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Harvard Asia Quarterly Autumn 2002 1 HAQ CONTENTS Harvard Asia Quarterly Autumn 2002 1 HAQ CONTENTS HAQ Editorial Staff Editor in Chief Wai-Yin Alice Yu Harvard Law School 4No More Military Intervention? Executive Editor Melody Chu Recasting and Forecasting Military Politics in South Korea Harvard Law School Chung-In Moon and Sang-Young Rhyu The breakneck pace of democratic change over the last 15 years has made a return to Managing Editor Loretta Kim politics by the South Korea military seem almost impossible. Through a thoughtful Graduate School of Arts and Sciences analysis of the historical determinants of military intervention in South Korea, Chung-In Moon and Sang-Young Rhyu provide ample support for such a positive prognosis, Production Editor Wai-Yin Alice Yu along with a warning not to count the military out just yet. Harvard Law School Web Editor Giro Cavallo Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 15 Interview with Thomas Christensen Area Editors Loretta Kim, Central Asia The Chinese Military and Post 9/11 Sino-US Relations Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Leif-Eric Easley Manjari Miller, China While China continues to struggle with its own development and power in Asia, its role Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Jongsoo Lee, Korea in recent US anti-terrorism initiatives is not to be overlooked. Professor Thomas Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Christensen talks with HAQ about Chinese security policy, the state of the Chinese Leif-Eric Easley, Japan military and the current status of Sino-US relations. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Holly Gayley, South Asia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Andy Eng, Southeast Asia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Events Editor 22 Japans Changing Structure of Civilian Control Thomas Tso Japan, Civilian Control and the Normal State Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Christopher W. Hughes Since the end of World War II, Japans military security policy has been based on the Associate Editors primacy of civilian control. Christopher Hughes discusses the nature and evolution of Harvard Law School Jennifer Chien this principle as it has come to be eroded by domestic and international pressures, and Richa Gulati how new challenges in the post-Cold War period may lead to its ultimate subversion. Kyle Hollingsworth Haifeng Huang Yen Nguyen Matthew Peckosh Kelly Yang Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 28 From Shenyang to Pyongyang Damon Clark Danny Liang-Yee Ooi Japans Diplomatic Trials in Northeast Asia Karen May-Shen Teoh Shinju Fujihira Graduate School of Education The Shenyang Incident and Prime Minister Koizumis visit to Pyongyang reflect the End Giat Yong potential uncertainty of Japans foreign policy in the post-Cold War era. Through an analysis of these two events, Shinju Fujihira examines recent developments in Japa- nese bilateral relations with China and North Korea, and the changing role of the Japa- nese Ministry of Foreign Affairs in shaping foreign policy. Harvard Asia Quarterly 2 Autumn 2002 Volume VI, No. 4 Autumn 2002 HARVARD ASIA QUARTERLY is a student publication affiliated with the Harvard Asia Center. HAQ was established in 1997 by mem- bers of the Harvard Asia Law Society in con- junction with students from other graduate and professional programs at Harvard University as an interdisciplinary journal of Asian affairs. LETTERS 35 The Indo-Pakistan Military Balance and Limited HAQ welcomes readers letters and comments. War HAQ reserves the right to edit correspondence for length or format, and the right to decline Manoj Joshi publication. Letters should be addressed to The stakes in post-9/11 military tensions between India and Pakistan are changing. the editor and submitted to the address below, Manoj Joshi discusses the nature of low intensity conflict and Indo-Pakistan relations or sent to: [email protected] up to the present, and argues that contrary to widely-held expectations, a stable SUBMISSIONS power equilibrium between the two countries has not resulted from overt nuclear HAQ invites the submission of articles and es- capability. says to be considered for publication. Submis- sions should address matters of contemporary concern in Asia. Submissions should be deliv- ered in electronic form via email. All submitted materials become the property of HAQ. HAQ reserves the right to reject submissions and to edit materials for length, format and content. 44 Interview with Ambassador Teresita Schaffer To receive HAQ Editorial Guidelines, submis- Back from the Brink of Nuclear War? Post-Crisis Indo-Pakistan sions schedules, or additional information, please contact HAQ at the address below, or Relations visit our website at www.haqonline.org. Elec- Richa Gulati tronic submissions or inquiries should be sent HAQ interviews Teresita Schaffer, former US Ambassador to Sri Lanka, about the to: [email protected] prospects for war and peace along the India-Pakistan border, given the past years SUBSCRIPTIONS ebb and flow of tensions. She explores the roles of various parties in diffusing last Annual subscriptions to HAQ are available at summers potentially explosive situation, internal barriers to resolving the conflict, a rate of $28.00 (individual subscribers) and $35.00 (institutional subscribers) for four issues and the effect of US diplomacy on the region. delivered in the United States and $45.00 for deliveries elsewhere. For more information, please contact HAQ or your academic peri- odical subscription service. Subscriptions are available online at our website: www.haqonline.org 48 Power Politics in Central Asia The Future of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Please address all correspondence to: Sean L. Yom Harvard Asia Quarterly Will the Shanghai Cooperation Organization be a real forum for the Central Asian c/o Harvard Asia Center states or will it continue to be dominated by Russia and China? Sean Yom suggests 1737 Cambridge Street that the answer to the question lies in the United States willingness and ability to Cambridge, MA 02138 control violent Islamist groups in Central Asia, a role that Central Asian states had USA previously expected Russia and China to fulfill. Fax: (617) 495-9976 www.haqonline.org email: [email protected] 55 Asian Studies Events at Harvard, Autumn 2002 Credits: Cover Design: Wai-Yin Alice Yu Photo credits: US Air Force Website - Technical Sgt. James Mossman (p.5); Thomas Christensen (p.16); US Department of Defense Website (cover, p.20, 36, 45, 46); Japan Air Self-Defense Force Website (p.23); Pakistan Institute for Air Defense Studies Website (p.39); CIA Website (p.49). No material appearing in this publication may be reproduced without the permission of the publisher. The opinions expressed in this pub- lication are those of the contributors and are not necessarily shared by the editors or pub- lishers. All statements of fact and opinion rep- resent the work of the author, who remains solely responsible for the content. All editorial rights reserved. Copyright © 2002 by the President and Fel- lows of Harvard College. (ISSN 1522-4147). Harvard Asia Quarterly Autumn 2002 3 NO MORE MILITARY INTERVENTION? RECASTING AND FORECASTING MILITARY POLITICS IN SOUTH KOREA BY CHUNG-IN MOON AND SANG- ilitary intervention has been a pronounced element of South YOUNG RHYU MKoreas political landscape, shaping it in many ways since the overthrow of the civilian government in 1961. Beginning with that coup, the military dominated South Korean politics for almost 26 Chung-In Moon is Professor of Political Science years. Despite the relatively long history of military rule in South Korea, at Yonsei University in Soeul, Korea. Prior to 1 joining the Yonsei faculty, he taught at the very little attention has been paid to its dynamics. University of Kentucky, Williams College, and The lack of attention can be attributed to at least three factors. First, Duke University. He has published 19 books and a relatively strong economy under the past military regimes diluted public over 180 articles on topics such as the Korean criticism. Park Chung Hee, who gained political control through the 1961 economy, politics and national security in edited volumes and scholarly journals. He is an advisor coup, was successful in transforming South Korea from an impoverished to South Koreas Ministry of Foreign Affairs and and underdeveloped country into the forefront of newly industrializing Trade and the Ministry of National Defense. Sang- nations through an aggressive pursuit of modernization. His successor, Young Rhyu is Assistant Professor at the Chun Doo-Hwan, who also seized political power through a coup, was Graduate School of International Studies at Yonsei University. He was a Senior Research able to handle an acute economic crisis in 1979-1980 through the suc- Fellow at the Samsung Economic Research cessful implementation of economic reforms. The strong performance of Institute from 1995 to 2001. His research interests the economy diverted criticism away from decades of harsh authoritarian include the political economies of Korea and East rule. Second, democratic change obscured the dark side of military rule. Asia. Democratic transition since 1987 has been so impressive that it directed scholarly attention away from past military regimes to the study of the determinants and process of democratic opening and consolidation. Fi- nally, there has been a shared feeling among students of Korean politics that South Koreas maturing democracy, expansion of civil society, and economic advancement preclude military intervention in civilian politics. The political role and influence of the military in Asia has been de- clining, and South Korea is no exception to this general trend.2 Demo- cratic opening, increased civilian control of the military, and improved national security situations in many parts of Asia are driving forces be- hind this trend. Yet, whether the era of military politics and intervention is over in South Korea is a lingering question. This article addresses this critical question by exploring the dynamics of old and new military poli- tics in South Korea.
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