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Anxieties of the Spiritual Machine

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Anxieties of the Spiritual Machine Robinson, E. & Robinson, S. (2005, Spring). Software Development Practices: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. The Journal of Advancing Technology, 2, 46-59. Do Computers Dream Robinson, E. (2004, November 11). The Game Manager. It’s Not Just Abusive. It’s Stupid. Retrieved from http://www.thegamemanager.com/archives/2004/11/ 11/6 Of Silicon Sheep?: Robinson, E. (2005, April 6). The Game Manager. Why Crunch Mode Doesn't Work: 6 Lessons. http://www.thegamemanager.com Robinson, E. (n.d.). The Game Manager. http://www.thegame- Anxieties of the manager.com Spiritual Machine Biography Evan Robinson (TheGameManager.com) started making games professionally in 1980 and moved to computer games in 1983. Following many successful years as an inde- pendent developer, he served as a Technical Director at EA by Richard Behrens and the Director of Games Engineering at Rocket Science Games. He also worked as an Engineering Manager and Senior Software Engineer at Adobe Systems. A frequent presenter at early Game Developers Conferences, he writes and consults on game programming, project management and development management. Since the industrial age The Shadow of the Robot Sara Robinson entered the games business in 1986 as a Since the industrial age fired up its first writer for EA. She has contributed to over 100 games for machines to replace human labor, our LucasArts, Disney, Sega and dozens of other companies. A fired up its first machines former contributing editor and columnist for Computer collective imagination has been haunted Gaming World, she was among the early creators of the by the shadow of the robot, the artificial GDC. to replace human labor, intelligence (AI) that so disturbingly mimics The Robinsons live in Vancouver, B.C. Evan mat be reached our own consciousness, encased within a 34 via www.TheGameManager.com. our collective imagination metal exoskeleton. From the clunky tin 35 cans of early Amazing Stories-style sci-fi to the modern image of a sleek android that has been haunted by the is physically, mentally and intellectually indistinguishable from us—indeed often shadow of the robot. superior to us—these human-shaped thinking machines have always played deeply into our anxieties about what it means to be human. Yet, at the same time, they have suggested some great liberation for the human race, perhaps even some form of immortality. The dichotomy between a desired end—the need for technology to free humanity from toil— and the price we pay for attempting to achieve those ends—our growing depend- ency on the machinery, perhaps at the expense of our essential humanity—creates vast anxiety. This anxiety has been an undercurrent in our literary culture for almost two centuries, since William Blake first poeticized against the “dark Satanic mills” that were turning England’s pastoral landscape into an enslaving industrial engine. The genre of science fiction, which evolved over the decades along with technology itself, has always reflected this anxiety by exploring Do Computers Dream of Silicon Sheep?: Anxieties of the Spiritual Machine our dark thoughts and fearful dreams dominating the planet because these are of speech recognition technologies and relating to the tyranny of our own machines that can be turned off at our other AI initiatives. Kurzweil had recent- machines. At the same time, science fic- will. The irony of that moment is that the ly published a book, The Age of Spiritual tion has been a literary celebration of humans simply cannot shut off the life- Machines (1999), and after engaging the technological progress, as if that very bringing machines even if they wanted to. author in an animated discussion about progress brings us closer to some liberat- For one thing, no one alive even remem- the book’s darker implications, Bill Joy ing event that can only be achieved bers how they work. Second, what would was deeply disturbed. through the evolution of our machines. happen to their daily life if they did? In a Both the drive to progress via technology moment’s pause, Neo wrestles with the The Age of Spiritual Machines is a sweep- and the fear of that very same technology notion that the existential experience of ing vision of how computer technolo- as some dehumanizing force have been at being human may be based on how gy is expected to evolve over the next the heart of our science fiction literature dependent we are on the machinery that few decades, vividly showing how almost since its inception. we have built (Silver, 2003). Moore’s Law—the tendency of data density on a computer chip to double In the film Matrix Reloaded, Neo takes a What would happen to a nation like the every 18 months—predicts that at tour of the vast underground city of United States if we lost the computers some point in the near future, a single that delivered our electricity, if we lost the computer chip will be more powerful chips that ran the automobiles and the than a human brain. In the book, transportation systems, or the circuits Kurzweil speaks of self-replicating that produced the food and purified the nanobots, human minds downloaded waters? Even if after a period of readjustment like software into android bodies, and (no doubt one filled with unimaginable the fleshy human body itself slowly violence and suffering) we managed to being infiltrated (Kurzweil, 1999), like return to an industrial agrarian society, the Borg of Star Trek: The Next similar to the one we had a hundred years Generation, with machine implants ago, how many people would die in the fuzzing the lines between humans and 36 interim? And once such a replacement computers. spiritual machines. This is the point that 37 society was established, how would we made Bill Joy very upset and prompted feed, house and keep warm the vast pop- The machines we humans have built to him to write his article for Wired (Joy, ulation that we have today? extend our senses and increase our own 2000). Joy had spent his career taking intellect’s productivity, Kurzweil says, will pleasure in being part of a new paradigm; Is it true that the machines and computers soon be “waking up” to consciousness he’d watched computer science evolve have permeated so deep into our lives and will begin the construction of even from the geeky hacking culture that creat- that we are no longer independent of more advanced machinery. Robot facto- ed the first operating systems, program- them, that we are now committed to this ries will not only build better and more ming languages and cheaper, more power- exo-skeletal nervous system we call tech- powerful robots, but design them as well, ful computer chips into the big industry of nology? It is no surprise that our current anxi- not always with human interests in mind. today that drives the global economy and eties about our machines increasingly center By the year 2099, Kurzweil concludes, runs the machinery that supports our daily on the notion that we cannot live without there will be no clear distinction between lives. What woud happen to a them, but that perhaps, in a science fic- humans and computers. Intelligent tion kind of way, they will one day “wake machines will by then become “spiritual “But while I was aware of the moral dilem- nation like the United States if up” and decide that they indeed can live machines,” meaning that they will legally mas surrounding technology's conse- without us? be recognized as a species in their own quences in fields like weapons research,” we lost the computers that right and have legitimate consciousness Joy wrote in his article, “I did not expect Science Fiction and the Revolt of the equal to, if not surpassing, our own that I would confront such issues in my own delivered our electricity? Machines (Kurzweil, 1999). field, or at least not so soon” (Joy, 2000). In April of 2000, Bill Joy, the co-founder of Sun Microsystems, published an alarm- While this all seems like something out of Ray Kurzweil seemed calm and collected humans that had been built as a refuge ing article in Wired magazine entitled a Hollywood movie to be enjoyed with a about the dawn of the spiritual machines from the machines that have aggressively “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us” (Joy, bucket of popcorn, Kurzweil builds a very and the surrendering of much of what we conquered man. Gazing at the colossal 2000, p.238). He had just met Ray convincing argument that it is at least tech- consider to be our humanity, but Joy was engines that run the city, he instinctively Kurzweil, an accomplished inventor nologically possible, and that the comput- walking about in a panic saying, “Does wants to believe that these machines that whose musical synthesizer had changed er industry of the last 60 years was a mere anyone else here think this is dangerous are bringing him light and heat and food the face of popular music; Kurzweil was prelude in this vast shift in consciousness and dehumanizing?” In fact, he would are different from the killer machines- also (and remains) a pioneer in the field that will follow the emergence of these have to look no further than the literary Do Computers Dream of Silicon Sheep?: Anxieties of the Spiritual Machine genre of science fiction—a genre that, for For this reason, early science fiction tion, as typified by Darth Vader, the man variance with historical, political and more than a century, has been openly showed both an enthusiasm and a dread who has lost his humanity to robotic body social conditions.
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