DOCSLIB.ORG

Microhabitat Predicts Species Differences in Exploratory Behavior in Lake Malawi 2 Cichlids 3 4 Zachary V

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Microhabitat Predicts Species Differences in Exploratory Behavior in Lake Malawi 2 Cichlids 3 4 Zachary V bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/525378; this version posted January 22, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Title: Microhabitat predicts species differences in exploratory behavior in Lake Malawi 2 cichlids 3 4 Zachary V. Johnson†1, Emily C. Moore†2,3, Ryan Y. Wong4, John R. Godwin2, Jeffrey T. 5 Streelman1, Reade B. Roberts2 6 7 1School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA 8 2 Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North 9 Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA 10 3 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA 11 4 Department of Biology and Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska Omaha, 12 Omaha, NE, USA 13 14 † Both authors contributed equally to this work 15 16 Acknowledgements: Preparation of this manuscript was supported by an Arnold and Mabel 17 Beckman Foundation Beckman Young Investigator Award to RBR and by NIH grant 18 R01GM101095 to JTS 19 20 Declarations of interest: none 21 22 23 Address Correspondence to: 24 25 Zachary Johnson 26 E-mail: [email protected] 27 Postal: 950 Atlantic Dr NW 28 Engineered Biosystems Building, 3rd floor 29 Atlanta, GA 30332 30 31 Emily Moore 32 E-mail: [email protected] 33 Postal: 32 Campus Drive 34 Division of Biological Sciences, HS 104 35 Missoula, MT, 59812 36 37 38 39 40 41 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/525378; this version posted January 22, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 42 Abstract 43 44 Encountering and adaptively responding to unfamiliar or novel stimuli is a fundamental 45 challenge facing animals and is linked to fitness. Behavioral responses to novel stimuli, or 46 exploratory behavior, can differ strongly between closely related species; however, the 47 ecological and evolutionary factors underlying these differences are not well understood, in 48 part because most comparative investigations have focused on only two species. In this study, 49 we investigate exploratory behavior across 23 species in a previously untested vertebrate 50 system, Lake Malawi cichlid fishes, which comprises hundreds of phenotypically diverse 51 species that have diverged in the past one million years. We investigate behavioral variation 52 across species, across microhabitats, and across environmental contexts. We find strong 53 species differences in behavior that are associated with microhabitat, demonstrate that 54 intermediate microhabitats are associated with higher levels of exploratory behavior, show 55 that patterns of behavioral covariation across contexts are characteristic of modular complex 56 traits, and contrast Malawi cichlid data with behavioral data from selectively bred high- and 57 low-exploratory zebrafish. Taken together, our results tie ecology to species differences in 58 behavior, and highlight Lake Malawi cichlids as a powerful system for understanding the 59 evolution, ecology, and biology of natural behavioral variation. 60 61 Keywords: teleosts, neophobia, neophilia, anxiety-like behavior, bold shy axis, stress 62 response, habitat preference, behavioral syndromes, behavioral modularity, behavioral 63 integration bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/525378; this version posted January 22, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 64 Highlights 65 66 • Malawi cichlids exhibit high phenotypic variance in exploratory behaviors 67 • Species differences in exploratory behavior are explained by microhabitat 68 • Rock-dwelling species exhibit strong edge preferences across assays 69 • Intermediate habitats are associated with “high exploratory” open field behavior 70 • Patterns of behavioral covariance across contexts are modular in Malawi cichlids 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/525378; this version posted January 22, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 94 1. Introduction 95 96 Deciding how to respond to unfamiliar or novel stimuli is a fundamental aspect of animal life 97 that has important implications for fitness. For example, how individuals respond to novel 98 conspecifics, heterospecifics, physical environments, food resources, or objects can directly 99 impact survival (N. J. Dingemanse, Both, Drent, & Tinbergen, 2004; Ferrari, McCormick, 100 Meekan, & Chivers, 2015; Lapiedra, Schoener, Leal, Losos, & Kolbe, 2018; Smith & 101 Blumstein, 2008). Behavioral responses to novel stimuli can vary strongly between individuals, 102 populations, and closely-related species; however, the factors underlying this behavioral 103 variation are not well resolved. 104 105 At the interspecies level, large scale comparative studies are a promising strategy for 106 identifying evolutionary and ecological factors contributing to variation in behavioral responses 107 to novel stimuli (Niels J. Dingemanse et al., 2007). For example, a comparative study across 108 61 species of parrots showed that species differences in microhabitat predict species 109 differences in behavioral responses to novel objects: species inhabiting intermediate habitats 110 between the forest and the savannah more readily approached novel objects compared to 111 species inhabiting more uniform savannah habitats (R. Greenberg, 2003; Greenberg & 112 Mettke-hofmann, 2001; Claudia Mettke-Hofmann, Winkler, & Leisler, 2002). These and other 113 findings support hypotheses that ecological plasticity or habitat variability is associated with 114 higher levels of exploratory behavior. However, it is unclear how well this model generalizes 115 across species and vertebrate lineages, in part because many comparative studies of 116 behavioral responses to novel stimuli have compared just two species and have been 117 conducted in birds (Garland & Adolph, 1994; Réale, Reader, Sol, McDougall, & Dingemanse, 118 2007). Furthermore, different behavioral assays and testing parameters have been used 119 across studies, making it difficult to identify organizing principles that explain species 120 differences in behavior. To better elucidate relationships between ecological factors, such as 121 microhabitat, and species differences in exploratory behavior, larger comparative studies 122 employing multiple assays and in new vertebrate systems are needed. 123 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/525378; this version posted January 22, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 124 Lake Malawi cichlid fishes are well-suited for comparative investigations of phenotypic 125 variation (R. C. Albertson, Markert, Danley, & Kocher, 1999; Johnson & Young, 2018; Rupp & 126 Hulsey, 2014; Ryan A. York & Fernald, 2017). These fishes have recently (within the past one 127 million years) undergone explosive speciation, radiating into an estimated 500-1000 species 128 that vary in morphology, coloration, diet, habitat preference, and behavior (Brawand et al., 129 2014; Kocher, 2004). Additionally, within Lake Malawi, ecological conditions vary across small 130 spatial scales, resulting in diverse species occupying different microhabitats while living in 131 close geographic proximity. For example, while many species can be grouped into two 132 canonical ecotypes, rock-dwelling and sand-dwelling (Kocher, 2004), a large number of 133 species inhabit intermediate habitats, including the interface between rocky and sandy 134 substrate, and shallow sediment-rich bays near rocks and reed stands. Thus, the Lake Malawi 135 species assemblage is well positioned to test relationships between microhabitat and species 136 differences in behavior. 137 138 Comparative studies in Lake Malawi cichlids have already begun generating insights into the 139 evolution of complex traits (Streelman & Danley, 2003; Sylvester et al., 2010; R. A. York et al., 140 2018). For example, ecological factors have been associated with species differences in 141 aggression and bower-building behavior (Danley, 2011; Ryan A. York et al., 2015). Other 142 studies have investigated the evolution of non-behavioral traits such as oral jaw morphology 143 and color patterning, and have demonstrated modular patterns of phenotypic variation (R. 144 Craig Albertson et al., 2014; Parsons, Cooper, & Albertson, 2011). Briefly, evolutionary 145 modularity and integration refer to patterns of covariation among sets of traits (e.g. dimensions 146 of different oral jaw bones), and they are thought to be related to trait evolvability (Raff & Raff, 147 2000; Wagner, Pavlicev, & Cheverud, 2007). Phenotypic integration refers to more uniform 148 patterns of covariation, while modularity refers to non-uniform patterns of covariation and may 149 reflect increased trait evolvability, although these relationships are complex (Armbruster, 150 Pélabon, Bolstad, & Hansen, 2014). 151 152 Although Lake Malawi cichlids are primely positioned to link ecological and evolutionary 153 factors to species differences
Load more

Recommended publications
  • §4-71-6.5 LIST of CONDITIONALLY APPROVED ANIMALS November
    §4-71-6.5 LIST OF CONDITIONALLY APPROVED ANIMALS November 28, 2006 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME INVERTEBRATES PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta ORDER Plesiopora FAMILY Tubificidae Tubifex (all species in genus) worm, tubifex PHYLUM Arthropoda CLASS Crustacea ORDER Anostraca FAMILY Artemiidae Artemia (all species in genus) shrimp, brine ORDER Cladocera FAMILY Daphnidae Daphnia (all species in genus) flea, water ORDER Decapoda FAMILY Atelecyclidae Erimacrus isenbeckii crab, horsehair FAMILY Cancridae Cancer antennarius crab, California rock Cancer anthonyi crab, yellowstone Cancer borealis crab, Jonah Cancer magister crab, dungeness Cancer productus crab, rock (red) FAMILY Geryonidae Geryon affinis crab, golden FAMILY Lithodidae Paralithodes camtschatica crab, Alaskan king FAMILY Majidae Chionocetes bairdi crab, snow Chionocetes opilio crab, snow 1 CONDITIONAL ANIMAL LIST §4-71-6.5 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Chionocetes tanneri crab, snow FAMILY Nephropidae Homarus (all species in genus) lobster, true FAMILY Palaemonidae Macrobrachium lar shrimp, freshwater Macrobrachium rosenbergi prawn, giant long-legged FAMILY Palinuridae Jasus (all species in genus) crayfish, saltwater; lobster Panulirus argus lobster, Atlantic spiny Panulirus longipes femoristriga crayfish, saltwater Panulirus pencillatus lobster, spiny FAMILY Portunidae Callinectes sapidus crab, blue Scylla serrata crab, Samoan; serrate, swimming FAMILY Raninidae Ranina ranina crab, spanner; red frog, Hawaiian CLASS Insecta ORDER Coleoptera FAMILY Tenebrionidae Tenebrio molitor mealworm,
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of a Rapidly Evolving Clade: the Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96, pp. 5107–5110, April 1999 Evolution Phylogeny of a rapidly evolving clade: The cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi, East Africa (adaptive radiationysexual selectionyspeciationyamplified fragment length polymorphismylineage sorting) R. C. ALBERTSON,J.A.MARKERT,P.D.DANLEY, AND T. D. KOCHER† Department of Zoology and Program in Genetics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 Communicated by John C. Avise, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, March 12, 1999 (received for review December 17, 1998) ABSTRACT Lake Malawi contains a flock of >500 spe- sponsible for speciation, then we expect that sister taxa will cies of cichlid fish that have evolved from a common ancestor frequently differ in color pattern but not morphology. within the last million years. The rapid diversification of this Most attempts to determine the relationships among cichlid group has been attributed to morphological adaptation and to species have used morphological characters, which may be sexual selection, but the relative timing and importance of prone to convergence (8). Molecular sequences normally these mechanisms is not known. A phylogeny of the group provide the independent estimate of phylogeny needed to infer would help identify the role each mechanism has played in the evolutionary mechanisms. The Lake Malawi cichlids, however, evolution of the flock. Previous attempts to reconstruct the are speciating faster than alleles can become fixed within a relationships among these taxa using molecular methods have species (9, 10). The coalescence of mtDNA haplotypes found been frustrated by the persistence of ancestral polymorphisms within populations predates the origin of many species (11). In within species.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Exon Probe Sets and Bioinformatics Pipelines for All Levels of Fish Phylogenomics
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.18.949735; this version posted February 19, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Exon probe sets and bioinformatics pipelines for all levels of fish phylogenomics 2 3 Lily C. Hughes1,2,3,*, Guillermo Ortí1,3, Hadeel Saad1, Chenhong Li4, William T. White5, Carole 4 C. Baldwin3, Keith A. Crandall1,2, Dahiana Arcila3,6,7, and Ricardo Betancur-R.7 5 6 1 Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 7 2 Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington 8 University, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 9 3 Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian 10 Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 11 4 College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China 12 5 CSIRO Australian National Fish Collection, National Research Collections of Australia, 13 Hobart, TAS, Australia 14 6 Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, O.K., U.S.A. 15 7 Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, O.K., U.S.A. 16 17 *Corresponding author: Lily C. Hughes, [email protected]. 18 Current address: Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 19 Chicago, IL. 20 21 Keywords: Actinopterygii, Protein coding, Systematics, Phylogenetics, Evolution, Target 22 capture 23 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.18.949735; this version posted February 19, 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Automated Measurement of Long-Term Bower Behaviors in Lake Malawi
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.27.968511; this version posted February 28, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 1 1 Automated measurement of long-term bower behaviors in Lake Malawi cichlids using 2 depth sensing and action recognition 3 4 Zachary V Johnson1, Lijiang Long1,2, Junyu Li1, Manu Tej Sharma Arrojwala1, Vineeth Aljapur1, 5 Tyrone Lee1, Mark C Lowder1, Karen Gu1, Tucker J Lancaster1,2, Joseph I Stockert1, Jean M 6 Moorman3, Rachel L Lecesne4, Jeffrey T Streelman# 1,2,3, and Patrick T McGrath# 1,2,3,5 7 8 1School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA 9 2Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 10 Atlanta, GA 30332, USA 11 3Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 12 Atlanta, GA 30332, USA 13 4School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA 14 5School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA 15 16 #Co-corresponding authors: [email protected] (P.T.M.), 17 [email protected] (J.T.S.) 18 19 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.27.968511; this version posted February 28, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Morph Lake Malawi Mbuna Cichlids Benefit from Reduced Aggression from Con- and Hetero-Specifics
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.08.439056; this version posted April 9, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Rare morph Lake Malawi mbuna cichlids benefit from reduced aggression from con- and hetero-specifics 2 Running title: Reduced aggression benefits rare morph mbuna 3 4 Alexandra M. Tyers*, Gavan M. Cooke & George F. Turner 5 School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deniol Road, Bangor. Gwynedd. Wales. UK. LL57 2UW 6 * Current address: Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9B, 50931, Köln 7 8 Corresponding author: A.M. Tyers, [email protected] 9 10 Abstract 11 Balancing selection is important for the maintenance of polymorphism as it can prevent either fixation of one 12 morph through directional selection or genetic drift, or speciation by disruptive selection. Polychromatism can 13 be maintained if the fitness of alternative morphs depends on the relative frequency in a population. In 14 aggressive species, negative frequency-dependent antagonism can prevent an increase in the frequency of rare 15 morphs as they would only benefit from increased fitness while they are rare. Heterospecific aggression is 16 common in nature and has the potential to contribute to rare morph advantage. Here we carry out field 17 observations and laboratory aggression experiments with mbuna cichlids from Lake Malawi, to investigate the 18 role of con- and heterospecific aggression in the maintenance of polychromatism and identify benefits to rare 19 mores which are likely to result from reduced aggression.
    [Show full text]
  • The AQUATIC DESIGN CENTRE
    The AQUATIC DESIGN CENTRE ltd 26 Zennor Road Trade Park, Balham, SW12 0PS Ph: 020 7580 6764 [email protected] PLEASE CALL TO CHECK AVAILABILITY ON DAY Complete Freshwater Livestock (2019) Livebearers Common Name In Stock Y/N Limia melanogaster Y Poecilia latipinna Dalmatian Molly Y Poecilia latipinna Silver Lyre Tail Molly Y Poecilia reticulata Male Guppy Asst Colours Y Poecilia reticulata Red Cap, Cobra, Elephant Ear Guppy Y Poecilia reticulata Female Guppy Y Poecilia sphenops Molly: Black, Canary, Silver, Marble. y Poecilia velifera Sailfin Molly Y Poecilia wingei Endler's Guppy Y Xiphophorus hellerii Swordtail: Pineapple,Red, Green, Black, Lyre Y Xiphophorus hellerii Kohaku Swordtail, Koi, HiFin Xiphophorus maculatus Platy: wagtail,blue,red, sunset, variatus Y Tetras Common Name Aphyocarax paraguayemsis White Tip Tetra Aphyocharax anisitsi Bloodfin Tetra Y Arnoldichthys spilopterus Red Eye Tetra Y Axelrodia riesei Ruby Tetra Bathyaethiops greeni Red Back Congo Tetra Y Boehlkea fredcochui Blue King Tetra Copella meinkeni Spotted Splashing Tetra Crenuchus spilurus Sailfin Characin y Gymnocorymbus ternetzi Black Widow Tetra Y Hasemania nana Silver Tipped Tetra y Hemigrammus erythrozonus Glowlight Tetra y Hemigrammus ocelifer Beacon Tetra y Hemigrammus pulcher Pretty Tetra y Hemigrammus rhodostomus Diamond Back Rummy Nose y Hemigrammus rhodostomus Rummy nose Tetra y Hemigrammus rubrostriatus Hemigrammus vorderwimkieri Platinum Tetra y Hyphessobrycon amandae Ember Tetra y Hyphessobrycon amapaensis Amapa Tetra Y Hyphessobrycon bentosi
    [Show full text]
  • Kenyi Cichlid (Maylandia Lombardoi) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    Kenyi Cichlid (Maylandia lombardoi) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, April 2011 Revised, July 2018 Web Version, 8/3/2018 Photo: Ged~commonswiki. Public domain. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maylandia_lombardoi.jpg. (July 2018). 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Kasembe (2017): “Endemic to Lake Malawi. Occurs at Mbenji Island and Nkhomo reef [Malawi].” From Froese and Pauly (2018): “Africa: Endemic to Mbenji Island, Lake Malawi [Malawi].” 1 Status in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. This species is in trade in the United States. From Imperial Tropicals (2018): “Kenyi Cichlid (Pseudotropheus lombardoi) […] $ 7.99 […] UNSEXED 1” FISH” Means of Introductions in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. Remarks There is taxonomic uncertainty concerning Maylandia lombardoi. Because it has recently been grouped in the genera Metriaclima and Pseudotropheus, these names were also used when searching for information in preparation of this assessment. From Kasembe (2017): “This species previously appeared on the IUCN Red List in the genus Maylandia but is now considered valid in the genus Metriaclima (Konings 2016, Stauffer et al. 2016).” From Seriously Fish (2018): “There is ongoing debate as to the true genus of this species, it having been variously grouped in both Maylandia and Metriaclima, as well as the currently valid Pseudotropheus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complexity of Alternative Splicing of Hagoromo Mrnas Is Increased in an Explosively Speciated Lineage in East African Cichlids
    The complexity of alternative splicing of hagoromo mRNAs is increased in an explosively speciated lineage in East African cichlids Yohey Terai*, Naoko Morikawa*, Koichi Kawakami†, and Norihiro Okada*‡§ *Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan; †Department of Developmental Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; and ‡Division of Cell Fusion, National Institute of Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585 Aichi, Japan Edited by Tomoko Ohta, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan, and approved August 29, 2003 (received for review May 12, 2003) The adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in the lakes of East Africa other fish, including cichlids. With insertional mutagenesis, the is a prime example of speciation. The choice of cichlid mates on the zebrafish gene hagoromo (hag) was shown to be responsible for basis of a variety of coloration represents a potential basis for pigment pattern formation (17). Recently, we cloned a cichlid speciation that led to adaptive radiation. Here, we characterize the homolog of hag and showed a correlation between the morpho- cichlid homolog of the zebrafish hagoromo (hag) gene that was logical diversity of the Great Lakes lineage and the evolutionary recently cloned and characterized from a pigmentation mutant. rate of amino acid sequence changes in the hag gene (18). Here Although only one hag mRNA was reported in zebrafish, cichlids we show a correlation between the explosive speciation of express nine different hag mRNAs resulting from alternative splic- cichlids and the complexity of alternative splicing variants of this ing.
    [Show full text]
  • Personality, Habitat Selection and Territoriality Kathleen Church A
    Habitat Complexity and Behaviour: Personality, Habitat Selection and Territoriality Kathleen Church A Thesis In the Department of Biology Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Biology) at Concordia University Montréal, Québec, Canada July 2018 © Kathleen Church, 2018 iii Abstract Habitat complexity and behaviour: personality, habitat selection and territoriality Kathleen Church, Ph.D. Concordia University, 2018 Structurally complex habitats support high species diversity and promote ecosystem health and stability, however anthropogenic activity is causing natural forms of complexity to rapidly diminish. At the population level, reductions in complexity negatively affect densities of territorial species, as increased visual distance increases the territory size of individuals. Individual behaviour, including aggression, activity and boldness, is also altered by complexity, due to plastic behavioural responses to complexity, habitat selection by particular personality types, or both processes occurring simultaneously. This thesis explores the behavioural effects of habitat complexity in four chapters. The first chapter, a laboratory experiment based on the ideal free distribution, observes how convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) trade-off the higher foraging success obtainable in open habitats with the greater safety provided in complex habitats under overt predation threat. Dominants always preferred the complex habitat, forming ideal despotic distributions, while subordinates altered their habitat use in response to predation. The second chapter also employs the ideal free distribution to assess how convict cichlids within a dominance hierarchy trade-off between food monopolization and safety in the absence of a iv predator. Dominants again formed ideal despotic distributions in the complex habitat, while dominants with lower energetic states more strongly preferred the complex habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • Mix and Match Color Vision: Tuning Spectral Sensitivity by Differential Opsin Gene Expression in Lake Malawi Cichlids
    Current Biology, Vol. 15, 1734–1739, October 11, 2005, ©2005 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved. DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.010 Mix and Match Color Vision: Tuning Spectral Sensitivity by Differential Opsin Gene Expression in Lake Malawi Cichlids Juliet W.L. Parry,1 Karen L. Carleton,2 Tyrone Spady,2 shallow water on a clear sandy bottom and in bogs. It Aba Carboo,1 David M. Hunt,1 grazes on algae growing on underwater logs and drift- and James K. Bowmaker1,* wood. Both males and females are blue with white or 1Institute of Ophthalmology yellow tail markings. Melanochromis vermivorus lives in University College London shallow water on a rocky shore, free of sediment. It is London EC1V 9EL omnivorous, feeding on plankton and grazing on rock United Kingdom algae. Breeding males are blue or dark purple with 2 Hubbard Center for Genome Studies black stripes, whereas females are yellow with black Department of Zoology stripes. The third species, Tramitichromis (Lethrinops) University of New Hampshire intermedius, is from the sand-dwelling flock and inhab- Durham, New Hampshire 03824 its sheltered water among weeds. It feeds on insect lar- vae and soft invertebrates extracted from the sedi- ments. Breeding males are silvery with orange and green highlights, whereas females are silver with three Summary large dark spots on their flanks. Cichlid fish of the East African Rift Lakes are re- Cone Classes nowned for their diversity and offer a unique opportu- Each of the three species exhibited rods and primarily nity to study adaptive changes in the visual system only three cone pigments, two longer-wave pigments in in rapidly evolving species flocks [1, 2].
    [Show full text]
  • View/Download
    CICHLIFORMES: Cichlidae (part 5) · 1 The ETYFish Project © Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara COMMENTS: v. 10.0 - 11 May 2021 Order CICHLIFORMES (part 5 of 8) Family CICHLIDAE Cichlids (part 5 of 7) Subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae African Cichlids (Palaeoplex through Yssichromis) Palaeoplex Schedel, Kupriyanov, Katongo & Schliewen 2020 palaeoplex, a key concept in geoecodynamics representing the total genomic variation of a given species in a given landscape, the analysis of which theoretically allows for the reconstruction of that species’ history; since the distribution of P. palimpsest is tied to an ancient landscape (upper Congo River drainage, Zambia), the name refers to its potential to elucidate the complex landscape evolution of that region via its palaeoplex Palaeoplex palimpsest Schedel, Kupriyanov, Katongo & Schliewen 2020 named for how its palaeoplex (see genus) is like a palimpsest (a parchment manuscript page, common in medieval times that has been overwritten after layers of old handwritten letters had been scraped off, in which the old letters are often still visible), revealing how changes in its landscape and/or ecological conditions affected gene flow and left genetic signatures by overwriting the genome several times, whereas remnants of more ancient genomic signatures still persist in the background; this has led to contrasting hypotheses regarding this cichlid’s phylogenetic position Pallidochromis Turner 1994 pallidus, pale, referring to pale coloration of all specimens observed at the time; chromis, a name
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns and Process During the Diversification of the Cichlid Fishes in Lake Malawi, Africa Michael R
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Fall 2006 Patterns and process during the diversification of the cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi, Africa Michael R. Kidd University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Kidd, Michael R., "Patterns and process during the diversification of the cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi, Africa" (2006). Doctoral Dissertations. 342. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/342 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PATTERNS AND PROCESS DURING THE DIVERSIFICATION OF THE CICHLID FISHES IN LAKE MALAWI, AFRICA BY MICHAEL R. KIDD BA, Williams College, 1991 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology September, 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3231355 Copyright 2006 by Kidd, Michael R. All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]