A Complete Revision of the Sunspot Observations Recorded by Charles Malapert During the Period 1618–1626

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Complete Revision of the Sunspot Observations Recorded by Charles Malapert During the Period 1618–1626 Number of Sunspot Groups from the Galileo-Scheiner controversy revisited V.M.S. Carrasco1,2, M.C. Gallego1,2, J.M. Vaquero2,3 1 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain [e-mail: [email protected]] 2 Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain 3 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Extremadura, 06800 Mérida, Spain Abstract: We revise the sunspot observations made by Galileo Galilei and Christoph Scheiner in the context of their controversy on the nature of sunspots. Their sunspot records not included in the current sunspot group database, used as a basis to calculate the sunspot group number, are analyzed. Within the documentary sources consulted in this work, we can highlight the sunspot observations by Scheiner included in the letters sent under the pseudonym Apelles to Marcus Welser and the first sunspot observations made by Galileo, which can be consulted in Le opere di Galileo Galilei. These sunspot observations would extend the temporal coverage for these two observers and filling some gaps in the current group database in the earliest period where the data available is sparse. Moreover, we have detected changes in the quality of the sunspot drawings made by Galileo and Scheiner in their observation series affecting to the number of groups recorded by the two observers. We also compare these records with sunspot observations made by other astronomers of that time. According to this comparison and regarding the same observation days, Scheiner was generally the astronomer who reported more sunspot groups while Harriot, Cigoli, and Galileo recorded a similar number of groups. We conclude these differences are mainly because of the observational method used by the observers. Keywords: Sun: activity; Sun: sunspots; astronomical data bases: miscellaneous 1. Introduction The sunspot number index is a measure of solar activity calculated from the number of sunspots observed on the solar photosphere (Clette & Lefèvre 2016; Hoyt & Schatten 1998). This is the most used index to study long-term solar activity and it is employed in studies of different scientific fields such as solar physics or Earth sciences (Kopp et 1 al. 2016; Usoskin 2017). Thus, its reliability is fundamental. Recently, several corrections were applied to the sunspot number to fix scaling problems in the 19th and 20th centuries (Clette et al. 2014) and an ongoing global effort is carried out in order to provide a recalibration of these indices (Muñoz-Jaramillo & Vaquero 2019). Sunspots have been observed before the telescopic era (Yau & Stephenson 1988; Vaquero, Gallego & García 2002). However, the systematic record of sunspot observations did not start until the use of the telescope as an astronomical instrument (Vaquero & Vázquez 2009; Arlt & Vaquero 2020). The first sunspot record available of the telescopic era was made by Thomas Harriot on 18 December 1610 (all dates in this work are referred to the Gregorian calendar). Since this record, several astronomers made sunspot observations in those first years of telescopic observations. According to the current sunspot group database (Vaquero et al. 2016, hereafter V16), the observers with the highest number of sunspot records in the two first decades of telescopic era (1610 – 1629) were Christoph Scheiner (766 observation days), Thomas Harriot (210), Charles Malapert (187), Daniel Mögling (126), and Joachim Jungius (104). It is important to note that the observational coverage in this early period is low. For the period 1610 – 1629, the observational coverage is around 20 % according to V16 and if we only consider the first decade, from December 1610 to 1619, it is even lower (15 %). For this reason, the incorporation of new information on sunspot observations made in those first years of the telescopic era is fundamental to understand how solar activity evolved in that period. We highlight that, recently, Neuhäuser & Neuhäuser (2016), Carrasco (2019), and Carrasco et al. (2019a) found some problems in the sunspot counting from the records of the first years of telescopic observations. Furthermore, Carrasco et al. (2019b) found by revisiting Malapert records, on the one hand, the two first solar cycles of the telescopic era had the shape of the standard 11-year solar cycle and, on the other hand, the solar activity level calculated from Malapert (1633) was one- third greater than that obtained from V16 considering the same documentary source. Recently, Vokhmyanin, Arlt & Zolotova (2020) calculated sunspot areas and positions from Harriot’s drawings. In this context, it is also interesting to revisit the sunspot observations made by astronomers of that time like, for example, Galileo and Scheiner. We also note that these first observations precede the Maunder Minimum (Eddy 1976; Usoskin et al. 2015), the period between 1645 and 1715 characterized by a long and 2 prolonged low solar activity, which makes difficult to connect the first data with modern observation series (Muñoz-Jaramillo & Vaquero 2019). Thus, this gives a significant importance to any new sunspot data series from that early era. There are 51 observation days by Galileo Galilei in V16. Although he did not record many sunspot observations, Galileo was an important sunspot observer. He is the fourth most active sunspot observer if we consider records made during the first decade of telescopic era. Galileo indicated that he observed sunspots in 1610 (Galilei 1895a) and therefore he could be the first astronomer who observed sunspots by telescope but he did not record the exact date. Furthermore, he made very detailed sunspot drawings from May to August 1612 and had a great debate with Scheiner about the nature of sunspots (Sakurai 1980; Galilei & Scheiner 2010). While Scheiner defended the Aristotelian ideas about a perfect Sun, Galileo demonstrated that sunspots are on the solar “surface” (today photosphere). The sunspot observations involved in this famous controversy of the history of the astronomy have allowed us to know the level of solar activity in those first years of the telescopic era. Although these sunspot reports are widely known in the context of this discussion, some of them are not included in V16. Christoph Scheiner was also one of the most important sunspot observers of that time because of his number of sunspot records and the outstanding quality of his drawings published in Rosa Ursina (Scheiner, 1630). The sunspot observations included in this documentary source were made in 1620s, except one of the sunspot drawings made by Malapert (in 1618). We highlight that Casas et al. (2006) estimated the solar differential rotation from the Galileo’s drawings and, more recently, Arlt et al. (2016) and Vokhmyanin & Zolotova (2018) calculated the sunspot positions from the observations published by Scheiner from 1611 to 1631 and Galileo from May to August 1612, respectively. Figure 1 represents the daily number of sunspot groups recorded from 1610 to 1618 according to V16, including the sunspot observations made by Scheiner (red bars) and Galileo (blue bars). We have selected, among the different countings from Galileo’s observations in V16, the observer with the station number 3 because it has the greatest observational coverage for this observer. In this work, we analyze the sunspot observations made by Scheiner from December 1611 to August 1613 and Galileo from February to May 1612. Surprisingly, despite of 3 the fame of these astronomers, these observations are not included in the last revised collection of sunspot group numbers by V16 nor in the previous version (Hoyt & Schatten 1998). We describe the sunspot observations in Section 2. Section 3 includes the sunspot counting carried out from these observations and a comparison to the sunspot observations carried out by other astronomers of that time. Finally, the main conclusions of this work are shown in Section 4. Figure 1. Daily number of sunspot groups recorded by Scheiner (red color) and Galileo (blue color) included in V16, and all the sunspot records available in V16 (grey color) during the period 1610 – 1613 (top panel) and 1614 – 1618 (bottom panel). The sizes of dots are function of the number of identical values recorded by all the observers in the same date such that greater sizes depict greater number of observations per day. 2. Documentary sources and observations 4 Christoph Scheiner recorded sunspot observations from 1611 to 1640 and he is clearly the observer with the highest number of sunspot records before the Maunder Minimum (Arlt et al. 2016; Engvold & Zirker 2016; Vaquero et al. 2016). Scheiner (1630) published a great number of drawings including his own sunspots records and sunspot observations made by other astronomers as, for example, Charles Malapert (Carrasco et al. 2019b). In particular, the sunspot drawings made by Scheiner in 1620s have extraordinary quality due to its high level of detail. Thus, ‘Rosa Ursina’ could be considered the main documentary source of observations and discussion about sunspots regarding the first years of the telescopic era. The first sunspot drawing set recorded by Scheiner includes observations made from 21 October 1611 to 14 December 1611. Another very similar series of observations was published by Scheiner (1612) and includes his sunspot records made from 10 December 1611 to 11 January 1612 and for March–April 1612. They are part of the letters Scheiner sent to Marcus Welser signed under the pseudonym Apelles. These drawings can be consulted, for example, on the website of the Lincean Academy Archive (https://bibdig.museogalileo.it). Furthermore, four sunspot drawings made in 1612 (23 October, 27 and 29 November, and 26 December) and one more in 1613 (6 January 1613) were published by Scheiner (1615). Other sunspot drawing made by Scheiner on 1 August 1613 was sent by Welser to Galileo in a letter written in October 1613 (Galilei 1895b). Figure 2 includes all these observations, except ten common observation days with Galileo and other common observation day with Colonna on 1 August 1613.
Recommended publications
  • Thomas Harriot: Father of Modern Notation
    Biddix 1 THOMAS HARRIOT: FATHER OF MODERN NOTATION A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO DR. SLOAN DESPEAUX DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY BY LAYLA BIDDIX Biddix 2 Students learn mathematical symbolism early in their education. Any third grader can convey with ease the meanings of “+”, “-“, “=”, “<”, and “>” when asked about these symbols. However, these same students are rarely ever taught the origins of the symbols that they utilize with nearly every mathematical equation that they encounter. Most of these students will never be taught that several of these symbols were created and used by mathematician and astronomer Thomas Harriot. Although little is known of Thomas Harriot, his influence on mathematics is prevalent even at the most basic levels of mathematical manipulations. There exist many suggestions for why Harriot created symbols for his mathematical works, but no concrete reasoning for why Harriot began using symbolism in his mathematics is known. The mixed reaction from his mathematic colleagues and the fact that Harriot did the majority of his work in the early 1600s without the use of a printing press, make it extraordinary that many of the symbols Harriot utilized and the notation in which he wrote in his mathematical manuscripts are still in use today. Harriot always had a knack for symbolism. Harriot’s work with symbolism began with his creation of his own alphabet based on the Algonquian language.1 After spending time and forming a friendship with an Algonquian Indian that some of Harriot’s friends had kidnapped from what is now known as North Carolina, he began writing a language based on what he learned from his new Indian friend.2 This new language included a branch of mathematics, in which he represented powers and roots using cossic or algebraic numbers.
    [Show full text]
  • Stony Brook University
    SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Invasions, Insurgency and Interventions: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark 1654 - 1658. A Dissertation Presented by Christopher Adam Gennari to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University May 2010 Copyright by Christopher Adam Gennari 2010 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Christopher Adam Gennari We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Ian Roxborough – Dissertation Advisor, Professor, Department of Sociology. Michael Barnhart - Chairperson of Defense, Distinguished Teaching Professor, Department of History. Gary Marker, Professor, Department of History. Alix Cooper, Associate Professor, Department of History. Daniel Levy, Department of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook. This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School """"""""" """"""""""Lawrence Martin "" """""""Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Invasions, Insurgency and Intervention: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark. by Christopher Adam Gennari Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University 2010 "In 1655 Sweden was the premier military power in northern Europe. When Sweden invaded Poland, in June 1655, it went to war with an army which reflected not only the state’s military and cultural strengths but also its fiscal weaknesses. During 1655 the Swedes won great successes in Poland and captured most of the country. But a series of military decisions transformed the Swedish army from a concentrated, combined-arms force into a mobile but widely dispersed force.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas Harriot the Discovery of Refraction
    STEP-BY-STEP LANGUAGE INSTITUTE (84) (28) 6292-8721 https://stepbystepcorp.com Thomas Harriot The Discovery of Refraction A. When light travels from one medium to another, it generally bends, or refracts. The law of refraction gives us a way of predicting the amount of bending. Refraction has many applications in optics and technology. A lens uses refraction to form an image of an object for many different purposes, such as magnification. A prism uses refraction to form a spectrum of colors from an incident beam of light. Refraction also plays an important role in the formation of a mirage and other optical illusions. The law of refraction is also known as Snell’s Law, named after Willobrord Snell, who discovered the law in 1621. Although Snell’s sine law of refraction is now taught routinely in undergraduate courses, the quest for it spanned many centuries and involved many celebrated scientists. Perhaps the most interesting thing is that the first discovery of the sine law, made by the sixteenth-century English scientist Thomas Harriot (1560-1621), has been almost completely overlooked by physicists, despite much published material describing his contribution. B. A contemporary of Shakespeare, Elizabeth I, Johannes Kepler and Galilei Galileo, Thomas Harriot (1560-1621) was an English scientist and mathematician. His principal biographer, J.W. Shirley, was quoted saying that in his time he was “England’s most profound mathematician, most imaginative and methodical experimental scientist”. As a mathematician, he contributed to the development of algebra, and introduced the symbols of “>” and “<“ for “more than” and “less than.” He also studied navigation and astronomy.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Alleged Use of Keplerian Telescopes in Naples in the 1610S
    On the Alleged Use of Keplerian Telescopes in Naples in the 1610s By Paolo Del Santo Museo Galileo: Institute and Museum of History of Science – Florence (Italy) Abstract The alleged use of Keplerian telescopes by Fabio Colonna (c. 1567 – 1640), in Naples, since as early as October 1614, as claimed in some recent papers, is shown to be in fact untenable and due to a misconception. At the 37th Annual Conference of the Società Italiana degli Storici della Fisica e dell'Astronomia (Italian Society of the Historians of Physics and Astronomy, SISFA), held in Bari in September 2017, Mauro Gargano gave a talk entitled Della Porta, Colonna e Fontana e le prime osservazioni astronomiche a Napoli. This contribution, which appeared in the Proceedings of the Conference (Gargano, 2019a), was then followed by a paper —actually, very close to the former, which, in turn, is very close to a previous one (Gargano, 2017)— published, in the same year, in the Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage (Gargano, 2019b). In both of these writings, Gargano claimed that the Neapolitan naturalist Fabio Colonna (c. 1567 – 1640), member of the Accademia dei Lincei, would have made observations with a so-called “Keplerian” or “astronomical” telescope (i.e. with converging eyepiece), in the early autumn of 1614. The events related to the birth and development of Keplerian telescope —named after Johannes Kepler, who theorised this optical configuration in his Dioptrice, published in 1611— are complex and not well-documented, and their examination lies beyond the scope of this paper. However, from a historiographical point of view, the news that someone was already using such a configuration since as early as autumn 1614 for astronomical observations, if true, would have not negligible implications, which Gargano himself does not seem to realize.
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden in the Seventeenth Century
    Sweden in the Seventeenth Century Paul Douglas Lockhart Sweden in the Seventeenth Century European History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black Benjamin Arnold Medieval Germany, 500–1300 Ronald Asch The Thirty Years’ War Christopher Bartlett Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914 Robert Bireley The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700 Donna Bohanan Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France Arden Bucholz Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871 Patricia Clavin The Great Depression, 1929–1939 Paula Sutter Fichtner The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 Mark Galeotti Gorbachev and his Revolution David Gates Warfare in the Nineteenth Century Alexander Grab Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe Martin P. Johnson The Dreyfus Affair Paul Douglas Lockhart Sweden is the Seventeenth Century Peter Musgrave The Early Modern European Economy J.L. Price The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century A.W. Purdue The Second World War Christopher Read The Making and Breaking of the Soviet System Francisco J. Romero-Salvado Twentieth-Century Spain Matthew S. Seligmann and Roderick R. McLean Germany from Reich to Republic, 1871–1918 Brendan Simms The Struggle for Mastery in Germany, 1779–1850 David Sturdy Louis XIV David J. Sturdy Richelieu and Mazarin Hunt Tooley The Western Front Peter Waldron The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917 Peter G. Wallace The Long European Reformation James D. White Lenin Patrick Williams Philip II European History in Perspective Series Standing Order ISBN 0–333–71694–9 hardcover ISBN 0–333–69336–1 paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order.
    [Show full text]
  • THE JESUIT MISSION to CANADA and the FRENCH WARS of RELIGION, 1540-1635 Dissertation P
    “POOR SAVAGES AND CHURLISH HERETICS”: THE JESUIT MISSION TO CANADA AND THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION, 1540-1635 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Joseph R. Wachtel, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Professor Alan Gallay, Adviser Professor Dale K. Van Kley Professor John L. Brooke Copyright by Joseph R. Wachtel 2013 Abstract My dissertation connects the Jesuit missions in Canada to the global Jesuit missionary project in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries by exploring the impact of French religious politics on the organizing of the first Canadian mission, established at Port Royal, Acadia, in 1611. After the Wars of Religion, Gallican Catholics blamed the Society for the violence between French Catholics and Protestants, portraying Jesuits as underhanded usurpers of royal authority in the name of the Pope—even accusing the priests of advocating regicide. As a result, both Port Royal’s settlers and its proprietor, Jean de Poutrincourt, never trusted the missionaries, and the mission collapsed within two years. After Virginia pirates destroyed Port Royal, Poutrincourt drew upon popular anti- Jesuit stereotypes to blame the Jesuits for conspiring with the English. Father Pierre Biard, one of the missionaries, responded with his 1616 Relation de la Nouvelle France, which described Port Royal’s Indians and narrated the Jesuits’ adventures in North America, but served primarily as a defense of their enterprise. Religio-political infighting profoundly influenced the interaction between Indians and Europeans in the earliest years of Canadian settlement.
    [Show full text]
  • Science and Patronage in Early Modern England – a Preliminary Study
    Stephen Pumfrey scipat.doc Last printed: 7.7.04 3:24 PM p. 1 Science and patronage in early modern England – a preliminary study. Stephen Pumfrey and Frances Dawbarn (University of Lancaster, U.K.) (Currently copyright of the authors. Not to be cited without permission. A version to be published in History of Science vol. 41 [1993]).) 1. Introduction. In the last fifteen years our understanding of the development of late Renaissance and early modern science has been transformed by the application of patronage studies to the production of natural knowledge. As historians of other forms of cultural production, from high art to popular theatre, from confessional apologetics to country houses, had long been aware, patronage was ubiquitous in sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe.1 Courtly, aristocratic, ecclesiastical and, increasingly, mercantile patrons provided most of the positions for men (and some women) with intellectual and practical skills but limited socio-economic autonomy. These clients’ careers, the cultural and material goods they produced, even the nature of the professions they pursued, depended upon the complex sets of interests that structured the field of patron-client relations. Such also was the dependence of most English makers of natural knowledge during the period of this study, 1570-1625. It was especially true of those working outside universities, ranging from elevated court physicians and philosophers through projectors and private tutors to more humble mathematical and mechanical practitioners. The sociological turn in the history of science transformed the significance of patronage. If the disciplinary frameworks, material practices and intellectual content of forms of natural knowledge were strongly shaped by the cultural and institutional contexts in which they were developed then, potentially, early modern systems of patronage not only sustained but also 1 There is an extensive literature on patronage other than of natural knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • England's Galileo
    SPRING BOOKS COMMENT string theory including Michael Green HISTORY and John Schwarz, were probing its mathematical boundaries. Whether the mathematical approach eventually became too dominant, taking England’s Galileo over in terms of academic recognition and funding, is the crux of much of Georgina Ferry relishes a biography of the formidable today’s debate. Farmelo gives a lively Moon-mapping Tudor scientist Thomas Harriot. description of the back-and-forth of con- tributions typical of any thriving inter- disciplinary area, with physical problems he phrase ‘publish or perish’ came into Thomas Harriot: A of the Algonquian peo- stimulating mathematical breakthroughs use in the twentieth century to encap- Life in Science ple, and of the region’s and mathematics throwing up new sulate academic pressures. It is also a ROBYN ARIANRHOD natural resources and Oxford University Press insights and techniques in physics. He Tlesson from the life of Thomas Harriot, who climate. Arianrhod (2019) steers clear of discussing the infeasibly lived when there were no academic journals, shows that his interest large ‘string landscape’ of possible physi- and who never taught at a university. in local people was far from typical: he learnt cal theories to which the mathematical A contemporary of William Shakespeare, their language, admired how they inter- approach seems to have led — contrary Harriot was an English mathematician, planted beans, squashes and maize (corn), to hopes of a unique ‘theory of eve- astronomer and natural philosopher whose and respected their religion. Meanwhile, the rything’. Instead, he concentrates on original work bears comparison with that military expedition leaders fatally soured developments more directly useful and of Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei.
    [Show full text]
  • Resurrection Sunday April 5, 2015
    The DC Pulse: Your Connection to a Church with a Heart for the Community Monthly Announcements April 2015 The Origin of the word “Easter” In old English, the word derives from Eastre (Northumbrian Eostre), from Proto- Germanic *austron-, "dawn," also the name of a goddess of fertility and spring, perhaps originally of sunrise, whose feast was celebrated at the spring equinox, from *aust- "east, toward the sunrise" (compare east), from PIE *aus- (1) "to shine" (especially of the dawn); seeaurora. Bede says Anglo-Saxon Christians adopted her name and many of the celebratory practices for their Mass of Christ's resurrection. Almost all neighboring languages use a variant of Latin Pascha to name this holiday. Easter egg attested by 1825, earlier pace egg (1610s). Easter bunny attested by 1904 in children's lessons; Easter rabbit is by 1888; the paganish customs of Easter seem to have grown popular circa 1900; before that they were limited to German immigrants. William Tyndale was the first to translate the Bible into English from the Greek and Hebrew. His New Testament (1525) uses the word Ester to refer to the Pascha. When the King James Version was created, it used the word "Passover." Celebrate the risen Savior! Resurrection Sunday April 5, 2015 CELEBRATE SENIOR BIRTHDAYS Rosa Ellis Robert Emerson Mary Caldwell April 1 April 4 April 5 Leroy White Dolores Hillyer-Hunter Albert Ray Harvey April 5 April 7 April 10 Suzanne Woodard Gertrude Patton Beatrice Hawkins April 15 April 18 April 22 Are you a senior adult with a birthday not listed? Call or email the church office.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas Harriot on the Coinage of England LSE Research Online URL for This Paper: Version: Published Version
    Thomas Harriot on the coinage of England LSE Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/100503/ Version: Published Version Article: Biggs, Norman (2019) Thomas Harriot on the coinage of England. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 73 (4). pp. 361-383. ISSN 0003-9519 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00407-019-00228-w Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence. This licence allows you to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as you credit the authors for the original work. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ [email protected] https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/ Archive for History of Exact Sciences https://doi.org/10.1007/s00407-019-00228-w Thomas Harriot on the coinage of England Norman Biggs1 Received: 12 April 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Thomas Harriot was the finest English mathematician before Isaac Newton, but his work on the coinage of his country is almost unknown, unlike Newton’s. In the early 1600s Harriot studied several aspects of the gold and silver coins of his time. He investigated the ratio between the values of gold and silver, using data derived from the official weights of the coins; he used hydrostatic weighing to determine the com- position of the coins; and he studied the methods used to calculate how metals should be combined in order to produce the required standard of purity. This work required not only arithmetical skill, but also great insight into the relationships between the various quantities, and here his ‘greate invention of algebra’ played its part.
    [Show full text]
  • SWAN CV Updated December 2020.Docx 12/21/20 | Cs
    SWAN_CV_Updated_December 2020.docx 12/21/20 | cs CURRICULUM VITAE CLAUDIA SWAN AREAS OF EXPERTISE European art, with a focus on the Netherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; art and science; early modern global encounters; Renaissance and Baroque graphic arts (prints and drawings); the history of collecting and museology; history of the imagination. EDUCATION Ph.D., Art History, 1997 Columbia University New York, NY Dissertation: “Jacques de Gheyn II and the Representation of the Natural World in the Netherlands ca. 1600” Advisor: David Freedberg (Readers: Keith P.F. Moxey, David Rosand, Simon Schama, J.W. Smit) M.A., Art History, 1987 Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD Thesis: “The Galleria Giustiniani: eine Lehrschule für die ganze Welt” Advisor: Elizabeth Cropper B.A. cum laude with Honors in Art History, 1986 Barnard College, Columbia University New York, NY Senior thesis: “‘Annals of Crime’: Man among the Monuments” Advisor: David Freedberg EMPLOYMENT Inaugural Mark S. Weil Professor of Early Modern Art 2021- Department of Art History & Archaeology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO Associate Professor of Art History 2003- Department Chair 2007-2010 Assistant Professor of Art History 1998-2003 Northwestern University Department of Art History Northwestern University, Evanston, IL Assistant Professor of Art History Northern European Renaissance and Baroque Art The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 1996-1998 Instructor Art Humanities: Masterpieces of Western Art Columbia University, New York, NY 1995-1996 Lecturer (for Simon Schama) 17th-Century Dutch Art and Society Columbia University Spring 1995 Research Assistant Rembrandt Research Project Amsterdam 1986 Translator, Dutch-English Meulenhoff-Landshoff; Benjamins; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam; Simiolus 1986-1991 FELLOWSHIPS AND RESEARCH AWARDS Post-doctoral fellowships and awards (Invited) Senior Fellow, Imaginaria of Force DFG Centre of Advanced Studies Dir.
    [Show full text]
  • Birth of a Colony North Carolina Guide for Educators Act III—The Roanoke
    Birth of a Colony North Carolina Guide for Educators Act III—The Roanoke Voyages, 1584–1590 Birth of a Colony Guide for Educators Birth of a Colony explores the history of North Carolina from the time of European exploration through the Tuscarora War. Presented in five acts, the video combines primary sources and expert commentary to bring this period of our history to life. Use this study guide to enhance students’ understanding of the ideas and information presented in the video. The guide is organized according to the video’s five acts. Included for each act are a synopsis, a vocabulary list, discussion questions, and lesson plans. Going over the vocabulary with students before watching the video will help them better understand the film’s content. Discussion questions will encourage students to think critically about what they have viewed. Lesson plans extend the subject matter, providing more information or opportunity for reflection. The lesson plans follow the new Standard Course of Study framework that takes effect with the 2012–2013 school year. With some adjustments, most of the questions and activities can be adapted for the viewing audience. Birth of a Colony was developed by the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, in collaboration with UNC-TV and Horizon Productions. More resources are available at the website http://www.unctv.org/birthofacolony/index.php. 2 Act III—The Roanoke Voyages, 1584–1590 Act III of Birth of a Colony presents the story of England’s attempts to settle in the New World. Queen Elizabeth enlisted Sir Walter Raleigh to launch an expedition “to inhabit and possess” any lands not already claimed by Spain or France.
    [Show full text]