee) with the list of employees.
• Occupational health and safety (OHS)
Life and health of workers particularly of those involved in concreting, trench cutting, formwork and rebar fixing in overhead tank is of prime concern. To mitigate or minimize the hazards adequate safety instructions should be provided to the contractor and monitor from the project side.
Health and hygiene in the camp site (against unsafe working conditions, accidents, transmission of communicable diseases etc.) will be given top priority. Regular health checkups, proper sanitation and hygiene, health care will be provided. Awareness programs concerning human trafficking and the possibility of spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS will be launched using brochures, posters, and signboards. Available personal protection equipment (PPE) to all construction workers will be provided. The loss of life or any type of injuries will be compensated and insurance to the workers will be provided. First aid kits, ambulance, and fire extinguishers will be provided in camp sites.
To avoid risks from accidents on site due to the movement of public and workers, the health and safety measures of the contract will also prohibit entry at construction sites to the public and the area will be barricaded and warning signs will be placed.
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c. Operation & Maintenance Phase
• Risk of contaminated water in the distribution system
There is risk of contamination of water to be distributed to the user due to inadequate operation and maintenance of the system thereby threatening the health of the whole population consuming the water.
The risks of contaminated water in the distribution system will be mitigated by developing water safety plan and providing training to operational human resources.
• Impact on aquatic life
Haphazard disposal of effluents and sludge from the treatment plant will not only be nuisance to the public but also affect the aquatic life by eventually finding its way to nearby rivers and streams.
To avoid the impact to the aquatic life, the effluent and sludge should be disposed off only in designated areas and regular monitoring of the river or stream water quality should be done.
• Toxic chemical hazard
Chlorine and Bleaching Powder are toxic to humans and the workers will have to deal with it during operation of the system. Ingestions, inhalations, application to body parts, especially to such parts as eyes nose mouth are of extreme hazard to the workers handling chlorine and bleaching powder.
The storage, in-plant handling and dosages of chlorine (bleaching powder) will be addressed. Procedures and guidelines will be developed for its handling and first aid measures will be introduced for emergencies. Training on handling and on dosage of the chemicals will be given to the system staff.
• Nuisance due to blockage in drainage line
There are also possibilities of blockage of drains in dry season. It will also create nuisance odor. Therefore periodic cleaning & flushing of the drain lines will be done and local people will be educated on not to dump solid waste on the drain lines.
d. Resettlement, relocation and compensation issue
The various system alternatives do not require resettlement of households or relocation. The major structures are to be constructed in the land possessed by WUSC. Similarly, the system network for the distribution of water will follow with in public property line. Therefore resettlement or relocation is not required.
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Table 17: Evaluation of Anticipated Environmental Impacts
Project Significance of the Impacts Anticipated Impacts Stage Type Magnitude Duration Water Supply Component Damage to utility lines, community services local Significant permanent and infrastructure Risk of pollution of raw water (deep tube well local small permanent water) Risk of inadequate yield of the aquifer; local small permanent Phase excessive abstraction could deplete aquifer (during dry and cause ground subsidence and shortage of seasons) Pre-construction Pre-construction well water Physical Environment Erosion and land surface disturbance local moderate Temporary
Damage to Existing Facilities local moderate temporary Air and Noise pollution local moderate temporary Impact due to quarrying local significant permanent Biological Environment Loss of vegetation local significant permanent Socio-economic Environment Construction Phase Phase Construction Disturbance to community activities local moderate temporary Social dispute and dissatisfaction local moderate temporary Occupational Health and Safety local significant temporary Physical Environment Risk of contaminated water in the distribution local significant permanent system Biological Environment Impact on aquatic life regional small permanent Socio-Economic Environment
O & M Phase M& O Toxic chemical hazard local significant permanent Repairs to pipe networks will disrupt business local small temporary and will be a nuisance to the public Sanitation Component Physical Environment Erosion and land surface disturbance local moderate temporary Biological Environment Loss of vegetation local significant permanent Phase Phase Socio-economic Environment Construction Occupational Health and Safety local significant temporary Physical Environment Blocking of storm water drainage local small temporary Nuisance due to transportation of solid waste local moderate permanent Biological Environment Impact on aquatic life due to discharge of regional small permanent effluents
Operation and and Operation Socio-economic environment
Maintenance Phase Health hazard to workers due to cleaning of local significant permanent toilet, septic tank
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Table 18: Overview of Environmental Impacts and Augmentation/Mitigation Measures
Impact Augmentation/ Mitigation Responsible Mitigation Project Stage Anticipated Impacts Measures Institution Cost(NRs) Beneficial Impacts Employment generation -Priority to local people particularly Contractor No extra cost and increase in income unprivileged group will be given - On job training will be given whenever necessary
Skill enhancement - On job training especially on Contractor No extra cost plumbing, bathroom fittings, and other construction activities will be
phase given
Construction Enterprise development - Training programmes on skill PMO 50,000 and business promotion augmentation and entrepreneurship development - Promotion of cooperatives and linkages with bank and other financial institutions will be done Improvement in health - Regular operation and maintenance WUSC No extracost and saving of time of the water supply and sanitation system Development of market - Regular operation and maintenance WUSC, No extra cost centre of the water supply and sanitation Municipality system Appreciation of land - Awareness programmes to the local WUSC, PMO No extra cost value people Operationand
Maintenance Phase Women empowerment - Health and awareness programmes WUSC, PMO and 50,000 to the local people NGO
Adverse Impacts Water supply Component Damage to utility lines, - The location of project structures DSC, DWSS No extra cost community services and will avoid electric poles, power infrastructure supply structures and infrastructures - Letter of approval and agreements will be obtained Risk of pollution of raw Properly protected intake and storage DSC No extra cost water (deep tube well tanks will be constructed and water) distribution pipe will be located away from drains (to avoid infiltration of drain water) Phase Risk of inadequate yield - A yield monitoring program, will DSC, DWSS No extra cost of the aquifer; excessive be developed, especially for the Pre-construction Pre-construction abstraction could abstraction percentage during dry deplete aquifer and season flow cause ground - Project will be redesigned with subsidence and shortage alternative water source if the of well water proposed abstraction rate exceeds sustainable yield.
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Erosion and land -Precautionary measures will be Contractor Covered in surface disturbance taken during construction to avoid BOQ caving -Excavated soil will be placed against erosion -Reuse of excavated soil and backfilling of trenches will be done -As far as possible construction activities will be avoided in the rainy season. -Temporary diversions and signboards will be provided for the pedestrians Air and Noise pollution -Construction materials will be Contractor No extra cost transported only when require and temporary storage will be avoided -Tarpaulins/plastic sheets/jute bags will be used to cover the desilted material during transport. -Dust suppression at the site will be done by sprinkling water at regular intervals. -Use of old and worn out equipments and vehicles, low quality fuel will be prohibited to reduce the noise and air pollution Impact due to quarrying -Unstable and erosion prone sites Contractor, DSC Covered in will be avoided and only approved BOQ quarrying sites will be used -Quarrying activities from Phase rivers/streams will not be done so as Construction Construction to change the river cross sections and longitudinal profiles -Quarry site will be levelled to suit the local landscape after extraction is complete Loss of vegetation - Prohibit the use of fuel wood and Contractor Covered in timber collection. BOQ -Prohibit illegal collection of NTFPs and trade. -Provide LPG/kerosene to the workforce. -Plant shrubs and trees wherever possible Disturbance to -Traffic Management Plan will be Contractor No extra cost community activities developed and work will be conducted as quickly as possible to minimize disturbance -Residents will be consulted and informed about the disturbances in advance Social dispute and -Local people will be given priority Contractor No extra cost dissatisfaction for the employment - All the workers will be instructed to act in a responsible manner Prohibition of alcohol, gambling Local people will be employed as far as possible
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Occupational Health -A site health and safety plan Contractor 100,000 and Safety including safety measures such as ( Covered in provision of mask, helmet, hand BOQ) globes and rubber boots to workers will be prepared and implemented -First aid will be kept at hand in
Phase Phase working area
Construction -General public will be excluded from all construction sites -Insurance will be provided to the workers Risk of contaminated -Regular testing and maintenance of WUSC 100,000 water in the distribution the aeration plant, pressure filter and PMO system chlorinator and testing of residual chlorine will be done on a routine basis and recorded -Regular water quality monitoring of water of the distribution system -System staff will be trained and supervised
Impact on aquatic life -Regular monitoring of river water WUSC 50,000
Operation and and Operation quality Maintenance Phase Toxic chemical hazard -Usage, handling and storage of WUSC 50,000 chlorine will be prescribed and guidelines developed -First aid measures will be located in emergencies Sanitation Component Erosion and land -Disposal against erosion and re-use Contractors No extra cost surface disturbance of excavated soil -Sprinkling of water to avoid dust -Temporary diversions and signboards will be provided to the pedestrians Loss of vegetation -Provision of minimization of Contractor No extra cost vegetation clearing and careful WUSC Phase Phase cutting of ground vegetation Construction -Plantation of tree and shrub where ever possible Occupational Health -A site health and safety plan will be Contractor No extra cost and Safety prepared and implemented
Blocking of storm water -Periodic flushing of the drain lines WUSC No extra cost drainage will be done -Providing awareness to local on not to dump waste on drainage Nuisance due to -Waste sorting and disposal will be WUSC No extra cost transportation of solid managed PMO waste Proper transportation systems will be Operation and and Operation provided (waste will be properly Maintenance Phase Phase Maintenance covered in the vehicle)
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3. Implementation of Mitigation Measures
Most of the mitigation measures specified are part of contractual obligation during the project constructions and therefore will be integrated into project design and tender documents. By including mitigation measures in the contract of in specific items in the Bill of Quantities, monitoring and supervision of mitigation implementation will be covered under the normal engineering supervision provisions of the contract. The mitigation measures implementation elaborated in Table 18 will be monitored through direct observation, records of contractors, consultation with people etc weekly or daily as required.
a. Project Design
For most of the adverse environmental impacts likely to occur during project construction and operational phase, mitigation measures will be integrated in the design of the project itself so as to strengthen the benefits and sustainability of the project. This will enhance the mitigation measures in terms of specific mitigation design, cost estimation of the mitigation measure, and specific implementation criteria. The proponent will ensure that the mitigations measures are included in the design of the project
b. Project Contract
The project contract will clearly specify the mitigations measures that are part of the project construction and the contractor will be bound by the parameters identified in the environmental assessment pertaining to specific mitigation measures. The proponent will ensure the compliance of the proposed measures from the contractor and the final acceptance of the completed work will not occur until the environmental clauses have been satisfactorily implemented.
c. Bill of Quantities
The tender instruction to the bidders will explicitly mention the site-specific mitigation measures to be performed, the materials to be used, labor camp arrangements, and waste disposal areas, as well as other site specific environmental requirements.
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E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT
The alternatives analysis of the project in terms of project location, technology, implementation procedures, and the raw materials used have been studied and analyzed. Similarly, comparison between with and without project or the "No action option" is also studied and analyzed.
1. Alternative in Design
The proposed project has been formulated to provide reliable and continuous drinking water supply in adequate quantity and quality to the consumers of the service area. Ground water is the only source available for the system. As there are a few alternate surface sources (Mechiriver, Palia river , Ghailadubba etc ) with in and near by the project area, they have been ruled out because of quality reasons. Therefore, there is only underground water left to tap water. The north of the project area is extension of Siwalik range . The project area is situated in the Bhabar zone and Indo-gangetic plain of Tarai of eastern Nepal. It is quaterneray recent deposit. The fluvial sediments is the part of the Indogangetic plain which extends in the south to India. The net effect of the wide area occupied is that aquifer percentage and permeability are high. As per lithological log of these tube wells, the permeability layer is 22-36% and the average depth drilled is 68-140m. The aquifers encountered are confined to semi confined in nature. Transmissibility ranges from 4700-12000 m3/ day.
The present project is designed with due consideration of these aspects and thus the proposed design has no alternative
2. Alternative in Project Site/ Location
No significant adverse environmental impacts are found with present location of project. The deep well and reservoir site have been proposed in consultation with the user group at a location where no or minimum environmental effects will be seen. The alignment of pipelines is also fixed with minimum impacts on environment.
The designated source to serve the service area is the four numbers of deep tubes wells located at ward no. - 10 and 8 (Surendranar) . The location of the new drill sites were finalized on the basis of geo-hydrological requirements.
The location of structures especially the elevated reservoirs, borehole, and distribution pipe line will be retained as decided during interaction with WUSC and beneficiaries. Therefore, the proposed location of the project has no alternatives
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3. Alternative in Technology, Implementation Procedure and Raw Materials
Most of the technologies proposed in the project are labor intensive. Minimum mechanical equipments will be used during construction work. Drilling well and Pipe line excavation and refilling work are some of the major components of project. All those work will be done by labor force without any mechanical equipment except in the case of deep well drilling. Obviously, this action will produce minimum environmental impacts. During drilling period noise pollution may occur which will adversely affect the workers and operator exposed to drilling machine. Precautions will be taken and adequate protective measures will be applied for the working persons at and nearby the drilling site. Remaining other work is labor intensive.
The working procedures proposed are participatory one. In each and every activities of the project, the beneficiaries will be participating actively. The project will use the local raw materials as far as possible. Except for some mechanical equipment necessary for pipe fitting materials, most of the construction materials will be local. The sand, stones and labors are some of the examples.
4. No Project Option
The analysis has also been done with and without project scenario. Implementation of proposed project will create lot of positive impacts on health and hygiene of people, public environment and improve socio-economic status of community as well. Provision of good quality water and sanitation facilities will help to enhance the quality of life of the people in the project area. The project will also help to create job opportunities to considerable number of people. The Implementation of the proposed project will produce only negligible and insignificant environmental impacts.
On the other hand, if the project is not implemented, the people of the project area will have to continue to suffer from various problems they are facing currently. There is deficiency of drinking water in project site. People are forced to use the ground water using hand pumps and shallow dug wells. This water contains biological impurities. Due to polluted water and unhygienic environment, the community is facing high level of diarrhea incidence every year. Apart from unsanitary conditions and related diseases, the socio-economic status of the people will also not enhance if the project is not implemented.
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F. INFORMATION DICLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION
1. Public Consultation
In order to ensure the public involvement, the following procedures were followed during IEE report preparation:
A 15 days public notice (Annex 3)was published on 3 Poush 2069 BS ( 18 Dec 2012 AD) in the Nagarik Daily , a national daily newspaper seeking written opinion from concerned Municipality , DDC, schools, health posts and related local organizations. A copy of the public notice was also affixed in the notice boards of the above mentioned organizations in the project area and deed of enquiry (muchulka) was collected. (Annex 4)
IEE team also discussed with the local communities and related stakeholders like District Forest Office, District Soil Conservation Office, District Agricultural Development Office, WSSDO Jhapa , etc during field survey to collect their concerns and suggestions.
2. Information Disclosure
Draft IEE will be kept at the information centre of Mechinagar Municipality, Jhapa for public disclosure. Information will also be disseminated through person to person contacts and interviews and group discussions. Available institutions at the local level will also be informed through notice distribution or pasting on notice boards of the concerned ward offices , school, health posts and public places. The approved IEE report will be accessible to interested parties and general public through websites www.sstwsssp.gov.np. Following offices will get the IEE report: • Mechinagar Municipality , Jhapa District • Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office ( WSSDO), Chandragarhi, Jhapa • Ministry of Urban Development, Kathmandu • Asian Development Bank, Nepal Resident Mission
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G. GRIEVANCES AND REDRESS MECHANISM
The projects also aim to facilitate a grievance and redress mechanism to address the environmental and social concern of the community who are affected by the project activities. The proposed project doesn’t involve resettlement of any community, and a Resettlement Plan that addresses the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is not necessary. However, all the stakeholders are to be made aware of the project-specific GRM so that there is an appropriate channel of communication and a formalized procedure to settle dispute.
The process requires a GRM committee to be established as a local level to assure accessibility to the Affected Person or Stakeholder. The committee should consist of members with sufficient knowledge about the project, with technical know-how and expertise and someone aware about the socio-cultural dynamics of the community. The GRM requires that issues and comments are first lodged with the local level GRM committee for handling of grievances at project site. The GRM committee should conduct their meeting within 3 weeks of receipt of complaint and solution needs to be provided at meeting or within 3 weeks.
If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, the GRM committees need to submit it to the PMO. The PMO with assistance from Environmental Specialist and WUSC experts should resolve the grievance. If the grievance cannot be solved by the PMO, it will be referred to the Mechinagar Municipality and WSSDO, Jhapa.
In case the WSSDO Jhapa could not resolve the issues it will be referred to the relevant court of law.
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H. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN
1. Mitigation and Monitoring
The Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) shall be implemented in such a way that the contractor is monitored during the construction phase. The mitigation measures required are given above of this report. The EMP also requires regular monitoring of the actual environmental impacts during project operations over the years following project completion. These impacts that have been monitored should be compared with the anticipated impacts at the time of the preparation of the project and the effectiveness of the mitigation measures taken.
In order to promote monitoring activities as an integral part of the project, types of monitoring its indicators schedules and responsible agencies are given below:
Baseline monitoring
Compliance monitoring
Impact monitoring
Baseline monitoring aims to identify collect and verify the additional environmental base line data, which is scientific or sociological in nature and needed to augment information on baseline conditions initially generated during IEE. In case of Water Supply sub-project most of the baseline data has already been collected and there is very little chance for its change till the implementation phase. Hence it will not be necessary to conduct it unless some striking new scenarios in terms of physical or socioeconomic conditions emerge.
Compliance monitoring is essential in order to encourage and promote the proponent to comply with the requirements as listed in the mitigation measures and any condition set forth during the project approval. Hence it is desirable to ensure the integration of mitigation measures in the document, if any, which should fully reflect environment obligation to be complied with by the proponent or the contractor.
Impact monitoring is necessary in order to know the actual level of impact in the field during the construction and operation of the project in the alignment as the environmental impacts are predicted based on value judgment through with some valid assumptions.
The Monitoring Plan will be designed in a way that the contractor is monitored to ensure that the mitigation measures are followed during the construction period. It also requires regular and periodic monitoring of the actual environmental impacts during the project operation over the years following project completion. A detailed monitoring plan giving the mechanisms of monitoring for the environmental impact and the mitigation measures are given in the following table.
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Table 19: Water Supply: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures – Pre- Construction Environmental Monitoring Plan Predicted Monitoring Monitoring Impacts Indicators Location Responsibility Method Frequency
Physical Parameters Pollution in Defecation Tube well sites Water quality Once before WUSC, intake around intake monitoring reports final design WSSDO, DSC of the source/intake and Water ponding water construction; near by intake once a year (Safe intake sites (every dry with minimum risk season) of pollution shall be selected. Intake protection measures shall be take)
Over pumping More drawdown Tube well sites A program for yield Once before WUSC, DSC of ground water monitoring shall be final design designed. Record and monitoring construction; Extraction of the once a year new well shall be (every dry limited to 20 l/s. season) This way the interference with the existing tube wells will not be a serious concern. Further all wells shall not be operated at the same time.
infiltration of Tube well sites Checking ponding, Once before WUSC,DSC drain water due Water ponding and along the Leakage final design to ponding etc near by intake distribution and pipelines Water quality construction; monitoring reports monthly of the water in the network as per the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (2062 B.S.)
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Table 20: Water Supply: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures – Construction Environmental Monitoring Plan Predicted Monitoring Monitoring Impacts Indicators Location Responsibility Method Frequency
Physical Parameters Disturbance to Excavation Construction Direct observation Daily during Contractor the land system technique site and record construction DSC and soil erosion inspection Soil disposal area
Stacking of soil
Surface and Water quality Laboratory Record inspection Monthly DWSS ground water (Dissolved oxygen, DSC quality BOD, Turbidity etc)
Quarrying Quarrying activity Quarry site Direct observation Once DWSS Local aesthetics and contractor DSC records
Air and Noise Use of equipments Construction Record inspection Weekly DWSS pollution and vehicles and Operation DSC site WUSC Quality of fuel
Sprinkling of water Use of mufflers
Biological Parameters Loss of Cleared area Construction Observation and Weekly Contractor vegetation site record inspection WUSC No of trees/shrubs planted
Impact on Quality of effluent Construction Record inspection Monthly WUSC aquatic animals site and outlet DWSS of treatment plant Socio-economic Parameters Problems from Behaviour of the Project area Record inquiry Monthly and Contractor outside workers as needed WUSC workforce Local survey Uses of alcohol Records of fights Communication with people
Disturbance to Use of signboards, Project area Record inquiry Weekly Contractor the local people notice board Communication WUSC with people Disposal area
Occupational Type and number Construction File record Daily DWSS Health and of accidents site Safety First aid and emergency services
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Table 21: Water Supply: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures – Operation and Maintenance Environmental Monitoring Plan Predicted Monitoring Monitoring Impacts Indicators Location Responsibility Method Frequency
Physical Parameters water quality Water quality tests, Treatment Check if O&M As needed WUSC problems - plants and manuals are Training and Complaint of water household taps followed; regular operational borne deseases updating of staff on supervision of the requirements system staff (Regular O&M of chlorinators - Regular water quality monitoring of water in the distribution system - Immediate action in case of water quality problems - Training and operational supervision of system staff )
Water leakages Water leak in Streets, Frequent and Weekly , as WUSC for pipes streets or other distribution regular walk away and when places camp etc survey, required Complain from users
2. Environmental Monitoring Cost
Monitoring cost has been estimated for two years of construction period. The monitoring will be conducted on physical, biological and socio-economic aspects. So the cost has covered all these parameters.
During post construction phase, monitoring will be done on water quality, maintenance system and outbreak of diseases.
Most of the monitoring cost for the proposed project is related to the expenses for experts for observation and monitoring during construction and operation phases of the project. The following monitoring costs are to be incurred by the project.
Table 22: Monitoring Costs Item Duration Rate Cost (Month) Environmental Management 2.5 75,000 187,500 Specialist Sociologists 1.5 50,000 75,000 Support Staff 2 20,000 40,000 Cost for monitoring by MoUD / LS 250,000 DWSS
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Transportation LS 40,000 Miscellaneous LS 30,000 Total 622,500.00
3. Environmental Procedures and Institutions
Institutions have a crucial role to play during monitoring. There should be firm institutional commitment by the agencies responsible for monitoring. The Ministry of Environment (MOE) is in charge of environmental control and management for all sector agencies. The Ministry of Urban Development ( MoUD) will have overall responsibility for environmental monitoring of all water supply and sewerage projects. In case of an EIA, it has to be finally approved by MOE. In case of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), the final approval lies with MoUD .
The different agencies involved in the Kakarvitta Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project are as explained in the following table.
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Table 23: Institutions Involved in the Proposed Project S.N Organization Roles and Responsibilities 1. Ministry of Urban Development It is the executive agency for the implementation of (MoUD) Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project ( SSTWSSSP). It is responsible for monitoring of project design, construction and operation activities according to the approved IEE report. It is also responsible for approving the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the IEE and approving the IEE studies. 2. Department of Water Supply and DWSS is the implementing agency for the SSTWSSSP. Sewerage (DWSS) It is responsible for ensuring that all the environmental measures to be adopted during different phases of project implementation and operation have been fully adhered to. It is also responsible for water quality monitoring. 3. Project Management Office (PMO) PMO under DWSS implements the project. It ensures that all the mitigation measures prescribed by approved IEE have been fully adopted. It acquires permits and approval for project construction and assists WUSC on source registration and transfer of land ownership. It also ensures that responsibilities of other stakeholders are incorporated as per agreements. 4. Town Development Fund (TDF) TDF provides funding to the WUSC. It ensures that necessary environmental screening and assessments have been carried out during the funding decisions. 5. Water User and Sanitation WUSC is responsible for forming member based water Committee (WUSC) user group and registering it. It is responsible for ensuring the implementation of environmental measures recommended especially during the construction and operation phase. Activities such as public awareness on sanitation and maintaining record of the water quality data are some of its responsibilities. 6. Design and Supervision Consultant DSC is responsible for conducting the feasibility study (DSC) and detailed design and construction supervision. It ensures that all the mitigation measures are incorporated in the final design of the system and the environmental prescriptions are being met by the construction contractor. 7. Contractor It is responsible to ensure that the mitigation measures are specified during the construction
Apart from the above mentioned agencies, there are other institutions that are directly and indirectly involved in the project and during the IEE studies. Local bodies such as District Development Committee and Mechinagar Municipality help in disseminating information about the project to local people and related stakeholders and in giving permits to conduct the IEE studies.
4. Reporting Procedure
The contractor has a crucial role in ensuring that the mitigation measures are implemented during project construction phase. The contractor will develop an Environmental Mitigation Execution Plan (EMEP) based on EMP. The contractor has to report weekly about the progress of its work together with day-to-day practical aspect of project implementation to the DSC. It is suggested that a team
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comprising of WUSC member and contract workers be established at the onset of the project to make periodic reporting to the DSC.
The DSC then is responsible for ensuring that all the procedures and final design that includes the mitigation measures are followed. DSC is responsible to check the weekly progress report of the contractor and field verify whether the implementation of mitigation measures have been conducted as decided in the EMEP or not.
DSC then will prepare an environmental monitoring report based on the weekly progress report of the contractor. DSC will report the status of the project and the monitoring report to the PMO for its review. PMO will then forward the monitoring report to review by the Environmental Specialist of the DSC. 10 copies of the reports will be submitted to PMO every month, which will be distributed to the responsible agencies for review. The Environmental Specialists of the DSC will then review the comments and suggestions from the various authorities and act accordingly.
Monthly progress reports, including bi-annual and annual reports on the implementation of EMP will be produced on a regular basis. The report will contain information of all the activities conducted within the given time including the cases of non-compliance. A feedback mechanism of reporting will be developed and based on the results of monitoring, the Environmental Management Plan will be adjusted accordingly.
5. Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates
The cost for the recommended mitigation measures and monitoring activities are described in Table 16 and Table 20. Cost of mitigation measures directly linked to the construction activities (such as erosion control measures) are not included in the cost estimates as most of these are already included in the construction and operation and maintenance cost of the project.
6. Work Plan
During the design phase PMO and the consultant will ensure that mitigation measures are included in the design and contract documents in compliance with Environment Protection Act and Regulations.
During the construction phase the parties involved will ensure that all mitigation measures and precautions that are required to be taken by the contractor are written explicitly SPSC and WUSC will be responsible to see that works carried out by the contractor are according to the contract documents and mitigation measures are taken accordingly with the overall guidance of the DWSO and the PMO.
During the operation phase, DWSO, and WUSC will monitor the system for leakage, water quality, pump maintenance and disease outbreak etc. and prepare a monthly report to be sent to DWSS via the Regional Directorate.
The EMP implementation schedule is given in following figure for a period of 2 years.
BDA-PEA (JV ) 59
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Figure 4: Implementation Schedule of the Project Months Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Tendering + Award of Contract
Presentation of Security Performances
contract Field Mobilization Approval of of Approval Tendering + + Tendering
Procurement of Materials
Transportation of Materials
Structural Works
Installation Works
Piping Works
Mechanical + Electrical Works
osrcin/Poue ent Procurem / Construction Finishing Works
BDA-PEA (JV ) 60
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It is expected that the planned water supply and sanitation project for Kakarvitta Town Project will have only minor adverse impacts on the environment which can be easily and cheaply mitigated through adequate mitigation measures and regular monitoring during the design, construction and operation phases.
Because of this Project, there will be significant improvement in personal, household and community hygiene practices, and environmental sanitation thereby increasing the quality of life and community health.
From this IEE, it can be seen that no adverse or harmful impacts of any significance are expected and a full scale EIA is not required. The project lies under Category B (no major environmental impacts expected) for which only an IEE is required.
BDA-PEA (JV ) 61
Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Kakarvitta Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
ANNEXES
BDA-PEA (JV )
Annex 1: Approvd Terms of Reference
SSTWSSSP( Kakarvitta Town) TOR for IEE
Table of Contents
Acronyms
1. Organisation Preparing the Terms of Reference . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 1 2. Description of the project . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 1 2.1 General …………………………………………………………………………………………………….ＮＮＮＮ1 2.2 Component of Town Project …………………………………………………………………………… 2 2.2.1 Water Sources ………………………………………… ……………………………………… 2 2.2.2 Capital Cost of Water Supply Facilities …………………………………….……………….. 5 2.2.3 Sanitation Improvement ……………………………………………………...……………….. 5 2.2.4 Capital Cost for Sanitation Improvement …………………………………..……………….. 6 2.3 Salient Features of the Proposed Project …………………………………………………. ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 6 2.4 Physical Environment of the Project Area ……….ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 7 2.5 Resettlement, Relocation and Compensation Issue …………. …. ……………………… ……………8 2.6 Relevancy of the Project proposal ………….. ……………………. ………………… …………………8 2.6.1 Threshold limit for conducting IEE . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 9 3. Approach and methodology to be adopted while preparing the report: . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 10 4. Policies, laws, rules and manuals to be taken into account while preparing . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 11 5. Time Schedule for IEE Study:. ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 12 6. Anticipated Impact of the Project : . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 12 7. Analyses of Alternatives to the Proposed Project:. ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 14 8. Mitigation Measures . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 14 9. Matters to be Monitored while Implementing the Project . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 15 10. IEE Report Contents/ Format: . ＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮＮ 17
Annex- Drawings : Location of Kakarvitta Service Area Drawing Subsystem Delineation
P a g e | 20 Oct - 2012
SSTWSSSP( Kakarvitta Town) TOR for IEE
1. Organisation Preparing the Terms of Reference
01. The Environmental Protection regulation 1997 ( amended in 2007) mentions that a TOR for an IEE is required.
02. This Terms of Reference (TOR) is prepared in order to carry out Initial Environmental Examination ( IEE) for Kakarvitta Town Water Supply and Sanitation project in Jhapa District. The proposed proponent. SSTWSSSP of Government of Nepal , Ministry of Urban Development, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage ( DWSS) is responsible for the preparation of IEE report.
Name of the Proponent:
Project Management Office Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Urban Development Government of Nepal
Address of the Proponent:
Panipokhari, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 4423848, 4412348 Fax: 4413280 Email: [email protected] Website: www.sstwsssp.gov.np
2. Description of the project
2.1 General
03. Second Small towns water supply and sanitation sector project SSTWSSSP is designed with the principles of community management, making it demand responsive and adopting participatory approach. The project is being implemented under ADB financing in about 40-50 small towns where inadequate water supply and sanitation have adversely effected the health profile and quality of life.
04. Water users and sanitation committee (WUSC) plays a major role on implementation of the project. WUSC contributes 50% of project cost of which 5-15% will be in the form of up front cash and 35-45 % will be in the form of loan from Town Development Fund (TDF). 50% of the project cost will be contributed by Nepal Government.
05. Kakarvitta is a part of Mechinagar municipality. The proposed Kakarvitta Town Water Supply Project is situated along the East-West national highway in Jhapa district at 260 02' North Latitude and 890 39' East Longitude. Altitude of this place varies from 120-150m above msl. It is the main gateway to East Nepal. The proposed service area of the project covers parts of ward numbers 7-13 of Mechinagar municipality
06. Kakarvitta Water Users & Sanitation Committee was established in 2051 BS (1995 AD) and is one of the oldest WUSC of the Country. The construction of present system under the British Government aid was started in 2042 BS (1986 AD) where 2 numbers of boring (boring Nos 1 & 2) were completed. Later, under the same aid in 2051 BS (1994 AD) a 225 m3 RCC OHT was constructed. The water supply system was handed over to the WUSC in the same year and is operating then.
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07. The existing water supply system is delivering water to the consumers to 2300 households in ward no 10 and 11 (town core area). It means the existing water supply system does not cover whole area of the previous Kakarvitta VDC (present ward no 7-13). Due to this reason, DSC survey team has studied and planned to develop water supply system on these lacking area (i.e. ward no – 7-13) with the good co-operation of local communities and WUSC.
08. The present water supply and sanitation situation of most of the project area in Kakarvitta is not satisfactory. The project areas have piped water system for only 2300 HHs and the remaining 4000 households rely on shallow tube-wells / hand-pumps and wells. Ward no 10 and 11 has partial piped overhead tank water supply system and the people of ward no 7,8,9,12,13 completely rely on shallow well and hand-pumps.
09. The existing system is in good condition and providing drinking water to the community for the last fifteen years. It has been observed that the system has outreached its design capacity, and is not able to cover more areas. Further more the water needs treatment to qualify with NDWQS guideline values.
10. The present system does not possess any treatment facility. Test reports indicate the presence of Fecal Coliform in distributed water. Average water consumption level in the proposed service area is quite low. Water consumption is found as low as 12 litres per capita per day in ward number 7. This could be because most of the household in wards 7-9 share water from neighboring hand pump / well. This shows the scarcity of drinking water in these areas and need for project intervention. Households having tap connections of ward numbers 11 consume 63 litres per capita per day. Average consumption level is found to be as low as 32 liters per capita per day which is quite low comparing to set standard of Nepal Government.
2.2 Component of Town Project
11. The proposed Kakarvitta Town WSP has been conceptualized as a piped water supply system considering ground water as the one and only source with overhead tank for distribution. The project is rehabilitation and expansion of the existing project. Part of the proposed project is under operation. Similarly in some places structures like construction of OHT and installation of bore well are completed before. These existing structures are to be utilized and because of the topography, lay out of the land, the settlement patterns and its existing system, the project has been sub divided into four separate subsystems as described below:
i.) Existing Bazaar sub-system: This presently operating system is proposed to serve market area (Both side of Highway). The existing 225 cum overhead RCC reservoir tank will be used. As existing tubewells are found quite old ( almost 26 years old) one replacement deep tube well yielding 24lps is proposed. This system will serve part of ward no 10.
ii.) Barmeli sub-system: A 450 cum under constructing RCC overhead tank and a bore well are situated in the Barmeli tole and thus the name of the system is followed. This will serve part of ward no 10 (North of Highway) and ward no 11 ( Ilame basti area).
iii.) Shanti Ramailo sub system: A 110 cum RCC overhead tank and a borewell are already constructed in this area. This sub-system will cater part of ward no 10 ie Shanti Ramailo and part of market area.
iv.) Surendra Nagar sub System: WUSC has already procured land in Surendranagar ( ward no 8). This subsystem aims to serve part of wards 7-10, 12, 13. This will cover Ittabhatta, Pratibha chowk, Srijana chowk, Girigaon, Chautarigau,Nakalbanda, etc. A 450 cum overhead reservoir tank and deep well emitting 24 lps are proposed.
Refer – Figure -3 for schematic layout of the sub-systems.
Major components of the water supply scheme are briefly described below:
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SSTWSSSP( Kakarvitta Town) TOR for IEE
2.2.1 WATER SOURCE
a. Source Location, type and required yield :
12. As described above source of the water for this project is ground water.
13. Existing bazaar subsystem: Presently operating 26 years old tube wells are to be replaced by one tubewell with Stainless steel screen having effective opening of more than 22%. Location is proposed in the vicinity of present wells ie in the bank of Mechi River. Required design discharge of the well is 22 lps.
14. Shanti Ramailo subsystem: One deep boring well of 200 mm diameter and 140m deep installed in 2009 is existing in the OHT premises. Test has not been carried out of this well yet. Required deign discharge is 14 lps for this subsystem
15. Barmeli Subsystem : One deep boring well of 200 mm diameter and 120m deep constructed in 2010 is existing in the OHT premises. It was reported during the site visit that the wells are not properly developed and their safe yield shall not be expected more than 10-11 lps. Required design discharge from the tube well is 14 lps for this subsystem.
16. Surendranagar Subsystem : The design discharge from deep tubewell for this subsystem is 24 lps. WUSC has procured land in Surendranagar where OHT and deep tube well are proposed.
The following table summarizes the source location, expected yield for all four sub-systems
Table: Subsystemwise tube well design discharge and reservoir requirement S. Name of the source Expected Reservoir Remarks No Scheme Yield from source (lps) 1 Existing four tube Existing wells ( 26 years 225 m3 old, discharging Existing all total less than 22 Bazaar 19 lps) thus one replacement tube well is proposed 2 Existing tube well Existing Not in Shantiramailo 14 110 m3 operation 3 Existing tube Existing Under well 450 m3 constructi Barmeli 14 on reservoir 3 4 New proposed 450 m New-
Surendranagar 24 proposed
reservoir
TOTAL 74 lps 1235 m3
b. Reservoir / Overhead Tank
17. The total storage requirement for the system at the end of design period i.e. 2030 is calculated as 1235 cum. The provision of this quantity has been fulfilled by providing additional one tank of 450 cum for Surendranagar sub system as other subsystems already contain reservoir tanks. Please refer table above.
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c. Transmission mains
18. In the existing system the wells are in distance of 800m from OHT. In this case 150mm DI pipes are found used and are in good condition. These pipes will be used for exising bazaar subsystem. For other subsystems tube wells are proposed in OHT premises thus reducing the length of the transmission pipe. Thus 500m of 150mm DI transmission main is proposed including transmission main of replacement well for Existing bazaar subsystem.
d. Treatment facilities
19. Water will require treatment for the reasons that all the samples of water (i.e pH, Ammonia, Iron, and Total Coliform) do not meet NDWQ Standard guide line values. Similarly to make the water safe from bacteria considerations, disinfecting or killing of pathogenic bacteria is required, and therefore chlorination has to be done. Thus pressure treatment plants for all the subsystems are proposed.
e Pumps
20. Submersible pumps of design capacity have been provided at deep wells . The submersible pump has been designed to lift the water up to the Treatment plant from the deep well. The ground level difference between the lowest water level at the tube well site and the filter unit is considered about 50 meters. The power required for pumping the water from the bore hole up to the treatment, will be about 35HP.
f. Electrical Facilities
21. Electrical installations exist in very poor condition. It seems that initially provisions were made for the protection of operators and equipments in well nos. 1 and 2 which are already removed No provision of safety are provided . Complete renovation of electrical components ( motor control panels , transmission cables and circuit breakers etc. ) is necessary.
22. 2.2 km of 11KV high tension work is to be required for Shantiramilo where as for Barmeli and Surendranagar needs 550 m and 1.2 km respectively. All these three subsystems are to be equipped with required stepdown transformers. There is no problem and constrain to get power from main line. Electrical power shall be supplied by the 11 KV transmission line through 11/0.4 KV- 50 KVA step down transformer to the pump house. A three -phase power line shall connect the control panel, which will distribute power to different power load points. Generator facility system is also included.
g. Distribution Main
23. The distribution system comprises of pipe network, which consists of mainly loops and branch. The entire system has been designed using Ductile Iron (DI) High Density Polythene (HDP) and Galvanized Iron (GI) pipes. For pipe sizes 200 mm or more DI pipes are used. GI pipes are used only in exposed part eg, bridge crossing etc. Pipe diameters ranging from 50 mm to 315 mm diameter have been used. Existing 15.6 km of pipes are also integrated in this system. New pipe length will be 95.7 km. The total pipe length of the proposed system is about 111.3 Km.
h. House Connections
24. The system has been designed, predominantly as house to house connections. Presently 2300 households are having piped water. Initially during construction phase, only 4004 house connections are provided to satisfy the need for the base year population.
i. Community / shared taps
25. Community/ shared taps are provided not exceeding 46 numbers. The location of the shared taps will be finalized during construction phase.
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j. Appurtenances
26. These will primarily comprise of valve chambers or connector boxes to house in flow control valves for controlling flow in the pipeline and to the community taps etc. Altogether 176 valve chambers are expected in the system. Some road crossing has been initially provided. This will also facilitate for less road cuttings during the operational phase.
k. Pump house
27. Permanent pump houses are not provided but are kept in open as the pumps are of submerged type. Electrical panels’ however are housed inside generator house.
l. Generator/Operator house
28. A permanent generator house to accommodate the generator shall be constructed. In case of failure of power supply the generator shall be used to supply power to the pumps. A permanent area to accommodate the pump operator will be provided in this generator house.
m. Store and Laboratory Building
29. A chemical store and laboratory building to house in requisite stores and small testing laboratory has been included in the project. These facilities are provided under overhead tank, with an intention of cost reduction.
2.2.2 CAPITAL COST OF WATER SUPPLY FACILITIES
30. The total project cost (water supply component only) for the proposed water supply project has been estimated as Rs. 343,159,639.53. Contingency @15% and VAT @13% are all included. The cost has been based on district rate of Jhapa (FY 068/69).
2.2.3 SANITATION IMPROVEMENT
31. The sanitation situation of the project area is satisfactorily. In Kakarvitta area, about 96.4 % communities of the households have latrines.
a. Surface Drain
32. Linear storm water drainage exists in market area. More drainage is required to carry storm water so that sanitation is improved. As per discussion with the WUSC Kakarvitta following water logged area are proposed for the stormwater drainage.
Table : Proposed length of Storm water drainage
S.No Proposed location Ward No Length (m) Remarks 1 Sallaghari chowk 10 750 Both side of road 2 Mechidada ( Purwa 10 900 bothside pragati tole) 7 Bhanu tole 10 700 Both side TOTAL 2350
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b. Solid Waste Management
33. Waste management is one of the key issues that have to be addressed to keep the environment clean. The solid wastes rubbish and garbage produced by the community has to be properly disposed off. The issue is more aggravated as present attitude and habits of most of the people, is at low level. It has been observed that most of the inhabitants of the project area (especially Low income - cluster) are not aware of the problem of solid waste including health and hygiene. The project therefore proposes to conduct a number of training and awareness generating programs. These software programs will help to reduce, reuse and recycle the waste from the households.
34. In the market area, solid waste is generated in some volume and due to the lack of land ,waste is kept outside house. Thus for the collection of road side waste ‘pickup service’ is appropriate. Hence one tractor with trailer is proposed for the collection and transportation of solid waste.
2.2.4 CAPITAL COST FOR SANITATION IMPROVEMENT
35. Rs. 12,570,269.26 (including VAT) is estimated for the construction of drain and providing a tractor with trailer.
2.3 Salient Features of the proposed Project
• Project title : Kakarvitta Town Water Supply Project • Technical design parameters : System – 24 hours supply, looped network and Overhead Reservoir : Minimal Residual Head – Service Nodes – 7m
: Pipes – DI and HDPE
• Water Demand Base Year (2015) : 2931.72 m3/ day Design Year ( 2030) : 5071.88 m3/ day
• Source Type : Deep boring • Tapped Discharge : Existing Bazaar 22 lps ( proposed deep tube well) Shanti Ramailo 14 lps ( existing one) Barmeli systems 14 lps ( existing one) Surendranagar 24 lps (proposed deep tube well)
• Treatment Unit : Pressure treatment plant ( 4 units)
• Storage Tank: : Existing Bazaar 225 cum –existing Shanti Ramailo 110 cum - existing Barmeli systems 450 cum – under construction Surendranagar 450 cum – proposed
• Total length of pipe : 111.3 km ( including 15.6 km of existing pipes) • Survey year population : 26599 - Survey Year 2012 • Design year population : 47624 –Design year 2030
• Cost of the proposed water supply component : Rs. 343,159,639.53 • Cost of the sanitation Improvement : Rs. 12,570,269.26
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36. Project Funding: Project funding and cost sharing arrangements are presented in the table below:
Table : Project Funding S. No Particulars Rs Percentage (million)
A Water Supply
GoN 171.579 50 Users a) up front cash 17.158 5 Users b) Cash 34.316 10 TDF Loan 120.101 35
Sub Total 343.159 100% B Sanitation and Drainage
ADB/GoN 10.68 85 Local Body (Municipality, 15 VDC & others) 1.89 Sub Total 12.57 100%
C. Total project (A+B) 355.729
2.4 Physical Environment of the Project area
i. Geophysical profile
Topography, Geology and Climate: 37. The proposed project area lies in Terai belt in the Eastern Development Region on East West Highway of Nepal. The elevation of the project area is 120-150m above mean sea level. The topography has gentle slope towards south. The area comprises of clay, silt, sand and gravel. Tropical type of climate persists . The temperature ranges from 9° Celcius in the winter and 34° Celcius in the summer. Almost 75 % of the rainfall occurs during monsoon (June to September).
Surface Water 38. Dozens of streams and rivers are encountered while travelling around project area. Among them Mechi River, Ninda Khola, Kali khola, Ghaila dubba khola are the majors one.
Geological and Hydro geological Setting 39. Kakarvitta is situated partly in the Bhabar zone and Indo gangetic Plain of Terai of eastern Nepal.Terai plain of Kakarvitta belongs to the southern tectonic division of Nepal known as Indogangetic Plain. Geological and hydro geological studies have been carried out by Department of Mines and Geology and Ground Water Division of Department of Irrigation. On the basis of the various study and shallow & deep tube wells data the area comprises of boulder, cobbles and coarse sediments in north where as clay, silt, sand and gravel in the south.
40. Geologically, it is Quaternary recent deposit. The fluvial sediments is the part of the Indogangetic plain which extents in the south to India. The sediments in the area derived from Mechi River in the east which originates from the Siwalik hills in the North. The underlying formation of gravels and sand are potential aquifers which supposed to be having good yield.
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ii. Ecological Profile
Flora, Fauna and Protected Areas: 41. Deforestation has decreased the flora of the project area. A mixed forest area is on the south, west and north east portion of the Project area, and predominantly consists of Sal, Sisau, Karma,Shag and Jhamun . In the middle of the project area lies Tokla Tea Estate. Domesticated animals like dogs, cows buffaloes are commonly found in the northern part of the project area. Wild animals like elephant, deer along with other animals are sometimes found in these area when they come from other parts. Common birds as house sparrow, peacock, crow, jungle fowl, owl ,crane and vulture are some of the bird species seen in the area. Siberian crane birds from Siberia can also be seen in the bank of Mechi River in winter.
iii. Human and Economic Development
Population, Communities and Occupation: 42. The population of the project area is 26,599 with the total number of households as 5,463 . Existence of the ethnic groups and Janajati are in remarkable numbers accounting 27% . Brahmin and Chhetri hold major share in population ie 46.7 %. Migrated people from Assam, Nagaland of India and Bhutan are also found settled here. The principle occupation of this area is business where 19 % people are engaged. 15.9% people are engaged in service. Only about 10% of households are found to be engaged in agriculture.
Health and Sanitation: 43. 96.3% of the household surveyed depicts to have latrines. About 4% of the people still use open field. There is one public toilet operating in the bazaar area.
Drainage and Sewerage 44. Storm water drainage can be observed in the main bazaar and purano bhansar area (ward no 10) but rest of the service area does not have drainage system. Drains are found clogged in numerous places and needs removal of debris. The service area doesnot have sewerage system.
Economic Characteristics: 45. No specific area has been designated for industries. As this is main gateway to Nepal more than 30 hotels, lodges and numerous tea stalls are found. There are a few small scale industries as rice and saw mills. Business is the main characteristics. Average income of the service area is found relatively better than other parts of the country ie more than Rs 24,000.00 per month.
Infrastructural Facilities: 46. Being situated in the East West Highway Kakarvitta is easily accessible from other parts of the country. The project area is linked with blacktopped/ earthen/ gravel roads all over. The project area has electricity facilities and is connected to the national grid. Similarly it is enjoying good service of telephone. There are 11 schools, 12 government / non government offices and 1 health post in the service area.
iv. Land use Planning 47. The project area does not have specific plans and are developing by itself. No planned land use has been observed.
2.5 Resettlement ,Relocation and Compensation Issue
48. For the location and construction of OHT, bore hole, WTP along with other required structures , WUSC has already procured land parcels.
49. Pipelines will be carried on primarily on public rights of way. Government owned or vacant land has been utilized for most of the situation. The table below summarises the compensation & relocation events.
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Table: Compensation events S.No Wards Stretch Property Likely nature of Compensation Intercept Damage 1 8,10 Transmission Public Road Temporary No Main 2 8 Reservoir site WUSC owned Permanent No land Structure 3 8,10 Buildings -do- -do- No 4 Boreholes -do- -do- No 5 7-13 Distribution line Government Temporary No road
50. Further study will be carried out for the compensation and relocation matters.
2.6 Relevancy of the project proposal: 51. Any development projects have some environmental implication, whether beneficial or adverse. Therefore, it is pertinent to identify the complications/changes apparent in the environmental condition along with the favorable or adverse impacts resulting from the activities associated with the project over the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area. Similarly the assessment of the magnitude of the impacts is also equally important. The assessment techniques and methods to be adopted may however vary depending upon the nature of the project.
52. In recent years, environmentally sustainable development has become one of the major challenges faced by different development institutions. Accordingly, the Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, GoN has introduced a variety of instruments into the country’s development activities. IEE is one of the tools for the environmentally sustainable development.
53. Taking in view of the statutory requirement of GoN, adhered to for the environmental assessment of any development projects under EPA-2053 & EPR-2054, an IEE study is necessary and thus TOR is prepared. The Annex – 1 of EPR states to conduct IEE Study:
2.6.1 Threshold limit for conducting IEE
54. For Drinking Water Supply Project ,according to Environmental Protection Guidelines, 2054 BS, First Revised (2055 BS) schedule -1, IEE is required for following condition :
Particulars Status for proposed Kakarvitta Town Project 1) Collection of rain- water in not more than 200 Not applicable hectares, and use of water sources (springs and wetlands) located within the same area.
2) Surface water sources with not more than 1 Not applicable cubic ft. safe yield and supply of not more than 50 percent of the water during the dry season.
3) Processing of water at the rate of 10 to 25 liters Within limit per second.
4) Recharging up to 50 percent of the total aquifer Not applicable for the development of underground water source.
5) Construction of not more than one kilometer Not applicable
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long tunnels for carrying water
6) Displacement of not more than 100 persons for Not applicable operating a water supply scheme.
7) Settlement of not more than 500 persons on Not applicable the upper reaches of water sources
8) Supply of drinking water to population ranging Within limits between 2000 and 20000
9) Supply of drinking water to a population Within Limits ranging between 10,000 and 100,000 upon connecting new sources.
10) Installation of more than 20 kilometers Not applicable long electricity transmission lines for pumping or processing water and consumption of more than one MW of electricity.
11) River training and diversion activities over an Not applicable area of more than one kilometer.
55. For Drinking Water Supply Project: IEE is required for the water supply scheme having population between 10,000 – 100,000. Population of the project is falls in the strata. Further this is an extension of existing system. Service areas have been added and new sources are to be tapped. Further no people will displaced with the construction / operation of the project. Thus the IEE study has to be carried out.
3. Approach and methodology to be adopted while preparing the report:
56. Initial Environmental Examination report will be based on this Terms of Reference to be approved by the Ministry of Urban Development, GON. The general methodology to be used in the preparation of IEE report will be as follows:
• Impact Identification 57. In order to to identify the impact a preliminary exersice to solicit information from plannaers, policy makers, project components, concerned authorities and the user community will be conducted. 58. Similarly, the reports on hydrology and geo-hydrology, meteorology, geology and others related to the environment will also be reviewed.
• Impact Prediction 59. The consultant shall address the impact details by furnishing information on environmental Physical, Biological, Socio-economic and Cultural Environments. A description of relevant parts of the project, using maps with appropriate scale and photographs and aerial photographs, where necessary, including the following information: location, alignment, alternatives, design, standards, pre- construction, construction and post -construction activities, work schedule, staffing and support facilities and services shall be determined.
• Impact Evaluation 60. To evaluate the occurrence of the impact, information on mitigation; costs associated with construction activities ( during design , construction and operation and maintenance activities) shall be included.
3.1 Public Consultation Program and Public Notice:
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61. Public consultation program in the project area will be organized to inform the broader communities and to collect the feedbacks and suggestions regarding the issues. This program mainly focus on the awareness about the project plans and programs, building of mutual consensus about the implementation of the project, identification of the key issues to be considered during IEE study and project design.
62. The proponent will affix a notice in the Mechinagar Municipality and other ward offices, Office of the DDC, schools , hospitals, health post requesting the concerned authorities and individuals to offer their written opinion and suggestions within fifteen days with regard to the possible impact of the implementation of the proposal on the environment. The notice will also be published in the national daily newspaper.
3.2 Data Analysis and Report Preparation: 63. The data collected shall be analyzed to identify both the negative and positive impacts of the project on the existing environment. During this stage, the socio-economic profile prepared by the NGO shall also be considered for further verification before finalization and identifying and predicting the possible impacts both the adverse and beneficial. The consultant will submit the IEE Draft report within 45 days after approval of TOR. The draft IEE report will be presented to WUSC, local body representative etc. The consultant will incorporate the comments and suggestion made by PMO and WUSC. The consultant will submit the final IEE report within 7 days after receiving comments from PMO.
64. The proponent shall submit fifteen copies of the proposal to the concerned Ministry (MoUD) in accordance with Rule 10 of the EPR, 1997 for the approval of the proposal.
4. Policies, laws, rules and manuals to be taken into account while preparing the report:
65. The IEE should also be conducted in compliance with the following Policies, laws, Acts, Regulations , Standards and Guidelines :
Policies: i) Rural Water Supply and Sanitation National Policy, Strategy and Action Plan 2060 B.S. (2004 AD) ii) Water Supply and Sanitation National Policy and Strategy 2060 B.S. (2004 AD) iii) Three Year Interim Plan 2063 B.S. (2007 AD) iv) Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 2066 B.S. (2009 AD) v) ADB's " Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) " 2066 BS ( 2009 AD)
Acts and Regulation:
i) National Park and Wild Life Conservation Act 2030 BS (1974 AD) ii) Land Acquisition Act 2034BS (1978 AD) iii) Soil and watershed Area Conservation Act 2039 BS ( 1983 AD) iv) Labour Act 2048 BS ( 1992 AD) v) Water Resources Act, 2049 BS (1992 AD) vi) Forest Act 2049 BS (1992 AD) vii) Forest Regulations 2050 BS ( 1993 AD) viii) Environmental Protection Act, 2053 BS (1996 AD) ix) Environmental Protection Regulation, 2054 BS (with Amendment) x) Local Self Governance Act 2055 BS (1999 AD) xi) Aquatic Animals Protection Act 1961 and First Amendment 2055 BS (1999 AD) xii) Local Self Governance Regulations 2056 BS (2000 AD) xiii) Child Labour prohibition and Regulation Act 2056 BS ( 2001 AD) xiv) Water Supply and Sanitation Regulation 2062 BS (2005 AD)
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Standards and Guidelines
• National EIA Guidelines 2050 B.S. (1993 AD) • National Drinking Water Quality Standards 2062 B.S. (2005 AD) • Water Quality Resources Strategy , 2055 B.S. (2002 AD)
5. Time Schedule for IEE Study: 66. Time schedule envisaged for the IEE study is as follows
Duration: Within Two months of the approval of TOR.
Proposed Schedule of work for IEE Report Preparation Activity Remarks TOR Approval - Public Notification 15 days Field investigation, experts view / focus group 15 days session and collection of public opinion Preparation and submission of Draft Report 15 days Collection of comments and suggestions 7 days Preparation and submission of Final Report 7 days
Budget: Estimated budget for this IEE study is Rs.2,00,000.
5.1 Resource Persons : 67. Following inter-disciplinary manpower will be engaged with the co-ordination of team leader. The team mainly consists of :
a. Environmental safeguard specialist b. Water Supply Engineer c. Sociologist. d. Geo-hdrologist e. Botanist
6. Anticipated Impact of the Project :
68. A distinction shall be made between the potentially significant positive and adverse impacts and immediate and long term impacts. Impacts that are unavoidable or irreversible shall be identified. Where ever possible, the significant impacts shall be quantified in terms of environment costs and benefits.
69. The impacts shall be identified mainly for the two activities i.e. project construction and post construction (O&M) phase on the existing physical, biological and socio-economic resources. The study shall distinguish between positive & negative impacts, direct & indirect impacts. The impacts shall be characterized as
i) low, high & medium in terms of magnitude, ii) long term, short term & medium term in terms of duration and iii) site specific, local & regional/national in terms of extent.
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70. As a part of the study, enhancement of the positive impacts shall also be carried out. The potential impacts that shall be assessed are grouped into three major impacts as follows:
6.1 Physical Impacts 71. Land: The possible changes in the land use pattern of the area shall be studied giving focus to landslide, erosion, and environmental aesthetics degradation. Besides, the study shall also taken into consideration about the compensation for the acquired land if any.
72. Water: The possibility of negative impacts on surface water, ground water, wastewater problems and obstruction to natural drainage shall be studied carefully. Apart from this, the study shall also focus on the source dispute and water use conflicts if exist.
73. Air & Noise: The deterioration in the ambient air quality and noise & vibration disturbance during the construction and operation phases shall be studied to recommend the mitigation measures.
74. Soils & Geology: The degradation in the soils and geological status of the project area due to the project and its associated activities shall be studied. The consequences of the erosion and landslides due to the project shall also be studied.
75. Hydrology: The modification that will be brought by the implementation of the project in the river hydrology will be studied along with the consequences (adverse or positive) resulted from the project. In addition, the riparian flow as well as minimum discharge of the river /water source after abstraction of the design flow will be studied in accordance with the requirements of the environmental flow envisaged by the acts and regulations.
76. Others: Other parameters, if any, such as: quarry site impact, spoil disposal impact, waste materials disposal impact etc., identified during the study shall be incorporated in the report. In addition to this, cumulative impacts shall also be considered during the identification of the impacts of the project on the natural settings of the environment.
6.2 Biological Impacts 77. Flora (Forest & Terrestrial Vegetation): Change in forest cover/forest clearance, extinction of rare and endangered species of floral species, timber exploitation, firewood extraction etc. due to the project shall be studied to assess the losses to the vegetation and to suggest suitable mitigation measures.
78. Wildlife and Terrestrial Fauna: Change in the terrestrial wildlife, avi-fauna and aquatic life including fish, extinction of rare and endangered species, loss of habitat, sensitive habitat, migratory routes, construction disturbances, hunting and poaching by workforce, destruction of spawning and rearing of ground of fish, impact on fishermen etc. due to the project shall be suitably incorporated in the IEE report.
79. Others: Other parameters, if any, such as permanent disturbances to the vegetation coverage, local wildlife, fish migration, fish entrainment, and riparian release etc. identified during the study shall be incorporated in the report along with their cumulative effects on the environment.
6.3 Socio-Economic and Cultural Impacts 80. The socio-economic and cultural impacts can be wide ranging in their nature. So the study shall incorporate the factors like; occupational health and safety impact, Health and sanitation impact, land acquisition and compensation impact, Impact on women and vulnerable, impact on local economy, migration problem, resettlement & rehabilitation problems, change in land use pattern, change in nearby land values, slum creation hazard, impact on education, encroachment of cultural sites, law and order problem, generation of employment, impacts due to influx of workers and resulting cultural differences hazards.
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81. While preparing the report any issues / impacts found relevant will be include in the report, besides the issues /impacts mentioned in this TOR
7. Analyses of Alternatives to the Proposed Project:
82. The alternative analysis of the project shall be conducted during the study to minimize the possible negative environmental impacts. Alternative measures to the proposed project to meet the same project objectives will have to be described in following aspects:
• Project Location (setting) • Design • Technology choice • Construction techniques • Operation and Maintenance.
83. Alternatives in terms of potential environmental impacts, capital and operating costs and institutional training and monitoring requirements should be described. Costs and benefits of each alternative should be quantified (wherever possible); incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigation measures.
84. No Project Option: The no project option is always open.
8. Mitigation Measures 85. Suitable, cost effective and environmentally friendly mitigation measures shall be recommended during the preparation of IEE report for all the perceived impacts to minimize the environmental impacts of project implementation. In general the following area shall be covered while preparing mitigation measures: i. Project Design Phase ii. Project construction phase iii. Project operation and maintenance phase
86. In general the following impacts are expected, which will be addressed in IEE report in detail.
1. Environmental problems relating to project sitting/ project location phase: - On ground, appraisal of real property of landowner. - Surveying of site and negotiation with landowners - Encroachment to private/ public property - Disturbance of cultural resources, historic sites, vegetation, wetland, surface draining, and wildlife - Land use or location conflicts - Conflicts in water allocation - Conflicts due to inadequate compensation if private land is use.
2. Environmental problems relating to project planning and design phase: - Degradation of areas through repeated access and increased use - Securing physical access to site - Demolition and disposal of existing structures - Degradation of surface waters by soil erosion from distributed areas - Discharge of drilling slurries and produced waters - Waste equipment servicing and sanitary and domestic wastes - Taking of test borings within proposed rights of way - Clear cutting and disposal of vegetation - On-site transport of materials and storage of materials and supplies - Controlling over-extraction of groundwater and runoff damages
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- Adequacy of primary water treatment plants installation - Quality of water pipes laid down in distribution system - Securing safe water and planning of adequate excess drainage discharge system.
3. Environmental problems relating to project construction phase: - Runoff and sedimentation from grading for access roads and alteration of hydrological patterns due to maintenance roads - Loss of land use and population relocation due to placement of pipes, construction materials and substations - Secondary development of shops, temporary sheds and trails during construction generating waste in surrounding area.
4. Environmental problems relating to project operation phase: - Increased demands on services and facilities in local communities - Social and cultural conflicts concern with water distribution, excess water discharge and maintenance - Use of local surface water or groundwater - Contamination of groundwater and detection of water borne diseases - Detection of chemical contamination such as Arsenic, Iron, Nitrate etc. in water causing additional costs incurred in the removal of hazardous chemicals.
87. Concerned agencies like STWSSP, DWSS and local agencies, Local administration office shall be consulted during the implementation of mitigation measures.
9. Matters to be Monitored while Implementing the Project
9.1 Environmental Management Plan 88. The project proponent has to develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to systematically manage all the perceived environmental impacts of the project. It shall be therefore based on the mitigation measures for the project induced impacts. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has a dual purpose. It is designed to monitor the contractor's work during project implementation. It helps to check contractual compliance with specified mitigation measures. It also helps in making periodic checks on the actual environmental impacts of the Project over the years following completion of the works, and compares these with those impacts anticipated at the time of Project appraisal. The EMP therefore provides the necessary feedback required for correcting potentially serious Project deficiencies, and for planning of other projects.
89. The EMP shall include the responsibilities of different stakeholders based on preliminary plans and schedules. This program shall include measures required during the project design, construction and operational phases and shall include recommendations on allocation of components of the EMP to the various parties involved. Feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent/mitigate/reduce significant negative impacts should be recommended in an Environmental Management Plan. The impacts and costs associated with implementing the measures will have to be detailed. The EMP will include proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements, and other support services to implement the mitigating measures.
9.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan 90. The project will develop Environmental Monitoring Program for the pre-construction, construction and post construction activities of the project. The program will evaluate:
(i) the extent and severity of the adverse environmental impacts as compared to what was predicted, (ii) how effective the mitigating measures were and compliance with the regulations and (iii) overall effectiveness of the EMP.
91. The environmental monitoring of the project includes field supervision and reporting of project activities prior to and during the project construction and operation in order to ensure that the works are being carried out in accordance to the approved design and that the environmental mitigation measures are fully implemented in accordance with the EMP. A monitoring system will be developed involving
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a) front line monitoring b) monitoring by the government line agencies or independent monitors and c) auditing through the involvement of government agencies, donor agencies and independent auditors.
92. The DSC will prepare progress reports on EMP implementation and submits to relevant agencies on regular basis. The WSSDO Jhapa will supervise the environmental monitoring activities undertaken by DSC.
93. Monitoring of the mitigation measures during the construction and operation phase will be mainly considered the impacts of followings :
a) Construction Phase: Soil erosion, sedimentation and slope stabilization; spoil-tip protection and management; stock taking of species of urban vegetation during vegetation clearance along pipeline alignments and re-plantation; change in hydrology and morphology of streams and rivers; water, air and noise (vibration) pollution; solid waste; land intake and compensation; reinstatement of damaged structures and services; crime and community stress; health, safety and sanitation of the work force and camps; archaeological and cultural sites and chance finds; and traffic management.
b) Operation Phase: Discharge of industrial wastes to wastewater treatment systems; wastewater treatment operations; sludge disposal; quality of drinking water supplies; pipe flushing and wastewater release to receiving waters.
94. Monitoring mechanism: The monitoring mechanism during construction will be of regular type whereas baseline monitoring, compliance monitoring and process monitoring shall have to be done during the operation and maintenance phase. The monitoring team shall visit the project site and monitor the effectiveness of the implementation of mitigation measures.
9.3 Information Disclosure, Public Consultation and Participation 95. Public consultation is the process of exchanging information with those persons and organizations with a legitimate interest in a project and/or who are likely to be affected by the project (stakeholders). It is a two- way process that informs and involves the community in developing a project, and informs the proponent about issues and concerns, which can then be addressed in project design. Information disclosure involves stakeholders in monitoring the development and implementation of a project and fosters openness in decision-making by presenting documents and other project materials for public scrutiny.
96. The consultation and disclosure involves consultation with stakeholders at an early stage of project preparation, and throughout project implementation. As a minimum, stakeholders will be consulted regarding the scope of the environmental study before work has commenced in earnest, and should then be informed about the likely impacts of the project and proposed mitigation once the draft IEE report is under preparation. The report should record the views of stakeholders and indicate how these have been taken into account in project development.
97. Information is disclosed through public consultation and more formally by making documents and other materials available in a form and at a location in which they can be easily accessed by stakeholders. This normally involves making draft reports available (in the local language) at public locations in the community and providing a mechanism for the receipt of comments and making documents available more widely.
98. Public consultation and involvement should be given highest priority in the implementation of mitigation measures. Public consultation should take place and on the basis of decision of the consultation meeting, implementation of mitigation measures should be prioritized and should be carried out with the involvement of the local people. 99. Monitoring is one of the components of EMP. The results of monitoring should also be disclosed in the form of demonstration, charts, figures, graphs, and samples, etc.. to the local people, school students and other interested
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stakeholders. In the process of compliance monitoring of the project construction, local people and construction workers should be consulted.
9.4 Grievance Redress Mechanism 100. The WSSDO Jhapa will be responsible to address the issues and problems raised by the local communities regarding the loss of assets, water and sanitation etc. during the implementation of the project. The WSSDO shall ask the Environment Specialist of the DSC to assist in the handling of grievances and the community level stakeholders should be encouraged to help in the handling of grievances at the project sites.
101. The affected person / community will submit grievances / complaints to the Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office (WSSDO). The WSSDO will try to solve the grievance at the project level. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, WSSDO will forward it to Director General (DG)'s Office at Kathmandu through SSTWSSP.
10. IEE Report Contents/ Format:
102. IEE report shall be prepared as per this TOR and shall be submitted to MOUD through SSTWSSSP. The basic format of the report will be in accordance with the EPR, 1997 and National EIA Guidelines, 1993. Land use map of location sites, letters obtained from the stakeholders in response to public notification, and the newspaper cut piece of public notification and no objection letter from district office will be included in the IEE report. Similarly, wherever applicable maps, photographs, tables and matrix shall be presented. The format for the IEE report should include, but not limited the following:
A. INTRODUCTION 1. Purpose of the Report 2. Basis and extent of the IEE study a. ADB Policy
b. National Act and Rules
c. Policies and Legal Framework of KUKL
d. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study
e. Approach and Methodology
B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
1. Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure
a. Water Supply
b. Sanitation
c. Drainage
2. Type, category and need of the Subprojects
3. Size or magnitude of operation
4. Proposed schedule for implementation
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5. Description of the Subprojects
Table: Components of Subprojects Infrastructure Function Description Location
C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
1. Physical Resources Topography Geology and soils, seismology Climate and air quality Water Resources Surface water and quality Groundwater and quality
Ecological Resources National Parks and protected areas Forests (including rare or endangered species) Flora Fauna Fisheries/aquatic biology
3. Social and cultural resources
Population and communities Health facilities Educational facilities Socio-economic conditions (community structure, family structure, social well-being) Physical or cultural heritage Employment Slums and Squatter Settlements
6. Economic Development and Prospects for Growth
Land Use
Infrastructure Transportation Drinking Water Supply Surface Drainage, Sanitation & Sewerage Electricity Communications
Economic Characteristics
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Industries Agricultural development Mineral development Tourism development
Development organisations Major Environmental Problems
Health and Sanitation
D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
1. Pre-construction Phase
a. Environmental impacts due to project design
2. Construction Phase
a. Environmental impacts due to project construction
i.Physical Environment ii.Biological Environment iii.Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment Compensation and rehabilitation as per the Resettlement Plan (RP) Reinstatement of damaged community services and infrastructure Influx of outside workforce, money and unwanted activities Health and safety a. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) b. Community Health and Safety Dislocation of archaeological artifacts Traffic management
3. Operational Phase
Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures
E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS
F. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION
G. GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM
103. While preparing the report any issue / impacts found relevant will be include in the report, besides the issues /impacts mentioned in this TOR
104. The proponent shall submit fifteen copies of the final IEE Report of this project to the concerned Ministry (MoUD) in accordance with Rule 10 of the EPR, 1997
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Annex 2: Rapid Environmental Assessment
Water supply
SSTWSSSP- Kakarvitta Town Project
RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLISTS
REA- 1 Water supply
SSTWSSSP- Kakarvitta Town Project
RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLIST
Instructions:
(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.
(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.
(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.
Country/Project Title: Small Town Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Project
Sector Division: Water Supply
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. Project Siting Is the project area…
Densely populated? No Population density is about 52.69 per hectare. Heavy with development activities? No No such development activity except road surface improvement programme. Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?
• Cultural heritage site No No remarkable sites
• Protected Area No No protected area
• Wetland No No Wetlands.
• Mangrove No Found in the forest but not within project area • Estuarine Not Applicable
• Buffer zone of protected area No No buffers zone of protected area
• Special area for protecting biodiversity No No such area.
REA- 2 Water supply
SSTWSSSP- Kakarvitta Town Project Screening Questions Yes No Remarks • Bay No
B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause…
pollution of raw water supply from upstream wastewater No Scattered settlement iabout 9 Km discharge from communities, industries, agriculture, and soil upstream of proposed sub surface erosion runoff? source, The tubewells will be located in isolated land. The distributed water is to comply with the National Drinking Water Quality Standards.
impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and No Not expected loss/damage to these sites?
hazard of land subsidence caused by excessive ground No To avoid ground subsidence and water pumping? over exploitation, pump tests will be carried out and the results will control the abstraction rate
social conflicts arising from displacement of communities ? No No displacement required
conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply with No This is a rehabilitation and other beneficial water uses for surface and ground waters? extension project of the existing one. unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. excessive pathogens No The raw water quality in the area or mineral constituents)? meets the National Drinking Water Quality Standards. Only disinfection will be required before distribution
delivery of unsafe water to distribution system? No Water will be disinfected to meet the National Drinking Water Quality Standards. inadequate protection of intake works or wells, leading to No Fencing and other protection pollution of water supply? works of water intakes to prevent pollution of water supply, and will be accessible only to authorized persons. The water will also be regularly monitored to ensure only treated water is distributed.
over pumping of ground water, leading to salinization and No Pump tests will be carried out and ground subsidence? the results will control the abstraction rate.
excessive algal growth in storage reservoir? No Storage reservoirs are only for treated water. The water will be chlorinated and the reservoirs covered to prevent algal growth
increase in production of sewage beyond capabilities of No Regular septage pumping is community facilities? planned and will be dried in the sludge drying bed to be constructed by this project.
REA- 3 Water supply
SSTWSSSP- Kakarvitta Town Project Screening Questions Yes No Remarks inadequate disposal of sludge from water treatment plants? No Disposal of sludge to be done at designated sites as per the EMP.
inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment No Noise impacts to be monitored. plants to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances and Furthermore, the tubewells will be protect facilities? located in a isolated area away from the settlement.
impairments associated with transmission lines and access Yes Expected during pipe-relaying but roads? impacts will be temporary and short in duration. Traffic density is very low. A section-wise approach will also limit impairments to traffic and businesses during construction.
health hazards arising from inadequate design of No Main dealing chemical is clorine. facilities for receiving, storing, and handling of Rubber Gloves, boots , mask are provided and training will be chlorine and other hazardous chemicals. provided for proper handling and storage of chlorine. health and safety hazards to workers from handling and No Personal protective equipment will management of chlorine used for disinfection, other be provided to workers. Regular contaminants, and biological and physical hazards during training will also be conducted to project construction and operation? ensure that workers are aware of the health hazards of chemicals.
dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? No Tubewell and reservoir complex belongs to WUSC, no involuntary resettlement is required. disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, No The subproject will not affect Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups? indigenous peoples or other vulnerable groups. It will be beneficial to women and children as water will be available in their home and fetching water will no more be a problem. The contractor will be encouraged to engage from the local labor force.
noise and dust from construction activities? Yes Expected but impacts will be temporary and short in duration. Water sprinkler will be used for mitigation of dust. increased road traffic due to interference of construction yes Expected but impacts will be activities? temporary and short in duration, as present traffic density is very low continuing soil erosion/silt runoff from construction No Quick backfilling will prevent the operations? soil erosion
delivery of unsafe water due to poor O&M treatment No Any distributed water to comply processes (especially mud accumulations in filters) and with the National Drinking Water inadequate chlorination due to lack of adequate monitoring Quality Standards and addressed of chlorine residuals in distribution systems? in the EMP.
REA- 4 Water supply
SSTWSSSP- Kakarvitta Town Project Screening Questions Yes No Remarks delivery of water to distribution system, which is corrosive No The O&M manuals to be due to inadequate attention to feeding of corrective developed and will be addressed chemicals? in O & M manual.
accidental leakage of chlorine gas? No Chlorine gas will not be used instead calcium hypochlorite will be used in the chlorination process.
excessive abstraction of water affecting downstream water No No surface water is abstracted. users? Thus not applicable.
competing uses of water? No No surface water is abstracted. Thus not applicable. increased sewage flow due to increased water supply No Population density is low. Increased sewage will be easily managed within the individual house by making pit.
increased volume of sullage (wastewater from cooking and No Main bazaar has good drainage washing) and sludge from wastewater treatment plant system with adequate slope. Regular maintenance of the drains will mitigate the increased volume. In other parts settlement is still rural setting and can be easily managed within backyard of house.
large population influx during project construction and No Priority in employment will be operation that causes increased burden on social given to local residents. infrastructure and services (such as water supply and Construction contractors will be sanitation systems)? required to provide a worker’s camp, with basic facilities.
social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries No Local people will be given are hired? priority for employment
risks to community health and safety due to the transport, No Construction will not involve use of storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives and chemicals. explosives, fuel and other chemicals during operation and construction? Excavation ,trenching will be done manually.
community safety risks due to both accidental and natural No Construction areas will be clearly hazards, especially where the structural elements or demarcated and access components of the project are accessible to members of the controlled. Only workers and affected community or where their failure could result in project staff will be allowed to visit injury to the community throughout project construction, operational sites. operation and decommissioning?
REA- 5 Water supply
SSTWSSSP- Kakarvitta Town Project
Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Yes No Remarks The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.
• Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, storm surges, Not applicable tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes (see Appendix I)?
Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme Not applicable events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., changes in rainfall patterns disrupt reliability of water supply; sea level rise creates salinity intrusion into proposed water supply source)?
Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects of No Not applicable the Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g.,high incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)?
Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster No Not applicable vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by using water from a vulnerable source that is relied upon by many user groups, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?
* Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.
REA- 6
Annex 3: Public Notice
Annex 4: Deed of Inquiry
Annex 5: Water Quality Test Report