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La Familia Apocynaceae Sensu Lato En México: Diversidad Y Distribución Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad, Vol

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La Familia Apocynaceae Sensu Lato En México: Diversidad Y Distribución Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad, Vol Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad ISSN: 1870-3453 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Juárez Jaimes, Verónica; Alvarado Cárdenas, Leonardo O.; Villaseñor, José Luis La familia Apocynaceae sensu lato en México: diversidad y distribución Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, vol. 78, núm. 2, 2007, pp. 459-482 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=42578220 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 78: 459- 482, 2007 La familia Apocynaceae sensu lato en México: diversidad y distribución The family Apocynaceae sensu lato in Mexico: diversity and distribution Verónica Juárez-Jaimes*, Leonardo O. Alvarado-Cárdenas y José Luis Villaseñor Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado postal 70-233, 04510, México, D. F. *Correspondencia: [email protected] Resumen. La familia Apocynaceae s.l. se ubica entre las 15 familias más diversas de México, con 385 especies repartidas en 50 géneros y 3 subfamilias, de las cuales Asclepiadoideae es la de mayor diversidad en géneros, especies y endemismos. Los géneros con más especies nativas (y endémicas) son Asclepias y Matelea. Los estados más ricos en diversidad de taxones son los ubicados en ambas vertientes; destacan Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca y Veracruz. Por su número de especies, sobresalen el bosque tropical caducifolio y los matorrales xerófi los. Del total de especies, 176 son endémicas de México. Se presenta la lista de especies registradas, señalándose su distribución por estados. Palabras clave: Apocynaceae s.l., Apocynoideae, Asclepiadoideae, Rauvolfi oideae, Diversidad. Abstract. Apocynaceae s.l. is among the 15 most diverse families in Mexico, with a total of 385 species, distributed in 50 genera and 3 subfamilies of which Asclepiadoideae is the most diverse in numbers of genera, species and endemics. The genera with the most native species and endemics are Asclepias and Matelea. The richest states in terms of taxon diversity are those at the Pacifi c and Atlantic slopes, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero and Veracruz being the most prominent. Tropical deciduous forest and arid tropical scrub are the most important vegetation types by their total number of species, 176 of which are endemic to Mexico. A list of species recorded in México is provided, indicating their state distribution. Key words: Apocynaceae s.l., Apocynoideae, Asclepiadoideae, Rauvolfi oideae, species diversity. Introducción parte del orden Gentianales y actualmente se subdividen en 5 subfamilias de acuerdo con Endress y Bruyns (2000): Jussieu (1798) propuso por primera vez las Apocynaceae Apocynoideae Burnett, Asclepiadoideae R. Br. ex Burnett, bajo una circunscripción poco clara, reconociendo 3 grupos Periplocoideae R. Br. ex Endl., Rauvolfi oideae Kostel y con base en las características de los frutos. En 1810, Robert Secamonoideae Endl. que incluyen alrededor de 395 Brown separó las Asclepiadaceae de la circunscripción de géneros y 5000 especies (Endress, 2004), y tanto en el Jussieu, apoyado en su compleja morfología fl oral. Desde mundo como en México se ubican entre las familias más entonces se ha aceptado tal propuesta y se han reconocido ricas por su número de especies. como 2 familias independientes, aunque cercanamente La nueva propuesta de clasifi cación es un paso relacionadas. importante hacia un mejor conocimiento de su historia En fechas recientes, la información morfológica y sobre natural y en particular de su sistemática, como lo evidencian todo los análisis fi logenéticos basados en datos moleculares los trabajos de Liede y Täuber (2000), Rapini et al. (2003) (Sennblad y Bremer, 1996, 2002) y combinados (Endress o Liede-Schumann et al. (2005). Desafortunadamente, en et al., 1996; Potgieter y Albert, 2001) han aportado términos geográfi cos, tal conocimiento no es equitativo; sufi ciente evidencia para reconsiderar la unifi cación de las por ejemplo, las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en el 2 familias en una sola (Apocynaceae sensu lato). Con el Viejo Mundo han generado bastante información, lo que fi n de reconocer sólo grupos monofi léticos, esta decisión no ha ocurrido en América. De manera particular, en parece recomendable, ya que de otro modo se continuaría México persiste la tradición de considerar Apocynaceae manteniendo una propuesta de arreglo artifi cial. De esta y Asclepiadaceae como familias distintas (Standley, 1924; manera, las Apocynaceae s.l. se siguen reconociendo como Williams, 1996b; Juárez-Jaimes y Lozada, 2003; Alvarado- Cárdenas, 2004a). El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar Recibido: 14 noviembre 2006; aceptado: 27 febrero 2007 un resumen sobre el conocimiento de la diversidad y 460 Juárez-Jaimes et al.- Apocynaceae en México distribución geográfi ca de Apocynaceae s.l. en México. o axilar. La parte superior del gineceo constituye una estructura especializada, de forma variable denominada La familia Apocynaceae s.l. estigma, cabeza estilar o cabeza estigmática, que puede Aunque ya existen trabajos que tratan Apocynaceae y ser receptiva a todo lo largo o solamente en su posición Asclepiadaceae como una sola entidad taxonómica, en basal. este trabajo se presenta un resumen de las principales En la familia se muestra un incremento en la organización características de los taxones mexicanos, considerando del androceo con la cabeza estigmática, hasta formar el conveniente proporcionar una descripción del grupo. ginostegio. Por ejemplo, los miembros de la subfamilia Se discuten también algunos aspectos de su potencial Rauvolfi oideae presentan anteras no especializadas importancia antropocéntrica. y libres de la cabeza estigmática, con excepción de La familia Apocynaceae incluye plantas anuales o algunos géneros, como Cascabela, Stemmadenia y perennes, principalmente hierbas erectas o trepadoras y Tabernaemontana; en las otras subfamilias las anteras se con menos frecuencia árboles y arbustos. La mayoría de unen al estigma formando el ginostegio. En la subfamilia sus integrantes están provistos de laticíferos constituidos Apocynoideae las anteras son especializadas con rieles por células individuales o ramifi cadas que producen guías lignifi cados, pero sin translatores. Las subfamilias látex lechoso, rojizo (Aspidosperma) o transparente Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae y Asclepiadoideae tienen (Thenardia), el cual contiene glucósidos y alcaloides translatores. Periplocoideae se caracteriza por las anteras que pueden ser muy tóxicos (Asclepias linaria Cav.). sin rieles guías lignifi cados y por el polen en tétradas libres Las hojas son simples, persistentes o caducas, opuestas o o agregado en polinios en un translator, con un receptáculo a veces alternas, rara vez verticiladas, acompañadas por en forma de cuchara. Secamonoideae tiene los granos de glándulas conocidas como coléteres; los coléteres pueden polen agregados en 4 diminutos polinios, unidos directa localizarse en las axilas, en la base y sobre el pecíolo o en o indirectamente al corpúsculo. Asclepiadoideae presenta la haz a lo largo del nervio medio, o incluso en las bases estructuras muy especializadas, donde las anteras se unen de las brácteas y de los sépalos. En la familia se presentan a la cabeza estigmática formando el ginostegio, el tubo tanto fl ores solitarias, surgiendo de la parte terminal de estaminal generalmente está asociado a una corona dorsal las ramas o en las axilas de las hojas (Mandevilla), como y con rieles guía muy esclerifi cados y los granos de polen una variedad muy amplia de infl orescencias, sobre todo siempre están contenidos en polinios que cuentan con racemosas; por ejemplo, umbelas (Asclepias), corimbos translatores. (Cascabela), racimos (Mandevilla) o panículas. Las Los frutos son muy variados; generalmente son fl ores son hermafroditas, actinomorfas o ligeramente folículos (Gonolobus, Mandevilla, Marsdenia, Plumeria), zigomorfas, pentámeras, vistosas o muy pequeñas pero también se presentan drupas (Cascabela), bayas (Orthosia, Metastelma, Rauvolfi a); el cáliz es gamosépalo, (Vallesia) y, rara vez, sámaras (Cameraria). Las semillas pero dividido casi hasta su base, la corola es gamopétala, son aplanadas y comosas, ciliadas, aladas, cubiertas por un hipocraterimorfa, infudibuliforme o con menos frecuencia arilo (Stemmadenia y Tabernaemontana) o desnudas. tubular o urceolada; el limbo presenta una prefl oración dextrocontorta o sinistrocontorta. Importancia antropogénica de Apocynaceae s.l. En la corola de muchas de las especies se presentan Desde mucho tiempo atrás, algunas especies de la estructuras que dependiendo de la subfamilia se denominan familia Apocynaceae s.l. se han utilizado como veneno apéndices supraestaminales, apéndices infraestaminales, (Woodson, 1930); otras se utilizan en la actualidad como corona o corona corolina, de posición y forma variable plantas de ornato o fármaco efectivo contra la leucemia (e.g. anulares [Prestonia, Laubertia], estaminoidales (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don). Varias especies [Cascabela], cojinetes [Marsdenia], etc.). provenientes del Viejo Mundo son muy apreciadas en Las anteras son biloculares o tetraloculares, basifi jas; México como ornamentales (por ejemplo, Nerium oleander pueden estar libres, aglutinadas
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