FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ANALYSIS in the POEM of CHAIRIL ANWAR Nurma Dhona Handayani, Putera Batam University [email protected] (21-32)

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ANALYSIS in the POEM of CHAIRIL ANWAR Nurma Dhona Handayani, Putera Batam University Nurmadhona@Gmail.Com (21-32)

DEWAN REDAKSI BASIS/ BAHASA DAN SASTRA INGGRIS UNIVERSITAS PUTERA BATAM

Diterbitkan oleh : LPPM. Universitas Putera Batam

Pelindung & Penanggungajawab : Rektor Universitas Putera Batam

Dewan Redaksi Harian

Ketua Penyunting : Frangky Silitonga, S.Pd.,M.S.I

Anggota Penyunting : Drs. Zakrimal, M.S.I

Ketua Redaksi Pelaksana : Alpino Susanto, S.Pd.,M.M

Anggota Redaksi : Eky Erlanda Edel, S.Pd.,M.Pd

Editor : Frangky Silitonga, S.Pd.,M.S.I/Universitas Putera Batam

: Misdi, S.Pd.,M.Pd /Universitas Swadaya Gunung Djati

: Drs. Dalmeri, M.A/Universitas Indraprasta PGRI

: Dra.Supiastutik, M.Pd/Universitas Jember

: Wisma Yunita, S.Pd.,M.Pd/Universitas Bengkulu

: Yosi Handayani, S.S.,MTESOL/Politeknik Batam

: Dr. Fakhri/ Universitas Pekan Baru Riau

Layout & Desain WEB : Zia Husni Mubarak, S.Pd.,M.Pd

Anggota : ICT. UPB

Administrasi Umum : Drs. Gaguk Rudianto, M.Pd

Susunan Dewan Redaksi Umum & Mitrabestari

Editor in-Chief : Frangky Silitonga, Universitas Putera Batam Editorial Boards : Alpino Susanto, Universitas Putera Batam Dalmeri, Universitas Indrapasta PGRI, Jakarta Fakhri Ras, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru Gaguk Rudianto, Universitas Putera Batam Gusdi Sastra, Universitas Andalas, Padang Ike Revita, Universitas Andalas, Padang Misdi, Univerersitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Cirebon Salmah Naelofaria, Universitas Negeri Medan Supiastutik, Universitas Jember, Jember Wisma Yunita, Universitas Bengkulu Yosi Handayani, Politehnik Batam Zia Hisni Mubarak, Universitas Putera Batam

Editors : Afriana, Universitas Putera Batam Dahrul Aman Harahap, Universitas Riau Kepulauan, Batam Dina Dyah Kusumayanti, Univeristas Jember, Jember Emil Eka Putra, Universitas Putera Batam Mhd Johan, Universitas Putera Batam Nurma Dhona Handayani, Universitas Putera Batam Robby Satria, Universitas Putera Batam Samsudin Hi Adam, FKIP Universitas Khairun Ternate Utara, Ternate Suhardianto, Universitas Putera Batam Yunisa Oktavia, Universitas Putera Batam Zakrimal, Universitas Putera Batam

Alamat Redaksi: JURNAL BASIS UNIVERSITAS PUTERA BATAM Jl. R.Soeprapto-Tembesi-Batam-Propinsi Kepulauan Riau Telepon: 0778-7001000 HP:0813 7254 7837 Email: [email protected] atau [email protected] (Terbit dua kali dalam 1 tahun: April dan Oktober)

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page DEWAN REDAKSI i TABLE OF CONTENT ii

Title ANALISIS IMPLIKATUR WACANA PERCAKAPAN DALAM NOVEL “MASIH ADA HARI ESOK KARYA DANIEL STEEL” Dairi Sapta Rindu Simanjuntak. Universitas Putera Batam [email protected] (1-10)

EFL STUDENTS’ WRITING OF DESCRIPTIVE TEXT : A PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE ANALYSIS Zia Hisni Mubarak. Universitas Putera Batam [email protected] (11-20)

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ANALYSIS IN THE POEM OF CHAIRIL ANWAR Nurma Dhona Handayani, Putera Batam University [email protected] (21-32)

KONSTRUKSI IDENTITAS BERDIMENSI KULTURAL PADA ORANG TERKAYA DI INDONESIA VERSI FORBES Condra Antoni. Politeknik Negeri Batam [email protected] (33-42)

KEMATIAN SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN KEKUASAAN DALAM NOVEL MY SISTER’S KEEPER KARYA JODI PICOULT Tomi Arianto. Universitas Putera Batam [email protected] (43-54)

THE EFFECT OF DIGITAL STORYTELLING TO IMPROVE SUNDAY SCHOOL CHILDREN VOCABULARY MASTERY Sri Ninta Tarigan. Universitas Prima Indonesia Medan [email protected] (55-66)

THE COMPREHENSION OF LEXICAL IN TRANSLATION SKILL ABILITY Suswanto Ismadi Megah. FKIP. Unrika [email protected] Frangky Silitonga. UPB [email protected] (67-76)

Format Penulisan Naskah Artikel Basis 77

iii

ANALISIS IMPLIKATUR WACANA PERCAKAPAN DALAM NOVEL “MASIH ADA HARI ESOK KARYA DANIEL STEEL”

Dairi Sapta Rindu Simanjuntak. Universitas Putera Batam [email protected]

Abstrack Language is a communication tool used by every human being in every aspect. without language there would not be a good relationship between people. Language knowledge is considered as one of the thought and understanding. The language can be found everywhere characterized by the use of symbols both oral and written. In the event of communication, speaker and hearer often communicate using implicit intent, meaning different from what is disclosed is called implicatures. The purpose of this study was to describe the conversation discourse containing implicatures. as for the formulation of the problem in this study is how the implicature use when communicating between speaker and hearer in the novel “Masih Ada Hari Esok" by Daniel Steel?. This paper is the study of literature by using descriptive method. After the author discusses the problems in this study , the results obtained is that in the novel "Masih Ada Hari Esok" by Daniel Steel containing conversational implicature there.

Key words: implicature, discourse conversational, novel.

1. PENDAHULUAN eksternal pengkajian bahasa Bahasa digunakan dalam dilakukan terhadap faktor-faktor yang kehidupan sehari-hari oleh siapa saja berada di luar bahasa yang berkaitan dalam transaksi apa saja, oleh karena dengan pemakaian bahasa oleh para itu bahasa didefinisikan sebagai penuturnya dalam masyarakat. komunikasi antara manusia, yang Pengkajian secara eksternal tidak dicirikan dengan menggunakan hanya menggunakan teori dan simbol lisan dan tulisan sesuai makna prosedur linguistik saja, tetapi juga yang telah diterima masyarakat menggunakan teori dan prosedur penutur. (Paul Ohoiwutun, 2002:2) disiplin lain yang berkaitan dengan Fungsi umum bahasa adalah penggunaan bahasa, misalnya dengan sebagai alat komunikasi dan alat disiplin psikolinguistik, seperti interaksi yang dimiliki manusia, dan senyuman, gelengan kepala, gerak dapat dikaji secara internal dan gerik tangan, dan ekspresi wajah, eksternal. Kajian bahasa secara kedipan mata dengan kata lain bahwa internal adalah mengkaji terhadap bahasa tersebut berhubungan erat struktur intern bahasa tanpa ada dengan kehidupan manusia.Chaer dan kaitannya dengan masalah lain di luar Leonie (2004:12) mengemukakan bahasa, kajian internal ini dilakukan bahwa: dengan menggunakan teori-teori yang “Bahasa adalah sebuah sistem yang ada dalam unsur linguistik saja seperti besifat sistematis dan sistemis. fonologisnya, struktur morfologis, Bahasa bersifat sistemis maksudnya dan struktur sintaksis. Secara bahasa itu tersusun menurut pola

1 tertentu, tidak tersusun secara acak bahasa, tetapi juga memperlihatkan dan sembarangan. Sedangkan emosi itu sewaktu menyampaikan bersifat sistemis, sistem bahasa tuturannya. (Chaer dan Leonie, bukan merupakan sebuah sistem 2004:15) Chaer dan Leonie tunggal, melainkan terdiri dari (2004:15) juga mengemukakan sejumlahsub sistem yakni sub sistem bahwa: fonologi, sub sitem morfologi, sub “Dilihat dari pendengar atau lawan sistem sintaksis, dan sub sistem tutur maka bahasa berfungsi direktif, leksikon.” yaitu tingkah laku pendengar. Dan Setiap bahasa memiliki sistem jika dilihat dari segi kontak antar yang berbeda dari bahasa lainnya, penutur dan pendengar maka bahasa sehingga dikatakan bahwa bahasa itu itu berfungsi fatik, yaitu berfungsi bersifat unik artinya bahasa itu menjalin hubungan, memelihara, memiliki ciri atau sifat khas yang memperlihatkan perasaan atau tidak dimiliki bahasa lain dan solidaritas social sedangkan jika keunikan itu dapat diamati dari dilihat dari segi topic ujaran maka bentuk bahasa dan perilaku bahawa itu berfungsi referensial, penuturnya. (Oktavianus, 2006:2). artinya bahasa itu berfungsi sebagai Tataran fonologis artinya tataran dari alat untuk membicarakan objek atau segi bunyi-bunyi bahasa, ada bunyi peristiwa yang ada di sekeliling naik turun, keras atau lembut yang penutur, dan dilihat dari segi amanat ditandai dengan jeda yang terdapat (message) yang akan disampaikan dalam bunyi bahasa tersebut. Tataran maka bahasa bersifat imajinatif, morfologis artinya sebagai satuan artinya bahasa itu dapat digunakan gramatikal bahasa yang terbentuk untuk menyampaikan pikiran dari morfem-morfem sebagai satuan gagasan dan perasaan. Fungsi terkecil yang membentuk sebuah imajinatif ini biasanya berupa karya morfem baru. Tataran sintaksis seni yang digunakan untuk artinya tataran bahasa yang dikaji dari kesenangan penutur maupun para masalah struktur bahasa secara pendengarnya.” umum, yaitu subjek, predikat, objek Dapat disimpulkan bawa dan keterangan. Sedangkan tataran bahasa juga digunkana untuk leksikon artinya tataran bahasa yang mengajak manusia agar lebih kreatif mengkaji makna leksikal yaitu makna dalam melakukan hubungan baik yang sesuai dengan hasil observasi dengan lingkungan sekitarnya. alat indra atau sesuai dengan Sementara Spradley (1997:23) dalam referennya. Oleh karena itu dapat Oktavianus (2006:31) diambil kesimpulan bahwa bahasa mengemukakan bahwa “Bahasa tersebut tidak digunakan hanya satu membentuk realitas dalam suatu pembicara tetapi beraneka ragam dan masyarakat bahasa yang dibangun bahasa tersebut juga dikaji dari berdasarkan kebiasaan berbahasa fonologis, morfologis, sintaksis, dan mereka.” leksikon. Penggunaan bahasa dengan Bahasa itu bbersifat personal, berbagai macam pilihan bentuk yang atau pribadi artinya si penutur terkonstruksi dalam pikiran manusia menyatakan sikap terhadap apa yang berada dalam ranah kajian wacana. dituturkannya. Si penutur bukan Nababan (1987:64) mengemukakan hanya mengungkapkan emosi lewat bahwa “Wacana adalah bahasa dalam

2 bentuk yang lebih besar daripada dan meganalisis wacana percakapan kalimat dan bahasa sebagaimana ia yang mengandung implikatur dalam dipakai untuk berkomunikasi di novel “Masih Ada Hari Esok” karya dalam bentuknya bisa berupa lisan Daniel Steel. atau tulisan.” Ketika bahasa digunakan dalam berkomunikasi, penutur dan 2. KAJIAN PUSTAKA mitra tutur dapat berkomunikasi 2.1 Implikatur secara lancar karena mereka memiliki Implikatur meruoakan cara semacam kesamaan latar belakang untuk menerangkan apa yang pengetahuan tentang sesuatu yang mungkin diartikan, disarankan, atau dipertuturkan tersebut. Hasan Lubis dimaksud oleh penutur berbeda (1993:70). Dan diantara penutur dan dengan apa yang dikatakan oleh mitra tutur terdapat semacam kontrak penutur. Dalam pertuturan, percakapan tidak tertulis yang disebut komunikasi antara penutur dan mitra dengan cooperative principle atau tutur berjalan lancar karena di natar prinsip kerjasama. mereka memiliki kesamaan latar Dalam kegiatan belakang pengetahuan tentang suatu berkomunikasi pemakai bahasa yang dipertuturkan tersebut.di antara sering dihadapkan pada penggunaan penutur dan mitra tutur terdapat bahasa yang tidak berkaitan secara semacam kontrak percakapan tidak lahiriah tetapi berkaitan semantik tertulis bahwa apa yang sedang (makna), artinya pada saat dipertuturkan itu saling dimengerti. komunikasi berlangsung antara Kaswanti (1990:43) mengemukakan penutur dan mitra tutur sering bahwa “Jika ada dua orang bercakap- memberikan makna yang tersimpan cakap dan percakapan itu dapat secara tersirat bukan secara tersurat, berlangsung dengan lancar berkat artinya apa yang mereka ucapakan adanya semacam kesepakatan dan maksudkan tidak diungkapkan bersama.” Kesepakatan itu semacam secara langsung. Akan tetapi kontrak tak tertulis bahwa apa yang komunikasi tersebut dapat berjalan dibicarakan itu harus saling lancar. Oleh karena itu, penulis berhubungan atau berkaitan. merasa tertarik untuk mengkaji Hubungan antara keterkaitan itu mengapa hal itu bisa terjadi dalam sendiri tidak terdapat pada masing- tindak komunikasi dan khususnya masing kalimat, artinya makna dalam tindak komunikasi dalam keterkaitan itu tidak terungkap secara novel “Masih Ada Hari Esok” karya literal pada kalimat itu sendiri. Ini Daniel Steel. disebut dengan implikatur Sesuai dengan latar belakang percakapan. Implikatur yagn muncul yang telah diuraikan di atas, maka dari suatu ujaran sangat ditentukan yang menjadi rumusan masalah oleh konteks pertuturan. Teori adalah bagaimana penggunaan implikatur ini dapat dipakai untuk implikatur saat berkomunikasi antara melihat bagaimana orang penutur dan mitra tutur dalam novel menggunakan bahasa dan “Masih Ada Hari Esok” karya Daniel seperangkat asumsi yang melengkapi Steel? Berdasarkan rumusan masalah dan mengatur kegiatan percakapan ini, maka tulisan ini bertujuan untuk sebagai suatu tindakan berbahasa. mendeskripsikan, mengelompokkan, (Hasan Lubis, 1993:73).

Nababan (1987:4) kebahasaan yang tak terjangkau mengemukakan bawha, “Implikatur oleh teori linguistik adalah menganalisis suatu b) Dapat memberikan penjelasan percakapan atau komunikasi yang tegas tentang perbedaan didasarkan pada dasar kerjasama atau lahiriah dari yang dimaksud si cooperative principle.” pamakai bahasa Yule (2000:36) dalam c) Dapat memberikan pemerian Oktavianus (2006:92) membagi semantik yagn sederhana tentang prinsip kerjasama tersebut menjadi hubungan klausa yang empat bagian: dihubungkan dengan kata “a. Kualitas penghubung yang sama 1. Jangan mengatakan sesuatu yang d) Dapat memerikan berbagai fakta tidak benar yang secara lahiriah kelihatan 2. Jangan mengatakan sesuatu tanpa tidak berkaitan malah berlawanan bukti (seperti metafora).” b. Kuantitas 1. Berilah keterangan secukupnya 2.2 Novel 2. Jangan mengatakan sesuatu yang Tarigan (1985:64) dalam tidak diperlukan Zulfahnur (1996:66-67) mengemukakan bahwa, “Novel c. Relevansi berasal dari bahasa latin Novelu yang 1. Katakanlah apa yang berguna diturunkan dari kata Noveis yang 2. Katakanlah sesuatu yang relevan berarti baru.” Cerita yang bberu muncul setalah drama, puisi dan lain- d. Cara lain. Novel merupakan karangan 1. Jangan mengatakan sesuatu yang prose yang panjgan yang tidak jelas mengandung ragkaian cerita 2. Jangan mengatakan sesuatu yang kehidupan seseorang dengan orang- taksa orang di sekelilingnya dengan 3. Berbicaralah dengan singkat menonjolkan watak dan sifat. Novel 4. Berbicaralah secara khusus.” menceritakan suatu kejadian yang luar biasa dari tokoh cerita, dimana Implikatur dipakai untuk kejadian-kejadian ini menimbulkan menerangkan perbedaan yang sering pergolakan batin yang mengubah terdapat antara apa yang diucapkan perjalanan nasib tokoh. (Jassin dalam dengan apa yang diimplementasikan. Zulfahnur, 1996:67). Artinya menerangkan perbedaan apa Tarigan (1984:164) yang dikatakan dengan apa yang mengemukakan bahwa “Novel disimpulkan merupakan suatu cerita prosa yang fiktif dalam panjang tertentu yang Levinson dalam Lubis (1993:70-71) melukiskan para tokoh, gerak serta mengemukakan bahwa: adegan kehidupan nyata yang “Ada empat macam faedah representative dalam suatu alur atau konsep implikatur yaitu: suatu keadaan yang agak kacau atau a) Dapat memberikan penjelasan kusut.” Dari jumlah kata, maka makna atau fakta-fakta biasanya suatu novel mengandung kata-kata yang berkisar antara tiga

4 puluh ribu buah kata sampai tak (Data dikutip dari Oktavianus terbatas tugasnya. Dengan kata lain 2006:91) jumlah minimum kata-katanya dalah a. Ayah : Bu, mana kopinya? tiga puluh ribu kata. b. Ibu : Kompornya lagi Bedasarkan uraian di atas, diperbaiki. dapat disimpulkan bahwa novel adalah hasil karya sastra yang Dalam wacana di atas, A termasuk ke dalam prosa fiksi yang menanyakan kopi kepada B, namun B berkisar antara tiga puluh lima ribu mengatakan kompor yang rusak. Jadi, kata sampai tak terbatas jumlahnya pertanyaan A tidak singkron dengan dimana peristiwa di dalamnya jawaban B. Itu menandakan ada menimbulkan pergolakan batin yang implikasi lain dari percakapannya. mengubah perjalanan nasib Implikasi yang dimaksud adalah tokohnya. fakta bahwa B sebagai isteri biasanya memasak kopi dengan mengguanakan kompor dan pada saat 2.3 Wacana kopi diminta oleh A ternyata kompor Wacana menurut Oktovianus sedang rusak dan kopi belum (2006:20) mengatakan bahwa dibuatkan. “Wacana mencakup unsur grmatikal Dalam prinsip kewacanaan tertinggi dan direalisasikan dalam aspek kohesi dan koherensi sangat bentuk karangan yang utuh dengan penting diperhatikan. Karena amanat yang lengkap dan dengan keutuhan wacana ditentukan oleh koherensi serta kohesi yang tinggi.” kohesinya. Kohesi dan koherensi Jika dilihat dari perspektif semiotik, memang berbeda akan tetapi fungsi wacana merupakan sosial tempat dan tujuannya adalah sama yaitu melekatnya teks. Oleh sebab itu membentuk suatu teks yang utuh. wacana harus dibicarakan dalam Umar (1993:34) konteks teks tersebut. Wacana juga mengemukakan bahwa, “Koherensi dianggap sebagai rekaman tidak dapat dibangun dengan kebahasaan yang utuh tentang suatu sendirinya oleh situasi wacana itu. peristiwa. (Djajasudarma, 1994:4) Dan koherensi wacana tidak dalam (Oktavianus, 2006:30). ditentukan atas hubungan antara Wacana direalisasikan dalam ujaran-ujaran melainkan hubungan bentuk karangan yang utuh seperti antara tindakan-tindakan yang novel, buku, teks, ensiklopedia, dan dilakukan dengan ujaran-ujaran paragraf, kata dan klaimat yang tersebut.” Seperti dalam contoh membawa amanat yang lengkap. berikut: Interpretasi yang dilakukan terhadap suatu wacana tidak dapat dilakukan secara tepat, hanya melihat A: Ada telepon kalimat perkalimat. Dalam wacana B. Aku masih sibuk terdapat kesatuan arti yang bersifat A: Ya sudah, aku saja. integral, contoh bahwa informasi di dalamnya hanya bisa ditafsirkan Dalam wacana di atas, tidak secara tepat jika dilihat secara terdapat tanda-tanda struktural yang menyeluruh. menjalin percakapan A dan B. Hubungan makna ujaran A dan B di

5 atas ditentukan oleh tindakan- mereka yang masih kecil supaya rajin tindakan yang mereka lakukan belajar dan tidak hanya bermain-main masing-masing. saja. Karena itu, ujaran tersebut Sebuah teks sering kelihatan diinterpretasikan: Rita tidak belajar tidak koheren tetapi sebenarnya ya, Bu? Sedangkan bagi rita sendiri koheren. Kekoherensiannya akan yang merasa belum membereskan teramati setelah terlebih dahulu ruang tamu menginterpretasikannya dicermati konteks pertuturan. sebagai: Siapa saja yang Peristiwa tersebut dapat diamati pada menggunakan ruang tamu harus contoh berikut: mengatur kembali supaya rapi. Dengan kata lain, bahwa wacana (Data dikutip dari Oktavianus, tersebut tergantung pada konteks 2006:67) dimana wacana tersebut digunakan. A: Bapak sudah pulang? B: Mobil beliau masih ada. 3. METODOLOGI Metode yang digunakan dalam Pertanyaan dan jawaban pada penelitian ini adalah metode pustaka. wacana di atas tidak memperlihatkan Korpus penelitian ini adalah data tulis kekoherensian satu sama lain. yang besumber dari novel “Masih Jawaban yang diharapkan adalah Ada Hari Esok” karya Daniel Steel. sudah atau belum. Namun demikian, Novel tersebut dijadikan sebagai dari jawaban B dapat ditarik bahan kajian karena merupakan data kesimpulan bahwa bapak masih tertulis dan untuk menghindarkan belum pulang karena jika mobilnya perekayasaan terhadap penyesuaian masih ada di tempat parkir berarti dia data yang diinginkan. Data diperoleh belum pulang. dengan cara membaca isi novel setiap Dalam kewacanaan kordinat bab dan mengumpulkan setiap pembicara dapat mempengaruhi percakapan yang mengandung makna ujaran atau tulisan. Begitu implikatur. Setelah data terkumpul, pula dengan kordinat pendengar, maka data tersebut kemudian sebuah ujaran yang sama, mungkiin dianalisis dengan merujuk kembali ditanggapi noleh pendengar dengan pada teori Grice dan berbagai makna sesuai dengan status mengkombinasikan dengan pendapat sosia, fungsi maupun pengalaman Brown dan Yule yang mereka, misalnya: Seorang ayah yang mengemukakan implikatur adalah baru pulang dari kantornya melihat suatu percakapan atau komunikasi meja di ruang tamu kurang rapi, didasarkan pada prinsip kerjasama sambil mengatakan: atau cooperative principle.

Siapa main-main di ruang tamu 4. TEMUAN ini? Data yang telah ditemukan dalam novel berupa percakapan-percakapan Bagi Inem, pembantu rumah yang mengandung implikatur. tangga, ujaran ini diinterpretasikan Namun tidak semua bab mengandung sebagai: Bereskan ruang tamu ini. percakapan implikatur. Percakapan Akan tetapai, bagi sang isteri ujaran yang mengandung percakapan dalam ini merupakan peringatan baginya novel berada pada bab II yaitu di untuk senantiasa mengawasi putrid halaman 31 dan 34, kemudian bab III

6 halaman 49 dan 57, bab V halaman 95, bab VIII halaman 137 dan 143, Data 2: Bab II halaman 34 bab XVII halaman 343, 353, dan 372 A: Tony : Apakah kau serta bab XX pada halaman 439. akan membayar orang ini? B: Tanya : Aku belum sempat bicara dengan 5. PEMBAHASAN pengacaraku. Sesuai dengan apa yang telah dinyatakan dalam rumusan masalah, Tanya sedang mengalami kajian ini dimaksudkan untuk masalah dengan mantan pengawalnya menjawab pertanyaan: “Bagaimana dan meminta agar Tanya membayar penggunaan implikatur saat mereka untuk dapat menyelesaikan berkomunikasi antara penutur dan masalah tersebut. Makna yang mitra tutur dalam novel “Masih Ada diimplikasikan dari percakapan di Hari Esok” karya Daniel Steel? atas adalah “Aku belum tahu akan Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan membayar mereka, karena aku bahwa di dalam novel “Masih Ada belum mimbicarakannya dengan Hari Esok” karya Daniel Steel pengacaraku, sebab dia yang akan memang mengandung percakapan menangani semua masalah ini.” implikatur. Data 3: Bab III halaman 49 Data 1: Bab II halaman 31 A: Tanya : Tahukah A: Tanya : Kau nggak kau betapa aku harus kerja? membanting tulang untuk B: Tony : Memangnya memperolehnya? Uang itu kau kemana saja selama tidak jatuh dari langit. tiga tahun ini. Tahu? B: Bennet : Tahun Keutuhan wacana di atas depan kan kau akan tidak kelihatan dari tuturan Tanya mengadakan konser maupun Tony. Kejelasannya tidak keliling. Ambil saja satu dapat dimaknai secara tersurat. Pada juta dolar dari honormu, saat Tanya bertanya “Kau nggak hitung-hitung buang sial. kerja?” namun Tony menjawab dengan mengatakan “Memangnya Tanggapan Bennet di atas kau kemana saja selama tiga tahun akan sulit dipahami oleh pendengar ini?” Tidak ada hubungan antara yang tidak turut dalam tindak pertanyaan dan jawaban, tetapi dapat komunikasi saat itu. Ketika Tanya dimengerti oleh kedua penutur. menghadapi masalah dan akan Makna yang diimplikasikan wacana membayar mantan pengawalnya implikatur di atas adalah: mengapa sebanyak satu juta dolar dan dia kau menanyakan aku kerja atau merasa sangat berat hati sehingga dia tidak, sementara kita sudah mengatakan: “Tahukah kau betapa bersama selama tiga tahun dan aku harus membanting tulang biasanya setiap hari Jumat saya untuk memperolehnya? Uang itu tidak masuk kerja, jadi karena tidak jatuh dari langit. Tahu? sekarang hari jumat, saya tidak Namun Bennet justru menanggapi bekerja.” dengan jawaban: “Tahun depan kan

7 kau akan mengadakan konser bandara dengan keliling. Ambil saja satu juta dolar mengenakan jeans. dari honormu, hitung-hitung buang sial.” Makna yang Tuturan “penampilanmu kok diimplikasikan adalah : “Uangmu rapi, kau punya janji makan siang masih banyak, apalagi tahun depan di luar?” sebenarnya membutuhkan kau akan mengadakan konser jawaban ya atau tidak, tetapi hanya keliling, pasti banyak honor yang dengan menjawab: “aku tak mau kau dapat nanti. Sejuta dolar mengantarmu ke bandara dengan masih sedikit dari bagian hartamu, mengenakan jeans” mengandung jadi lebih baik kau membayar makna “aku tidak ada janji, aku mereka.” hanya ingin mengantarmu ke bandara sehingga aku berpakaian Data 4: Bab III halaman 57 rapi.” A. Bill : Dari mana saja kau? Data 6: Bab VIII halaman 137 B. Marry : Tanya Thomas ada A. Richard : Aku rindu padamu di Ney York. B. Zoe : Aku sibuk.

Saat Bill melihat Marry baru Tuturan Richard tidak pulang dan Bill menanyakan “Dari memiliki hubungan secara literal mana saja kau?”, namun Marry dengan tuturan Zoe yang mengatakan menjawab: “Tanya Thomas ada di “Aku sibuk”. Artinya bahwa wacana Ney York” Tanya Thomas adalah di atas mengandung implikatur. teman lama Marry. Pada saat itu Implikasi yang muncul dari mereka berdua bertemu di New York implikatur tesebut adalah: “Aku sehinggan mereka bersama-sama banyak pekerjaan karena harus pada malam itu dan membuat Marry menangani pasien-pasien dan aku lama pulang ke rumah. Denga kata juga butuh waktu untuk bersama lain bahwa sebenarnya Marry ingin putiku, sehingga aku tidak sempat menjawab pertanyaan Bill dengan bertemu denganmu selama dua mengatakan: “Tadi siang aku minggu.” Namun dengan jawaban sedang bersama Tanya artis yang diberikan Zoe maka Richard terkenal itu, kami asyik bercerita memahami makna sebenarnya yang sehingga aku lama pulang.” Namun diimplikasikan tersebut. dengan jawaban “Tanya Thomas ada di Ney York” pada pertanyaan “dari mana saja kau” dapat Data 7: Bab VIII halaman 143 dipahami oleh kedua penutur. A. Sam : Kau baik- baik saja, tampangmu Data 5: Bab V halaman 95 berantakan A. Tony : B. Zoe : Aku kurang enak penampilanmu kok rapi, badan kau punya janji makan C. Sam : Kalau siang di luar? begitu kau harus pulang B. Marry : Aku tak D. Zoe : Aku akan memakai mau mengantarmu ke masker.

Keutuhan wacana di atas, Data 9: Bab XVII halaman 353 tidak jelas kelihatan jika diperhatikan A. Hartley : Maukah kau secara literal. Zoe adalah seorang pergi ke Fisher Island dokter dan sam adalah teman bersamaku setelah kau sejawatnya. Saat itu, Sam melihat kembali ke New York? Zoe yang berpenampilan tidak seperti B. Marry : Aku akan biasanya, sehingga Sam mengatakan senang sekali. “Kalau begitu kau harus pulang”, tetapi Zoe menjawab: “Aku akan Jika diperhatikan makna memakai masker”. Artinya bahwa, tuturan tersebut tidak terdapat makna percakapan di atas mengandung secara langsung diucapkan oleh mitra implikatur, dan makna yang tutur. Tuturan Hartley mungkin diimplikasikannya adalah: “Aku membutuhkan jawaban: “mau atau tidak perlu pulang karena dengan tidak”. Akan tetepi Marry menjawab: memakai masker aku masih bisa “Aku akan senang sekali” artinya bekerja hari ini.” Tetapi dengan dengan jawaban Marry tersebut jawaban “Aku akan memakai Hartley sudah mengerti jawaban yang masker” maka Sam memahami sebenarnya. Dengan kata lain, maksud yang ingin disampaikan oleh implikasi yang muncul dari dari Zoe. tanggapan Marry tersebut adalah: “aku pasti mau ikut bersamamu.” Data 8: Bab XVII halaman 343 A. Bill : Maaf aku Data 10: Bab XVIII halaman 372 mengganggumu. A. Tanya : Kau pasti B. Marry : Alysa baik- jarang memasak? baik saja. B. Gordon : Aku makan di ruang makan Bill dan Marry adalah suami karyawan isteri, tetapi karena saat itu mereka sedang mempunyai masalah sehingga Tuturan antara Tanya dan Bill pergi ke luar negeri dan Gordon tidak ada mempunyai meninggalkan Marry sendiri. hubungan secara literal, tetapi Biasanya Bill akan menghubungi mempunyai hubungan secara Marry hanya membahas tentang semantik. Pada saat Tanya Alysa anak mereka, sementara belum mengatakan “Kau pasti jarang lama itu Bill baru saja menelepon memasak” dan Gordon menjawab Marry membertitahu kabar tentang denga menggunakan implikatur. Alysa. Sehingga pada saat itu Bill Implikasi yang muncul dari menelepon Mary, dan Mary tanggapan Gordon adalah: “aku mengatakan “Alysa baik-baik saja”. memang jarang memasak, karena Artinya bahwa jawaban Marry aku makan di ruang makan mengimplikasikan “Mengapa kau karyawan dan merakalah yang menelepon aku sementara kau memasak.” baru saja menghubungi aku, apakah ada yang kurang pada Data 11: Bab XX halaman 439 Alysa?” A. Gordon : Aku mencintaimu

B. Tanya : Aku tak mau 3. Percakapan dalam novel “Masih meninggalkan karirku. Ada Hari Esok” karya Daniel Steel menggunakan implikatur. Tanya seorang artis terkenal 4. Percakapan yang mengandung yang sudah ditinggalkan oleh Implikatur dalam Ada Hari Esok” suaminya, ketika Tanya menikah karya Daniel Steel” terdapat keduakalinya suaminya mengatakan sebanyak sebelas (11) kasus. harus meninggalkan karirnya agar tetap memperisterinya, akan tetapi Tanya tidak setuju dengan permintaan suaminya tersebut. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Sehingga pada saat itu Gordon Chaer, Abdul dan Leonie. 2004. mengatakan: “aku mencintaimu” Sosiolinguistik. Jakarta: Rineka namun Tanya menjawab: “aku tidak Cipta. mau meninggalkan karirku”. Kaswanti, Bambang.1990. Implikasi yang muncul dari tutuan Pragmatik dan Pengajaran tersebut adalah “aku tak mau Bahasa. Yogyakarta: dicintai pria manapun kalau harus Kanisius. meninggalkan karirku.” Lubis, Hamid Hasan. 1993. Analisis Wacana Pragmatik. 6. KESIMPULAN Bandung: Penerbit Angkasa. Dari analisis keseluruhan analisis Nababan, P.W.J. 1987. Ilmu data di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa: Pragmatik. Jakarta: Depdikbud. “Dalam peristiwa komunikasi, Oktavianus.2006. Analisis Wacana. penutur dan mitra tutur sering Padang: Andalas University Press. menggunakan implikatur seperti yang Ohoiwutun, Paul. 2002. terdapat dalam novel “Masih Ada Sosiolinguistik. Jakarta: Visipro. Hari Esok” karya Daniel Steel. Steel, Daniel. 1999. Masih Ada Hari Implikatur tesebut mempunyai Esok. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka makna jika disesuaikan dengan Utama. konteks pertuturan, dan implikatur Tarigan, Henry Guntur. 1984. berjalan lancar karena adanya Prinsip-prinsip Dasar Sastra. kesepakatan bersama atau ada Bandung: Angkasa. kerjasama tak tertulis diantara Zulfahnur, dkk. 1996. Teori Sastra. penutur. Jakarta: Depdikbud. Berdasarkan deskripsi dan hasil pembahasan hasil penelitian yang telah dipaparkan, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa: 1. Bahasa merupakan alat interaksi yang menjembatani hubungan manusia yang digunakan dalam setiap aspek kegiatan menusia. 2. Dalam peristiwa komunikasi, penutur dan mitra tutur sering menggunakan implikatur.

EFL STUDENTS’ WRITING OF DESCRIPTIVE TEXT: A PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

Zia Hisni Mubarak. Universitas Putera Batam [email protected]

Abstract Menulis dalam bahasa Inggris bagi mahasiswa EFL adalah sebuah tantangan karena harus menguasai struktur kalimat dengan baik. Sehingga menulis dipandang sebagai kemampuan yang paling susah untuk dipahami. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk melihat kemampuan menulis mahasiswa EFL di kota Batam. Penelitian ini menitikberatkan kepada kemampuan mahasiswa dalam menulis teks deskripsi dalam bahasa Inggris yang ditinjau dari struktur paragraf yang mereka tuliskan. Dengan metode kualitatif, penelitian ini memiliki instrumen berupa tugas-tugas menulis teks deskripsi. Setelah data dikumpulkan maka akan dianalisis berdasarkan rubrik penilaian. Untuk menulis sebuah paragraf yang baik, maka mahasiswa diharapkan mampu menguasai struktur paragraf. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa kemampuan rata-rata menulis mahasiswa dalam konteks EFL masih berada dalam kategori yang lemah yaitu Low Average. Sedangkan untuk penguasaan kemampuan dalam menulis berdasarkan struktur kalimat sudah cukup baik walaupun masih banyak kesalahan dalam tata bahasa. Didapati bahwa dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 20% mahasiswa mendapat kriteria High Average. Kemudian hanya 10% yang mendapat kriteria Good. Selanjutnya 40% mahasiswa mendapat kriteria Low Average dan terakhir sebanyak 30% mahasiswa masih berada dalam kriteria Weak.

Kata Kunci:EFL Students, Descriptive Text Writing, Paragraph Structure.

Introduction three skills are easier but this is the fact Students in EFL (English as Foreign faced by many students who considered Language) and ESL (English as Second writing as the most difficult one. By Language) context are different in some writing, the writers are trying to deliver ways. EFL context plays role in which the message to the reader by using their the students used English less-frequently own words and their own understanding. in a daily conversation. While in ESL In writing, the writers have to pay a lot context, the use of English is more- attention to the grammar since grammar frequent in daily conversation. is the heart of writing. Meanwhile, the use of English for both Writing for students in EFL context EFL and ESL contexts is not limited to is challenging. Challenging because it the speaking skill only, but also the has many things to be considered. They writing skill as well. For both EFL and have to adjust the language from their ESL contexts, writing is applied mother tongue language to the foreign differently depends on their background. language where they are involved in As an example that students have learning. It is not an easy try for students different choices of words in a sentence, who have their mother tongue language so that, both EFL and ESL contexts have in their background. In English context put different point of view to their writing writing, students are asked to master and styles. comprehend the elements in writing such Writing is a subject that is considered as grammar and tenses. Often in using as the most difficult skill for the students their mother tongue language, they made in both EFL and ESL contexts (Richards some mistakes in grammar. While in and Renandya, 2002). Writing as the English, this is like to be more mistakes most difficult skill if it is compared to the than their own language. So, this others such as Listening, Speaking and grammar thing becomes a great challenge Reading. Not to mention that the other to be mastered.

In writing, there is a transforming the kinds of writing in several ways. For idea from thought to the written language instance, personal writing, literary in a piece of paper. To transform the idea, writing, journalistic writing, business students have to have background writing, etc. They are different since in knowledge first. There is no other way academic writing there are many things that background knowlegde is gained should be considered such as the rules of from reading. It could be reading a paragraph writing and its structure as literature book, magazine, newspaper, well. and online information from the internet. Writing is a process of Reading activity will give a very big transformation of an idea where the support to the students’ background writer put it in the paper. To transform knowledge, so that, by reading they will the idea from one’s mind, the background unveil the information easily. knowledge should be there in their mind EFL students in Batam are mostly the first. By reading a lot, students will gain students and the workers at once. From some ideas regard to their writing. No this situation, to get an ideal writing from wonder that the idea of the writer is the students who are trying to divide their drawn based on each writer’s background studying and working time, it is a knowledge. Then, the background difficult situation to reach that ideal knowledge is determined by how much condition. Students have to work in a day they read literature books. or night. This condition will lead them to Form four skills of English, writing is the lack of opportunity to learn as normal considered as the most complex skill to students. They have to force themselves be learned. Teaching writing in the studying after working all long day. classroom is different from the teaching Then, when they are in the class, they of other skills. Brown (1994) compares have to write some paragraphs by writing to the swimming. He argues both handwriting. This situation will be going are the same because students need bored for the students. So that is why the media and someone who teach them lecturer has to use a variety of English those skills. According to him, practice is teaching. the best way to achieve the best skills to Based on the background of the be advanced in writing or swimming. research, the researchers determined the To know the paragraph structure paragraph structures as the limitation of completely, students need to know the the problem in this research. The meaning of paragraph as well. Many paragraph structures that are going to be definitions about paragraph are explained analyzed and become the main tool for by the experts. Some of them are Oshima analyzing the paragraph consist of topic & Hogue (1991) and Zemach and sentence, supporting point and Rumisek (2003, 2005). Oshima & Hogue supporting detail, and concluding (1991) argue that paragraph is a basic sentence. Finally, the researcher is going unit of organization in writing in which a to find out the structure of descriptive group of related sentences develops one writing paragraph of EFL students in main idea. In the same way, Zemach and Batam. Rumisek (2003, 2005) explain that a paragraph is a group of sentences about a Theoretical Review single topic consist at least five sentences Writing for EFL students in the or as long as ten sentences. In other university are prepared for advanced words, the number of sentences is writing such as writing their thesis to earn unimportant; however, the paragraph the university degree. Oshima & Hogue should be long enough to develop the (1991) emphasize a kind of writing for main idea clearly. A paragraph may stand college or university, it is called an by itself. It may also be one part of a academic writing. They argue that longer piece of writing such as a chapter academic writing is different from other a book or an essay.

A paragraph has three major To collect the data of this research, structural parts (Zemach and Rumisek, the researchers use writing tasks as the 2003, 2005): a topic sentence, supporting instrument. The writing tasks are used to sentences, and a concluding sentence. investigate the students’ writing based on The topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph structure. In addition, the the paragraph. It not only names the topic scoring rubrics adapted from Hamp- of the paragraph, but it also limits the Lyon (1992) with some categories or topic to one or two areas that can be scores in each indicator. discussed completely in the space of a After that, the scores are obtained single paragraph. The specific area is into a table which aim at figuring out the called the controlling idea. Supporting mean of the obtained score which had sentences develop the topic sentence. been grouped before. The mean is used to That is, they explain the topic sentence see the average score gained by the by giving reasons, examples, facts, students of each tests. To get the statistics, and quotations. The topic percentage of students’ ability in writing sentences are also divided into two based on the paragraph structure, the categories such as supporting point and formula used as follow: supporting details. The concluding sentence signals the end of the paragraph 푓 푃 = 푋 100% and leaves the reader with important 푁 points to remember. 푃 ∶ 푡ℎ푒 𝑖푛푑푒푥 표푓 푝푒푐푒푛푡푎푔푒 푓 ∶ 푓푟푒푞푢푒푛푐푦 표푓 푡표푡푎푙 푝표푝푢푙푎푡𝑖표푛 Method N ∶ 푎푚표푢푛푡 표푓 푟푒푠푝표푛푑푒푛푡 The design of this research is a descriptive research which involved the collecting of the data in order to answer Discussion the research questions concerning the The researcher had conducted the current status or phenomena (Arikunto, research by gathering all the research 2010). Principally, this research explains data through collecting the EFL students’ about fact that happens now. The analysis writing tasks in descriptive. The of paragraph structure is analyzed by researcher then analyzed the data one by using qualitative analysis since one in order to get the good analysis of descriptive research was aimed at the essays written by the EFL students. describing things as the way they are The analysis of the essays related to the (Gay and Airasian, 2009). paragraph structure of the essays. The population of this research is the After presenting and analyzing the students in EFL context in Batam Island. data, the researcher then classified the As the sample, the researcher took the data into part of the paragraph structure third semester students of English and gave some explanation to the Literature in Putera Batam University. paragraphs. The researcher analyzed the Furthermore, this research used data of the research based on the theory purposive sampling technique to define of good paragraph structure. the sample of the research because the In the first following data, they were researcher selects the sample using his two paragraphs from Student 1: experience or knowledge of the group to be sampled (Gay and Airasian, 2009). Have you watched the famous Then, based on his experience and American movie called “The Walking knowledge of the group to be sampled, Dead”? It is a thrilling-zombie movie. It the researcher collect the students writing tells about some humans that is trying to task from the writing subject to be survive in a world full of the dead-corpse. analyzed based on the criteria of The dead-corpse hungrily bites alive paragraph structure. human which make it scarier. They are often be called “zombie”. They spread

13 pathogen that can make us to be one of South Korea, which I am going to them. The movie received good feedbacks describe now. The title is “Train to from many people. In another part of the Busan”. world, there is similar thrilling movie After that in the second paragraph, about zombie directed in South Korea, the writer started the paragraph by which I am going to describe now. The writing a topic sentence Train to Busan, title is “Train to Busan”. as known “Busanhaeng” is a 2016 Train to Busan, as known South-Korean thrilling movie. This was “Busanhaeng” is a 2016 South-Korean the main idea of the second paragraph, so thrilling movie. The movie is directed by that the whole paragraph would describe Yeong Sung-Ho. It is also starred by a about the movie Train to Busan. Then, famous Hallyu star, named Gong-Yo. the supporting point was there from the Seventeen actors/actress were sentence The movie is directed by Yeong participated in this movie and hundreds Sung-Ho where it supported the main of extras were also in. The movie was idea of the topic sentence above. Next, released in July, 20th 2016 in South the writer explained the supporting detail Korea for the first time. by giving some explanation about the main idea that was the movie. It could be Student 1 tried to explain about seen from the sentences It is also starred movie with the title of the essay “Train to by a famous Hallyu star, named Gong- Busan”. Student 1 wrote about nine Yo. Seventeen actors/actress were sentences in the first paragraph and five participated in this movie and hundreds sentences in the second paragraph. of extras were also in. Finally, to Student 1 tried to show her best in writing conclude the main idea of this paragraph, the essay. She intended to explain about the writer ended the paragraph by something that is describing a new summing up the idea as could be seen thriller movie. from the sentence The movie was In the first paragraph, she tried to released in July, 20th 2016 in South attract the reader’s attention by writing Korea for the first time. Overall, Student an interesting hook such this sentence 1 had attempted a very good writing of Have you watched the famous American her paragraphs based on the paragraph movie called “The Walking Dead”?. She structure. wrote the hook by asking a question that Then, the second student who arouse the curiosity of the reader. Then in participated in this research was the the second sentence to the next, she wrote Student 2. This student tried his best in the connecting information where this writing by writing also some paragraphs connecting information gave a clear in his essay. The essay of the Student 2 connection of the hook to the thesis would be listed as follow: statement and also confirmed the reader about the main idea would be delivered. Indonesia, has a more than nine The connecting information started from thousand million island. More than two sentence It is a thrilling-zombie movie… hundred thousand million society. With to …The movie received good feedbacks many beautiful places. It’s more than from many people. At last, in the opening country, city, or places. It’s little paragraph there is thesis statement and paradise in the part of the world. But no the researcher found a thesis statement in one know what is Indonesia? Where is Student 1 paragraph. The thesis Indonesia? statement could be one or two sentences From Sabang to Merauke, lined long. As it was found in the Student’s 1 island concatenated into one, that is paragraph, there were two sentences of Indonesia. Unwittingly Indonesia is a thesis statement, they were In another row of ten countries with a million sites part of the world, there is similar worldwide. Such as temples, beaches thrilling movie about zombie directed in resorts, mountains, lakes, and many

14 other. But you realize that the country of the essay that would be discussed in where you was born this place hidden the next paragraphs. The thesis statement paradise? were But no one know what is Indonesia? Where is Indonesia?. As it was found from the paragraphs After that in the second paragraph, of Student’s 2 essay, it was clear that the writer started the paragraph by Student 2 tried better in writing even he writing a topic sentence From Sabang to made some grammatically mistake in his Merauke, lined island concatenated into essay. In this sample, Student 2 wrote one, that is Indonesia. This was the main seven sentences in paragraph one. For a idea of the second paragraph, so that the paragraph, it was quite short and probably whole paragraph would describe about needed some information to be explained. Indonesia. Then, the supporting point In the second paragraph, he wrote only was there from the sentence Unwittingly four sentences as he probably figured out Indonesia is a row of ten countries with a that the least requirement of writing a million sites worldwide where it paragraph was four sentences. supported the main idea of the topic From the paragraphs above Student sentence above. Next, the writer 2 worked hard to explain about Indonesia explained the supporting detail by giving with the title of the essay “Wonderful an explanation about the main idea that Indonesia”. In the first paragraph of an was Indonesia. It could be seen from the opening one, he tried to attract the sentence Such as temples, beaches reader’s attention by writing an resorts, mountains, lakes, and many interesting hook but the hook was not other. Finally, to conclude the main idea interesting enough to get the reader’s of this paragraph, the writer ended the attention. Why? As it could be seen from paragraph by summing up the idea as the sentence Indonesia, has a more than could be seen from the sentence But you nine thousand million island, he wrote realize that the country where you was the hook by stating his statement and born this place hidden paradise?. Again, showing the numbers but the hook was he conclude the main idea by asking too general and everybody had already question where the conclusion could not known about it. So that the hook became be asking question to the reader. Overall, not too interesting anymore. He failed to Student 2 had attempted a good writing raise the curiosity of the reader. Then in of the paragraphs based on the paragraph the second sentence to the next, he wrote structure eventhough he made some the connecting information where this grammatical errors and mistakes in his connecting information gave a clear paragraphs. connection of the hook to the thesis Next data was the writing from statement and also confirmed the reader student 3 who wrote about blood. She about the main idea would be delivered. tried to describe about blood and its The connecting information started from wonderful information from it. The data sentence More than two hundred of her writing would be shown below: thousand million society... to …It’s little paradise in the part of the world. At last, Can anybody give blood? That is an in the opening paragraph there is thesis easy question, but difficult to do. Do you statement and the researcher found a know why? Because some people on the thesis statement in Student 2 paragraph. earth is afraid to give. Every body has The thesis statement could be one or two blood in their own body. Without blood, sentences long. As it was found in the we cant life. The main problem is they Student’s 2 paragraph, there were two don’t know about blood. sentences of thesis statement and the Haema is a latin name of blood. Its statement were asking questions. These has two kind of blood. Its dark red and were not usual at all where in thesis light red. Its dark red if they flow in our statement the writer should state his idea arthery. Arthery is a latin name of heart,

15 so if the blood flow in arthery. Its flow Then, the supporting point was there from from heart and then, the light red color. the sentence Its has two kind of blood Its colour is red light because they flow where it supported the main idea of the to our whole body. The dark red colour is topic sentence above. Next, the writer bringing oxygen so, their colour darker explained the supporting detail by giving than vena blood. some explanation about the main idea that was blood. It could be seen from the From those paragraph above, the sentences Its dark red and light red. Its researcher saw that the writer or Student dark red if they flow in our arthery. 3 tried her best in describing the blood as Arthery is a latin name of heart, so if the her subject for her essay. For the first blood flow in arthery. Its flow from heart paragraph, there were seven sentences and then, the light red color. Its colour is with some questions that she wrote. Then, red light because they flow to our whole in the second paragraph there were eight body. The dark red colour is bringing sentences. It could be better that in the oxygen so, their colour darker than vena second paragraph she explained more blood. Finally, to conclude the main idea about the main idea. of this paragraph, the writer should ended In the first paragraph of an opening the paragraph by summing up the idea as paragraph, she tried to attract the reader’s stated in the topic sentence but attention by writing an interesting hook unfortunately she did not conclude her by asking the question Can anybody give paragraph by giving restatement to blood?. It was simple question but it was strengthen her paragraph. Overall, quite an interesting hook because the Student 3 had tried to write better based reader would notice what would be on the paragraph structure eventhough happened to the rest who could not she made some grammatical errors and donate their blood. So that the reader mistakes in her paragraphs. wanted to know the next possible effect After that, the data of students essay to someone who could not donate their was taken as well from the other student, blood. Then in the second sentence to the namely Student 4. This data was also two next, she wrote the connecting paragraphs long and each paragraph was information where this connecting derived from some sentences. The data information gave a clear connection of from Student 4 was listed below: the hook to the thesis statement and also confirmed the reader about the main idea Do you know amazing band from would be delivered. The connecting Indonesia called Noah? It’s impossible information started from sentence That is the people don’t know about them. This an easy question, but difficult to do… to essay will describe about them. Noah … Without blood, we cant life. At last, in established in Bandung since 2013 or the opening paragraph there is thesis around 2014. Noah consist of Ariel, Uki, statement and the researcher found a Lukman, Reza, and David put out his first thesis statement in Student 3 paragraph. album “seperti seharusnya”. They The thesis statement could be one or two immediately give a new color in the sentences long. As it was found in the world of country music Indonesia. Student’s 3 paragraph, there was one In 2014 they released their second sentence of thesis statement. The thesis album entitled “second chance” with statement was The main problem is they their hit song “Separuh aku”. In the don’t know about blood. middle of the year they make the tour two After that in the second paragraph, continents five countries. Towards the the writer started the paragraph by writing end of Noah entered into nomination in a topic sentence Haema is a latin name of Malaysia and they were successfully blood. This was the main idea of the nominated new comer bands and the best second paragraph, so that the whole band. paragraph would describe about blood.

As the data above, the researcher continents five countries where it could see that the writier or Student 4 supported the main idea of the topic wrote about his favorite music band in sentence above. Next, the writer Indonesia, that is Noah. He tried to explained the supporting detail by giving convince what he believed is the most an explanation about the main idea that valuable thing as he insisted that the most was Noah. It could be seen from the famous music band is Noah. In his first sentence Towards the end of Noah paragraph, he wrote only six paragraph as entered into nomination in Malaysia and an opening sentences. After that, he they were successfully nominated new wrote only three sentences as a body comer bands and the best band. Finally, paragraph. to conclude the main idea of this In the first paragraph, he tried to paragraph, the writer should ended the attract the reader’s attention by writing paragraph by summing up the idea as an interesting hook by asking the stated in the topic sentence but question Do you know amazing band unfortunately he did not conclude his from Indonesia called Noah?. It was paragraph by giving restatement to simple question but it was quite an strengthen his paragraph. Overall, interesting hook because the reader Student 4 had tried to write better based would notice that everyone should know on the paragraph structure eventhough he them, but probably there were who did made some grammatical errors and not. Then in the second sentence to the mistakes in his paragraphs. next, he wrote the connecting For the fifth data, the researcher information where this connecting took the data from the Student 5 who information gave a clear connection of wrote an essay about Lake Toba. The the hook to the thesis statement and also writer or Student 5 of this essay tried to confirmed the reader about the main idea describe a big and famous lake in her would be delivered. The connecting home town Lake Toba. The data was information started from sentence It’s served in this following example: impossible the people don’t know about them… to … Noah consist of Ariel, Uki, Danau Toba or Lake Toba will be Lukman, Reza, and David put out his first one of the most popular destination in album “seperti seharusnya”. At last, in this world. As Jokowi promises in august th the opening paragraph there is thesis 18 2016 when he celebrated the statement and the researcher found a independence day of Indonesia in lake thesis statement in Student 4 paragraph. toba with people in samosir. He said that The thesis statement could be one or two lake Toba will be develop in a short time, sentences long. As it was found in the by from many changing that he has Student’s 4 paragraph, there was one planed with the government in Samosir sentence of thesis statement. The thesis this place will be a place that amazed of statement was They immediately give a eyes who saw it. new color in the world of country music Lake Toba is the largest volcanic Indonesia. lake in Indonesia, even in the southeast After that in the second paragraph, Asia. Which make it more special is taken the writer started the paragraph by from samosir island, an island that settle writing a topic sentence In 2014 they in the middle of the lake. Even in the released their second album entitled small area but this island is rich from “second chance” with their hit song their culture especially Batak: and “Separuh aku”. This was the main idea tourism place and as fisherman in of the second paragraph, so that the surround. This place has been getting whole paragraph would describe about better after the protection from Noah. Then, the supporting point was Indonesia’s second government: that is there from the sentence In the middle of Megawati Soekarno Putri, that ever the year they make the tour two spreaded many kinds of fish in lake Toba.

Lake Toba. Then, the supporting point From those paragraphs above, the was there from the sentence Which make researcher analyzed that the writer of this it more special is taken from samosir essay wrote only three paragraphs for her island, an island that settle in the middle opening paragraph. Then, in the second of the lake where it supported the main paragraph there were only four idea of the topic sentence above. Next, paragraphs. If Student 5 added some the writer explained the supporting detail explanation to each paragraph with some by giving an explanation about the main long sentences in it, the paragraph idea that was Lake Toba. They could be probably became better. seen from the sentences Even in the small In the first paragraph of an opening area but this island is rich from their paragraph, she tried to attract the reader’s culture especially Batak: and tourism attention by writing an interesting hook place and as fisherman in surround. This such Danau Toba or Lake Toba will be place has been getting better after the one of the most popular destination in protection from Indonesia’s second this world. This was an interesting hook government: that is Megawati Soekarno because she claimed that Lake Tobe Putri, that ever spreaded many kinds of would be a popular destination in the fish in lake Toba. Finally, to conclude the future. The reader would ask why? How? main idea of this paragraph, the writer And other questions so that the reader should ended the paragraph by summing would read the essay completely. Then in up the idea as stated in the topic sentence the second sentence to the next, he wrote but unfortunately he did not conclude his the connecting information where this paragraph by giving restatement to connecting information gave a clear strengthen his paragraph. Overall, connection of the hook to the thesis Student 5 had tried to write better based statement and also confirmed the reader on the paragraph structure eventhough he about the main idea would be delivered. made some grammatical errors and The connecting information started from mistakes in his paragraphs. sentence As Jokowi promises in august For the student’s percentation of 18th 2016 when he celebrated the writing a good paragraphs through the independence day of Indonesia in lake paragraph structure, the table below toba with people in samosir… to … He indicated the students overall ability said that lake Toba will be develop in a based on their task performance, as short time, by from many changing that follows: he has planed with the government in Samosir this place will be a place that Table 4.1 The Students’ average score amazed of eyes who saw it. At last, in the opening paragraph there is thesis Name Score Criteria Percen statement and the researcher did not find tage a thesis statement in Student 5 paragraph. Student 1 5 Good 20 The thesis statement could be one or two Student 2 2 Weak 30 sentences long. Unfortunately, it was not Student 3 2 Weak 30 found in the Student’s 5 paragraph, so Student 4 3 Low 40 that the opening paragraph felt like Average jumping idea to the content paragraph or Student 5 3 Low 40 the body of the essay. Average After that in the second paragraph, Student 6 3 Low 40 the writer started the paragraph by Average writing a topic sentence Lake Toba is the Student 7 3 Low 40 largest volcanic lake in Indonesia, even Average in the southeast Asia. This was the main Student 8 2 Weak 30 idea of the second paragraph, so that the Student 9 5 Good 20 whole paragraph would describe about

Student 10 4 High 10 and supporting detail, and finally the Average concluding sentence. Average 3.2 Low Average References Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2010. Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Based on the table above, it could be Praktik. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. describe that two students who got the highest score (5) those were Student 9 Brown, H Douglas. 1994. Teaching by and Student 1 with the percentage from Principles: An Interactive total sample was 20%. After that only Approach to Language one student who got score 4 that was Pedagogy. New Jersey: Student 10 with the percentage 10%. Prentice Hall Regents. Then, four students were in the score 3 such as Student 4, Student 5, Student 6, Gay. L.R., Geoffrey E. Mills, and Peter and Student 7 with the percentage of Airasian. 2009. Educational 40%. At last, three students got the Research: Competencies for lowest score such Student 2, Student 3, Analysis and Applications. and Student 8 with the percentage of 30% New Jersey: Pearson from the total sample. Education. Conclusion After conducting the research then Greetham, Bryan. 2001. How to write the researcher found the answer of the better essays. New York: research question that had been stated in Palgrave Macmillan. the previous introduction of this research. This research has conclusion in general. Hamp-Lyons, L. 1992. “Holistic writing Students in EFL context especially in assessment for LEP students”, Batam had known how to write a in Office of Bilingual descriptive essay. It could be seen from Education and Minority the analysis of the paragraph structure Languages Affairs (ed.), frome the sample. From this research it Proceedings of the Second was found that 20% sample had Good National Research Symposium criteria with the score 5. After that, one on Limited English Proficient student got score 4 with High Average Student Issues: Focus on criteria. Then, four students got score 3 Evaluation and Measurement, with Low Average criteria. Finally, the Volume 2. Washington, DC: rest three of them got the lowest score OBEMLA. 317-358. that was 2 with Weak criteria. Overall, the average of descriptive writing of EFL Oshima, A. and A. Hogue. 1991. Writing students’ in Batam was Low Average. Academic English. USA: Then, the researcher did some deep Addison-Wesley Publishing analysis of the students’ paragraph. From Company, Inc. sample students, seven students had a good pattern in writing a paragraph based Richards, Jack C. And W.A. Renandya. on the theory of paragraph structure. 2002. Methodology in Where the students could be able to Language Teaching: An present the interesting hook, added some Anthology of Current Practice. connecting information, and stated the Cambridge: Cambridge thesis statement. The students were also University Press. able to write the topic of the paragraph, then followed by the supporting point Zemach, Dorothy E.. and Lisa, A. Rumisek. 2005. Academic

Writing: From Paragraph to Essay. Oxford: Macmillan Publisher Limited.

Zemach, Dorothy E.. and Lisa, A. Rumisek. 2003. College Writing: From Paragraph to Essay. Oxford: Macmillan Publisher Limited.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ANALYSIS IN THE POEM OF CHAIRIL ANWAR

Nurma Dhona Handayani, Putera Batam University [email protected]

Abstract Language involves more than isolated signals, each with its own fixed meaning. It involves a complex, interacting combination of signals which can be used in a wide variety of situations. This makes possible the expression of fine distinctions of meaning, and also discussion and explanation. Besides that, language is used in social relationship because through language someone can express their feeling, idea or imagination, to give information or to obtain information. When expressing or describing something, people convey in different way. The phenomenon that happened is when capturing implicit meaning from the word or sentence. Related to the language phenomenon, figurative language is a variation in the use of word or language. Figurative language is the language style that uses words which has different meaning from literal interpretation. The using of figurative language makes the reader difficult to understand the meaning, it is because of figurative language cannot be found in the dictionary. One of media that used figurative language is poem. Poets use the kinds of figurative language above in literary works to make their literary works more interesting. One of the greatest poets who use figurative language in his literary work is Chairil Anwar. He is an Indonesian poet. In his poem, the readers can see the application of figurative language that contains several meanings. Besides that, his poems give inspiration to the readers.

Key Words: Figurative language, Poem, Implicit Meaning

INTRODUCTION impossible for people to live without Language is a communication tool of language. human life, it cannot be separated from Furthermore, through the language, human’s daily activities in every aspects. communication can be built if there is an According to Barnwell (1980:3) language understanding between speaker and hearer or involves more than isolated signals, each with writer and reader. The aim of this its own fixed meaning. It involves a complex, communication is to convey some idea called interacting combination of signals which can as meaning. This statement is similar with be used in a wide variety of situations. This Agus (2007: 10), he states that makes possible the expression of fine communication is the process forwarding distinctions of meaning, and also discussion meaning in the form of idea or information and explanation. Besides that, language is that someone does to others by using used in social relationship because through particular media. In this case, meaning is very language someone can express their feeling, important and significant. If the hearer or idea or imagination, to give information or to reader cannot comprehend the meaning of the obtain information. Katz (1998:5) says that speaker, the meaning cannot deliver language has traditionally been assigned a smoothly. Based on this statement, as hearer social communicative role. It can be said and reader, it is important to get the message language becomes the main role in or idea from the speaker. interaction that has been long used and In addition, in the language, meaning through language people can socialize each is the fundamental of human communication. other. Besides that, language is worth a Moreover, semantics is one of linguistic thousand pounds a word, Carroll in Arvius branches which studies about meaning. (2003: 2). It can be defined as a means of According to Yule (2010:112), semantics is communication of human life. People need the study of the words meaning, phrases and language to communicated, to interact and to sentences. In semantics analysis, there is get information from the other people. As always an attempt to focus on what the words human being, people cannot be separated conventionally mean, rather than on what an from involvement and social communication individual speaker might want them to mean. and interaction, which certainly make It also attempts to establish the relationship

21 between verbal description and states of beautiful words selected for their sonorous affair in the world as accurate or not, effect. regardless of who produces that description. Poets use the kinds of figurative Semantically, there are two varieties of language above in literary works to make meaning. There are linguistic meaning and their literary works more interesting. One of speaker meaning. Leech in Ambarwati (2015: the greatest poets who uses figurative 18) states that the linguistic meaning is language in his literary work is Chairil meaning of expression in some form of Anwar. He is an Indonesian poet. In his language. Meanwhile, speaker meaning is poem, the readers can see the application of what a speaker means in producing an figurative language that contains several utterance. Speaker meaning can be divided in meanings. Besides that, his poems give two parts; there are literal and non-literal inspiration to the readers. meanings. Therefore, the meaning of the One of the characteristics of non- figurative language in his poem cannot literal language is the use of figurative translate literally. It makes misunderstand language. Gibbs and Colston (2012:1) state between poet and reader. Based on these that Figurative language generally refers to phenomena, the researcher wants to analyze speech where speakers mean something other the kinds of figurative language found in than what they literally say. In other words, Chairil Anwar’s poems. figurative language conveys non-literal meaning because of it shows another style in REVIEW OF LITERATURE expressing and beyond the words in daily 1. Semantics conversation. It is another way in adding an Semantics is the study of meaning. extra dimension to language which can attract The word semantic comes from Greek word, reader’s attention. Its primary purpose is to semantikos means significant; semainen force readers to imagine or sense what an means to show, signify, or indicated by a author means with an expression or sign; from sema means sign. However the statement. word “meaning” has a wide range of The kinds of figurative language can perceptions and there is no general agreement be divided as simile, personification, among experts about the way in which it hyperbole, litotes, oxymoron, metonymy, should be described. Leech in Hakim (2009: metaphor and irony. Barnwell (1980:36) 10), states that Semantic is central to study of explains that there are four purposes of using communication and as communication figurative language; to emphasis (e.g., becomes more and more a crucial factor in hyperbole and litotes), to indicate a certain social organization, the need to understand attitude in the speaker (e.g., sarcasm), to becomes more and more pressing. Semantic arouse a certain response in the hearer (e.g., is also at the center of the study of the human apostrophe), and for stylistic variation (e.g., mind, thought, process, cognition, and chiasmus, metonymy, synecdoche). It can be conceptualization. In other words, Bright in said that figurative language is used to show Hakim (2009: 10) says that semantic is the implied meaning in short statement and to study and representation of the meaning of emphasis the utterance. language expression and the relationship of Related to the explanation above, meaning among them. The statements above generally, most people assume that the use of highlight meaning which is to be investigates figurative language just relate to the literary is in linguistic scope. From this definition, it works. In fact, figurative language is also can be concluded that as hearer and reader, used in our daily communication, product of there is important to know what is meant by advertisement, song lyric, article in meaning. newspaper, and television programs. The focus of the general study of Particularly, in literary works that include semantics is on studying the meaning, novel, short story, drama, and poetry, there changes in the meaning and the principles are many kinds of figurative language that that govern the relationship between can be found. One of the literary works which sentences or words and their meanings discusses is poetry. According Carol in (Jackson, 1988:491). According to Kreidler Ambarwati (2015: 38) says that poetry is the (1998: 9), if it is hard to say what meaning is, expression of ideas and feeling through a it is fairly easy to show what knowledge rhythmical composition of imaginative and speakers have about meanings in their language and therefore what things must be

22 included in an account of semantics. and maintains balance when standing or Therefore, in semantics, the meaning of walking”. The word foot in second example words must be understood well and have the means bottom of a page. In the third example, knowledge about semantics is needed. For the word foot means the lowest part of a instance, if we don’t know the words in tower. In the last example, it means soldiers. sentence, the words will be meaningless and they will affect the sentences. It can be said 2) Referential and Non-Referential that people choose the words that express Meaning what they want to express and how to find the A word or lexeme has a referential meanings in what other people say. meaning if it has a referent. Such words as From explanations above, it can be black, dog, paper are referential meaning concluded that semantics could cover more words because each has its referent in the extensive areas, from structure and function actual world. On the contrary, such words as of language as well as the interrelationship since, because, and then are non-referential with other disciplines. However, when meaning words because they do not have a semantics studies through linguistic referent (Chaer, 1994:291). In the case of approach, the scope ranges along the relation referential meaning, there is a number of of meaning itself in linguistics. words, known as deictic word, whose referent depends on the context in which it is used. 2. Semantics Meaning The referent of these words can move from 1) Lexical, Grammatical and Contextual one entity to another. Deictic words include Meaning pronoun (I, he, she, you, we, they, it) which According to Chaer (1994: 298), is called person deixis, words which lexical meaning is meaning possessed by a designate space (here, there) which is called lexeme without any context. It is the actual spatial deixis, words, words which thing, observed through human senses. For designated time (now, yesterday, later, example, the lexeme tiger has a lexical tomorrow) which is called temporal deixis, meaning “a kind off carnivorous which has a and demonstrative determiner (this, that, tawny coat and black stripes” and lexeme car these, those). The interpretation of such has a lexical meaning “a kind of vehicle with expressions depends on the speaker and four wheels, powered by engine, designed to hearer sharing the same context. carry a small number of passengers.” Unlike lexical meaning, grammatical meaning (functional meaning, structural 3) Denotative and Connotative Meaning meaning, and internal meaning) presents on Chaer (1994: 292) states, denotative condition that there is a grammatical process, meaning is direct specific meaning of a word. such as affixation or tenses (Chaer, 1994: Denotative meaning identifies the central 290). For example, in the affixation process aspect of word meaning, which everybody of suffix –er added to a stem big, it produces generally agrees with it. It is objective since bigger, the grammatical meaning appears that it prevails in general and does not bring out degree of the word bigger is more than the any specific implicit value. These words are word big in terms of their lexical meaning finally recorded in dictionaries. For example, (great shape, size, or power). the word thin denotatively means “having Contextual meaning is meaning of a little extent from one surface to its opposite” word within a certain context (Chaer, the other meaning is “having very little body 1994:290). Contextual meaning is associated or not well fleshed”. with the place, time, and condition when the Connotative meaning is an additional language is put into use. Furthermore, the sense implied or associated with a word word foot has different meaning in each (Chaer, 1994: 292). Connotative meaning is sentence below: subjective and not shared in the same way by a) I hurt my foot with an axe. all speaker of a language. The degree of the b) Please insert the additional explanatory connotative value will be different for note at the foot of the page. everyone since the way one perceives c) He stood on the foot of the tower. something in the universe and his or her d) The commander sent thousands of fully- individual experience of language is armed foot for the attack. different, it depends upon the culture, The word foot in the first example has geographical area, and historical period a meaning “end of leg, which supports body (Leech, 1974: 15). It emerges as a result of

23 affective or emotional feeling. It can be seen the author indirectly by using comparison. It in the words thin, lean, skinny, bony, slender, cannot be interpreted literally because the and slim has a similar meaning but different comparison in figurative language has hidden connotative. meaning. In the process of interpreting a) The words thin and lean are most general figurative language, it needs reader or and have a neutral connotative value. speaker imagination to know the real b) The word skinny describes human body meaning behind of each figurative language. that very thin, especially in an By Rozakis explanation, it can be said that unappealing and unhealthy way. This figurative language is the word expression word has negative connotation. that different from the language that people c) The word bony describes human body that used in daily activity. extremely thin and with prominent bones. From statement above, it can be This word implicitly expresses concluded that figurative language is undernourishment or lack of nutrition. language that uses words or expressions with This word also has negative connotation. a meaning that is different from the literal d) The words slim and slender carry positive interpretation. It is the use of words that go connotation. Hence one will feel more beyond their ordinary meaning. It requires the comfortable if the speaker said by used hearer or reader to use their imagination to these words. figure out the writer’s or speaker’s meaning. When the writer or speaker uses literal 4) Linguistic and Speaker Meaning language, they are simply stating the facts as Linguistic meaning is purely the they are. Figurative language, in comparison, meaning of an expression in some form of uses exaggerations or alterations to make a language (Siregar, 2005: 8). Someone can particular linguistic point. The used of understand linguistic meaning provided that figurative language is not only in literary he or she possesses adequate knowledge work field, such as: poem, prose, and about grammatical rules and vocabularies of nonfiction writing as well but, this language a language. The meaning of linguistic style also appear in newspaper, meaning is determined by the meaning of its advertisement, and in the daily conversation. constituents and their grammatical relations. Therefore, between related theories For example, the meaning of the sentence about semantics and figurative language, “We are big family of English Literature.” Is there is a great relationship. It is caused, acquired from the meanings of “We + are + without knowing the meaning of the word, big + family + of + English + Literature”. there is difficult to understand the actual Speaker meaning is what a speaker meaning of figurative language. Sometimes means when producing his or her utterance. people read newspaper, magazine, or novel Although words cannot be used to mean that contains non-literal expressions and they something what they do not mean, there is a read them literally. Of course, the meaning of tendency of a speaker to use a word to mean the expression becomes odd or not something different from what it means understandable. It can conclude that literally. In other words, a speaker sometimes figurative language becomes essential in the speaks non-literally. Thus, if one is speaking learning about the meaning. While, learning non-literally, then he or she will mean about the meaning is supported by semantic. something different from what his or her words mean literally (Siregar, 2005:10). By 4. Types of Figurative Language the definition about the kinds of semantic There are many kinds of figurative meaning above, it can be concluded that language. Leech (1969: 147) has classified semantic meaning depends on the figurative language into nine types. There grammatical structure of the sentence. The are: personification, simile, metaphor, meanings of the words depend on speaker’s hyperbole, irony, litotes, metonymy, ideas, meanings, and feelings. synecdoche, and oxymoron. 1) Personification 3. Figurative Language Personification consists of giving Figurative language refers is language human characteristic to an object. Actually, that uses words or expressions with different personification is the transfer of human meaning from the literal interpretation. characteristic to an object, animal, or abstract According to Rozakis (1995:28), figurative idea. Arvius (2003: 129) states that language is an expression used by person or Personification when it describes something

24 that is not human as though it could feel, compares the thing implicitly. If the concept think, act, live, or die in the same way as of simile is “A is like B”, then the concept of people. Briefly, personification is the style of metaphor is “A is B”. In short, metaphor is a language that gives characteristics of human kind of figurative language which compares to inanimate objects. It expresses language to one thing into another without conjunction create non-human life as if human. So, this words. By metaphor, language user can see kind of figurative language makes non- similarity between two types of things, or human can act, speak, and has emotional between two experiential domains. feeling like human. 4) Irony 2) Simile Irony is derived from the word Simile is the comparison to express eironia, it means deception. Leech (1969: the thing is like another thing explicitly. 176) states that Irony as a mode of expression Leech (1969: 176) says that Simile is an overt which postulates a double audience, one of and metaphor a covert comparison. It means which is “in the know” and aware of the that for each metaphor, it can devise a speaker’s intention whilst the other is naïve roughly corresponding simile. In other word, enough to take the utterance at its face value. Rozakis (1995: 36) explains that simile is Similar to Leech, Rozakis (1995: 33) also comparison between unlike objects states that irony states one thing in one of introduced by a connective word such as like, voice, in fact the opposite meaning is as, or than or a verb as seems. Briefly, simile intended. is the comparison of two distinctly different The use of irony creates the effect things but it is considered the same as helped because the reader feels free to interpret the by the connective words. In simile expression meaning as long as it appropriates to the other connective words that be found are context of utterance. The reader can interpret compare, similar to and resemble. The the meaning as humor, negative impression concept of simile is “A is like B”. or critic. Perez in Lonanda (2013: 17) found The example of simile, the baby’s skin the effect and the aim in irony. According is as smooth as silk. This expression is simile Perez, the aim of irony is to communicate the because it considers the baby’s skin is same opposite of what literally said, whereas the with the silk. It is know that baby skin and effect may be a sarcastic, satiric, or even silk are different things in form and utility. funny interpretation that undoubtedly profiles For another example, my mom is as busy as a negative connotations. It proves that irony is bee. It paints mental picture of mom used for certain purpose and it causes the swarming around like a bee when she is busy. effect as well. Irony can be used to convey It can be concluded that simile is figurative sensitive thing but in humor tone. language in which two quite different things In short, irony is the style of language are compared because they appear to be to express something captured by the reader similar, at least in one characteristic. that should be opposite from the literal meaning. The things that should be noted 3) Metaphor when interpreting irony expression is the The word metaphor comes from context of its expression. Clearly, it can be Greek, it mean to carry over. Rozakis (1995: proposed that irony is not seen from what it is 33) states, metaphor is comparison without said but rather to interpret the meaning from the words like or as. This statement support the context or situation. with Leech (1969: 50) who states metaphor is as like, as making believe that tenor and 5) Hyperbole vehicle are identical. From those statements, Leech (1969: 167) states that it can be concluded that metaphor is the hyperbole, like the other two figures, is process of comparing two unlike things as if frequently concerned with personal values they are one. It happens because metaphor and sentiment; that is, with making subjective does not have connective word such, than, claims which, however exaggerate, we could similar to, and seems determining them as not verify unless somehow able to get inside figurative. Metaphor and simile have close the cranium of the person about whom the relation because comparing the different claims are made. Hyperbole or overstatement things. Metaphor also often called an implied is used to cause the effect and reaction from simile. In simile, the comparison is seen the reader such as serious, ironic, and clearly. This is contrary to metaphor that humorous.

Hyperbole has the keywords that associates with it. Webster’s Third New indicate an expression of hyperbole. Based on Dictionary in Leech (1969: 152), says that Carter in Lonanda (2013: 13) there are four metonymy is a figure of speech that consists types of hyperbole, as follows: in using the name of the one thing for that of 1. Vague of Quantity something else with which it is associated. a) Numerical quantifier (e.q. dozens of, Similarity with Leech, Haliday in Saputri scores of, thousands of, millions of) (2014: 27) states that Metonymy is a word b) Measurement expression (e.q. yard which is used for something related to that of, miles of, tons of). which it usually refers to. c) General size quantifiers (e. g. heaps of, load of, stacks of ). d) Container quantifiers (e. g. bucket 8) Oxymoron of, truck of, lorry loads of, ocean of). An oxymoron is a figure of speech that e) Time quantifiers (e. g. seconds, combines two opposing or contradictory minutes, hours, centuries). ideas. Oxymoron appears in a variety of 2. Modifiers, such as gigantic, enormous, to contexts, including inadvertent error such as be dying, massive, vast, endless, wall-to- ground pilot and literary oxymoron crafted to wall. reveal a paradox. The most common form of 3. Verb phrases, such as to be covered in, to oxymoron involves an adjective-noun be dying of, to be up to one’s eyes in. combination of two words. Leech (1969) 4. Counterfactual expressions that often states that Oxymoron is the yoking together used in conjunction with literally, of two expressions which are semantically nearly/almost and related metalingual incompatible, so that in combination they can triggers. For e.g. I ran when I was waiting have no conceivable literal reference to to go on, I nearly died of thirst waiting for reality. In other word, it can be said that them. oxymoron is a combination of words or expressions with opposite. It contains In summary, to interpret the real contradictory elements. The purpose of this meaning of hyperbole, the reader should be figurative language is to exaggerate conflict sensitive to this hyperbole because it contains in the situation or phenomena that represent. excessive statement and it brings untrue meaning. If the reader believes with speaker’s 9) Synecdoche said the rule of hyperbole as exaggerative According to Arvius (2003:163), expression is fail. synecdoche is a meaning shift in the use of a lexeme or a longer expression within a part 6) Litotes whole relationship. Particular, names have Litotes is a form of understatement, become attached to certain rules of always deliberate and with the intention of transference. The traditional figure of subtle emphasis. However, the interpretation synecdoche is identified with a rule which of litotes can depend on context, including applies the term for the part to the whole. As cultural context. In speech, it may also conclusion, it can be said that synecdoche is depend on intonation and emphasis. Leech a kind of figurative language which has (1969: 168) says that term of “litotes” is characteristic mentions a part of something to sometimes reserved for a particular kind of suggest the whole. understatement in which the speaker uses the negative expression where a positive one 5. Poetry would have been more forceful and direct. In Poetry is collection of poem. Whereas short, it can be concluded that litotes as kind poem is poet feel as piece of writing arranged of figurative language expresses an overt lack in lines, usually with a regular rhythm and of commitment, and so implies a desire to often with a pattern of rhymes. According to suppress or conceal one’s true attitude. It also Carol (2001: 38), poetry is the expression of can be said that litotes is opposite of ideas and feelings through a rhythmical hyperbole. composition of imaginative and beautiful words selected for their sonorous effects. 7) Metonymy Poem characteristics can be seen from Metonymy is a figurative language in language that is used and forms of that poem. which the name of one object or idea is Poem contains rhyme, rhythm, and figurative substituted for that of another closely language.

According to Carol (2001: 46), poetry announcements, policy statements, can be classified in many ways. The one of newspapers, transcripts, birth certificates, way is to consider two main types that marriage records, budgets, letters, e-mail generally differ in purpose: lyrics and messages, etc. Therefore, this research will narrative poetry. Lyric poetry captures a use document technique in analyzing the moment, a feeling, or a scene, and is data. The necessary steps of collecting the descriptive in nature. Whereas in narrative data are; find the poems written by Chairil poetry, it contains some story or includes a Anwar, read the poems, underline pointed sequence of event. sentence, write and classify the figurative In short, it can be concluded that language then describe the semantics poetry is the expression of thoughts which is meaning of figurative language in the poems. used the feeling, stirs the senses impression into rhythmical arrangement. All of them are 3. Method of Analyzing Data very important moment to record that poet Qualitative data can be described in expresses into interesting form of language six steps: organize and prepare the data for and give a deep impression for the readers. analysis, read through all the data, begin And the focus in this study is about analyzing detailed analysis with a coding process, use figurative language in poem, especially in the the coding process to generate a description, poem of William Shakespeare. advance how the description and themes will be represented, and final step in data analysis METHODOLOGY involves making an interpretation. (Creswell, 1. Research Design 2009:185-190). Organize and prepare the This research is a kind of descriptive data involves transcribe interview, typing up research. Related to the formulation of the field notes, or sorting and arranging the data problems, this research use qualitative into different types depending on the sources technique in analyzing. According to of information. The first step in this research Creswell (2009:173), qualitative procedures is to obtain a general sense of the information rely on text and image data. In addition, Ary and to reflect on its overall meaning by (2010:424-425) assumes that qualitative reading through the data. Coding process inquirer deals with data that are in the form of involves taking text data or pictures gathered words or pictures rather than numbers and during data collection into categories, after statistics. The qualitative researcher attempts that use the coding process to generate a to arrive at a rich description of the people, description of information. In advance how objects, events, places, conversations, and so the description is represented, it can use on. This research use descriptive research, visuals, figures, or tables. The last step in data applying the way to describe the types of analysis involves making an interpretation or figurative language and the semantics meaning of the data, it could be the meaning in the Poem of Chairil Anwar. researcher's personal interpretation. To support Creswell’s statement 2. Method of Collecting Data regarding to analyzing data, Ary (2010:481) According to Creswell (2009:178), classifies three stages of analyzing data: (1) data collection steps include setting the organizing and familiarizing, (2) coding and boundaries for the study, collecting reducing, and (3) interpreting and information through unstructured or semi representing (Ary et al, 2010:481). structured observations and interviews, Organizing and familiarizing is the documents, and visual materials, as well as researcher should become familiar with the establishing the protocol for recording data through reading and rereading notes and information. During the process of research, transcripts, viewing and reviewing the data may be public documents (e.g., videotapes, and listening repeatedly to newspapers, minutes of meetings. official audiotapes. Coding and reducing is the core reports) or private documents (e.g., personal of qualitative analysis and includes the journals and diaries, letters, e-mails). In identification of categories and themes and addition, Ary (2010:431), the most common refinement. Interpretation is about bringing data collection methods used in qualitative out the meaning, telling the story, providing research are observation, interviewing, and an explanation, and developing plausible document analysis. Document analysis is explanations, while representation involves text-based artifacts such as textbooks, novels, how the data are presented. journals, meeting minutes, logs,

From the explanation above, this research will apply six steps in analyzing data 2) Poem 2 “Sendiri” by Creswell because of the explanation form This poem was written by Anwar on Creswell is more detail. The researcher will February 1943. It describes about someone sort and arrange the data into different types who feels lonely. To be clearly the poem can in order to prepare the data analyses and to be seen below: get the data the researcher read the book as the object. The data is in text form and the SENDIRI researcher gives the description. The researcher use tables as adjunct to the Hidupnya tambah sepi, tambah hampa discussions about the kinds of figurative Malam apalagi languages and gives the explanation about the Ia memekik ngeri semantics meaning of figurative language. Dicekik kesunyian kamarnya Ia membenci. Dirinya dari segala FINDING Yang minta perempuan untuk kawannya The data for analysis took from Bahaya dari tiap sudut. Mendekat juga selected Chairil Anwar’s poems. In data Dalam ketakutan-menanti ia menyebut satu analysis, the researcher analyzed the data by nama using semantic approach to understand what Terkejut ia terduduk. Siapa memanggil itu? the poet wants to deliver to reader. The social Ah! Lemah lesu ia tersedu: Ibu! Ibu! live, situation, occupation of writer and Februari 1943 reader are the important aspects to the researcher doing analysis. In this process, the Based on the analysis, it is found that researcher found some figurative language Anwar uses personification as the style of that appears in the poems. Therefore, the figurative language in the poem above. It can whole figurative language analyzed by Leech be seen in line 4 “Dicekik kesunyian theory. And to get the deep understanding of kamarnya”. The English translation of this the meaning in the poem, the researcher used line is “To be choked by the silent of his connotative meaning of semantic approach to room”. This line classified as personification understand what tends that want to deliver. figurative language because it gives a human Here are the poems to be analyzed. attribute to nonhuman. The phrase “kesunyian kamarnya” in this line descripted Kinds of Figurative Language Found in as a human that can do a human behavior to Chairil Anwar’s Poems be choked the owner of the room. 1) Poem 1 “Penghidupan” The first poem entitles Penghidupan. 3) Poem 3 “TAMAN” This poem was written in December 1942 and This poem was writer by Anwar on it described about life. To be clearly the poem Maret 1943. It describes about an can be seen below: unforgettable place. It can be seen as below: PENGHIDUPAN TAMAN Lautan maha dalam mukul dentur selama Taman punya kita berdua nguji tenaga pemantang kita tak lebar luas, kecil saja mukul dentur selama satu tak kehilangan lain dalamnya. hingga hancur remuk redam Bagi kau dan aku cukuplah Kurnia bahgia Taman kembangnya tak berpuluh warna kecil setumpuk Padang rumputnya tak berbanding sia-sia dilindung, sia-sia dipupuk. permadani Desember 1942 halus lembut dipijak kaki. Based on the poem, it is found that Bagi kita bukan halangan. this poem use hyperbole as one of figurative Karena language. It can be seen in line “Lautan maha Dalam taman punya berdua dalam”. The meaning of this line is “The Kau kembang, aku kumbang Deepest Ocean”. This line classified as Aku kumbang, kau kembang. hyperbole because, the word “maha” Kecil, penuh surya taman kita descripted the word “Lautan” as the deepest Tempat merenggut dari dunia dan ‘nusia ocean that cannot be measured. Maret 1943

RUMAHKU Based on the analysis, it is found that Anwar uses personification. It is classified as Rumahku dari unggun-timbun sajak personification because of Anwar gives Kaca jernih dari luar segala Nampak human attribute to non-human as like they Kulari dari gedong lebar halaman can act, feel, think, live, or die in the same Aku tersesat tak dapat jalan way as people. It can be seen in the line 11 Kemah kudirikan ketika senjakala and 12 “Kau kembang, aku kumbang” and Di pagi terbang entah kemana “Aku kumbang, kau kembang”. The English Rumahku dari unggun-timbun sajak translation of this line is “You are flower, I Disini aku berbini dan beranak am bumblebee” and “I am bumblebee, you Rasanya lama lagi, tapi datangnya datang are flower”. This line descripted that the poet Aku tidak lagi meraih petang consider himself as a bumblebee and his lover Bila berleleran kata manis madu as a flower. Jika menagih yang satu 7 April 1943 4) Poem 4 “PENERIMAAN” This poem was written by Anwar on In the poem above, Anwar use litotes Maret 1943. It describes about human and irony as his language style of the poem feeling. It can be seen as below: above. Litotes is a form of understatement, PENERIMAAN always deliberate and with the intention of subtle emphasis. In short, it can be said that Kalau kau mau kuterima kau kembali litotes as kind of figurative language Dengan sepenuh hati expresses an overt lack of commitment, and Aku masih tetap sendiri so implies a desire to suppress or conceal Kutahu kau bukan yang dulu lagi one’s true attitude. Besides that, irony use to Bak kembang sari sudah terbagi interpret the meaning as long as it Jangan tunduk! Tantang aku dengan berani appropriates to the context of utterance. The Kalau kau mau kuterima kau kembali reader can interpret the meaning as humor, Untukku sender tapi negative impression or critic. It can be seen Sedang dengan cermin aku enggan berbagi. below: Maret 1943 No. Figurative The Finding Language Data Based on the analysis, it is found that 1. Litotes Ku lari dari Anwar use personification as figurative gedong lebar language in his poem. First, personification halaman can be seen in the line 5 “Bak kembang sari 2. Litotes Di pagi terbang sudah terbagi”. The English translation of entah kemana this line is “Like a bud of flower has been 3. Litotes Aku tidak lagi divided”. This line classified as meraih petang personification because of Anwar gives 4. Irony Bila berleleran human attribute to non-human as like they kata manis madu can act, feel, think, live, or die in the same way as people. The word “Bak” is supposed 6) Poem 6 “AKU” to attribute the object as something other. This poem was written by Anwar on Second, personification can be seen in the June 1943. It describe about life of a man. line 9 “Sedang dengan cermin aku enggan The poem can be seen as below: berbagi”. The English translation of this line is “Even with the mirror I would not share”. AKU In this line, Anwar considered the word “cermin”/”mirror” as a human that can ask Melangkahkan aku bukan tuak menggelegak something from the poet. Cumbu-buatan satu biduan Kujauhi ahli agama serta lembing-katanya. 5) Poem 5 “RUMAHKU” Aku hidup This poem was written by Anwar on Dalam hidup di mata tampak bergerak April 1943. It this poem, Anwar tried to Dengan cadar melebar, barah bernanah describe about a place. It can be seen below: Dan kadang satu senyum kucucup-minum dalam dahaga. Juni 1943

5, 6, and 7. The stylistic hyperbole is to Based on the analysis, the poem exaggerate the problem. Anwar explained “AKU” describes about a man life. This poem that “Seharian ku kunyah-kumamah”, word uses litotes as kind of figurative language to “Aku” believe in the vow which became the express something. In line 1 “Melangkahkan marrow that chewed. And the “Aku” believe aku bukan tuak menggelegak” and line 3 in love and became the blood which each day “Kujauhi ahli agama serta lembing- is eaten. katanya”, they deliberate and with the intention of subtle emphasis reserved for a 8) Poem 8 “CINTAKU JAUH DI particular kind of understatement. The word PULAU” “Aku/ku” in these sentences identify which CINTAKU JAUH DI PULAU the speaker uses the negative expression where a positive one would have been more Cintaku jauh di pulau, forceful and direct. Besides that, Anwar also Gadis manis, sekarang iseng sendiri. use hyperbole in this poem. It can be seen in Perahu melancar, bulan memancar, sentences “Dalam hidup di mata tampak Di leher kukalungkan ole-ole buat si pacar. bergerak”, “Dengan cadar melebar, barah Angin membantu, laut terang, tapi terasa bernanah”, “Dan kadang satu senyum Aku tidak ‘kan sampai padanya. kucucup-minum dalam dahaga”. These Di air yang tenang, di angina mendayu, sentences are considered as hyperbole Di perasan penghabisan segala melju because of an opinion is exaggerated. In Ajal bertakhta, sambil berkata: addition, hyperbole is used to emphasis on a “Tujukan perahu ke pangkuanku saja.” particular feeling or idea to reach readers Amboi! Jalan sudah bertahun kutempuh! attention. Perahu yang bersama ‘kan merapuh! Mengapa Ajal memanggil dulu 7) Poem 7 “MERDEKA” Sebelum sempat berpeluk dengan cintaku?! This poem was written by Anwar on Manisku jauh di pulau, July 1943. To be clearly, it can be seen as Kalau ‘ku mati, dia mati iseng sendiri. below: 1 MERDEKA 946

Aku mau bebas dari segala Based on the data analysis, it is found Merdeka that this poem use personification of Juga dari Ida figurative language. It can be seen in line Pernah “Ajal bertakhta, sambil berkata: “Tujukan Aku percaya pada sumpah dan cinta perahu ke pangkuanku saja.” In this line, the Menjadi sumsum dan darah word “Ajal” descripted as a human who Seharian ku kunyah-kumamah understand human language and Sedang meradang communicate with the poem. Sedang kurenggut Ikut bayang 9) Poem 9 “DARI DIA” Tapi kini Hidupku terlalu tenang DARI DIA Selama tidak antara badai Kalah menang Jangan salahkan aku, kau kudekap Ah! Jiwa yang menggapai-gapai Bukan karena setia, lalu pergi gemerincing Mengapa kalau beranjak dari sini ketawa! Kucoba dalam mati. Sebab perempuan susah mengatasi 14 Juli 1943 Keterharuan penghidupan yang ‘kan dibawakan In poetry Merdeka sentence that uses Padanya… the personification and hyperbole style. In the Sebut namaku! ‘ku datang kembali ke kamar line "Ah! Jiwa yang menggapai-gapai", it Yang kautandai lampu merah, kaktus di uses personification of style, because it jendela, confirms the sentence “Ah! Jiwa yang Tidak tahu buat berapa lama, tapi pasti di menggapai-gapai” as if living like a man senja samar who has the hands to reach for something. Rambutku ikal menyinar, kau senapsu dulu Besides that, Anwar use hyperbole in the line kuhela

Sementara biarkan ‘ku hidup yang sudah word-associations, weighing carefully Dijalinkan dalam rahsia… whether these words express clearly what he has in mind. The C structure of his sentences The poem describes about a can he made to deviate from standard usage relationship between two persons. In this in order to put forward in a more subtle and poem, Anwar uses metaphor as the figurative more intricate way that which is living in his language that uses to express his feeling. It soul. The poet creates his poem through the can be seen in first stanza Anwar compare use of rhythm and melody, through special two unlike things as if they are one. Language syntáctic constructions and specific choice of user can see similarity between two types of words, and through a variety of metaphors, things, or between two experiential domains. and only if the reader is able to appreciate the uniqueness which the poet has achieved can 10) Poem 10 “MALAM DI he fully understand and get the feeling of the PEGUNUNGAN” poem. Based on the explanation above, it can MALAM DI PEGUNUNGAN be conclude that when the author uses figurative language to describe the poem, Aku berpikir: Bulan inikah yang membikin he/she usually trick the language because dingin, he/she wants to create the implied meaning Jadi pucat rumah dan kaku pepohonan? that will make the readers think deeply about Sekali ini aku terlalu sangat dapat jawab the meaning. In interpreting the expression of kepingin: figurative language, the reader will use the Eh, ada bocah cilik main kejaran dengan power of imagination to imagine this bayangan! expression and think what the meaning 1947 behind it.

Based on the analysis, it is found that CONCLUSION this peom use rhetorical question as kind Based on the analysis that has been figurative language. It can be seen in the line done, it can be concluded that the result in this “Aku berpikir: Bulan inikah yang membikin research found there were several kinds of dingin, jadi pucat rumah dan kaku figurative language that used by Chairil pepohonan?”. In this line, Anwar asked to Anwar in his poem. They are himself. It can be said that this line above is personifications, similes, metaphors, rhetorical question figurative language hyperboles, irony. Not all of 9 kinds of because this question does not need an figurative language found in Chairil Anwar’s answer. poems. To get the real meaning that Chairil Anwar wants to convey to the reader, this DISCUSSION researcher used connotative meaning of Poems are a special type of written semantic theory. Connotative meaning is messages that of ten displays their own subjective and not shared in the same way by specific characteristics, according to the all speaker of a language. The degree of the literary conventions of the language used. As connotative value will be different for indicated above, the traditional genres of everyone since the way one perceives Indonesian poetry seem to have employed something in this universe and his or her more reduced and simplified linguistic individual experience of language different; it structures than ordinary prose. Such depends upon the culture, geographical area simplifications and reductions may by and historical period. By used this theory, it themselves already have made for ambiguity. is always possible for the reader to knowing But we further have to take into consideration the real meaning of the poem. the fact that even in the earlier genres of Indonesian poetry, such as, for example poem that was written by Chairil Anwar; there are many cases where ambiguity seems to have been consciously aimed. With regard to modern Indonesian poetry little can as yet be said in general terms in this respect. Chairil Anwar stressed the idea that a poet 'can choose special words and

REFERENCES Widi, E.E. (2014). An Analysis of Figurative Language Used in Rick Riordan’s Agus, M.Harjana. 2007, Kamus Novel Entitled “The Heroes of Intrapersonal dan Interpersonal, Olympics, Book Three: The Mark of Yogyakarta; Athena”. Dian Nuswantoro Univesity. Kanisius. Yule, George. (2010). The Study of Ambarwati. 2015, Language Styles in Language. Fourth Edition. Cambridge William Shakespeare Poems, Tulung University Press. New York. Agung. IAIN Tulung Agung. Arvius, Cristina Alm. 2003, Figures of Speech,Sweden: Studentliteratur, Ary, et al. (2010). Introduction to Research in Education. Wadsworth. USA. Barnwell, Katharine. (1980). Introduction to Semantics and Translation. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc. Carol, Lynch-Brown. 2001. Essential Of Children’s Literature. Boston: A Pearson Education Company. Creswell, J.W. (2009). Reseacrh Design. Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc. California. Hakim, Aldin Lukman.2009, Semantic Analysis of Metaphors Found In “Dream Theatre’s” Selected Lyrics. Medan: University of North Sumatera. Iryanti, Fitri. 2012. A Figurative Language Analysis on Sylvia Plath Poem. Thesis FIB.UI. Katz, et al. (1998). Figurative Language and Thought. Oxford University Press. New York. Keraf, Gorys. (2009). Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta. Kreidler, C.W. (1998). Introducing English Semantics. Routledge. New York. Leech, Geoffrey. (1981). Semantics: The Study of Meaning. Second edition. Richard Lobner, Sebastian. (2002). Understanding Semantics. Routledge. New York. Leech, Geoffrey.1996. Principle of Pragmatics, New York: Longman Group Limited. Leech, Geoffrey. 1981. Semantics The Study of Meaning Second Edition, Great Britain, The Chaucer Press. Leech, Geoffrey.1969. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. New York: Long Man Inc Sudaryanto. (2015). Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa. Sanata Dharma University Press. Yogyakarta.

KONSTRUKSI IDENTITAS BERDIMENSI KULTURAL PADA ORANG TERKAYA DI INDONESIA VERSI FORBES Condra Antoni. Politeknik Negeri Batam [email protected] Abstract People use language to construct their identity or identities and narrative is one of the forms of the language use. The narrative functions as a site for enacting what they are, who they are, and how they view the others (Gee, 2011). This paper discusses the identity construction in the narrative of the 2015 richest Indonesian people ranked by Forbes magazine. A discourse analytic approach is employed in this study. The analysis shows that the identity constructions are relevant to the cultural dimensions proposed by Hofstede (1987, 2016) in which the collectivistic culture emerged predominantly in the narrative. Since the data were taken from English narratives in business, the implication for the use of English as a business’ lingua franca is also discussed.

Key words: konstruksi identitas, narasi bisnis, dimensi kultural, analisis wacana

I. Pendahuluan Daftar nama di atas bukanlah orang- Makalah ini menjelaskan sejauh orang baru dalam pemeringkatan orang mana dimensi kultural yang dirumuskan oleh terkaya di Indonesia. Rata-rata mereka telah Hofstede (Hofstede, 1987, 2016) terefleksi menduduki peringkat tersebut dalam dari konstruksi identitas pada narasi para beberapa tahun. pebisnis Indonesia. Data diambil dari ujaran Meneliti penggunaaan bahasa para para pebisnis besar Indonesia yang orang terkaya dan pebisnis besar Indonesia merupakan orang-orang terkaya di Indonesia paling tidak bisa berkontribusi pada; versi Forbes. Bahasa yang digunakan dalam pertama, memahami sejauh mana konstruksi narasi adalah bahasa Inggris sebab dunia identitas mereka relevan dengan kategorisasi bisnis dan penggunaan bahasa Inggris pada dimensi budaya Hofstede untuk konteks saat ini tidak bisa dipisahkan karena bahasa orang Indonesia; kedua, menjawab Inggris merupakan bahasa bersama (lingua pertanyaan tentang apakah sebagai pebisnis franca) bagi para pebisnis abad ini (Gerritsen besar mereka tercerabut dari akar budaya & Nickerson, 2009). Apalagi, jika konteks Indonesia, paling tidak sesuai model data penelitian difokuskan kepada narasi para Hofstede tersebut; ketiga, melihat pentingnya pebisnis yang merupakan orang terkaya di penggunaan bahasa Inggris sebagai lingua Indonesia. Diantara data terbaru orang franca dalam bisnis, terutama kaitannya terkaya di Indonesia adalah yang dirilis oleh dengan tampilan ke-Indonesia-an dalam majalah Forbes yang dikenal luas sebagai konteks bisnis global. sumber pemeringkatan orang-orang terkaya Dengan demikian, rumusan masalah di dunia. yang diangkat adalah apakah konstruksi Pada tahun 2015 Forbes identitas dalam ujaran para pebisnis besar memeringkatkan orang terkaya di Indonesia Indonesia merefleksikan identitas berdimensi sebagaimanaterlihat pada gambar di bawah kultural (budaya) yang diklaim oleh ini: Hofstede? Untuk mengetahui jawaban dari rumusan masalah ini maka metode yang digunakan guna mengelaborasi dimensi kultural Indonesia dalam ujaran para pebisnis besar Indonesia adalah dengan menganalisis dimensi kultural yang dikembang Hofstede melalui kerangka analisis wacana yang dikembangkan oleh James Paul Gee (Gee, 2011).

II. Kerangka Teori Dan Metode a. Konstruksi Identitas Melalui Narasi Figure 1: Indonesia’s 10 richest in 2015 Bisnis

(Forbes, 2015) Bahasa adalah sarana untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pembicaranya

terhadap dunia. Di dalamnya termasuk asing dan lingua franca dalam konteks bisnis bagaimana pembicara tersebut menggunakan adalah sumbangan akademis yang patutu pilihan kata, klausa, dan kalimat untuk menjadi perhatian serius para peneliti bahasa. mempersepsikan dirinya dan b. Dimensi Kultural dalam Bisnis mempersepsikan orang lain berdasarkan Faktor komunikasi antar manusia budaya, sistem kepercayaan, dan merupakan hal yang vital dalam tatakelola pengalaman, baik di lingkungan sehari-hari sebuah organisasi bisnis, dan hal tersebut maupun di lingkungan profesional. Melalui mesti dipahami secara berbeda dibandingkan bahasa juga seseorang mengkonstruksi dengan aspek-aspek teknis bisnis (Hofstede, identitas apakah dia orang biasa atau 1987). Dengan demikian, sisi komunikasi berafiliasi pada profesi tertentu seperti kemanusiaan tersebut tidak terlepas dari sisi dokter, guru, pengusaha, dan kebudayaaan karena setiap tindakan, ucapan, sebagainya(Gee, 2011). Dengan demikian, dan keputusan manusia dipengaruhi oleh latar pengguna bahasa dapat juga merefleksikan belakang budaya. Selain pengalaman dan identitasnya sebagai bagian dari kelompok sistem kepercayaan (belief system), latar sosial dan kebudayaan tertentu. belakang tersebut dibawa serta baik dalam Narasi adalah pengisahan suatu kehidupan sehari-hari maupun dalam dunia cerita atau kejadian (KBBI Online, 2016). bisnis. Oleh karena itu, sisi kultural individu Dalam narasi, peristiwa dipaparkan melalui dalam dunia bisnis sudah menjadi perhatian medium bahasa (lisan)ketika berinteraksi para ahli (Du-Babcock & Tanaka, 2016; dengan orang lain.Narasi juga merupakan Dubina & Ramos, 2016; Hofstede, 1987). medium dimana seseorang bisa Adapun model dimensi kultural merefleksikan dirinya, orang lain, peristiwa, dalam konteks bisnis banyak mengacu pada lalu pada gilirannya narasi merupakan pada pemetaan perilaku dan sikap para mediaum dimana seseorang mengkonstruksi individu dalam dunia bisnis yang identitas dirinya sebagai bagian dari individu, dikembangkan oleh Hofstede (Dubina & kelompok sosial, atau komunitas tertentu Ramos, 2016), apalagi sejak (Brown, 2013; Labov & Waletzky, 1997; dikembangkannya model tersebut secara Ladegaard, 2012).Dengan merujuk pada virtual yang bisa diakses online(Hofstede, pengertian narasi tersebut, dapat dijelaskan 2016). Menurut Hofstede, ada enam dimensi bahwa narasi bisnis merupakan pengisahan budayayang merupakan karakteristik pola kejadian yang terkait dengan dunia bisnis dan nilai dominan yang dianut oleh orang-orang bagaimana identitas dikonstruksi melalui di lebih dari 50 negara di dunia. pengisahan-pengisahan tersebut. Power Distance Perhatian peneliti terhadap narasi Power distance berkenaan dengan bisnis banyak ditujukan kepada penggunaan bagaimana masyarakat memandang bahasa Inggris dalam dunia bisnis, seperti ketidaksetaraan.Large power distance yang dijelaskan oleh Gerritsen & Nickerson merupakan keberterimaan ketidaksetaraan (2009). Sedikit perhatian dalam penelitian dalam masyarakat dalam intensitas yang telah difokuskan pada pengaruh budaya tinggi. Ketidaksetaraan diakui eksistensinya pengguna bahasa (interactants) ketika lalu masyarakat mengembangkan sistem menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa penyesuaian diri berdasarkan ketidaksetaraan asing dalam komunikasi bisnis internasional. tersebut. Maka ditatalah sedemikian rupa Dalam komunikasi antarbudaya, identitas cara bersikap sesuai berdasarkan tingkatan- budaya lebih penting daripada tingkatan sosial yang ada. Sebaliknya, kewarganegaraan dari penutur bahasa dan masyarakat yang menganut small power identitas tersebut dinegosiasikan melalui distance tetap mengakui ketidaksetaraan komunikasi (Gerritsen & Nickerson, 2009). tersebut.Namun, alih-alih membuat sistem Selanjutnya, karena masalah globalisasi, sikap dan perilaku, justru ada upaya interaksi antara orang-orang dari berbagai sistematis untuk menurunkan derajat negara lebih intens dari sebelumnya. Identitas ketidaksetaraan tersebut. budaya terkait dengan bahasa Inggris sebagai Individualism bahasa asing (Louhiala-Salminen, 2009) Dimensi ini terkait dengan difokuskan pada pemahaman bahwa budaya kedekatan hubungan antara satu individu memiliki pengaruh terhadap penggunaan dengan yang lainnya.Dalam masyarakat bahasa. Oleh karena itu, penelitian lebih individualistik, kedekatan hubungan antar lanjut dalam domain konstruksi (budaya) individu begitu rendah.Sebaliknya, ketika identitas dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa intensitas kedekatan hubungan individu

begitu tinggi maka masyarakat tersebut Dengan demikian, maka yang dijelaskan disebut masyarakat kolektivistik. adalah makna ujaran para pebisnis yang Dalam masyarakat kolektivistik, diwawancarai kemudian direkam dan pengambilan keputusan baik terkait disebarluaskan melalui jejaring internet baik kehidupan sehari-hari maupun secara oleh website ternama BBC, The University of profesional tergantung pada keputusan Pennsylvania, Wharton School maupun oleh orang-orang terdekatnya, misalnya melalui channelInside-RGE dan Credit Suisse di hasil musyawarah dengan keluarga youtube. inti.Meskipun kalau dilihat secara seksama Adapun metode yang digunakan keputusan yang diambil itu tidak begitu adalah sebagai berikut. Pertama, melakukan berdampak pada keluarga inti tersebut. transkirpsi terhadap video wawancara dengan Masculinity model micro-lines terhadap ujaran-ujaran Masyarakat maskulin diindikasikan dalam data transkrip bisa dibagi menjadi oleh kecenderungan untuk berkompetisi dekomposisi klausa atau kalimat(Gee, 2011). dalam kehidupan supaya mencapai (atau Kemudian klausa atau kalimat tersebut diberi disebut) sukses, dimana hasrat untuk menjadi nomor untuk memudahkan analisis linguistik pemenang begitu tinggi. Kebalikan dari nilai setiap ujaran. ini adalah femininitas dimana masyarakat Kedua, melakukan analisis menganggap bahwa yang paling penting konstruksi identitas pembicara dalam dalam kehidupan adalah keharmonisan antar transkrip dengan menelaah faktor linguistik sesame, bukan yang satu mengalahkan yang dan faktor non-linguistik dalam ujaran. lain. Faktor linguistik mengacu pada kata-kata Uncertainty avoidance yang digunakan dan konteks yang Dimensi ini terkait dengan mendukungnya, konteks makna (situated bagaimana ketidakpastian masa depan meaning), bahasa sosial (social language), dipandang sebagai sesuatu yang lumrah dan sementara faktor nonlinguistik terkait dengan tidak perlu dicemaskan atau justru sesuatu pandangan dunia yang dibangun oleh yang harus dipersiapkan sebaik mungkin. Di pembicara (figured world), isu-isu sosial masyarakat di dunia, dua cara berseberangan yang relevan pada pada saatujaran tersebut dalam memandang masa depan ini selalu ada. digunakan (Big “D” Discourse), dan Sebagian memandang masa depan sebagai perdebatan-perdebatan yang mencuat dan sesuatu yang harus dihadapi dengan ikhlas, berhubungan dengan tema-tema diskusi sementara sebagian yang lain begitu ambisius pembicara dalam data penelitian (Big “C” mempersiapkan masa depan yang akan Conversation)(Gee, 2011). dihadapi. Ketiga, setelah konstruksi identitas Long term orientation diperoleh maka dilakukan kategorisasi Dimensi ini terkait dengan apakah konstruksi identitas tersebut ada bagaimana suatu masyarakat hubungannya dengan model dimensi kultural mempertahankan nilai-nilai masa lalu dalam yang dirumuskan oleh Hofstede (Hofstede, menghadapi masa kini dan masa depan. 1987, 2016) untuk konteks Indonesia. Sebagian masyarakat cenderung d. Konteks Data mempertahankan nilai-nilai tradisi, Untuk konteks penelitian ini yang sementara sebagian yang lain cenderung akan dianalisis adalah cuplikan narasi dari adaptif terhadap perubahan zaman. Mochtar Riady dan Chairul Tanjung. Ada Indulgence beberapa alasan untuk pemilihan data ini. Dimensi ini terkait dengan Pertama, cuplikan data tersebut berasal dari bagaimana cara hidup masyarakat dalam wawancara dengan durasi yang cukup mengontrol keinginan untuk menikmati panjang. Wawancara Mochtar Riady hidup, apakah dengan bersenang-senang atau dilakukan oleh Digital Narrative of justru dengan mengekang diri atas hasrat dan Asia(DNA) sebagai bagian dari program keinginan. pembelajaran dari para pemimpin Asia c. Metode melalui pendapat mereka secara langsung Pendekatan kualitatif digunakan dalam bentuk wawancara terstruktur (Digital dalam penelitian ini. Pendekatan ini Narrative of Asia, 2015). Narasi Chairul memungkinkan peneliti untuk fokus pada Tanjung diperoleh dari sesi diskusi panel elaborasi makna berdasarkan konteks ketika beliau menjadi pembicara kunci pada penggunaan bahasa dalam interaksi yang real forum Credit-Suisse Annual Asian di lapangan (Du-Babcock & Tanaka, 2016). Investment Conference pada tahun 2013.

Forum tersebut merupakan sebuah wadah Jawaban yang disampaikan oleh para pemimpin negara, politik, bisnis, dan MR dimulai dari penjelasan tentang gurunya para penentu kebijakan berkumpul setiap yang bernama Mr. Low yang mengarahkan tahun untuk berbagi tentang investasi bisnis dia untuk membaca banyak buku supaya dari berbagai aspek dan berbagai wilayah di mengetahui jawaban pertanyaan kenapa di dunia (Credit-Suisse, 2016). dalam masyarakat ada orang kaya dan miskin Kedua, durasi pembicaraan cukup (baris 435-441). Ketika menceritakan panjang dibandingkan dengan beberapa tentang gurunya dia mempersepsikan dirinya orang terkaya lainnya.Video wawancara sebagai orang muda yang beruntung karena Mochtar Riady berdurasi 28 menit sedangkan memiliki seorang guru yang bijaksana (baris video wawancara Chairul Tanjung berdurasi 435-436). Penggunaan kata-kata “beruntung sekitar 30 menit (dari total presentasi dan karena memiliki seorang guru yang diskusi sekitar 54 menit).Durasi tersebut bijaksana” (fortunately I have one teacher, memungkinkan peneliti melakukan analisis Mr Low, my teacher is very wise man) dan pemilahan ujaran-ujaran yang relevan merefleksikan pengakuan seseorang sebagai dengan maksud dan tujuan penelitian pribadi yang mendapat keberkahan karena ini.Durasi ujaran yang pendek bisa kehadiran orang lain yang dianggap layak membatasi keleluasaan peneliti bahasa untuk diikuti arahan, nasihat, dan sarannya yakni memilah ujaran mana yang relevan dengan seorang guru. Pandangan dunia (figured konteks penelitian.Oleh sebab itu, dipilih world) terhadap guru dalam tradisi keilmuan durasi narasi yang bisa menyediakan adalah seseorang yang dihormati dan keleluasaan tersebut. dipandang mampu mengarahkan kehidupan muridnya. Jadi, ketika digunakan ujaran III. Hasil Dan Pembahasan “saya memiliki seorang guru” (I have one a. Konstruksi Identitas teacher) maka yang mengatakan tersebut Cuplikan berikut adalah ketika posisinya adalah sebagai murid.Dalam Mochtar Riady (MR) ditanya oleh Sabrina kontek ujaran MR di atas, terlihat bahwa Chua (SH), Senior Manager Digital Narrative keberkahan atau keberuntungan diperoleh of Asia (DNA) tentang alasan MR ikut dalam bukan karena usaha-usaha dirinya sendiri pertempuran melawan Belanda. Untuk melainkan karena posisinya sebagai murid diketahui, MR berumur sekitar 87 tahun didampingi oleh seorang guru yang (Forbes, 2015) dan dia mengalami masa bijaksana.Lalu MR mematuhi apa yang muda saat masa perjuangan melawan disampaikan oleh gurunya, yakni mengikuti penjajah Belanda. sarannya untuk membaca buku tentang Cuplikan 1 kapitalisme dan imperialisme (baris 441- SH: Why was it so important to you to fight 442).Pada akhirnya dia menemukan dan the Dutch? memahami bahwa imperialisme merupakan 435. MR: When I was young and then sesuatu yang tidak baik untuk sebuah bangsa fortunately I have one teacher, Mr (baris 444).Hal inilah yang memotivasinya Low, untuk ikut berjuang melawan Belanda pada 436. my teacher is very wise man. masa muda. 437. So when I was a child I always eee Dalam konteks yang lebih luas (Big raising question to him. “D” Discourse), keikutsertaan anak muda 438. Why so many my classmate they sipil seperti MR dalam perjuangan melawan are very rich but not me. penjajah lazimnya tumbuh dari kesadaran 439. What is the reason that in the sebagai bagian dari anak bangsa yang terjajah society yang ingin merdeka. Namun MR menyatakan 440. they have the rich and they have the bahwa motivasinya adalah berawal dari saran poor. gurunya untuk membaca buku, lalu ia 441. And my teacher introduce menemukan dari hasil bacaan bahwa ia ikut ee..many..ee..ideas, many books berjuang karena penjajah membawa nilai- 442. talking about capitalism and then nilai imperialisme, dan MR memahami imperiali…imperialism. bahwa nilai-nilai tersebut bertentangan 443. So this is the reason why when I dengan hakikat kebangsaan. Dengan kata was child, lain, ia mengkonstruksi dirinya sebagai 444. I was young, only in my mm..my seorang murid yang mematuhi nasihat guru mind that imperialism is not good dalam rangka motivasi untuk melawan for the nation. penjajah. Dalam masyarakat kolektivisme,

menjadikan guru sebagai sumber inspirasi pembelajaran tentang uang sebagaimana kehidupan selain sumber inspirasi keilmuan terlihat dari cuplikan data di bawah ini. menunjukkan sebuah ketergantungan guru- Cuplikan 3 murid layaknya ketergantungan orangtua- SH: What did he teach you? anak.Jadi, konstruksi identitas yang dibangun 447. MR: Yaa..he teach me how MR menunjukkan dimensi kultural to…e..work hard, work smart, learn masyarakat kolektivistik. hard, Namun demikian, perdebatan (Big 448. and also how to say…ee..saving “C” Conversation) bisa muncul ketika MR money. menyebutkan bahwa dia membaca buku- 449. That’s it. buku kapitalisme dan imperialism (baris 442) 450. I learnt from my father. namun justru yang ditonjolkan adalah MR mengkonstruksi dirinya sebagai elaborasi tentang imperialisme saja.Adapun pribadi yang mengerti tentang elaborasi tentang kapitalisme tidak uang.Pemahaman tersebut diperoleh dari ditemukan di cuplikan di atas.Sebagian orang ayahnya yang mengajarkan tentang bisa saja beranggapan bahwa MR lebih bagaimana menyimpan uang, disamping terinspirasi untuk menolak imperialisme saja, bekerja keras, bekerja cerdas, dan belajar giat sementara yang bersangkutan terkesan setuju (baris 447-550). dengan kapitalisme. Sebab, MR membangun Cuplikan data 2 dan 3 menunjukkan jaringan bisnis yang begitu besar mulai dari bahwa pilihan kata (situated meaning) perbankan, rumah sakit, pusat perbelanjaan, merefleksikan kombinasi konstruksi identitas dan lain sebagainya (Forbes, 2015). MR sebagai pebisnis sekaligus sebagai Sehingga, pemahamannya tentang bagian dari relasi guru-murid walaupun imperialisme menginspirasinya untuk bahasa sosial (social language) nya dengan melawan penjajah sedangkan ide-ide tentang jelas menggunakan kata “ayah” (father), kapitalisme dijadikan rujukan untuk bukan lagi kata “guru” (teacher) membangun konglomerasi di Indonesia. sebagaimana du cuplikan satu. Namun cara Terlepas dari perdebatan tersebut, MR melihat (world view) guru yang konstruksi identitas MR berdimensi kultural sebenarnya dan ayahnya sendiri adalah sama, sangat kentara sebagaimana terlihat dari yakni relasi guru-murid. Dengan demikian, bagaimana ujaran-ujarannya merefleksikan wacana yang ditonjolkan (Big “D” kepatuhan terhadap orang yang Discourse) dalam tiga cuplikan di atas adalah dihormatinya, dalam hal ini guru, tanpa sikap konstruksi identitas seorang murid, walaupun kritis atau bantahan.Ujaran yang pada saat MR melontarkan ujaran-ujaran mereleksikan konstruksi identitas MR tersebut ia diposisikan oleh Digital Narrative sebagai murid juga terlihat dari cuplikan data of Asia (DNA) sebagai salah satu pemimpin di bawah ini. bisnis yang sangat berpengaruh di Asia Cuplikan 2 (Digital Narrative of Asia, 2015). Posisi SH: Do you have any other mentor when tersebut tidak mempengaruhi MR untuk you were growing up the influenced you? mengakomodir orang-orang terdekat sebagai 445. MR: Yes, my father. bagian dari inspirasi suksesnya menjadi 446. He is also my good mentor pribadi yang berdampak luas bagi kegiatan he..he..he..he.. bisnis di Indonesia maupun di Asia. Dengan SH menanyakan tentang kemungkinan kata lain, konstruksi identitas dan cara orang adanya mentor lain selain MR. Low yang lain memposisikan dirinya tidak saling mempengaruhi masa-masa perkembangan berpengaruh mutlak. Ada irisan-irisan yang MR dalam kehidupan. Dia menjawab bahwa tidak masuk dalam lingkaran pengaruh bapaknya sendiri merupakan mentor yang tersebut.Irisan itu adalah konstruksi diri bagus (baris 445-446). Di sini terlihat bahwa masyarakat kolektif dalam konteks narasi orangtua, dalam hal ini ayah kandung, bukan yang diharapkan untuk menonjolkan faktor- saja dikonstruksi sebagai ayah biologis faktor individualistik karena diwawancarai melainkan juga sebagai guru. Jadi, dalam sebagai individu pebisnis sukses, bukan melihat hubungan antara dia dengan ayahnya, sebagai bagian dari sebuah keluarga. MR mengkonstruksi dirinya (world view) Selain mengkonstruksi dirinya sebagai sebagai murid dan ayahnya sebagai guru. bagian dari masyarakat kolektif, MR juga Hubungan guru-murid selain dari ayah-anak mengkonstruksi orang lain dengan identitas ini juga dikonstruksi lebih jauh dalam hal serupa, misalnya, dalam cuplikan berikut disampaikan bahwa pertemanan merupakan

hal yang penting dalam bisnis perbankan. kehidupan sehari-hari maupun dalam Jadi, relasi perusahaan-konsumen tidak kehidupan profesional. dilihat sebagai relasi transaksional atau Pemahaman tentang konstruksi identitas hubungan profesional dimana ikatan orang lain ini juga menjadi strategi bisnis dibangun berawal dari siklus permintaan- yang digunakan oleh Chairul Tanjung (CT) penawaran dalam ilmu ekonomi bisnis.Alih- sebagaimana terdapat dalam cuplikan alih, hubungan dengan konsumen harus tersebut. Cuplikan di bawah ini diambil dari dimulai dari pertemanan sebagaimana terlihat transkrip video Asian Investment dari cuplikan berikut. Conference(AIC) 2013.CT menjadi salah Cuplikan 4 satu pembicara kunci pada event tersebut. SH: And you started your banking career Cuplikan 5 with Bank Kemakmuran, correct? (yes, yes, Audience : Basically I completely agree that MR interrupted). And you actually In the long term I think Indonesia will be convinced the owner Andi Gappa to make successful and developed a lot but what type you a director even though you did not have of thing, if any, you would be worried about any banking knowledge. How did you which could go wrong in short term. manage to persuade him? 48. CT: I am not so worry, ya. 451. MR: ee..actually I just told him that 49. I give you the example. banking business actually is the 50. More than 99 % of my portfolio in selling trust, Indonesia. 452. selling connection. 51. Do you think I am stupid (audience 453. So you don’t have the connection, laugh) 454. I have the connection, 52. if..if..a a a a you know I am not 455. so I will invite some of my friends sure about the political a a a a can 456. who is e..say..very famous control, businessman in Jakarta 53. I put 99 % of my wealth in my 457. and they can attract many of their country. friends to be our customer then the 54. So, this the the the..this is the the Bank will run well example to do it. MR mengkonstruksi jaringan konsumen 55. And, do not worry we have also the (connection, baris 452-454) sebagai culture to protect us, why. kumpulan orang yang terikat hubungan 56. We have a soft culture. pertemanan, bukan hanya sebatas database 57. More than 50% of Indonesian is calon konsumen potensial. Dengan demikian, come from Java, ya. hubungan pertemanan dengan orang-orang 58. Java have a soft culture. terkenal (baris 455-457) akan meningkat 59. So because of that, ya, if you want menjadi hubungan konsumen dengan to succeed Indonesia perusahaan, yang pada gilirannya bisa 60. You have to learn about the membuat sebuah bisnis perbankan berjalan Javanese culture, ya. lancar. CT menjawab pertanyaan dari audience Mengandalkan strategi bisnis pada terkait hal apa yang kira-kira menjadi hubungan pertemanan paling tidak agak kekhawatiran tentang menjalankan bisnis di berbeda dengan konteks bisnis pada Indonesia. Lalu CT menjawab bahwa dia lazimnya. Dalam “Wacana” (Big “D” tidak khawatir sama sekali, terbukti dengan Discourse) dunia bisnis, hubungan keputusannya untuk mengalokasikan perusahaan dengan konsumen lazimnya sahamnya dalam jumlah dominan di diawali dengan promosi, gala dinner, atau Indonesia (baris 48-53). Keputusan alokasi even-even profesional sejenis. Namun MR saham tersebut dilatarbelakangi oleh faktor mengkonstruksi identitas konsumen bukan kelembutan budaya Jawa (baris 55-57). sebagai orang-orang yang dihimpun melalui CT mengkonstruksi orang Indonesia even-even tersebut, melainkan diinisiasi yang dipengaruhi budaya Jawa sebagai melalui hubungan kedekatan personal dan pelindung bagi bisnisnya (world view). Hal emosional, lalu dari kedekatan pribadi ini terlihat dari ujarannya (social language) tersebut bisa berpotensi menjadi kedekatan yang menyatakan bahwa dengan mempelajari antara perusahaan dengan konsumen. Dalam budaya Jawa maka akan berpengaruh pada masyarakat kolektif, kedekatan personal kesuksesan bisnis di Indonesia (baris 59-60). merupakan faktor sentral baik dalam Sebagaimana lazim diketahui bahwa “Wacana” (Big “D” Discourse) tentang

budaya jawa adalah pembahasan tentang 247. buying directly the land from the budaya patuh, menerima keadaan, dan penuh people with the business dengan kesantunan. Menurut CT dalam mechanism, ya. cuplikan di atas, budaya Jawa sangat menguntungkan bagi pengambilan keputusan Penggunaan kata (social language) “I” dan perlindungan usaha. Artinya, dengan di baris 235-237 yang kemudian diganti bekerja bersama orang Jawa atau orang yang dengan “we” pada baris 244 menunjukkan menginternalisasi budaya Jawa dalam perubahan identitas yang pada awalnya tindakannya, maka pemilik usaha akan individualis menjadi kolektif. Penggunaan beruntung. Melalui konstruksi identitas orang orang pertama tunggal dalam ujaran tersebut lain ini pula CT terlihat memaknai dimensi menunjukkan CT berbicara atas nama dirinya budaya sebagai bagian yang tidak terpisahkan sendiri. Namun, ketika kata ganti berubah dalam pengambilan keputusan seorang menjadi orang pertama jamak “kita” (we) pemilik besar. maka ia bukan hanya bicara atas dirinya Pada cuplikan data yang lain, CT sendiri, melainkan bahasa sosialnya (social mengkonstruksi identitas dirinya sebagai language) merepresentasikan anggota dari bagian dari masyarakat kolektif. Pertanyaan sebuah kelompok sosial, yang dalam hal ini ini sebenarnya muncul setelah diskusi tentang kelompok masyarakat dalam sebuah negara. bagaimana CT menjelaskan ide tentang Dalam bahasa, seseorang bisa pembangunan jembatan antara Jawa dan mengkonstruksi identitasnya secara dinamis sumatera, yang mana tidak ditampilkan dimana pada rangkaian ujarannya bisa dalam makalah ini. Penjelasan tersebut terefleksi identitas yang berbeda (Gee, 2011, kemudian dijadikan landasan oleh penanya 2015). CT menjadi individualis ketika untuk menanyakan prosedur pembebasan menjelaskan tentang posisinya sebagai lahan di Indonesia. Konstruksi identitas pebisnis, sebagai pembeda dari bagian dari kolektif CT terlihat dari cuplikan 6 berikut. pemerintahan, namun pada beberapa saat Cuplikan 6 kemudian posisinya menjadi bagian dari Audience: Thank you very much. You anggota masyarakat kolektif ketika mentioned had the bridge between Java and mengatakan dirinya sebagai bagian dari Sumatera. Can I just I mean in terms of sebuah negara, yakni Indonesia, untuk infrastructure, the land for form acts (laws) membedakan posisi negaranya dari negara to be able for building infrastructure came China. Artinya, CT mengalami dinamika in nearly I think December 2011 planed by konstruksi identitas dari yang awalnya the parliament and still nothing happen. And individualis menjadi kolektif. so, I mean, you tell a wonderful story but in Dari enam cuplikan data di atas terlihat a practical sense why is not infrastructure bahwa baik CT maupun MR mengkonstruksi developing more than that is given you think dirinya dan orang lain melalui bahasa. Yang they have a will to do so. paling dominan adalah konstruksi diri 235. CT: I am a businessman. sebagai bagian dari masyarakat kolektif. 236. I am not the government official. b. Dimensi Kultural Hostede dalam 237. So, I can tell you the truth what Konstruksi Identitas happen. Dimensi kultural yang dominan 238. So, a lot of businessman is thinking muncul dari data di atas adalah dimensi about Indonesia like before. individualistik yang rendah atau dimensi 239. Like Soeharto era. kolektivistik yang tinggi. Ujaran yang 240. You can clean the land by the power disampaikan oleh MR dan CT dalam bahasa of the government. Inggris menunjukkan bahwa identitas budaya 241. Now the era is changed. mereka sebagai orang Indonesia masih 242. Is this democracy era (this is dominan. Untuk konteks Indonesia, Hofstede democracy era). (2016) mengkategorisasikan dimensi budaya 243. You cannot the government to tersebut seperti gambar di bawah ini: cleaning the land, ya. 244. So, we Indonesia is not china. 245. So because of that the businessman have to understand about this situation. 246. So you have to do cleaning the land,

antarbudaya.Demikian juga halnya bahasa sosial (social language) yang digunakan adalah bahasa bisnis.Jika dihubungkan lebih jauh dengan penelitian ini maka narasi bisnis merupakan bahasa yang digunakan oleh para pebisnis terkait dengan pembahasan yang bersifat transaksional atau diskusi terkait pengelolaan usaha, yang dalam pembahasannya menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai lingua franca dalam komunikasi bisnis. Pendefinisian ini kiranya diperlukan Figure 2: Kategorisasi dimensi kultural di untuk membantu peneliti lain memahami apa Indonesia (Hofstede, 2016) yang dimaksud dengan narasi bisnis. Definisi Peringkat dimensi budaya tersebut di atas kiranya bisa dipertimbangkan karena mengalami peningkatan jika dibandingkan mencakup model bahasa yang digunakan, dengan beberapa decade yang lalu. Sekitar jenis bahasa yang digunakan, dan disesuaikan tahun 80-an, ditemukan bahwa untuk konteks dengan pemetaan konstruksi identitas dalam Indonesia tingkat power distance memiliki analisis wacana, komunikasi bisnis, dan skor 44, individualism 6, masculinity 22, mempertimbangkan bahasa Inggris sebagai uncertainty avoidance 12, sementara long bahasa bisnis saat ini. term orientation dan indulgence tidak Kemudian orang bisa saja disebutkan (Hofstede, 1987). Peningkatan menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai bagian tersebut bukanlah fokus penelitian ini, namun yang tidak terpisahkan dari dunia bisnis yang perlu digarisbawahi adalah bahwa global, namun dimensi kultural yang eksistensi kategorisasi budaya di Indonesia tergambar melalui konstruksi identitas sudah dirumuskan oleh Hofstede paling tidak mereka dalam narasi bisnis memperlihatkan sejak lebih kurang 30 tahun yang lalu.Dan bahwa identitas budaya mereka tetap dimensi kultural tersebut tergambar dari terinternalisasi walaupun bisnis mereka ujaran-ujaran dari narasi orang terkaya di sudah besar dan mengglobal serta walaupun Indonesia seperti yang sudah dijelaskan pada mereka menggunakan bahasa Inggris yang beberapa analisis cuplikan di atas. merupakan bahasa asing dan bukan bahasa c. Identitas kultural dalam bahasa kedua bagi orang Indonesia seperti mereka. Inggris sebagai lingua franca dalam Dari data ditemukan bahwa secara gramatikal konteks bisnis bahasa Inggris mereka memiliki beberapa Narasi bisnis erat kaitannya dengan ketidaksesuaian dengan grammar bahasa penggunaan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa Inggris pada umumnya. bersama untuk komunikasi antarbudaya atau komunikasi antarnegara yang berbeda IV. Simpulan Dan Saran (Gerritsen & Nickerson, 2009). Narasi Dimensi kultural termanifestasi dalam tersebut merupakan wadah bagi konstruksi bahasa karena antara bahasa dan budaya identitas naratornya, sekaligus juga terdapat keterkaitan yang tidak bisa menunjukkan bahasa sosial yang digunakan dipisahkan (Dubina & Ramos, 2016; Gee, dalam pembicaraan.Artinya, ketika dia 2011; Ladegaard, 2012). Narasi merupakan seorang pebisnis, maka dalam konteks narasi medium yang bisa menunjukkan dimensi bisnis adalah sesuatu yang wajar mereka kultural (Hofstede, 2016) bagian mana yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa terefleksi dari ujaran-ujaran orang terkaya penyampai pesan karena yang dibicarakan Indonesia. Ditemukan bahwa dimensi adalah persoalan bisnis. Dengan demikian, kultural kolektivistik dikonstruksi melalui sejalan dengan konsep wacana bahasa narasi-narasi mereka. Adalah jelas bahwa seseorang merefleksikan afiliasi kategorisasi dimensi kultural Hostede pembicaranya pada kelompok-kelompok (Hofstede, 1987, 2016) masih relevan jika sosial tertentu (Gee, 2011, 2015). Seseorang dilihat dari sudut pandang analisis linguistik. yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris dalam Hanya saja dimensi kultural yang lain belum diskusi tentang transaksi, promosi usaha, ditemukan dalam beberapa cuplikan data di strategi mengembangkan usaha atau bisnis atas. Perlu penelitian lebih jauh tentang atau hal-hal serupa, bisa dikatakan sebagai dimensi kultural dalam narasi bisnis tersebut. anggota kelompok pebisnis Selain itu, ke depan eksplorasi lebih jauh

perlu dilakukan paling tidak pada beberapa DAFTAR PUSTAKA hal.Pertama, perlu diinvestigasi apakah Brown, E. K. (2013). The Cambridge dimensi kultural juga tergambar pada narasi dictionary of linguistics /. Cambridge bisnis orang terkaya Indonesia lainnya, University Press,. paling tidak mencakup narasi sepuluh orang Credit-Suisse. (2016). The Conference. terkaya Indonesia. Kedua, analisis berikutnya Retrieved September 19, 2016, from perlu menggabungkan antara kualitatif dan https://www.credit- kuantitatif dengan tujuan supaya analisis suisse.com/microsites/conferences/aic/ narasi bisnis juga bisa berkontribusi pada en/the-conference.html ranah keilmuan yang bersinggungan dengan Digital Narrative of Asia. (2015). Digital bisnis seperti kepemimpinan bisnis dan Narratives of Asia | Institute for tatakelola organisasi bisnis (Du-Babcock & Societal Leadership. Retrieved Tanaka, 2016). Dengan demikian, bidang September 19, 2016, from ilmu linguistik bukan hanya berkontribusi http://isl.smu.edu.sg/DNA pada ranah kebahasaan namun juga bisa Du-Babcock, B., & Tanaka, H. (2016). A memberikan pencerahan ilmiah lintas bidang. Linguistic Approach to Management Research: Leadership in Intercultural English Meetings in Asia. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov, Series VII: Social Sciences and Law, 9(1), 119–130. Dubina, I. N., & Ramos, S. J. (2016). Cultural Underpinnings in Entrepreneurship. In Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Across Cultures, Theory and Practices (pp. 147–153). Springer New York. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939- 3261-0_12 Forbes. (2015). Indonesia’s 50 Richest List. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from http://www.forbes.com/indonesia- billionaires/list/ Gee, J. P. (2011). An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. Gee, J. P. (2015). Discourse, Small d, Big D. In The International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction (pp. 1–5). Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. http://doi.org/10.1002/9781118611463 .wbielsi016 Gerritsen, M., & Nickerson, C. (2009). BELF: Business English as a lingua franca. In F. Bargiela-Chiappini (Ed.), The Handbook of Business Discourse (pp. 180–192). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Hofstede, G. (1987). The Applicability of McGregor’s Theories in South East Asia. Journal of Management Development, 6(3), 9–18. http://doi.org/10.1108/eb051642 Hofstede, G. (2016). The hofstede centre. Retrieved from https://geert- hofstede.com/

KBBI Online. (2016). Arti kata narasi - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://kbbi.web.id/narasi Labov, W., & Waletzky, J. (1997). Narrative Analysis: Oral Versions of Personal Experience. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 7(1), 3–38. http://doi.org/10.1075/JNLH.7.02NAR Ladegaard, H. J. (2012). The discourse of powerlessness and repression: Identity construction in domestic helper narratives 1. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 16(4), 450–482. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 9841.2012.00541.x

KEMATIAN SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN KEKUASAAN DALAM NOVEL MY SISTER’S KEEPER KARYA JODI PICOULT Tomi Arianto. Universitas Putera Batam [email protected]

ABSTRACT My Sister’s Keeper by Jodi Picoult is a novel which explores the phenomenon of American modern society in facing the death. The problem issue was the advancing attitude of American modern society toward the position of death as a threat which is also being denied, consequently labeled as Forbidden Death. Picoult explored the issue of Accute Promieleokosit Leucemia (APL) patient followed by the designed baby. There is a production of discourse and the utilization of the power behind the forbidden death discourse. This research uses the genealogical approach and discursive formations to find mechanisms of power in the novel. The result of the study depicted that the Forbidden Death on the novel was considered as the formation of discursive practice. Then there is also the utilization of power behind the discourse of death. Lastly, power requires a complex strategy and mechanism to legitimize the power of them through; bio-power, normalization, resistance and negotiations. Key words: Forbidden death, Power, and Normalization

A. Latar Belakang Dengan kata lain, kematian di satu sisi menjadi Kematian merupakan fenomena sosial hal yang semakin ditakuti. empiris yang terjadi di dalam kehidupan. Fenomena sosial empiris mengenai Seiring dengan waktu, pandangan masyarakat kematian yang diuraikan di atas, mempunyai terhadap kematian semakin mengalami keterkaitan cukup erat dengan tema-tema pergeseran. Philipe Aries dalam bukunya kematian dalam karya sastra. Sebagai bahasa, Western Attitudes Toward Death from the karya sastra sebenarnya dapat dibawa dalam Middle Ages to the Present (1974) telah keterkaitan yang kuat dengan dunia sosial melakukan riset tersendiri terkait pergeseran tertentu yang nyata, yaitu pada lingkungan pandangan masyarakat dari abad ke 12 hingga sosial di mana tempat dan waktu bahasa yang saat ini, termasuk karakteristik dan tindakan digunakan karya sastra itu hidup dan berlaku. yang dilakukannya. Aries mengkategorikan Menurut Faruk (2013:46) apabila bahasa pergeseran pandangan masyarakat modern saat dipahami sebagai sebuah tata simbolik yang ini sebagai Forbiden death dimana kematian bersifat sosial dan kolektif, maka karya sastra dipandang sebagai sesuatu yang menakutkan, yang menggunakan bahasa itu berbagi tata berusaha disangkal, bahkan taboo untuk simbolik yang sama dengan masyarakat pemilik diperbincangkan. dan pengguna bahasa itu sendiri. Untuk Ada beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan mempertalikan sastra dengan dunia sosial yang kematian dianggap menakutkan dewasa ini. nyata bukan tidak terdapat sama sekali. Penyakit mematikan merupakan salah satu hal Mengutip Swingswood dalam Faruk (2013:47) yang paling menakutkan sebagai penyebab menyebutkan bahwa upaya untuk melacak kematian. Maraknya isu-isu, artikel, dan tulisan keterkaitan tersebut sudah dilakukan hingga mengenai HIV/AIDs, TBC, Leukemia malah demikian jauh ke belakang, terutama ke teori menjadikan masyarakat modern terus dihantui mimesis dari Plato. Menurut Plato, dunia dalam bayangan kematian. Kemudian kemajuan karya sastra merupakan tiruan terhadap dunia teknologi medis, ilmu pengetahuan, dan riset kenyataan yang sebenarnya juga merupakan mengambil peran sebagai obat penawar bagi tiruan dari dunia ide. Dengan demikian, apabila ancaman kematian. Peranan rumah sakit, dokter, dunia dalam sastra membentuk diri sebagai psikiater, ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi sebuah dunia sosial, maka sesungguhnya dunia medis menjadi dominatif di abad ini. Di sisi tersebut merupakan tiruan terhadap dunia sosial lain, kepercayaan tinggi masyarakat terhadap yang ada dalam kenyataan sebagaimana yang lembaga medis disertai dengan bingkai dipelajari dalam sosiologi (Faruk, 2013:47). scientifik-nya membuat masyarakat Salah satu novel yang mengangkat tema mendewakan dan menjadikan masyarakat kematian dengan setting abad ke-21 di Amerika semakin jauh dengan pembicaraan kematian. adalah My Sister’s Keeper (MSK) karya Jodi Picoult. MSK merupakan novel karya Picoult 43

yang dipublikasikan pada tahun 2005. Picoult atau peristiwa. Pusat perhatian geneologi adalah menampilkan isu penyakit mematikan Accute hubungan timbal balik antara sistem kebenaran Promieleokosit Leucemia (APL) yang diidap yang diproduksi oleh wacana dan mekanisme oleh tokoh Kate. Picoult juga menggandengkan kuasa yang di dalamnya terdapat rezim politis dengan isu genetic engineering1 sebagai metafor yang memproduksi kebenaran. dari kemajuan teknologi untuk menjawab Kekuasaan dalam pandangan Foucault keresahan masyarakat karena kematian. Dalam berbeda dengan konsep pemikiran kekuasaan novel tersebut penulis mengidenfikasikan lainnya. Kekuasaan bukan sesuatu yang dimiliki terdapat dominasi peran rumah sakit dan atau dipegang seseorang melainkan sebuah ketergantungan pasien terhadap tindakan medis, kemampuan seseorang lewat strategi kompleks pendisiplinan tubuh pasien, serta eksploitasi dalam suatu masyarakat dengan perlengkapan, tubuh terhadap manusia hasil rekayasa embryo manuver, teknik dan mekanisme tertentu. untuk menyelamatkan tokoh lain dari ancaman Kekuasaan bukan hak dominan melainkan kematian. keseluruhan posisi strategisnya, akibatnya Dari permasalahan yang terdapat dalam menunjukkan posisi yang mendominasi novel tersebut, penulis mengidentifikasikan (Foucault, 2008:122). Kekuasaan merupakan ketakutan masyarakat terhadap kematian bukan dampak langsung dari pembagian, hadir secara natural begitu saja melainkan ketaksederajatan, dan ketimpangan. Kekuasaan terdapat produksi wacana yang menjadikan mempunyai strategi dan teknik untuk ketakutan tersebut sebagai wacana dominan di mempertahankan diri salah satunya dengan abad ini. Penelusuran tersebut bisa dikaji lebih menjaga hubungan tidak merata, diskriminasi dalam dengan pendekatan genealogi Foucault. dan ketidaksamaan tersebut (Foucault, Kemudian menariknya dalam hubungan 2008:121). Kekuasaan tidak dapat dilokalisir kekuasaan dan mekanisme yang bekerja. Oleh namun terdapat dimana-mana. Kekuasaan tidak karena itu muncul dua pertanyaan penelitian bersifat represif dan penindasan tetapi melalui dalam tulisan ini: normalisasi dan regulasi (Foucault, 2008: 122). 1. Bagaimana pandangan kematian dalam Kekuasaan membutuhkan mekanisme dan novel My sister’s keeper dilihat dengan teknik untuk mempertahankan dirinya pendekatan Foucault? diantaranya dengan bio-power dan normalisasi. 2. Bagaimana kematian digunakan sebagai Bio-power merupakan konsep yang digunakan instrumen kekuasan dalam novel tersebut? oleh Foucault untuk mengkritik cara masyarakat Konsep pemikiran Foucault beranjak dari modern mengontrol dan mendisiplinkan hasil pembacaannya terhadap karya Nietzche, individu maupun masyarakat dengan on Genealogy of Mortality. Menurut Foucault, mendukung klaim dan praktik pengetahuan ilmu genealogi justru menjaga jarak yang manusia; kedokteran, psikiatri, kriminologi. berseberangan dengan perspektif sejarah Dalam bukun Ingin tahu seksualitas (2008:174- konvensional dalam hal pencarian asal-usul 175) bio-power bekerja dalam dua bentuk suatu kejadian atau peristiwa. Sebagaimana bentuk pokok. Pertama, prosedur kekuasan dalam pernyataanya: yang merupakan ciri khas berbagai disiplin: Genealogy does not oppose itself to politik anatomis tentang tubuh manusia. Kedua, history as the loftly and profound gaze proses pengawasan dengan sederet campur of the philosopher might compare to tangan dan pengendalian: suatu bio-politik the mole like perspective of the tentang populasi. scholar; on the contrary, it rejects the Dalam buku Dicipline and Punishment, metahistorical deployment of ideal Foucault mengatakan bahwa “kekuasaan yang significations and indefinite menormalisir” tidak hanya ada di dalam penjara, teleologies. It opposes itself to the tetapi juga beroperasi melalui mekanisme- search for “origin” (Foucault, mekanisme sosial yang dibangun untuk 1977:140) menjamin kesehatan, pengetahuan, dan Genealogi tidak bermaksud untuk kembali kesejahteraan (Foucault, 1975:358). ke masa lampau dalam pelacakan suatu sejarah, “Focault saw that normalization is as lebih-lebih tidak ditujukan untuk memulihkan process that not only served to marked out sebuah kontinuitas yang tidak terputus. Prinsip the majority of “us” from the minority of kerja genealogi justru berusaha mengolah dan “them” but which existed to the power mengidentifikasi setiap detail serta kecelakaan relation of society. Through his work of yang muncul di setiap permulaan suatu kejadian normalization, Foucault came to the view

that power and knowledge were mutually dikumpulkan dengan melakukan pembacaan, constitutive. He challenged the accepted kategorisasi, kemudian dianalisis dengan view that knowledge is power, a view which menggunakan pendekatan geneologis untuk show knowledge has a scarce of resource menelusuri produksi wacana, hubungan that conferred power on who possessed it. kekuasaan, serta mekanisme kuasa dibalik Incontrast, Foucault argued that “the pandangan kematian yang terdapat di dalamnya. exercise of power perpetually creates Dalam kaitannya dengan analisis wacana knowledge, and conversely, knowledge menurut Foucault dalam Faruk (2012:250) ada constantly induced effects of power. beberapa prinsip yang perlu diperhatikan; Knowledge was, then, both a creator of Pertama, prinsip pembalikan, yakni untuk power, and a cration of power” (James. melihat adanya pemotongan dan penyaringan 2007: 9). wacana. Kedua, prinsip diskontinuitas, yakni Normalisasi merupakan terminologi yang prinsip yang menyangkut kesediaan cukup penting dalam konsep kekuasaan menempatkan aneka wacana. Ketiga, Prinsip Foucault di mana mekanisme kekuasaan itu spesifisitas yakni anggapan bahwa wacana bekerja. Untuk menciptakan kekuasan maka merupakan sebuah tindakan kekerasan yang kekuasaan menciptakan others dengan dilakukan manusia terhadap benda-benda dan pengkategorian antara normal dan abnormal disitulah peristiwa-peristiwa wacana untuk merepitisi suatu kekuasaan. menemukan prinsip regularitasnya. Keempat, Kekuasaan bukan merupakan hubungan prinsip ekterioritas, menyangkut perlu subjek yang searah, kekuasaan juga tidak dapat memperhatikan kondisi-kondisi eksternal yang berdiri sendiri. Setiap affirmasi kekuasaan akan memungkinkan wacana, pemunculannya, melahirkan resistensi yang berbentuk resistensi. regularitasnya, apa yang membangkitkan Foucault dalam The History of Sexuality peristiwa-peristiwa itu dan apa yang akan menyebutkan “Where there is power, there is mengukuhkannya. resistance and yet, or rather consequently, this Oleh karena itu untuk menganalisis is never in position of exteriority in relation to genealogi tentang pandangan kematian serta power” (Foucault, 1978:95). Resistensi tersebut mekanisme kekuasaan yang bekerja dibalik merupakan sisi lain dari hubungan-hubungan pandangan kematian di dalam novel MSK kekuasaan; terpatri di dalamnya dan tak melalui beberapa langkah berikut: tergoyahkan sebagai pelengkap dialektikanya. 1. Melihat wacana umum atau dominan Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian mengenai pandangan kematian yang ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Menurut diproduksi yang selama ini dianggap benar Boglan dan Taylor metode kualitatif adalah dan keberadaannya seolah-olah tampak prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data seperti given dan natural melalui tindakan deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dan sikap tokoh dalam novel. dari orang-orang dan perilaku yang diamati 2. Melihat adanya wacana-wacana lain yang (Moleong, 1982: 3). Penelitian ini termarginalkan atau submerged sebagai menggunakan kajian pustaka dengan cara sesuatu yang diisolasi dan dianggap menganalisis novel My Sister’s Keeper karya hilang. Jodi Picoult. Sebagai objek penelitian, karya 3. Mencari hubungan timbal balik antara tersebut kemudian dikaji dengan menggunakan sistem kebenaran dan praktik kekuasaan analisis kekuasaan menurut pemikiran Michael berbentuk jaringan yang di dalamnya Foucault. terdapat sistem politis yang memproduksi Data yang dikumpulkan untuk penelitian wacana kebenaran. ini berupa data primer dan sekunder. Data 4. Mencari mekanisme-mekanisme primer dalam penelitian ini adalah novel My kekuasaan berupa strategi-strategi yang Sister’s Keeper karya Jodi Picoult. Novel ini digunakan untuk melegitimasi kekuasaan. dipilih karena diduga menghadirkan bentuk- bentuk ketakutan dalam menghadapi kematian A. Pembahasan serta pengopreasian kematian sebagai instrumen Pada subab ini akan disajikan bagaimana kekuasaan. Adapun sumber data sekunder bentuk pandangan kematian yang terdapat diperoleh dari referensi tertulis yaitu buku- dalam novel My Sister’s Keeper dan bagaimana buku, makalah, artikel, jurnal, laporan hubungannya dengan formasi wacana dengan penelitian seperti tesis, skripsi, dan disertasi meng-geneologi pandangan kematian tersebut. yang berkaitan dengan objek penelitian. Selanjutnya akan dibahas mengenai bagaimana Dalam menganalisis data, deskripsi teks mekanisme kekuasaan yang bekerja serta teknik dalam novel MSK sebagai sumber data primer dan strateginya. 45

1. Bentuk pandangan kematian dan APL Kate kambuh. Tindakan pertama yang produksi wacana dalam novel My dilakukan oleh tokoh dalam novel dengan Sister’s Keepeer menghubungi pihak rumah sakit atau dokter Bentuk pandangan kematian yang terdapat spesialis APL. Hal ini terlihat dari kutipan I dalam novel lebih ditunjukkan dari sikap stand frozen in the doorway of my own room, karakter dalam novel yang menjadikan waiting for instructions: “Call 911. Call Dr. kematian sebagai sesuatu yang ditakuti atau Chance.” My mother goes so far as to shake a mengancam. Representasi ketakutan dalam better explanation out of Kate (Picoult, novel terlihat dari sikap takut kehilangan orang 2005:11). yang dicintai, rumah sakit sebagai pelarian dari Bentuk lain yang merepresentasikan kematian, dan teknologi kloning yang bentuk ketakutan terhadap kematian menjadikan manusia sebagai subjek atas ditunjukkan melalui tindakan menciptakan bayi kematian. Representasi ketakutan terhadap klon untuk menghindari kematian. Setelah kematian tersebut merupakan bentuk wacana mendapat diagnosis dokter bahwa Kate, positif dominan yang terdapat di dalam novel. menderita penyakit kanker darah yang paling Isu mengenai penyakit APL menjadi langka di dunia dan mengancam kehidupannya, brand-topic yang diangkat oleh Picoult dalam orang tua Kate juga melakukan tindakan untuk novel My Sister’s Keeper. Hal ini sesuai dengan melakukan penyangkalan terhadap kematian isu tentang wacana ancaman penyakit yaitu dengan teknologi genetic enginering. mematikan terhadap anak yang paling ditakuti Semua bentuk pandangan kematian diatas di Amerika pada era 2000an. Berbicara tentang bukan hadir begitu saja melainkan hasil dari leukemia berarti berbicara tentang ancaman produksi wacana yang melahirkan rezim kematian. Hal ini terlihat saat pertama kali kebenaran yang diakui dan diterima mentah- mendapat diagnosis bahwa hasil laboratorium mentah oleh masyarakat. Dalam masyarakat menunjukkan Kate mengidap leukimia: biasanya terdapat wacana yang berbeda satu In a person with leukemia, the childcare sama lain, namun kekuasaan lebih memilih dan center doors are opened too early. Immature mendukung wacana tertentu menjadi dominan. blood cells wind up circulating, unable to do Sedangkan wacana-wacana lain menjadi their job. It’s not always odd to see terpinggirkan “marginalized” atau terpendam Promyelocytes in a CBC, but when we “submerged”. checked Kate’s under microscope, we could Ada dua konsekuensi dari wacana see abnormalities,” she looks in turn at each dominan. Pertama, wacana dominan of us. I’ll need to do a bone marrow memberikan arahan bagaimana suatu objek aspiration to confirm this, but it seems that harus dibaca dan difahami. Pandangan yang Kate has acute promyelocytic leukemia.” lebih luas menjadi terhalang, karena ia My tongue is pinned by the weight of the memberikan pilihan yang tersedia dan siap question that, a moment later, Bryan forces dipakai. Kedua, struktur diskursif yang tercipta out of his own throat: “is she... is she going atas suatu objek tidaklah berarti kebenaran. to die?” (Picoult, 2005:31) Batas-batas tercipta tersebut bukan hanya Kutipan di atas menunjukkan sebuah membatasi pandangan, tetapi juga indikasi awal dokter mengenai penyakit APL menyebabkan wacana lain yang tidak dominan Kate berdasarkan hasil tes darah. Hal yang menjadi terpinggirkan. Wacana terpinggirkan menjadi perhatian dari kutipan di atas adalah dalam konteks sikap berhadapan dengan terkait respon kedua orang tua Kate saat kematian yaitu sikap pasrah dan menerima menerima diagnosis awal tersebut. Belum ada datangnya kematian tersebut. Sikap menerima keputusan apapun yang diberikan oleh dokter kematian telah dipandang sebagai sesuatu yang mengenai ancaman yang akan dihadapi oleh unlogis, tidak masuk akal, dan abnormal. Disatu Kate. Namun, visualisasi mengenai kematian sisi, perkembangan sains dan teknologi telah lebih dulu menggerayangi pikiran kedua menciptakan rezim kebenarannya sehingga orang tuanya. Signifikansi kematian yang terciptalah kekuasaan dimana masyarakat akan terdapat dalam kutipan ini menunjukan salah tunduk dan patuh dengan semua teknologi satu bentuk ketakutan atas kematian ditandai kesehatan yang dapat menjawab keresahan dengan ketakutan kehilangan orang yang masyarakat terhadap ancaman kematian. dicintai. Bagaimana mekanisme kekuasaan itu bekerja Ketakutan terhadap kematian juga terlihat akan dibahas dalam sub bab berikutnya. dari rumah sakit sebagai bentuk pelarian dari 2. Mekanisme kekuasaan di balik kematian. Hal ini terlihat dari respon nirsadar pandangan kematian yang dilakukan pihak keluarga ketika penyakit 46

Dalam subbab ini akan disajikan hubungan The rate of survival for APL patients is kekuasaan yang memainkan perannya dibalik twenty to thirty percent, if treatment stars wacana kematian yang dianggap sebagai immediately” (Picoult, 2005:32). ancaman dan ketakutan di dalam novel MSK. Setelah melewati proses laboratorium serta Hubungan kekuasaan yang terjadi di antaranya pemeriksaan tubuh secara terperinci, dokter antara institusi kesehatan dan pasien, orang tua kemudian mendiagnosis bahwa Kate positif dan anak, serta antara lembaga jaminan menderita penyakit Accute Promyelocytic kesehatan dan individu. Selanjutnya ditelusuri Leukemia (APL). Selain itu, dokter juga mekanisme kontruksi kekuasaan di balik mengklaim bahwa kemungkinan penderita APL wacana kematian yang meliputi bio-power atas hanya dapat bertahan hidup sekitar 20-30%. tubuh dan normalisasi. Kemudian ditemukan Namun, risiko kematian akibat APL dapat pula resistensi sebagai bentuk perlawanan atas dihindari dan diundur kedatangannya dengan kekuasaan dan negosiasi. syarat harus mengikuti penanganan khusus 2.1.1. Hubungan kekuasaan antara sesuai prosedur rumah sakit. Klaim dokter di profesional medis dan pasien atas pengetahuan yang dimilikinya ini disebut Di balik wacana kematian tersebut ternyata oleh Foucault sebagai Medical Gaze. Diagnosis melahirkan pemanfaatan kekuasaan. Praktik penyakit diiringi dengan klaim pada masa kini kekuasaan dilakukan oleh dokter terhadap telah dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang natural dan pasien dengan menggunakan diagnosis diiringi memiliki landasan ilmiah. Di sisi lain, diagnosis dengan klaim, sebagaimana yang dilakukan beserta klaim tersebut tanpa sadar telah terhadap Kate yang menderita penyakit Accute mengikat sebuah kuasa antara dokter dan pasien Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL). Dokter dalam di mana pengetahuan melahirkan kekuasaan. hal ini berperan layaknya “tukang sihir” yang 2.1.2. Hubungan kekuasaan antara orang tua dapat mengatasi semua penyakit pasien bahkan dan anak bisa mengindarkan manusia dari kematian. Hubungan kekuasaan terbentuk karena Diagnosis dengan bingkai scientifik dan adanya relasi sosial yang mengindikasikan prosedur ilmiahnya menjadikan semua hubungan assimetris antara individu yang satu keputusan yang diberikan oleh dokter sebagai dan individu lainnya. Foucault menyatakan sebuah “kebenaran absolut”. bahwa Power relation exists because there are Dalam novel MSK kekuasaan dipraktikan in equalities, divisions, and disequalibriums oleh profesional medis seperti dokter spesialis (Foucault, 1978:94). onkologi, dokter ahli genetis, dan dokter Hubungan kekuasaan lainnya yang spesialis lain yang menangani pasien, Kate. terbentuk sebagai efek dari wacana ketakutan Pada kasus ini, kekuasaan bukan dimiliki secara terhadap kematian terjadi antara orang tua dan instan dan begitu saja pada dokter-dokter anak di dalam novel. Orang tua yang sudah lebih tersebut melainkan diproduksi dengan dulu termakan dengan wacana ketakutan mekanisme dan strateginya tersendiri. Hal ini terhadap kematian akan melakukan apa saja dapat diintepretasikan bahwa kekuasaan dalam upaya untuk menghindari kematian. memang tidak dimiliki, tetapi sumber-sumber Salah satunya dengan mengikuti riset terbaru kekuasaan dapat dimiliki. Dengan demikian, dokter untuk menciptakan bayi sebagai pengetahuan, yang merupakan sumber pendonor organ melalui teknologi genetic kekuasaan digunakan untuk praktik kekuasaan. engineering. Tokoh Anna dalam novel ini hadir Pengetahuan itu sendiri dalam konsep Foucault sebagai manusia pertama keberhasilan merupakan cara bagaimana kekuasaan teknologi medis menciptakan rekayasa embryo memaksakan diri kepada subyek tertentu tanpa sebagai donor cadangan untuk menyelamatkan memberi kesan bahwa ia datang dari subyek Kate. Disisi lain, kebijakan yang diambil oleh tertentu. Hal itu dikarenakan kriteria Sara (orang tua Kate) untuk menghindari diri keilmiahannya seakan-akan mandiri terhadap dari kematian malah memunculkan tindakan subjek. Padahal klaim ini merupakan bagian eksploitasi terhadap tubuh Anna. dari kekuasaan (Haryatmoko, 2002:16). Eksploitasi tubuh Anna terjadi berulang Dokter dengan riset ilmiahnya secara kali sejak ia lahir hingga berumur 13 tahun. Hal yakin memberikan otopsi terhadap Kate yang ini terlihat dari kutipan berikut: menderita APL dan memprediksi seberapa lama “The first time I gave something to my sister, Kate akan bertahan hidup. Hal ini tercantum it was cord blood, and I was newborn. She has dalam narasi MSK berikut: Leukemia – APL – and my cells put her into Dr. Farquad: “APL is a very rare subgroup remission. The next time she relapsed, I was of myeloid leukemia. Only about twelve five, and I had lymphocytes drawn from me, hundred people a year are diagnosed with it. three times over, because the doctors never 47

seemed to get enough of them the first time dan memberikan alternatif pengobatan dengan around. When Kate get infections, I had to biaya yang lebih kecil. Hal ini tercantum dalam donate granulocytes. When she relapsed narasi: again, I had to donate peripheral blood stem “AmeriLife will pay ninety percent of what’s cells” (Picoult, 2005:20). considered reasonable and customary for a Kutipan di atas menunjukkan berbagai donor lymphocyte infusion. However, should macam bentuk tindakan eksploitatif yang you still choose to do a bone narrow dilakukan terhadap Anna sebagai individu yang transplant, we are willing to cover ten tidak memiliki kekuatan hukum karena usianya percent of the costs” (Picoult, 2005:224). masih di bawah 13 tahun. Semua keputusan Kutipan di atas semakin memperlihatkan tindakan medis tidak pernah ditanyakan pada bagaimana asuransi mengedepankan sektor Anna melainkan berada ditangan kedua orang bisnisnya sebagai institusi penjamin kesehatan tuanya. Dengan dalih untuk menyelamatkan masyarakat. Ada prosedur-prosedur yang saudari kandungnya, Anna harus menjalani dibatasi oleh institusi kesehatan terhadap klaim operasi berulang-ulang. Penderitaan yang yang diajukan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dialami oleh Kate yang mengidap penyakit APL institusi kesehatan memperlakukan manusia berbagi dengan derita yang harus dialami oleh sama halnya dengan barang-barang mati yang Anna. Hampir setiap kali Kate menjalani diasuransikan. Misalnya, asuransi pada tindakan preventif terhadap APL, Anna selalu kendaraan mobil atau motor. Asuransi akan berada di sisinya untuk menyumbangkan bagian menanggung biaya kerusakan dengan dari tubuhnya sesuai dengan kebutuhan- mencarikan sparepart terendah dengan kualitas kebutuhan Kate. yang sama. Tujuannya adalah untuk 2.1.3. Hubungan kekuasaan antara Lembaga meminimkan dana yang diajukan oleh klien Jaminan kesehatan dan masyarakat yang mengajukan klaim. Begitu juga yang Selain rumah sakit, institusi lain yang terjadi pada kutipan di atas, dengan memanfaatkan wacana ketakutan terhadap menggunakan kuasa institusi jaminan kematian di Amerika adalah asuransi jaminan kesehatan, agen asuransi mencarikan opsional kesehatan. Jaminan kesehatan di Amerika telah alternatif terendah untuk penanganan yang bisa menjadi sektor bisnis yang kebanyakan dicover oleh institusi, sementara taruhan yang dijalankan oleh sektor privat. Health dihadapi pasien adalah antara hidup dan mati. care facilities are largely owned and operated 2.2.1. Mekanisme Kekuasaan dengan bio- by private sector businesses. 58% of US power dan normalisasi community hospitals are non-profit, 21% are Bagi Foucault, kekuasaan bukan perang government owned, and 21% are for-profit subyektif searah: kemampuan seseorang atau (Scott, 2011). Visualisasi ancaman kematian kelompok untuk memaksakan kehendak kepada dan riset mengenai data pengidap penyakit orang lain. Kekuasaan merupakan strategi mematikan semakin menjadikan institusi kompleks dalam suatu masyarakat dengan jaminan kesehatan sebagai opsi utama untuk perlengkapan, manuver, teknik dan mekanisme dapat menenangkan masyarakat dari wacana tertentu. Dalam artian, kekuasaan lebih ancaman terhadap kematian. Peluang ini pula beroperasi dari pada dimiliki, kekuasaan bukan kemudian memunculkan hubungan-hubungan hak istimewa yang didapat atau dipertahankan kekuatan yang dipraktikan oleh agen-agen kelas dominan, tetapi akibat keseluruhan posisi komersil dengan memberikan janji-janji strategisnya. Kekuasaan lebih digambarkan penanganan sepenuhnya terhadap penyakit yang dalam tatanan disiplin yang dihubungkan pada diderita pasien. Namun pada realitanya, tidak sejumlah jaringan. “Disiplin tidak dapat semua biaya pengobatan untuk pasien dapat diidentikkan dengan aparat negara; ia adalah dicover dengan alasan-alasan prosedur, suatu tipe kekuasaan, suatu modalitas untuk mekanisme, dan aturan lainnya. menjalankan kekuasaan, yang terdiri dari Realitas ini juga terjadi pada keluarga seluruh sarana, teknik, prosedur, tingkat-tingkat Fitzgerald dalam novel MSK. Keluarga penerapan, sasaran-sasaran; ia merupakan fisik Fitzgerald telah melaksanakan kewajibannya atau anatomi kekuasaan, suatu teknologi. Dan ia sebagai klien asuransi dengan membayar dapat dijamin oleh institusi-institusi yang angsuran tepat pada waktunya sejumlah nilai terspesialisasi (penjara, rumah sakit, sekolah) yang telah ditetapkan. Pada saat Kate sedang dengan tujuan tertentu (Foucault dalam sekarat dan segera membutuhkan transplantasi Haryatmoko, 2002:18). sumsum tulang belakang dengan biaya sebesar Dalam novel MSK sebagaimana telah $100.000, asuransi kesehatan tidak dapat dibahas pada bab II, bentuk wacana yang berupa menerima klaim rujukan rumah sakit tersebut ancaman ketakutan terhadap kematian telah 48

melahirkan kuasa-kuasa baru. Relasi kekuasaan “Focault argues that-Bio-power has two tersebut dipraktiktan dalam ruang lingkup poles which one pole concerns with human rumah sakit (dokter terhadap pasien), ruang species including its population and the lingkup keluarga (orang tua terhadap anak) dan other pole concerns with the body as institusi jaminan kesehatan. Kekuasaan tersebut manipulated object that later it is labelled as kemudian membutuhkan strategi, mekanisme, disiplinary power” (Dreyfus & Robinow, dan disiplin untuk mempertahankan kekuasaan 1983:134-135). agar tetap langgeng dan terlegitimasi. Teknologi untuk melanggengkan kekuasaan ini disebut Foucault mengatakan bahwa Bio-power Foucault sebagai Bio-power atau situasi di mana terdiri dari dua pola, pola pertama perhatian biologi dipikirkan dalam politik, norma pada spesies manusia termasuk populasinya cenderung menggantikan hukum. Kedokteran dan pola lainnya memperhatikan pada tubuh modern menjadi kedokteran sosial karena sebagai objek yang dimanipulasi yang kapitalisme telah mensosialisasikan tubuh. kemduian disebut sebagai disiplin kekuasaan. Melalui biopolitik of power, Foucault Pola tersebut bekerja sama sebagai strategi menganalisis siapa yang memiliki hak terhadap kuasa sebagaimana yang terdapat pada novel kehidupan dan kematian. Lindsay dalam MSK. Praktik kuasa di mana tubuh dijadikan disertasinya Death power and the Body: A bio- sebagai mesin produksi berawal dari wacana political Analysis of Death and Dying ancaman kematian yang dihadapi Kate akibat mengatakan: penyakit APL. Ancaman tersebut secara tidak Western culture has become langsung telah membuat ikatan kuasa di mana “thanotopolitical,” which means that it is pasien bergantung dengan keputusan rumah dominated by a politics of death that leaves sakit atas keberlangsungan hidupnya. Pasien us more and more exposed to both death and diminta untuk disiplin, patuh dan mengikuti operations of power. The dispersion of semua prosedur rumah sakit untuk lepas dari power to such figure (doctors, lawyers, ancaman kematian. Pola Bio-power kedua advocate, and even families) has given this terepresentasi dari tubuh dijadikan kontrol akan individual the power to decide between life populasi ditujukan kepada Anna sebagai bayi and death, a power that was once reserved allogenic hasil genetic enginering. Tubuh Anna for sovereign authorities (Lindsay, 2007:1). dimanfaatkan untuk menyelamatkan tubuh Budaya barat telah menjadi politik lainnya dari ancaman kematian. Kendali semua kematian, artinya itu didominasi oleh politik kuasa atas tubuh sebagai politik tersebut berada kematian yang membiarkan kita lebih dan lebih di tangan dokter sebagai agen kuasa yang terekspos pada kematian dan operasi berlindung di bawah institusi kesehatan sebagai kekuasaan. Penyebaran kekuasaan seperti agen penjamin untuk pencapaian kekuasaan. (dokter, pakar hukum, advokat, dan bahkan Sasaran yang ingin dicapai dari politik keluarga) telah diberikan mempraktekkan anatomis atas tubuh meliputi kekuasaan atas kekuasaan individual untuk memutuskan antara tubuh manusia dengan cara mendisiplinkannya hidup dan kematian, kekuasaan yang (Foucault dalam Ritzer, 2003:1055). Dalam dioperasikan oleh kekuasaan tradisional. novel MSK, Bio-power dipraktekkan oleh Peran dokter rumah sakit yang semakin dokter terhadap masyarakat (pasien dan dominatif dalam menangani tubuh pasien di satu keluarga) dengan dalih menjamin kesehatan sisi telah menggeser hubungan kuasa di mana pasien disisi lain memberikan ancaman kontrol sosial dan disiplin akan tubuh pasien, sekaligus keterikatan secara tidak langsung kesemuanya berada di bawah naungan dokter melalui sikap ketergantungan. Setelah yang menangani pasien. Bahkan seakan hak melakukan rekam medis dan diagnosis, dokter yang menentukan mati dan menguasa hidup dalam novel beberapa kali memberikan pilihan pasien di era modern saat ini telah berpindah kepada keluarga Kate. Terdapat dua pilihan, tangan ke dokter rumah sakit. Bio-power dalam yaitu kematian atau disiplin terhadap prosedur hal ini bekerja di mana tubuh dijadikan sebagai pengobatan. Pernyataan tersebut terungkap pada objek disiplin untuk kepentingan politis dan kutipan “only about twelve hundred people a ekonomis dengan memanfaatkan wacana terkait year are diagnosed with it. The rate of survival dengan kematian. for APL patient is twenty to thirty percent, if Bio-politik sendiri memiliki dua pola treatment starts immediatelly” (Picoult, mekanisme, yaitu 1) tubuh dijadikan sebagai 2005:32). (Hanya dua ratus orang pertahun yang mesin disiplin atas tubuh, dan 2) kontrol didiagnosis penyakit ini. Tingkat pertahanan populasi. Hal ini sejalan dengan pernyataan pasien APL 20-30%, jika ditangani dengan Dreyfus dan Robinow berikut: sesegera mungkin). Kutipan tersebut dinyatakan 49

oleh Dr. Farquad ahli onkologi, pada saat genetis yang dapat menjadi pendonor bagi Kate. pertama kali menemukan Kate positif Dengan kuasa atas pengetahuan medisnya, terindikasi mengidap APL akut. dokter kembali memberikan pernyataan pilihan Pernyataan lain yang menunjukkan sikap kepada keluarga Fitzgerald untuk megikuti doktrin seorang dokter sekaligus pendisiplinan prosedur medis atau Kate mati. Anna yang adalah pada saat APL mulai menyerang tubuh memiliki kesamaan allogenic dipaksa untuk Kate. APL menyebabkan reaksi negatif pada menyumbangkan ginjalnya demi tubuh seperti diare, pendarahan dan infeksi, menyelamatkan Kate. Pernyataan tersebut serta membutuhkan donor leukosit dengan tercantum dalam kutipan: segera. Pernyataan yang mengandung “Which Kate is not in normal case. Dr Chance pendisiplinan atas tubuh terlihat pada ungkapan thinks you’d reject an organ from the general Dr. Chance; donor pool, just because your body has already “Mrs. Fitzgerald,” he says. As if he has been through so much. My mother looked down heard my unspoken question, “Of the twenty at ther carpet. “he won’t recommend the children here today, ten will be dead in a few procedure unless the kidney comes from Anna” years. I don’t know which group Kate will be (Picoult, 2005:363). in” (Picoult, 2005:63). Kate tidak dalam kasus normal. Dr. Chance Mrs. Fitzgerald,” dia mengatakan. berfikir Kate menolak organ dari pusat donor Sebagaimana jika dia telah mendengarkan kata umum, hanya karena tubuhnya telah banyak takter ucapku, “dua puluh anak di sini hari ini, dilalui. Ibuku melihat ke karpet. Dia tidak akan sepuluh telah meninggal dalam beberapa tahun. merekomendasikan prosedur tranplant ginjal Saya tidak tahu Kate berada di posisi mana. kecuali dari Anna. Hampir pada setiap tindakannya, dokter Pernyataan-pernyataan dari dokter sebagai selalu memberikan pernyataan pilihan antara agen yang bernaung di bawah institusi kematian dan disiplin atas prosedur kesehatan kesehatan dan bertugas menangani Kate dari atau patuh dengan tindakan yang diberikan oleh serangan APL bukan hanya sekedar alasan- dokter. Saat Kate membutuhkan transplantasi alasan medis yang bersifat scientifik. Akan sumsum tulang belakang, dokter kembali tetapi, hal tersebut juga membangun relasi memberikan alternatif untuk menciptakan bayi kekuasaan sekaligus mekanisme kontrol atas allogonic melalui genetic enginering dari gen tubuh pasien agar disiplin, patuh, dan mengikuti kedua orang tuanya atau Kate mati. Tindakan prosedur yang diberikan oleh dokter tanpa dapat tersebut juga diiringi dengan pernyataan pilihan menyangkal ke pilihan lain. mengikuti prosedur atau Kate akan mati dalam Mekanisme politik atas tubuh yang meliputi pernyataan Dr. Chance “getting transplant from kekuasaan terhadap tubuh manusia dengan stanger who’s a match is much more dangerous mendisiplinkannya ternyata dipraktikkan dokter than getting one from relative-the risk of terhadap pasien dicover dengan alasan-alasan mortality greatly increase”(Picoult,2005:61). ilmiah. Tuntutan masyarakat yang lebih (Transplantasi dari orang asing yang cocok lebih mengedepankan rasionalitas tersebutlah disisi berbahaya dari pada dari keluarga- resiko lain kemudian menjadikan mereka patuh, kematian lebih besar). Selanjutnya doktrin tunduk, dan mengikuti prosedur yang tersebut diikuti dengan tindakan patuh oleh disarankan dokter. Di sisi lain, sikap-sikap keluarga pasien. Mereka bersedia mengikuti disiplin ini pula kemudian yang digunakan oleh riset terbaru yang belum pernah dicobakan dokter sebagai pencapaian politisnya untuk untuk objek manusia dengan menciptakan bayi membangun hubungan kekuasaan terhadap allogenic melalui proses genetic engineering. pasien demi kepentingan tertentu. Pada saat serangan kanker ganas berhasil Jika melihat dalam kasus MSK, dilumpuhkan, Kate mendapat permasalahan kepentingan yang dimiliki oleh dokter pada baru, yaitu ia mengalami gagal ginjal sebagai kasus pengobatan Kate dari APL yaitu sebagai efek samping dari pengobatan yang dijalani. objek untuk pengujian riset terbaru terhadap Kate harus rutin menjalani cuci darah guna tubuh manusia. Pengujian riset tersebut di mengeluarkan racun yang berenang bebas antaranya dengan terapi menggunakan arsenik dalam aliran darahnya. Pengobatan yang bisa melalui pernyataan dokter, “It’s new therapy. mengatasi permasalahan ini hanya dengan Dr. Chance explain. “you get arsenic transplantasi ginjal. Kate juga mengalami intravenously for 2560 days.” (Picoult, ketidak normalan genetika yang dalam istilah 2005:258). (Ini terapi baru. Dr. Chance medis disebut granulocyte macrophage colony menjelaskan. “Kamu akan mendapatkan arsenik stimulating factor. Ketidaknormalan ini selama 2560 hari). Arsenik merupakan zat racun memberikan prasyarat bahwa hanya kesamaan yang digunakan sebagai bahan pembuat 50

pestisida. Dr. Chance menyebutkan belum Rhode Island yang berhasil dilahirkan sebagai pernah ada catatan keberhasilan pengunaan obat bayi allogenic hasil rekayasa embrio dengan tersebut, tetapi dibandingkan berhadapan teknik genetic enginering. Begitulah, tubuh dengan ancaman kematian teknik pengobatan Anna dieksploitasi untuk menyelamatkan hidup tersebut bisa dicoba untuk diaplikasikan. Uji Kate dengan menyumbangkan darah tali pusar, coba riset lainnya terhadap pasien sebagai leukosit dan granulosit, sumsum tulang objeknya adalah dengan menerapkan teknologi belakang, termasuk diminta untuk rekayasa embrio untuk menciptakan bayi menyumbangkan ginjalnya. allogenic melalui genetic engineering. Tujuan Selain Bio-politik, mekanisme lain untuk rekayasa embrio ini juga untuk berjaga-jaga jika mempertahankan kuasa adalah dengan APL kembali menyerang tubuh Kate. Fenomena melakukan normalisasi. Untuk tersebut dilansir dalam stasiun telivisi yang mempertahankan kekuasaan dalam buku meliput keberhasilan dokter dalam menciptakan Dicipline and Punishment, pada akhir buku manusia pertama dengan metode genetic tersebut Foucault mengatakan “kekuasaan yang enginering dalam kutipan di novel “When one menormalisir” tidak hanya di dalam penjara, guys ask if I’m aware that I am Rhode Island’s tetapi juga beroperasi melalui mekanisme- fisrt designer baby” (Picoult, 2005:178). mekanisme sosial yang dibangun untuk (“Ketika seseorang bertanya apakah aku sadar menjamin kesehatan, pengetahuan, dan bahwa aku bayi hasil pemprograman pertama di kesejahteraan (Foucault. 1975:358-359). Rhode Island”). Dari uraian tersebut jelas bahwa Normalisasi merupakan terminologi yang cukup tujuan kuasa atas tubuh pasien yang terdapat penting dalam konsep kekuasaan Foucault di dalam novel ini salah satunya untuk kepentingan mana mekanisme kekuasaan itu bekerja. uji coba medis. Dalam novel MSK ditemukan praktik Kepentingan lain yang dicapai melalui normalisasi di berbagai lapisan kekuasaan. mekanisme pendisiplinan atas tubuh pasien Untuk melanggengkan kuasa, agen kuasa adalah kepentingan ekonomi. Tindakan menciptakan sesuatu yang dianggap normal dan preventif yang dilakukan oleh Kate setelah abnormal. Berkaitan dengan kematian, melakukan operasi berulang kali membuat kategorisasi tindakan normal dan abnormal tagihan rumah sakit di rekening keluarga terlihat dari; kematian sebagai ancaman yang Fitzgerald semakin menggelembung. Hal ini menakutkan sehingga kematian harus diakali, tercantum dalam komentar Sara yang dihindari, dan dijauhi. Tindakan pasrah terhadap mengatakan “The mail is full of hospital bills. kematian dianggap tindakan abnormal di era We have learned that the insurance company modern ini karena teknologi dapat menjawab will not talk to the hospital billing departement permasalahan yang ada. Setelah itu, munculah and vice versa” (Picoult, 2005:233). (“Kotak teknologi kesehatan yang mengambil peran surat penuh dengan tagihan rumah sakit dan vice sebagai kuasa yang mendominasi. Teknologi versa”). Kita telah belajar bahwa perusahaan kesehatan yang memiliki korelasi dengan asuransi tidak akan membayarkan tagihan pengetahuan mengambil lakon sebagai kuasa rumah sakit Tidak ada pilihan yang bisa dominatif kemudian menciptakan subjek lain dilakukan oleh keluarga Fitzgerald. Ancaman untuk melegitimasi kekuasaan yaitu kematian mengiring keluarga pasien untuk pengetahuan itu sendiri berupa penciptaan bayi melakukan apa saja demi terlepas dari Allogenic hasil genetic engineering. Maka datangnya kematian. untuk menormalisasi kekuasaan dibentuklah Setelah melihat bentuk mekanisme Bio- diskursus bahwa selayaknya manusia hasil politik pertama di mana tubuh dijadikan sebagai kloning harus patuh untuk dimanfaatkan mesin disiplin, bentuk Bio-politik yang kedua sebagian organ tubuhnya guna menyelamatkan adalah terkait dengan regulasi disiplin atas manusia lain yang dilahirkan secara normal. populasi. Pola ini merujuk pada siapa yang Anna adalah manusia yang dilahirkan untuk berhak dilahirkan dan siapa yang memiliki menyelamatkan Kate dari kematian akibat APL. pembenaran untuk mati sebagaimana Peran dan tugas Anna sebagai penyelamat didedukasikan dalam buku Foucault History of merupakan konstruk yang dianggap normal Sexuality mengenai “the right of death and the dalam relasi kuasa antara manusia dan manusia power over life” (Foucault, 1978:139). Dalam hasil rekayasa embrio (manusia mesin). novel MSK pola ini lebih terlihat pada kuasa atas Tindakan penyangkalan atas peran dan tugas tubuh Anna Fitzgerald. Dalam novel tersebut dianggap oleh agen kuasa, orang tua dinarasikan, Anna sengaja dilahirkan dengan Kate, sebagai tindakan abnormal. Hal ini terlihat tujuan untuk menyelamatkan Kate dari dari narasi terkait tindakan Anna yang ingin kematian. Anna adalah manusia pertama di kota berhenti menjadi pendonor bagi Kate karena dia 51

merasa bahwa dirinya memiliki hak atas kekuasaan dalam novel MSK melakukan tubuhnya sendiri. Namun, tindakan tersebut normalisasi dalam rangka mempertahankan menurut orang tuanya merupakan tindakan yang kekuasaan itu sendiri tanpa tindakan represif. tidak sesuai dengan peranannya yang memang 2.2.2. Mekanisme Kuasa dengan Resistensi ditakdirkan sebagai penyelamat. Hal tersebut dan negosiasi terungkap dari diskusi dalam narasi MSK Kekuasaan tidak dapat berdiri sendiri berikut: karena kekuasaan selalu bergandengan dengan They come like hurricane. Kate barely resistensi. Di mana ada afirmasi kekuasaan, di manages to look at me before my father situ pasti ada resistensi. Perlawanan dalam sends her upstairs to our room. My mother kekuasaan bukan merupakan kekuatan yang whacks her purse down, the her car keys, datang dari luar, tetapi kekuatan berlawanan and then advances on me. “All right,” she yang muncul karena kekuasaan itu sendiri. says, her voice so tight it might snap. Foucault menyebutkan bahwa kekuasaan itu co- “What’s going on?” extensice dengan resistensi, sebagaimana I clear my throat. “I got lawyer.” pernyataannya: “Where there is power, there is My mother stands over me. “You went to a resistance and yet, or rather consequently, this lawyer and made him think this is all about resistence is never in position of exteriority in you – and it’s not. It’s about us. All of us” relation to power” (Foucault, 1978:95). (Picoult, 2005:51). (Dimana ada kekuasaan, di sana ada resistensi Mereka masuk bagai badai menerjang. Kate dan sebaliknya, secara konsekuensi, resistensi baru saja berusaha memandangku sebelum ini tidak pernah berada diluar relasi kekuasaan ayahku menyuruhnya naik ke kamar kami. tersebut). Jadi, dalam sebuah hubungan Ibuku membanting dompetnya. Lalu kunci kekuasaan pasti terdapat perlawanan atau mobilnya, kemudian menghampiriku. “Baiklah. resistensi terhadap kekuasaan itu sendiri. Dia menatapku dengan tajam. “apa yang Anna Fitzgerald, bayi allogenic yang terjadi?”Aku men elan ludah “Aku punya selama ini menjadi target kekuasaan atas pengacara” Ibuku berdiri dihadapanku “kau tubuhnya, melakukan tuntutan untuk pergi mendatangi pengacara dan membuatnya mendapatkan medical emancipation atau kuasa berfikir bahwa semua ini tentang dirimu- atas tubuhnya sendiri dengan kebebasan medis. padahal bukan. Ini tentang kita. Kita semua. Tuntutan kebebasan medis ini muncul setelah Kutipan tersebut menarasikan saat Sara Anna beberapa kali medonorkan organ mengintrogasi Anna setelah ia melakukan tubuhnya untuk menyelamatkan Kate dari gugatan hukum terhadap ibunya untuk serangan APL. Donor yang dilakukan dimulai mendapatkan petisi atas medical emancipation sejak ia baru lahir dengan menyumbangkan atau kebebasan medis atas tubuhnya sendiri. darah tali pusar. Kemudian, pada usia 5 tahun ia Dalam artian, Anna ingin berhenti menjadi menyubangkan leukosit dan granulosit. pendonor bagi Kate, karena dia menganggap Selanjutnya, ia diminta mendonorkan sumsum bahwa dirinya juga punya hak atas tubuhnya tulang belakang di tengah-tengah acara pesta sendiri. Tindakan seperti ini dianggap Sara ulang tahun teman sekelasnya. Terakhir, ia sebagai tindakan abnormal, mementingkan diri diminta untuk mendonorkan salah satu sendiri dan keluar dari perannya sebagai ginjalnya yang tentu saja akan mempengaruhi penyelamat kakaknya. Anna dalam padangan masa depan dan potensi yang ia miliki. Sara sudah dianggap sebagai mesin produksi Perlawanan yang dilakukan Anna untuk dan keluar dari sistem berarti melanggar sistem mendapatkan kembali kuasa atas tubuhnya regulasi. Doktrin yang berkaitan dengan adalah dengan mendatangi pengacara Campbell perasaan dan kategorisasi tindakan normal dan Alexander. Pengacara Campbell selama ini abnormal inilah yang kemudian membuat Anna terkenal track record-nya karena membantu bimbang terhadap keputusan yang dia ambil. anak yang tinggal di salah satu rumah yatim Terkadang dia maju untuk melanjutkan piatu. Anak ini dibantu untuk menuntut resistensi kadang dia mundur karena merasa keuskupan providence yang dianggap melaggar tindakan yang ia lakukan sebagai tindakan konsiliasi vatican II karena membutuhkan abnormal atau keluar dari norma. Tindakan pengobatan jaringan yang berhubungan dengan tuntutan berupa medical emancipation oleh janin. Anna menyebutnya dengan menuntut manusia hasil kloning dianggap abnormal. Tuhan. Kali ini, Anna meminta bantuan Fenomena tersebut menunjukkan bahwa yang pengacara Campbell untuk menuntut kedua menjadi abnormal dari subjek kloning adalah orangtuanya guna mendapatkan hak kebebasan perasaan humanisnya karena sudah dianggap medis atas tubuhnya sendiri. seperti mesin produksi. Jadi, jelaslah bahwa 52

Perlawananan yang dilakukan Anna Negosiasi lain yang dilakukan oleh Sara merupakan bentuk tuntutan atas kekuasaan yang serta psikiater rumah sakit adalah memberikan selama ini dianggap normal dalam proses yang pujian dan reward terhadap Anna karena telah telah berlangsung lama. Ibunya menjadikan berjasa menyelamatkan Kate dari kematian. Hal segalanya seakan normal di mana setiap orang ini diungkapkan oleh Dr. Neaux, psikiater harus menjalankan perannya masing-masing. rumah sakit, dalam percakapannya dengan Sebagaimana yang diungkapkan Anna, Campbell: “She consider herself superhero, “Normal, dalam rumah kami, ibarat selimut because she can do the one thing no one else yang kependekan diranjang, kadang-kadang can” (Picoult, 2005:352). (Anna selimut itu bisa menutupimu dengan baik, dan mempertimbangkan dirinya sebagai superhero, kadang-kadang selimut itu membuatmu karena dia dapat melakukan sesuatu yang tidak kedinginan dan menggigil; dan yang terburuk seorang pun dapat lakukan). Sara sendiri dari segalanya, kau takkan pernah tau apa yang memberikan reward berupa hadiah permata bakal terjadi” (Picoult, 2005:21). Kutipan bermata tunggal setelah Anna melakukan donor tersebut juga mempertegas bahwa tindakan sumsum tulang belakang. normalisasi yang dilakukan ibunya dalam ruang Selain itu, negosiasi yang dilakukan oleh lingkup keluarga seakan-akan menjadikan Sara adalah dengan menyinggung hubungan semuanya melaksanakan peranan masing- emosional antar keluarga, antara orang tua dan masing. Tuntutan yang dilakukan Anna untuk anak, juga antar saudara. Semua negosiasi yang mendapatkan petisi kebebasan medis juga untuk dilakukan oleh Sara sempat mempengaruhi mengungkap semua tabir relasi kekuasaan yang Anna dan membuat gugatan hukumnya menjadi terdapat dalam novel, baik relasi kekuasaaan terhambat. Anna sering kali menjadi ragu untuk yang terbentuk melalui interaksi antara dokter meneruskan gugatan hukumnya atau tidak. Hal dan pasien, maupun relasi kekuasaan melalui ini terungkap dari pernyataan Campbell kepada interaksi antara orang tua dan anaknya. Anna; Dalam upaya menormalkan resistensi- The reason no one ever asks you for your resistensi Anna di atas, maka strategi yang opinion about anything important is because dilakukan oleh agen kuasa adalah dengan you change your mind so often they don’t negosiasi. Negosiasi ini dilakukan oleh Sara know what to believe. Take me for example. I terhadap Anna untuk mencabut gugatan hukum don’t even know if we’re still petitioning a dan memintanya menyelesaikan konflik dengan judge for medical emancipations (Picoult, cara diplomasi juga kekeluargaan. Hal ini 2005:125). terungkap dalam kutipan berikut: Kutipan diatas menunjukkan kebimbangan “I understand what you’re trying to do Anna yang telah dipengaruhi oleh pernyataan- here,” my mother continues. “and I agree pernyataan hegemonik dari ibunya yang that maybe your father and I need to listen to menyinggung hubungan kekeluargaan dan you a little bit more. But Anna, we don’t need persaudaraan untuk bernegosiasi melepaskan a judge to help us do this.” tuntutannya. Sebaliknya, Campbell kembali My heart is soft sponge at the base of my meneguhkan niat Anna untuk tetap konsisten throat. “You mean it’s okay to stop? “ mempertahankan gugatan kebebasan medisnya. “No more blood draws. No granulocytes or Resistensi yang diiringi dengan negosiasi lymphocytes or stem cells or kidney.” pada uraian di atas menunjukkan bahwa terdapat My mother goes very still. “When I said stop, praktik-praktik kekuasaan yang bekerja di I meant the lawsuit, My God, Anna,” my semua bidang. Praktik kuasa tersebut kemudian mother says, stunned” (Picoult, 2005:176). semakin mempertegas relasi kekuasaan yang Kutipan di atas merupakan tindakan terbentuk satu sama lain. Kasus pada novel MSK negosiasi yang dilakukan oleh Sara dengan menunjukkan konsep kekuasaan yang menerima dan menolak tuntutan Anna. Sara dimaksudkan oleh Foucalt. Foucault meminta Anna untuk menghentikan gugatan mendefinisikan kekuasaan dengan ciri-ciri: hukumnya dengan cara akan memberikan kekuasaan tidak dapat dilokalisir, merupakan perhatian lebih dan kelenturan untuk tatanan disiplin dan dihubungkan dengan mendengarkannya. Anna mengajukan jaringan, memberi struktur kegiatan-kegiatan, kesepakatan untuk tidak lagi mengambil tidak represif namun produktif, dan kekuasaan granulosit, leukosit, dan sel darah dari tubuhnya. juga menormalisir (Haryatmoko, 2016:14). Namun, Sara hanya meminta kesediaan Anna Semua ciri-siri kekuasaan menurut konsep untuk menghentikan gugatan hukum dan Foucault tersebut dipraktikkan dalam novel membicarakannya secara kekeluargaan. MSK, baik dalam institusi kesehatan, keluarga, maupun hukum. Semua kekuasaan bekerja dan 53

membentuk ekses-ekses kekuasaan dengan ------.1977.“Nietzche, Geneologi, History.” strategi dan mekanismenya masing-masing. Dalam Language counter memory, Practice. Sellected essay and interview. D.F. Bouchard (Eds). Itacha: Cornel University Press B. Kesimpulan ------.1978. The History of Sexuality, Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan, Volume I. translated by Robert terdapat beberapa kesimpulan yang dipaparkan Hurley. New York : Random dalam sub-bab ini. Ada tiga kesimpulan utama House.inc yang didapat dalam novel ini. Pertama, ------. 2008. Inging Tahu Sejarah pergeseran pandangan masyarakat modern di Seksualitas. Alih bahasa Rahayu.S Amerika berupa Forbiden death merupakan Hidayat. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor produksi dari wacana yang menjadi sebuah Indonesia rezim kebenaran. Produksi kuasa tersebut James, Katheryn. 2009. Death, Gender and disebabkan oleh visualisasi-visualisasi kematian Sexuality in Contemporary yang menyakitkan, abstrak, dan kehilangan. Adolescent Literature. New York : Rumah sakit, teknologi medis, dan ilmu Routledge pengetahuan memberikan obat penawaran atas Faruk. 2012. Metodologi Penelitian Sastra. ancaman kematian namun semakin Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar memproduksi wacana kematian yang ditakuti. ------. 2013. Pengantar Sosiologi Wacana yang terpinggirkan seperti pasrah Sastra. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar terhadap kematian menjadi termarginalkan dan Fikrawin. 2007. Relasi-relasi Kekuasaan. Fisip: dianggap tidak normal. Universitas Indonesia. disertasi Kedua, Terdapat pemanfaatan kekuasaan Haryatmoko. 2002. Kekuasaan Melahirkan Anti dengan dalih wacana ketakutan terhadap Kekuasaan. Yogyakarta: Yayasan BP kematian. Agen-agen yang memanfaatkan Basis kuasa di antaranya; dokter yang dijamin oleh Lindsay, Ane Hall. 2007. Death Power and the institusi kesehatan, orang tua, dan institusi Body: A bio-political Analysis of jaminan kesehatan. Kekuasaan bekerja dengan Death and Dying. Blackburg: strategi dan mekanismenya masing-masing. Virginia Polytechnic Institute Ketiga, Strategi dan mekanisme yang Moleong, Lexy J. 1982. Metodologi Penelitian digunakan oleh agen kuasa untuk melegitimasi Kualitatif, Penerbit PT Remaja kekuasaan di antaranya dengan menggunakan Rosdakarya Offset, Bandung bio-power meliputi pendisiplinan dan kontrol Picoult, Jodi. 2005. My Sister Keeper. New regulasi populasi, serta normalisasi dengan York : Pinguin Grup USA. Inc mengkategorikan tindakan normal dan Richard F. Storrow. 2009. Therapeutic abnormal. Selain itu, setiap affirmasi kekuasaan Reproduction and Human Dignity. melahirkan resistensi. resistensi ditunjukan oleh US: California University Press Anna untuk medapatkan hak atas kebebasan Ritzer, George. 2003. Teori Sosial Postmodern, medis agar terlepas dari eksploitasi atas terj. Yogyakarta: Kreasi wacana tubuhnya sendiri. Scott, W Atlas. 2011. In Excellent Health: Setting the Record Straight on America’s Helath Care and Charting a Path for Future reform. Stanford, C. Referensi California: Hoover Institution Press, Aries, Phillipe. 1974. Western Attitudes toward Stanford University. Jurnal diakses Death from the Middle Ages to the pada tanggal 21 Mei 2016 Present. London: Marion Boyars Spindelman, Marc. 2008. Death, Dying, and Begley, Sharon. 2015. About Human Germline Domination. Vol. 106, No.8, pp. 1641-1667. Gene Editing by Center for Genetics and Society. Dalam http: Dalam http://www.jstor.org/stable/20865213. //www.geneticsandsociety.org Diakses tanggal 10 Maret 2016 /article.phpid=8711. Diakses 20 Februari 2016 Foucault, Michael. 1975. Dicipline and punish: The birth of prison. Trans. Alan sheridan. New Yor: Vintage book

THE EFFECT OF DIGITAL STORYTELLING TO IMPROVE SUNDAY SCHOOL CHILDREN VOCABULARY MASTERY

Sri Ninta Tarigan, SS., M.Hum. Universitas Prima Indonesia Medan [email protected]

Abstrak Tujuan peneneltian ini adalah untuk menemukan apakah teknik digital storytelling sangat berpengatuh kepada kemampuan kosa kata. Penelitian ini menggunakan kualitatif dengan metode penelitian eksperimen. Pupulasi penelitian ini adalah Anak Sekolah Minggu Gereja Batak Karo Protestan. sampel penelitian ini adalah anak remaja yang terdiri dari 50 anak. Mereka dibagi menjadi dua kelas, kelas eksperimental dan kontrol. Berdasarkan analisis data, ditemukan bahwa t-observe (3.3) lebih besar dari t table 2.010 pada tingkat siknifikan 0.005 dari tes t-table dan (df) adalah 48. Itu menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh digital story telling terhadap kemampuan kosa kata pada Anak Sekolah Minggu Gereja Batak Karo Protestan di Medan. Kata Kunci: Pengaruh Digital Storytelling, Penguasaan Kosa Kata

1. The Backround of Study variation of teaching. In fasting English is very important to technology developing using the digital study nowdays. Many people in the media can help teachers to be an creative world still use English as comunication teacher. They can learn many ways how beyond the country. This situation should to teach English as a foreign language in be prepared earlier if somebody want to class. Of course, it will make students go abroad. English can be learned by more enjoy than reading only. They will taking a course, listening English song or learn four languages skills when they reading a interesting story. Reading a study digital storytelling. interesting story makes people enjoy the Smeda (2014) was findings from plot. It can give many informations and her study suggest that digital storytelling moral lesson too. To share the was a powerful tool to integrate information people retell the story to instructional messages with learning friends. This activity can called story activities to create more engaging and telling. exciting learning environments. It is a Story telling is the way how a meaningful approach for creating a person retell the story to his friends. It is constructivist learning environment very interesting activity expecially for based on novel principles of teaching and children. They will get new information learning. Thus, this approach has the in English. It is the way for the students potential to enhance student engagement to learn English. But before English was and provide better educational outcomes taught for students, the teacher would for learners. know the English first. Here the Porter (2016) said that Designing researcher want to apply English to and communicating information requires students to improve their English by students to deepen their understanding of Story Telling. content while increasing visual, sound, To encorage the students learn oral language, creativity, and thinking English teachers should give the skills. Making meaning out of an

55 experience deepens the communication Using stories in the English for both the author and the viewers. The Language Teaching is effective and author’s narrative voice is the center of powerful way to improve the vocabulary all the multimedia decisions. The story’s in English expecially four basic skills of narrative is first made into a voiceover language; speaking, writing, listening, and then all images, sound, music, and reading. Moreover participate transitions, and special effects are students in activities can motivate them organized around unfolding this story. more active ( Cameron,2005; Isabel, et The reseacher will apply this al,2004; Haven,2000). Isabel et al (2004: technique to Sunday School teachers. But 158) state that stories are a very before the researcher talks much in this promising and influential educational article. The researcher will explain what means for foreign language teaching and is Sunday School. Based on Larsen learning. They do not only draw learners' (2008), it was began in Britain in the attention to new words but also help them 1780s. In this time the Industrial to recreate new vocabulary through revolution had resulted in many children "spontaneous, energetic performance spending all week working in factories. It assisted by participation and interaction" made them life of illiteracy. This event (ibid). and this is why teachers of young made Christian philanthropists wanted to learners, have been replicating this model free these children from a life of of learning in young learners' classrooms illiteracy. Well into the 19th century, around the world (ibid). In his working hours were long. The first study, Haven (2000:75) showed that modest legislative restrictions came in stories can have a powerful and 1802. This resulted in limiting the motivating effect, stating that "factual number of hours a child could work per and conceptual information is learnt day to 12. This limit was not lowered faster, remembered longer, recalled more again until 1844. Moreover, Saturday readily, and applied more accurately, was part of the regular work week. when that information is delivered as a Sunday, therefore, was the only available well told story." He states that teachers time for these children to gain some must always consider such a strategy education. especially in vocabulary teaching. He The English Anglican argues that, such a strategy can be evangelical Robert Raikes (1725-1811) incorporated into various types of was the key promoter of the movement. materials such as musical instruments, It soon spread to America as well. pictures, real objects, computers , internet Denominations and non-denominational and of course the school textbook, in a organizations caught the vision and way that will be of high motivational energetically began to create Sunday effect and fun for young learners (ibid). schools. Within decades, the movement As had become extremely popular. By the foreign language teachers we must try to mid-19th century, Sunday school engage students in digital storytelling attendance was a near universal aspect of activities taking care of more than just childhood. Even parents who did not language forms and presenting language regularly attend church themselves skills in a most natural way ( generally insisted that their children go to Cameron,2001:23). In his study on Sunday school. Working-class families enhancing CLT through stories in the were grateful for this opportunity to foreign language classroom Karlsson receive an education. They also looked (2012:25) proved that listening to stories forward to annual highlights such as prize can very naturally lead to story telling, days, parades, and picnics, which came to while reading stories can equally mark the calendars of their lives as much naturally lead to story writing. He as more traditional seasonal holidays, concluded that, because Young learners Larsen (2008). acquire language unconsciously, the

56 activities teachers do in class should help orally without students meet the native this kind of acquisition. He arguse that, speaker. It focus on audio and visual stories are the most valuable resource activity. teachers have which can offer children a Storytelling was the bound to convey world of supported meaning that young a society’s culture, values, and history learners can relate to. Later on teachers according to Andrews at all (2010:3). can use stories to "help children practice Instructional tools have been used by listening, speaking, reading, and great teachers and leaders in the form of writing.” ( ibid). parables, legends, myths, fables, and real-life example to convey important Ameer (2014) stated that the instruction in teaching (Benedict, in outcome of this study proves the Andrews (2010). Here the Fictional and researchers' initial believe regarding the non fictional examples have always been fact that the use of digital stories with powerful teaching tools. Storytelling as young learners may facilitate their instruction is still heavily used today. The vocabulary learning and help them military, aviation, medical, law, and progressively learn the foreign language. business communities are just a few He also concluded that web sites for groups which rely heavily on storytelling children, if appropriately selected and as methods for teaching key principles of organized, can offer a great range of their discipline and to help build opportunities to develop their foreign analytical prowess in students and language proficiency in a playful and trainees. enjoyable context. The storytelling is a tale to one or From the elaboration above the more listener through voice and gesture researcher want to know Did Digital in oral telling, we usually repeat things Storytelling technique significantly more redundancy, especially if the affect the Sunday school children students are having difficult following, vocabulary mastery? The objective of Taylor at all in Akhyak (2013). this research was to find out whether While many definitions of “story” digital storytelling technique can be found in the literature, this author significantly affect the students’ is partial to two of them. Labov in vocabulary mastery. Andrews (2010) defines a story or 2. Review of Literature narrative “as one method of 2.1 Digital Storytelling as one recapitulating past experiences by strategy for vocabulary matching a verbal sequences of clauses to development the sequence of events “p. 359-60) and at a minimum a “sequence of two clauses Digital is one of technology that can which are temporally ordered” (p.360). used by people to get new information. It Denning in Andrews (2010) states that, can be got from internet or television. As “A narrative or story in its broadest sense the developing country, Indonesia has got is anything told or recounted; more many progress in technology. The narrowly, and more usually, something advantages this technology can be used told or recounted in the form of a for people expecially teacher. A teacher casually-linked set of events; account; can get many technique in teaching. tale , the telling of a happening or In learning English as a foreign connected series of happenings, whether language, teacher should not present a true or fictitious.” Storytelling is a very native speakers to speak in front of the effective instructional method. class. She/he can browse the native From the explanation above it can be speaker from internet. So the students can concluded that digital storytelling is the hear and watch orally the native speaker combination of story that have package in from the internet. Digital media was the a media. It can be a short drama or short media which can give the performance story that can be heard by students.

Teacher will become a bridge to students overcome some of the obstacles to to explain the story in the media. Here, productively using technology in their the students will see and hear orally the classrooms. At its core, digital native speaker speaks and talks. It also storytelling allows computer users to give the knowledge of their listening and become creative storytellers through the reading. traditional processes of selecting a topic, 2.2 Step of Digital Storytelling conducting some research, writing a Techniques script, and developing an interesting Paired storytelling used reading and story. This material is then combined writing together and cooperative learning with various types of multimedia, to help English second language, students including computer-based graphics, become more effective reader and recorded audio, computer-generated text, communicator. The following steps or video clips, and music so that it can be instruction in storytelling; played on a computer, uploaded on a web a. The teacher diveded the students site, or burned on a DVD. Despite the in two groups. current emphasis on multimedia b. Teachers showed the story. Here technology, digital storytelling is not a the teacher used laptop, speaker new idea. Joe Lambert and the late Dana and slide as media. Atchley helped create the digital c. Before handing out the text, the storytelling movement in the late 1980s teacher provides the general as cofounders of the Center for Digital introduction to the topic. Storytelling (CDS), a nonproﬁt, d. The story will divide into two community arts organization in Berkeley, sections; first half of the story California. Since the early 1990s, the will be given to one group of CDS has provided training and assistance students in each pair and the to people interested in creating and second half to another. sharing their personal narratives (Center e. After students reading his/her for Digital Storytelling, 2005). The CDS part, she/he will jot down the key is also known for developing and concept. disseminating the Seven Elements of f. Then both of the students in Digital Storytelling. They are; (1) Point paired exchange their lists. of view; What is the main point of the g. By recalling the part he/she will story and what is the perspective of the read and using the clues that author? (2) A dramatic question; A key other student then develop and question that keeps the viewer’s attention writes his/her own version of and will be answered by the end of the the story missing part. story. (3) Emotional content; Serious h. When they had finished, they issues that come alive in a personal and should read their own version to powerful way and connects the story to each other. the audience. (4) The gift of your voice; i. Next, the teacher distribute the A way to personalize the story to help the missing part of the story to audience understand the context. (5) The everybody in class ask them to power of the soundtrack; Music or other read and compare it with their sounds that support and embellish the own stories. storyline. (6) Economy; Using just j. Ten sessions will conclude with a enough content to tell the story without discussion of the whole story. overloading the viewer. (7) Pacing; The 2.2 The Emergence of Digital rhythm of the story and how slowly or Storytelling quickly it it progresses, which are often Digital storytelling is a cited as a useful starting point to begin technology application that is well- working with digital stories. In the early positioned to take advantage of user- days of digital storytelling, Lambert was contributed content and to help teachers impressed by how easily average people

58 were able to “capture their story in a interest in exploring new ideas. Teacher- really powerful way in a relatively short created digital stories may also be used to amount of time for a relatively small enhance current lessons within a larger amount of money” (Tucker, 2006, p. 54). unit, as a way to facilitate discussion Fast forward to today and one can see that about the topics presented in a story and what is new is that the tools needed for as a way to make abstract or conceptual digital storytelling—computers, content more understandable (Robin, scanners, digital cameras, and high- 2008). Perhaps the greatest benefit in the quality digital audio capture devices— classroom may be found when students have become increasingly more are given the task of creating their own affordable and accessible. Add to this digital stories, either individually or as mix a series of powerful, yet inexpensive members of a small group. This creative software programs that allow even work provides students with a strong novice computer users to become digital foundation in what many educators media producers and editors on a scale (Brown, Bryan, & Brown, 2005; Jakes, that was hardly imagined when Atchley 2006; Partnership for 21st Century Skills, and Lambert were first beginning their 2004) have begun calling 21st Century work. We are currently witnessing Literacy, Digital Age Literacies, or 21st dramatic growth in the educational use of Century Skills. Regardless of the specific digital storytelling, as a convergence of term being used, these skills are being affordable technologies interacts with a described as the combination of: Digital contemporary agenda for today’s literacy—the ability to communicate classroom, as illustrated in Figure 1. The with an ever-expanding community to combination of powerful, yet affordable, discuss issues, gather information, and technology hardware and software seek help; Global literacy—the capacity meshes perfectly with the needs of many to read, interpret, respond, and of today’s classrooms, where the focus is contextualize messages from a global on providing students with the skills they perspective . Technology literacy—the will need to “thrive in increasingly ability to use computers and other media-varied environments” (Riesland, technology to improve learning, 2005). As an instructional tool, teachers productivity, and performance; Visual have the option of showing previously- literacy—the ability to understand, created digital stories to their students to produce, and communicate through introduce content and capture students’ visual images; Information literacy—the attention when presenting new ideas. ability to find, evaluate, and synthesize Researchers such as Burmark (2004) information. Digital storytelling can be a have found that integrating visual images potent learning experience that with written text both enhances and encompasses much of what society hopes accelerates student comprehension, and that students will know and be able to digital storytelling is an especially good perform in the 21st century (Jakes & technology tool for collecting, creating, Brennan, 2005). The push for students to analyzing, and combining visual images gain 21st century literacy skills by using with written text. Teachers who are able the latest technology to communicate to create their own digital stories may effectively is facilitated by students find that they can be particularly helpful actively participating in the creation not only in engaging students in the process of digital storytelling (Jakes & content but also in facilitating discussion Brennan, 2005). As they do so, students about the topics presented in a story and develop enhanced communication skills helping make abstract or conceptual as they learn to conduct research on a content more understandable. A topic, ask questions, organize their ideas, multimedia-rich digital story can serve as express opinions, and construct an anticipatory set or hook to capture the meaningful narratives. Students who attention of students and increase their participate in the full digital storytelling

59 experience may also beneﬁt from story first and gave to the students to learning to critique their own work, as retold. The teacher would give ten well as the work of others, facilitating minutes maximum to retold the story. social learning and emotional Here the teacher would use the story from intelligence (Robin, 2008). To the bible. The title of the story was David practitioners of digital storytelling and Jonathan. This story told the streght outside of education, this technology is of friendship. They were loyal friends most often used to create personal throughout their lives. The students who narratives that document important have the android ponsel can browse the events in one’s life. However, digital story in storytelling can also be a powerful tool in http://gardenofpraise.com/bibl15s.htm the classroom when used to produce website. The story was also available in historical documentaries, as well as teacher’s media. The story of the instructional presentations that inform friendship of David and Jonathan can be viewers about a particular concept or found in the Bible in First Samuel chapter practice (Robin, 2008). At the University 20. of Houston, The Educational Uses of Digital Storytelling Web site has been 2.4 Technological Pedagogical established to provide information and Content Knowledge (TPCK): A examples of how this technology is being Theory for Integrating used by students and teachers in K–12 Technology in the 21st Century and higher education classrooms. The Classroom Web site, located at http://www.coe.uh.edu/digitalstorytellin Pierson (2001), Mishra and Koehler g/,also sorts example digital stories into (2006, 2007), and others have advocated the following three major categories: that the use of a conceptually-based personal or narrative stories, stories that theoretical framework can improve how inform or instruct, and stories that re-tell teachers are trained, how they teach when historical events. they arrive in the classroom, and even Figure 1. The Convergence of Digital what research questions researchers Storytelling in Education explore in this area. The term technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) is gaining a great deal of attention in the ﬁeld of technology and teacher education as it focuses on the relationship between knowledge about content, pedagogy, and technology. TPCK can be traced back to the earlier work of Shulman (1986) who introduced the idea of pedagogical content knowledge, or PCK, and Pierson’s investigation of the relationship between teaching abilities and what she labeled technology-use abilities. Pierson’s framework utilized composite categories of teaching ability and technology-use, which helped lead to much deeper 2.3 Vocabulary Mastery investigation of how technology is used In doing this research the by teachers, both during their preservice researchers would observed the verb training and once they are practicing vocabulary. The students will circle the classroom teachers. But it was Shulman’s verb vocabulary and showed them to (1986) suggestion that content teachers. The teacher would retold the knowledge and knowledge of pedagogy

60 no longer needed to be considered as and higher education classrooms with an separate, independent entities that emphasis on technical skills and without changed much of the thinking about the greater level of thought and teacher education. Both Pierson’s (2001) consideration to the subject matter, the and Shulman’s work has now evolved to teaching strategies, and the real world an overlapping framework that highlights needs of today’s classrooms. As Hicks the interactions and connections between (2006) suggested, this framework might content (the subject being taught), be helpful in guiding teachers to apply pedagogy (the teaching process being their knowledge in the classroom by used), and technology, whether it is providing “the ability to think about and pencils and blackboards or computers use technology in critical, creative, and and other sophisticated digital devices. responsible ways—will then develop and Mishra and Koehler (2006) have enhance TPCK” . It is also important to written extensively about how TPCK can consider how educators might conduct be used in the classroom and described its future research studies that can various components as follows: TPCK is demonstrate the benefits of multimedia in the basis of good teaching with general and digital storytelling in technology and requires an particular, and reduce the controversy understanding of the representation of generated by findings such as those from concepts using technologies; pedagogical the 2007 U.S. Department of Education techniques that use technologies in study discussed earlier. Most serious constructive ways to teach content; educators and policy makers would agree knowledge of what makes concepts that motivation is a critical ingredient for difficult or easy to learn and how learning, and research studies that technology can help redress some of the demonstrate increases in motivation by problems that students face; knowledge students that participate in digital of students’ prior knowledge and theories storytelling and similar technologies of epistemology; and knowledge of how should be designed and conducted. It is technologies can be used to build on also important that teachers learn existing knowledge and to develop new effective ways to motivate their students epistemologies or strengthen old ones. A to become more engaged in learning new graphical representation of how TPCK’s content with the help of multimedia components fit together is shown in technologies. Muller, Eklund, and Figure 2. Mishra and Koehler (2006) Sharma (2006) acknowledged that underscored that this framework is just a motivation can be “difficult to define, beginning and, like all frameworks, it is measure and control”; however, they not perfect and needs additional testing, believe that “studies must seek to identify use, and modification. But as they noted, the methods employed in various media “no single framework can provide all the that can demonstrably and repeatedly answers. The TPCK framework is no enhance motivation”. Perhaps by exception. However, we do believe that combining the convergence of digital any framework, however impoverished, storytelling in education as earlier is better than no framework at all”. described with the theoretical framework of TPCK, researchers will arrive at a 2.5 How TPCK Can Be Used With deeper understanding of the different and Digital Storytelling more powerful roles that digital media can play in both teaching and learning. We have seen that multimedia projects in general, and digital 3 Methodology storytelling specifically, can be used to The research design of this study was engage and motivate both teachers and quantitative research by using students. This technology, although experiment research design. While the powerful, is currently being used in K–12 experimental research was one type of

61 educational research that describe what Batak Karo Protestan from March to would be when certain variables are August 2016. The writer choose that time carefully control. There were two because it was time for the researcher to variable in this study, they were do the research. dependent and independent variable. The The researcher used instrument to get dependent variable of this study was the accurate data. The instrument for vocabulary skill while the independent collecting data in this research would be study was digital storytelling technique. used to get students result from the test. Experiment involves the comparison of The researcher was asked students to tell the effect of a particular treatment with a about the story in front of the class one by different treatment or no treatment. The one. The purpose of the researcher made study was deal with two groups, namely it, because the researcher wanted to know experimental group which would be about their ability in word choice, and applied the digital storytelling technique also sentence structure. As long as the and control group which would be apply students speak in front of the class, without digital storytelling technique. researcher was record all the events, Populations of this research were whether the communication well or not. Sunday School Children of Gereja Batak The researcher was analyzed the Karo Protestan. It consist of four classes. vocabulary of the students. Children, Young, Younger and 4 Findings Adolescent Class. Children class was the The data were obtained from pre-test children who belong from 1 to 5 years and post-test conducted on experimental old. Young Class was the childen who and control groups. The mean score of belong from 6 to 8 years old. Younger the control group in pre-test was 57.44 Class was children who belong from 9 to while the mean score of the experimental 12. Adolescent Class was belong from 13 group was 63.08. The mean score of to 17 years old. Children, young and experimental group in post-test was younger class had 15 of students. 81.76 and the control group was 70.56. Adolescent Class has 50 students. The The data could be seen from these researcher focused on Adolescent Class. following tables: Based on the preceding observation, the researcher choose this class, because in Table 4.1 Total Score of Pre-test and this class, digital storytelling technique Post-test of Control Group research has never conducted before. No Students’ Pre-test Post-test The sample was a small proportion of initial a population. The sample of this research 1 AS 45 65 was Adolencent Class. It would be 2 AS 56 68 3 CS 68 80 divided in two classes. There were as the 4 DLS 60 65 experimental class and received digital 5 DVS 60 78 storytelling technique and as control 6 EJS 66 86 7 EMC 50 55 class did not received the treatment but 8 FH 65 75 using conventional learning model. The 9 FYRG 57 70 researcher choose this class because the 10 GIS 68 80 11 HS 65 78 researcher belive the students had learned 12 HOP 65 75 English in their school. 13 JN 45 50 The research would be arranged at 14 JYM 60 78 Church Gereja Batak Karo Protestan. 15 KSS 75 82 16 LS 50 69 this location was located in Jalan 17 MPS 45 63 Mekatani Kecamatan Patumbak 18 MM 50 78 Kabupaten Deli Serdang Medan. The 19 PWH 45 68 researcher choose t his church because 20 RMS 50 69 21 SP 60 70 this research had never done before. The 22 SS 50 55 research has done at Church Gereja 23 SS 60 80

24 TNS 76 80 pre-test and post-test of experimental 25 TR 45 47 group. The mean score of the TOTAL 1436 1764 MEAN 57.44 70.56 experimental group in the pre-test was 63.08 while in post-test was 81.76. from data above, there was children who Table 4.1 presents the students’ scores in extremely with range between her score the pre-test and post-test of the control in pre-test and in post-test was group. approximately thirty eight (38) points. It was because when during the treatment, For the control group, the the students showed great curiosity. She increasing of students’ score from pre- listened to the teachers’ explanation test to post-test was low which was the seriously and followed the teachers’ mean score in the pre-test was 57.44 and instruction so that able increasing her in the post-test was 70.56. The higher score. From the data above, there was range between pre-test and post-test was student (DH) the lowest score in pre-test 28 points. The score of the students that were 48 and the highest were got by (MM) in the pre-test was 50 and post-test (RS, WDM, WS) that were 75. For post- was 82. From the data above, there was test, there was student (SN) got the student (TR) who get the lowest score in lowest score that is 55 and student (MA) pre-test that was 45 and the highest score got the highest score that was 96. was got by TNS was 82. For post-test, After analyzing the data, it was found there was student (TR) get the lowest that the lowest score of pre-test in control score that was 47 and the student (KSS) group was 45 and the highest score was got the highest score that was 82. 76. Then after the post-test was administered, the lowest score was not Table 4.1.2 Total Score of Pre-test and significantly improve, the 45 improve to Post-test of Experimental Group 47 (47-45=2), it meant that the difference No Students’ Pre-test Post-test of the score was 2. The highest score was initial not significantly improve too, 76 1 AR 60 92 2 DH 48 60 improved to 80 (80-76=4). It meant the 3 DP 68 80 difference of the score was 4. The mean 4 ES 67 82 score of the pre-test was 57.44 and the 5 GS 60 65 post-test was 70.56 (70.56-57.44=13.12). 6 IS 50 82 7 JS 70 92 It could be concluded that the students in 8 KS 60 75 control group, which was taught by 9 LJS 60 80 applying storytelling technique was not 10 MA 70 96 11 MH 65 80 significantly different. 12 NSN 60 80 The lowest score of pre-test in 13 PS 70 85 experimental group was 48 and the 14 RM 66 92 15 RS 75 87 highest was 75. The lowest score of post- 16 SAS 60 80 test in experimental group was 55 and the 17 SB 50 88 highest was 96. The lowest score 18 SHS 62 70 improves significantly, 48 improves to 60 19 SN 50 55 20 TP 60 90 (60-48=12), it means that the difference 21 TR 70 85 of the score was 12. It also happened to 22 WDM 75 82 the highest score, 75 improves to 87 (87- 23 WPSR 58 82 24 WS 75 94 75=12). It means that the difference of 25 YNS 68 90 the score was 12. The mean of the pre- TOTAL 1577 2044 test was 63.08 and the post-test 81.76 MEAN 63.08 81.76 (81.76-68.08=13.68). it can be concluded Table 4.1.2 shows significant that the childen vocabulary was good by improvement of students’ score in the applying digital storytelling.

Based on the experimental above, it can be concluded that children were good on vocabulary ability by using digital storytelling technique.

5 Conclusion Based on the analysis of the data in this research, it is found that score of t- observed (3.3) was higher than t-table 2.010 at the level of the significance 0.05 of t-table test and the degree of freedom (df) was 48. It means that there is significant effect of digital storytelling technique on students’ vocabulary mastery of Church Gereja Batak Karo Protestan in Medan.

References Early Childhood EducationJournal, 32 (3), p. 157-163. Ameer May Ali Abdul, 2014. Improving Vocabulary Learning Through Digital Jakes, D. 2006. Standards-proof your digital Stories with Iraqi Young Learners of storytelling efforts. TechLearning. English at the Primary Level. Journal of Retrieved April 27, 2007, from Studies in Social Sciences ISSN 2201- http://www.techlearning.com/story/ 4624 Volume 8, Number 2, 2014, 197- showArticle.jhtml?articleID=180204072 214 197. Sociology Department, College of Arts, Al-Qadissiya University, Iraq Jakes, D. S., & Brennan, J. 2005. Capturing stories, capturing lives: An introduction to Andrews. H. Dee. 2010. Storytelling as an digital storytelling. Retrieved May 2, instructional method. USA 2007, from http://www. jakesonline.org/dstory_ice.pdf Akhyak, Indramawan Anik. 2013. Improving the Students’ English Speaking Muller, D. A., Eklund, J., & Sharma, M. D. Competence through Storytelling (Study 2006. The future of multimedia learning: in Pangeran Diponegoro IslamicC Essential issues for research. Retrieved ollege) STAI of Ngajuk, East Java, May 24, 2007, from Indonesia). International journal of http://www.aare.edu.au/05pap/mul05178 language literature, vol.1 no.2 .pdf

Brown, J., Bryan, J., & Brown, T. 2005. Pierson, M. E. 2001. Technology integration Twentyﬁrst century literacy and practice as a function of pedagogical technology in K–8 classrooms. Innovate, expertise. Journal of Researchon 1(3). Retrieved March 20, 2006, from Computing in Education. http://www.innovateonline.info/index. php?view=article&id=17 Robin, B. 2008. The effective uses of digital storytelling as a teaching and learning Burmark, L. 2004. Visual presentations that tool. Handbook of research on teaching prompt, ﬂash & transform. Media and literacy through the communicative and Methods. visual arts (Vol. 2). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cameron, L. 2005. Teaching languages to young learners. U.K. Cambridge Shulman, L. S. 1986. Those who understand: University Press. Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher. Center for Digital Storytelling. 2005. Center for Digital Storytelling Web site. Smeda Najat. Dakich Eva, Sharda Nalin. Retrieved May 12, 2007, from 2014. The Effectiveness of Digital http://www.storycenter.org/history.html Storytelling in the Classrooms: A Comprehensive Study. Haven, K. F. 2000. Super simple https://slejournal.springeropen.com storytelling: a can-do guide for every classroom, every day. Englewood, Colo.: Teacher Ideas Press. Larsen Timothy, 2008. When did Sunday School Started? Hicks, T. 2006. Expanding the conversation: http://www.christianitytoday.com A commentary toward revision of Swenson, Rozema, Young, McGrail, and Porter Bernajean, 2016. The Art of Digital Whitin. Contemporary Issues in Storytelling. Technology and Teacher Education. http://creativeeducator.tech4learning.co m Isabell, R., Sobol, J., Lindauer, L., & Lowrance, A. 2004. The Effects of Storytelling and Story Reading on the Oral Language Complexity and Story Comprehension of Young Children.

THE COMPREHENSION OF LEXICAL IN TRANSLATION SKILL ABILITY

Suswanto Ismadi Megah. FKIP. Unrika [email protected] Frangky Silitonga. Universitas Putera Batam [email protected]

Abstrak Ada 3 yang menjadi tujuan penelitian ini, setiap tujuan ini menjadi titik tolak melatarbelakangi penelitian ini. Tujuaan tersebut adalah: (1) menjelaskan hubungan leksikal berpengaruh terhadap hasil terjemahan, (2) mengetahui sejauh mana pengaruh dari pemahaman hubungan leksikal terhadap kemampuan menerjemahkan para mahasiswa semester tujuh di jurusan bahasa Inggris FKIP Unrika Batam. Populasi diambil dari para mahasiswa Jurusan Bahasa Inggris FKIP Unrika Batam yang berjumlah 260 mahasiswa. Mahasiswa semester tujuh adalah sampel dalam penelitian ini dengan pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif maka diambil partisipan dengan tingkat error kesalahan 5% dari 260 siswa, sehingga reponden dipilih menjadi berjumlah 155 mahasiswa. Dalam menganalisa data peneliti menggunakan model regresi sederhana. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa pemahaman hubungan leksikal mempengaruhi kemampuan menerjemahkan dan pengaruh yang ditimbulkan dari pemahaman hubungan kata terhadap kemampuan menerjemahkan sejauh 0.486 (R).

Kata kunci: leksikal, terjemahan, tulisan

I. INTRODUCTION to face real life in the era of globalization Background of the Research in the present and future. As an example Batam is an industrial city and in the communication between native and there are many foreign people found. the foreigs and native people with letters Here, the Indonesian people use English either in working or daily life. as a foreign language to communicate As known, English learning is not with the foreign people. However, it is easy, especially in education at the not easy to understand and comprehend university level (where students will face the English language properly and linguistics learning). Linguistics is the correctly. Therefore, the government science of language (www.bangor.ac.uk, includes English learning into formal School of Linguistics & English education curriculum, from elementary Language, accessed on Monday, 01 school, junior high school, senior high October 2012 at 04:46 am). It means school and college, which in turn is linguistics is the study of a language, followed by a non-formal education as where the language is the object of courses. linguistics. A branch of linguistics that is According to Delahunty & Garvey devoted to learn the meaning is (2010: 7), language is a mean of semantics, while the application will education that is the primary medium of indirectly relate to the other scope of communication between students and applied linguistics, that is translation. teachers and between students and textbooks. That is, language is a communication tool between students and teachers and between students and books. It is aimed to prepare the students

Problem of the Research In this part, the writer identifies the Objective of the Research research problem, this is to find out the The objective of the research are: matters happen on the object of the (1) to find out that lexical relations research. This is activity\ done by the comprehension affects the translation writer to observe and interview. From the ability of the seventh semester at FKIP identification, there are some problems English Department UNRIKA Batam, found, they are: (1) the lack of synonyms (2) to find out to what extent the lexical comprehension; (2) the lack of antonyms relations comprehension affects the comprehension; (3) the lack of hyponyms translation ability of the seventh semester comprehension; the lack of polysemy at FKIP English Department UNRIKA comprehension; (4) the translation Batam. mistakes in word for word translation and literal translation. Significance of the Research This research is useful for Limitation of the Research identifying weaknesses and improving Thus, by seeing the problems that the weaknesses themselves especially in occur, it is necessary to limit the the field of linguistics, particulary the problems to be investigated. It is done effect of the lexical relations due to the limited time, money, materials, comprehension towards translation and of course it is still associated with the ability at university level, especially for title of the research.. What interesting in students FKIP UNRIKA Batam, students linguistics field is the type of this Putera Batam university and the public, research is specific. The writer limits the which will be used in daily life later. research only in terms of lexical relations comprehension and translation ability, The Theoretical Framework they are: (1) synonyms comprehension of Figure 1 Conceptual Framework the seventh semester students FKIP

English Department in UNRIKA Batam; Linguis Lexical 1.Syno tics Semanti relations nymy (2) antonyms comprehension of the ( Cook, cs (Yule,2006), 2. 2003) ( Yule, (Kreidler, Antony seventh semester students FKIP English 2006) 2002) my Department in UNRIKA Batam; (3) word for word translation ability of the seventh semester students FKIP English Applied Linguistics Department in UNRIKA Batam; (4) The Scope of Applied Translati 1.Word Linguistics on for word ( Cook, 2003:9) ( Catford, 2. Literal literal translation ability of the seventh 1965) translatio n semester students FKIP English Department in UNRIKA Batam. Hypothesis Formulation of the Problem In this part, the writer makes the Therefore, in this research, the hyphotesis, they are: H0 = Lexical researcher makes two formulation of the relations comprehension does not affects problems, there are: (1) does the lexical translation ability of seventh semester relations comprehension affect the students at FKIP English Department translation ability of the seventh semester UNRIKA Batam; Ha = Lexical relation students FKIP English Department comprehension affects translation ability UNRIKA Batam?, (2) to what extent of seventh semester students at does lexical relations comprehension FKIP English Department UNRIKA affect the translation ability of the Batam. seventh semester students FKIP English Department UNRIKA Batam?.

II. REVIEW OF THE RELATED differentiating feature. Truth conditional LITERATURE semantics studies lexical relations by Linguistics comparing predications that can be made Linguistics is the academic about the same referring expression. In discipline concerned with the study of truth conditional semantics there are language in general (Cook, 2003: 9). This three kinds of relations: entailment, means, linguistics is the study about paraphrase, and contradiction. language. In fact, it is realized or not, when people want to speak to the foreign Semantics field theory explains people, he or she must use the second how lexemes are classified based on the language or the foreign language to avoid division and characteristics. For example misunderstanding in their bus, train, ship, and airplane. All those communication. Of course, linguistics items indicate a transportation, bus and helps people to understand foreign train used in land, ship used in sea, and language or second language. The part of airplane in the air. The truth, conditional linguistics are phonetics and phonology, semantics compares and predicates morphology, syntax, semantics, and which refers to the same expression. For pragmatics. This division is based on its instance, acer is a laptop, acer is structural hierarchy. computer. Its acer is computer. It is just an example refers to Kreidler theory of Semantics entailment, which is if first sentence is Semantics is the study of the true so the second sentence must be true meaning of words, phrases, and sentence also, but if first sentence is not true, the (Yule, 2006: 100). This means, semantics second sentence cannot be said as true or learns about how word, phrase, clause, not. In Kreidler books there are some and sentence to have meanings and can division of lexical relation. be understood by those who hear or see them. In Yule’s book (2006) he gives two Synonymy characteristic in learning meaning in The synonymy is devision of semantics. There are conceptual meaning lexical relation, when the synonymy is and associative meaning of the words, one word and where there are two and there are some parts of semantics synonymy that called synonyms. such as semantics feature, semantics role According to Yule (2006: 104) two and lexical relations. words or more words with very closely related meanings are called synonyms. It Lexical Relations can be defined by two or more different There are many parts of semantics. words that have same meaning, in the One of them is lexical relation. other side called by synonyms. The According to Yule (2006: 244), lexical example of synonyms word is seaman / relation is the relationship of meaning, sailor, cab / taxi, car / automobile et such as synonymy that is between word. cetera. In semantics, the words have relation to However, in Yule’s book there is each other as big and large, buy and no spesific theory about it. So that the purchase, freedom and liberty et cetera. writer takes another theory from another As Yule talks above is just one example book to make clearly about synonymy or of the lexical relation in semantics, and to synonyms, as quoted from Kreidler’s make it clear about lexical relations, book “ Introducing English semantics”, approach is quoted from Kreidler (2002: they are as follows: (1) Synonyms are 86): it considered two approaches to when used in predications with the same description of lexical relations, semantics referring expression, the predications field theory and truth conditional have same truth value; (2) Synonyms can semantics. Field theory is an attempt to be nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs; classify lexemes according to share and (3) Synonyms are typically single

69 lexemes of the same weight; (4) Theory Polysemy of synonyms, they are, if (a) is true the (b) Polysemy can be defined as one is also true, and when (a) is wrong the (b) form (written or spoken) having multiple is wrong too. meanings that are all related by extension (Yule, 2006: 107). Example are the word head, it used to refer to the object on top Antonymy of your body, person at the top of Antonymy is single form while it department and many other things. has different meaning in another form. As quoted from Yule’s book “ Study of Applied Linguistics Language”, they are as follows: (1) two Applied linguistics is the academic forms with opposite meanings called discipline concerned with the relation of antonyms; (2) antonyms are usually knowledge about language to decision divided into two main types, gradable making in the real world (Cook, 2003: 5). antonyms and non gradable antonyms; Based on the quotation above, when (3) gradable antonyms are used in someone or somebody had learned and comparative construction; (4) non- comprehended part of pure linguistics gradable antonyms are used in and then they can implement its comparative constructions which is not comprehension to all activity in daily normally used; (5) another member of an lives. Cook (2003: 7-8) in his book antonymous pair is the negative of the “Applied Linguistics” describes some other (reverse). scopes of applied linguistics, they are: (1) Based on theories above, the writer Language and education, this area makes summary that antonyms are words includes: first-language education, which have different or contrary additional-language education, clinical meanings in general, as example alive / linguistics, language testing; (2) dead, take / give, hot / cold et cetera. language, work, and law, this area When go to their types as gradable includes: workplace communication, antonyms, it means there is contrary language planing, and forensic lingustics; meaning but it is not absolute because of (3) language, information, and effect, distance or space, example are; big/small, this area includes: literal stylistics, old/new, and many other things. Non critical discourse analysis (CDA), gradable antonyms have contradiction in translation and interpretation, and meanings and its absolute, example are a lexicography. doughter/boy, male/female, and many other things. Reverse is indicates one Translation term movement in one direction and the Translation definition is the other are the same movement in the replacement of textual material in one opposite direction, example are the words language (SL) by equivalent textual enter/exit, raise/lower, and many other material in another language (TL) things. (Catford, 1965: 20). The statement means how to imply the text in one language to Hyponymy another language by similarity. SL here is When the meaning of one form is source language and TL is Target included in the meaning of another, the Language. relationship is described as hyponymy Quoted from Catford book’s “A (Yule, 2006: 105). The example, they are; linguistics Theory of translation”, it flower/rose, dog/poodle et cetera. Based defines some broad types or categories of on the example rose is hyponymy of translation, they are: (1) in term of the flower and flower is super ordinate of extent, they are full and partial rose. translation; (2) in term of the level, they are total and restricted translation; (3) in term of the rank, they are in rank-bound

70 translation and the popular terms free, of analyzing data, drawing conclusions, literal, and word for word translation. and decision-making or policy that is strong enough reasoning based on data Word for word Translation and facts are accurate. So statistics is a As known above, word for word tool to calculate or analyze data. translation includes in term of rank And in this design of the translation refers to Catford theory, it research, the writer uses the simple linear talks about translating word by word regression model for analyzing data to without change the structure to target solve the problems in this research. The language (TL). regression analysis is used to determine how the dependent variable can be Literal Translation predicted by the independent variables Literal translation is included from partially or simultaneously (Riduwan and the popular translation. According to Sunarto, 2011: 293). It means how to Catford (1965: 25), literal translation, it know the value of dependent variable if may start, as it were, from aword-for- the value of the independent variable word translation, but makes changes in increases or to decreases. And the conformity with TL grammar (e.g. framework to solve the problems in this inserting additional words, changing research is shown below : structure in any rank, et cetera.); it can make it a group-group or clause-clause Figure 2 Solved Framework. translation. It means, when interlingual translation translate word by word from Lexical Relations Translation Ability as one language to another language, there comprehension as Independent dependent is no change in the structure in any rank Variable ( x ) variable ( y) and it is difficult to understand the meaning, so that it is continued by literal translation which inserts additional word Linear and changing structure in any rank by regression equivalent. model

III. METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH Object of the Research Design of the Research Object in this research are lexical In this part the writer uses relations comprehension and translation quantitative research by using statistics ability of seventh semester student on method. According to Aliaga and UNRIKA Batam academic year 2016- Gunderson (2002) in Muijs (2004 : 1) 2017. Universitas Riau kepulauan ( quantative research is explaining UNRIKA) is one of University in Batam phenomena by collecting numerical data located at Batu Aji Baru Batam 29443. that are analysed using mathematically The University has several faculties and based method (in particular statistics). some of departments. One of them is From what is quoted above, in FKIP. quantitative method, the data collected must be numerical and can be count by Population and Sample mathematically in statistics, because the The population is a region statistics is one of ways to analyse the consisting of generalization objects / data. Definition of statistics from subjects that have certain qualities and Riduwan and Sunarto (2011: 14), characteristics are determined by the Statistics is the science dealing with researchers to learn and then be deduced statistics and facts are true or a scientific (Sugiyono, 2011 : 61). It means the study of the techniques of collecting data, population can be subjects in one place techniques of processing data techniques that is investigated by the researcher. The

71 writer just takes the population from Table 2 seventh semester students FKIP English The Matrix of Test department of UNRIKA batam academic No Variabel Sub- Item Scoring variabel year 2016-2017, And the population is 1 Lexical 1.Sinonim 1, 5, 6, 10 for higher relations 2.Antonim 7, 8 score and 0 for 260 students. conmprehen 2, 3, 4, lower score The sample is part of the amount sion (X) 9, 10 or characteristics possessed by the TOTAL 10 population. What is learned from the 2 Translation 1.Word- 12, 13, 10 for higher ability(Y) for-word 14, 16, score and 0 for sample, the conclusion will be applied to 2.Literal 19 lower score the population (Sugiyono, 2011 : 62). Translatio 11, 15, n 17, 18, The sample here taken with the 20 incorrectness rate of 5% from population. TOTAL 10 When the population is 260 students, so the sample is 155 students. Another instrument is SPSS is

one of the software to process the Technique of Collecting Data statistical data on the quantitative In collecting data the researcher research. According to Muijs (2004: 85) does interview, observation, the test by Other packages may better in some area, multiple-choice type based on but SPSS is by far the most commonly independent variable and dependent used statistical data analysis software. variable. The research conducts the following steps : Technique of Analyzing Data Table 1. Technique of Collecting Data No Technique Remark After the data has been collected by the researcher, the next step is 1 Observation Seeing the condition and situation analyzing the data. Here some technique 2 Interview Asking the students about of analyzing data, there are; (1) analyze their subject matter and of the validity of the instruments; (2) check the students book used analyze the reliability of the instruments; 3 Test Giving the students test (3) analyze the regression, that included normality testing, linearity testing, Model The first step that the writer done summary, regression coefficient, and is collecting data by doing observation at testing the hypothesis. UNRIKA in particulary the students at FKIP English Department. Then, the IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND writer interviews the seventh semester INTERPRETATION students about lexical relation and Data Analysis translation, checks student’s book, and Data analysis goes beyond the last the writer gives them test. summary and organization of data to interpreting pattern within data (Singh Instrumentation 2007: 400). This means, the data was The instrumentation are tools collected is processed in a systematic used by the researcher in conducting the manner and the result can be drawing the research in order to collect the data. In conclusion.. this case, the instruments is the test, the function is to measure the the lexical Validity of Instruments relations comprehension and translation Validity of Instrument Lexical ability. It consists of 20 items. The matrix Relation Comprehension can be shown as below: Based on the table 3 below shows that all of values of the corrected item total correlation are more than r table value, then the items of the instrument of variable X is stated as

72 valid. This decision is taken from theory Reliability of Instrument Lexical Ridwan and Sunarto (2011:353) that Relations Comprehension states if the value of corrected item total Table 5 Reliability of Instrument deleted (r) is more than r table value, then Variable X the item of instrument is valid. Reliability Statistics Value ,495 Part 1 N of Items 5a Cronbach's Alpha Value ,426 Part 2 Table 3 Validity Instrument Variable X N of Items 5b Total N of Items 10 Correlation Between Forms ,367 Equal Length ,537 Item-Total Spearman-Brown Coefficient Statistics Unequal Length ,537 Guttman Split-Half Coefficient ,537 No Scale Scale Cronbac a. The items are: x_item1, x_item2, x_item3, x_item4, x_item5. Mean Variance if h's Alpha b. The items are: x_item6, x_item7, x_item8, x_item9, x_item10. if Item Item if Item Delete Deleted Deleted d According to Riduwan and x_item1 3,43 3,830 ,580 Sunarto (2011: 353), if the correlation x_item2 3,62 3,991 ,581 Gutman Split Half Coefficient value is x_item3 3,62 3,861 ,563 x_item4 3,45 3,794 ,574 more than r table value, then the x_item5 3,57 3,676 ,543 instrument is reliable. The table 5 shows x_item6 3,21 3,866 ,583 the correlation Guttman Split Half x_item7 3,46 3,873 ,584 x_item8 3,08 3,753 ,553 Coefficient value is 0.537. Then it is x_item9 3,52 3,823 ,572 compared to r table value (0.159). From x_item1 3,55 3,977 ,589 this comparison shows that the 0 correlation Guttman Split Half

Coefficient value is more than r table

value, then the instrument is reliable.

Validity of Instrument Translation Reliability of Instrument Translation Ability Ability Table 4 Validity of Instrument Variable According to Riduwan and Y Sunarto (2011:353), if the correlation

Item-Total Statistics Gutman Split Half Coefficient value is Scale Decision Cronbach's more than r table value, then the Mean if Alpha if Item Item Deleted instrument is reliable. The table 6 below Deleted shows the correlation Guttman Split Half y_item11 4,93 Valid ,613 y_item12 4,50 Valid ,577 Coefficient value is 0.537. Then it is y_item13 4,74 Valid ,585 compared to r table value (0.159). From y_item14 4,60 Valid ,573 y_item15 5,00 Valid ,618 this comparison shows that the y_item16 4,55 Valid ,578 correlation Guttman Split Half y_item17 4,99 Valid ,621 y_item18 4,95 Valid ,613 Coefficient value is more than r table y_item19 4,59 Valid ,578 value, then the instrument is reliable. y_item20 4,94 Valid ,583

Based on the table 4 above shows Table 6 Reliability of Instrument that all of values of the corrected item Variable Y total correlation are more than r table value, then the items of the instrument of Reliability Statistics variable y is stated as valid. This decision Part Value ,428 1 N of Items 5a is taken from theory Ridwan and Sunarto Cronbach's Alpha Part Value ,414 (2011:353) that states if the value of 2 N of Items 5b Total N of Items 10 corrected item total deleted (r) is more Correlation Between Forms ,498 than r table value, then the item of Spearman-Brown Equal Length ,665 Coefficient Unequal Length ,665 instrument is valid. Guttman Split-Half Coefficient ,665 Reliability

a. The items are: y_item11, y_item12, y_item13, Based on the Wibowo’s theory y_item14, y_item15. b. The items are: y_item16, y_item17, y_item18, (2012 : 73), if the linearity Sig.value y_item19, y_item20. is.less than alpha 0.05, the data is linear. Based on the table above the value of sig Regression 0.007 < 0.05, it means the distribution of Normality Testing the data is linear. It is also shown by the Table 7 Normality Testing figure 4.15 below that describes about the distribution of the data. One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Unstandardi zed Residual Model N 155 Mean 0E-7 Summary Normal Parametersa,b Std. 2,14494804 Deviation Absolute ,055 Table 9 Model summary Most Extreme Positive ,055 Model Summaryb Differences Negative -,055 Mod R R Adju Change Statistics Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z ,688 el Squa sted R F df df Sig. Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,732 re R Squa Change 1 2 F a. Test distribution is Normal. Squa re Cha b. Calculated from data. re Chan nge ge 15 1 ,210a ,044 ,038 ,044 7,042 1 ,009 Table 7 shows the value of 3 a. Predictors: (Constant), Lexical_Relations Comprehension asymp.Sig (2-tailed) is 0.732. For giving b. Dependent Variable: Translation_Ability the decision of normality data, the value of asymp. Sig 0.732 is compared with Table 9 shows the R value alpha value (a) 0.05 and based on (regression value) that is 0.210 and its Wibowo’s theory (2012: 72), if the value coefficients determine or R square, 0.44 of asymp.Sig is more than value alpha (a) (which is got from 0.210x0.210). This 0.05, the data distributed is normal. From result defines that the translation ability the table, the value of asymp. Sig is 0.732 affects lexical relations comprehension. > 0.05. It means the data distribution is The percentage of its effect is 4.4%. normal. The normality is also shown by While the rest ( 100% - 4.4% = 95.6%) is the figure 4.12 that describes the affected by other causes (Riduwan and histogram of normality data. Sunarto 2011 : 304).

Linearity Testing Regression Coefficients Table 10 shows the value of Table 8 Anova constant (a) as per states, 4.482 and the value of b 0.216. To predict the value of ANOVA Table Df Mean F Sig. variable Y, those a and b value are Square entered to the regression formula as (Combine 10 10,653 2,417 ,011 Translatio Bet d) follow ŷ = 4.482 + 0.216.x n_Ability wee Linearity 1 32,612 7,400 ,007 * n Deviation Lexical_ Grou from 9 8,213 1,864 ,062 Table 10 Coefficients Relations ps Linearity Compreh Within Groups 144 4,407 ension Coefficientsa Total 154 Model Unstandardized Standar T Sig. Coefficients dized Coeffic Table 8 shows the linearity data. ients The table describes about the distribution B Std. Beta Error of data. Based on the table, the value Sig (Constant 4,482 ,356 12,573 ,000 of linearity is 0.007. Then for making the ) Lexical_ 1 decision about the distribution of data is Relations ,216 ,081 ,210 2,654 ,009 linear or not, the linearity value is Compreh ension compared with the Sig value of a. Dependent Variable: Translation_Ability probability 0.05.

Hypothesis Testing In this case, hypothesis refers to the probability Sig value of lexical relation comprehension. The formula of hypothesis in statistical model is as below: H0 : 푃푦푥 = 0 Ha : 푃푦푥 ≠ 0 In the sentence form, the hypothesis are as follows: H0 : Lexical relations comprehension does not affect translations ability. Ha : Lexical relations comprehension affects translation ability. Based on the table 10, the Sig value is 0.009. Due to probability Sig 0.05 is more than Sig value 0.009 (0.05 ≥ 0.009) so H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Therefore, it can be interpreted that lexical relations comprehension affects translation ability of seventh semester students in FKIP English Department UNRIKA Batam academic year 2016 - 2017.

V. Conclusion Based on the all result, the writer makes some conclusions, they are as follows: All of the instruments are valid and reliable, The data distributed are normal and linear. Lexical relations comprehension affects translation ability of seventh semester students FKIP english department UNRIKA Batam academic year 2016-2017, and the effect is 4.4%. The exprimental hypothesis or Ha is accepted.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bull, Victoria. 2011. Oxford Learner’s Saeed, John I. 2003. Semantics. Second Pocket Dictionary. Oxford University Edition.Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Pers. Singh, Kultar. 2007. Quantitative Social Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory Research Methods.Sage of Translation. Oxford University Press. Publication India Pvt Ltd. New Delhi. Cook, Guy. 2003. Applied Linguistics. Oxford University Press. Sugiyono. 2011. Statistika untuk Penelitian, Alfabeta, Bandung. Delahunty, Gerald P & Garvey, James J. 2010. The English Language from Wibowo, A. E. 2012. Aplikasi Praktis sound to sense. The WAC SPSS dalam Penelitian. Gava Clearinghouse, parlor press, fort Media. Yogyakarta. Collins, Colorado. Yule, George. 2006. The Study of Kreidler, Charles W. 2002. Introducing Language.Third Edition. English Semantics. Routledge. Cambridge University Press. New Taylor & Francis e-Library. York.

Muijs, Daniel. 2004. Doing Quantitative www.bangor.ac.uk, School of Research in Education with SPSS, Linguistics & English Language, SAGE Publications Ltd, London. accessed on Monday, 01 October 2012, at 04:46 am. Riduwan & Sunarto. Pengantar Statistika untuk Penelitian www.definitions.net/definition/effect. Pendidikan, Sosial, Ekonomi Accessed on Monday, 15 October 2012, Komunikasi, dan Bisnis. Alfabeta at 02:48 am. Bandung.

FORMAT PENULISAN NASKAH Judul ditulis dengan hurup besar dengan ukuran 16 dan jumlah maksimal 12 kata. Naskah diketik dengan menggunakan MS Word dikirimkan ke Redaksi melalui e-mail [email protected]. Panjang naskah, termasuk daftar pustaka, adalah minimal 10 halaman dan maksimal 30 halaman, dengan spasi 1 dan jenis huruf Times New Roman 10 point. Naskah disertai dengan abstrak maksimal 350 kata dan kata kunci (keywords) maksimal tiga kata bukan frasa. Abstrak dan kata kunci ditulis dalam dua bahasa: bahasa Indonesia jika naskah ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Inggris jika naskah ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia, diletakkan setelah judul naskah dan afiliasi penulis. Abstrak dituliskan kedalam 1 kolom kecuali isi sampai referensi adalah 2 kolom. Gaya penulisan kutipan hendaknya mengikuti format APA (American Psychological Association) versi 6 (petunjuk dasar mengenai cara menulis kutipan menurut format APA dapat dipelajari pada tautan berikut ini: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02). Untuk kutipan pendek, yaitu kurang dari 40 kata, hendaknya dipadukan dalam kalimat penulis. Kutipan pendek langsung diawali dan diakhiri dengan tanda petik; kutipan pendek tidak langsung tidak perlu menggunakan tanda petik. Untuk kutipan panjang, yaitu lebih dari 40 kata, kutipan diawali di baris baru dengan indent ½ inch dari margin kiri, yaitu dalam tempat yang sama pada paragraf baru. Margin kiri seluruh kutipan mengikuti margin kiri pada awal kutipan. Margin kanan kutipan sama dengan margin kanan paragraf yang lain. Spasi dan ukuran tulisan kutipan tidak berubah. Setiap kutipan harus disertai dengan sumber kutipan berupa nama belakang penulis dan tahun penerbitan, misalnya (Richards, 2002). Untuk kutipan langsung—baik panjang maupun pendek—sumber kutipan juga harus dilengkapi dengan keterangan nomor halaman, misalnya (Richards, 2002: 65). Catatan ditulis pada akhir naskah (endnote), tidak pada bagian bawah halaman (footnote). Setiap sumber kutipan, baik artikel maupun buku tanpa dipilah-pilah jenisnya, diurutkan menurut abjad berdasarkan nama akhir, tanpa diberi nomor urut. Sesuai dengan format APA, daftar sumber kutipan ditulis sebagai berikut:

 Untuk buku: (1) nama akhir, (2) koma, (3) inisial nama pertama, (4) titik, (5) kurung buka, (6) tahun penerbitan, (7) kurung tutup, (8) titik, (9) judul buku cetak miring, (10) titik, (11) kota penerbitan, (12) titik dua (colon), (13) nama penerbit, dan (14) titik, seperti pada contoh berikut:

O’Malley, J. Michael. and Lorraine Valdez Pierce. (1996). Authentic Assessment for English Language Learners: Practical Approaches for Teachers. Virginia: Addison- Wesley Publishing Company.

 Untuk artikel dalam jurnal: (1) nama akhir, (2) koma, (3) inisial nama pertama, (4) titik, (5) kurung buka, (6) tahun penerbitan, (7) kurung tutup, (8) titik, (9) judul artikel, (10) titik, (11) nama jurnal cetak miring, (12) koma, (13) volume cetak miring, (14) nomor issue dalam kurung cetak tegak (kalau ada), (15) koma, (16) halaman, dan (17) titik, seperti pada contoh berikut:

Durukan, E. (2011). Effects of Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) Technique on Reading-Writing Skills. Academic Journals: Educational Research and Reviews, 6(1), 102-109.

Jones, Roymond C. (2008). “The “Way” of Class Participation: A Question Worth asking.” College Teaching Journal, 56(4), 214-265.

 Untuk artikel dalam buku: (1) nama akhir, (2) koma, (3) inisial nama pertama, (4) titik, (5) kurung buka, (6) tahun penerbitan, (7) kurung tutup, (8) titik, (9) berilah kata “Dalam” untuk artikel dalam Bahasa Indonesia atau “In” untuk artikel dalam Bahasa Inggris, (10) inisial nama pertama editor, (11) titik, (12) nama akhir editor disusul (ed.), atau (eds.) jika lebih dari satu, (13) koma, (14) judul buku cetak miring, (15) kurung buka, (16) halaman, (17) kurung tutup, (18) titik, (19) kota penerbitan, (20) titik dua (colon), (21) nama penerbit, dan (22) titik seperti pada contoh berikut:

Gordon, Louise. (2008). Writing and good language learners. In Griffiths, Carol (ed.), Lessons From Good Language Learner (pp. 244-254). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gordon, L., & Dryer, M.S. (2008). Writing and good language learners. Dalam Griffiths, Carol, & R.G. Morrison (eds.), Lessons From Good Language Learner (pp. 244-254). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 Jika ada lebih dari satu artikel oleh pengarang yang sama, nama pengarangnya ditulis ulang, dimulai dengan tahun terbitan yang lebih dahulu, mengikuti contoh ini:

Gay, L.R and Peter Airisian. (2000). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application (6th ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Gay, L.R, Geoffrey E. Mills, and Peter Airisian. (2009). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application (9th ed). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.