Workshop on “Palaeoclimate and Human Dispersal during Marine Isotope Stage 3” Chennai, 12.-17.12.2011
MIS 3 Climate Variability Recorded in Speleothems
Dominik Fleitmann Institute of Geological Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern, Switzerland Workshop on “Palaeoclimate and Human Dispersal during Marine Isotope Stage 3”
The Arabian Peninsula
15. Dezember 2011 2 Workshop on “Palaeoclimate and Human Dispersal during Marine Isotope Stage 3”
Oppenheimer et al., 2009 15. Dezember 2011 3 Workshop on “Palaeoclimate and Human Dispersal during Marine Isotope Stage 3”
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Vegetation
temperature
irradiance water
Nemani et al., Science, 2003
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Periods of Favorable Climatic Conditions for Human Dispersal
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Absolutely-dated speleothem records covering MIS 3
Villar Cave , France: Genty et al., Nature, 2003 Kleegruben Cave , Austria: Spotl et al., QSR, 2006 Sofular Cave , Turkey: Fleitmann et al., GRL, 2009; Badertscher et al., Nature Geosci., 2011; Fleitmann et al., in prep. Hulu Cave , China: Wang et al., Science, 2001 Fort Stanton Cave , USA: Asmerom et al., Nature Geosci., 2010 Cave of the Bells , USA: Wagner et al., Nature Geosci., 2010 Moomi Cave , Yemen: Burns et al., Science, 2003; Shakun et al., 2007 Botuvera Cave , Brasil: Wang et al., QSR, 2006
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Absolutely-dated speleothem records covering MIS 3
Modified after Oppenheimer
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Speleothem records
Timing of D-O events!
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Speleothems
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Speleothems
Climatic & Biological Signals
Rainfall
Temperature
Vegetation SOILWATER
AQUIFER
DRIPWATER
Fleitmann et al ., 2004 SPELEOTHEM 15. Dezember 2011 11 Workshop on “Palaeoclimate and Human Dispersal during Marine Isotope Stage 3” Speleothem-based Paleoclimate Reconstructions
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Speleothem-based Paleoclimate Reconstructions
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Uranium-series Dating
2006 238 U 234 Th α 4.58 By - 24.1 d β 234 Pa
1.18 m 3∗α 234 U 230 Th 226 Ra 206 Pb 245 kyr 75.4 kyr 1∗β (stable)
Absolute ages 24.171 ± 57 Small age uncertainties 30.512 ± 71 (typically 0.5 – 2% of the absolute age) 42.463 ± 101 50.020 ± 142
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Speleothem-based Paleoclimate Reconstructions
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δδδ18 O: Source of Moisture, Northern Oman
Fleitmann et al., QR, 2003
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δδδ18 O: Source of Moisture, Hoti Cave, Oman N
A -6
M -5 O DB)
PP -4 N -3
R HIATUS
E -2
H -1 T
R 0 O H5 and H12 (‰V H12 and H5 1 Fleitmann et al., 2007 N 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Age (ka B.P.)
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δδδ18 O: Amount of Rainfall („Amount Effect“)
Stalagmite H12, Hoti Cave (Northern Oman)
Al Hamra
Hoti
Hoti
More negative oxygen isotope values = Higher precipitation
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δδδ18 O: Amount of Rainfall („Amount Effect“)
Stalagmite Q5, Qunf Cave, Southern Oman + -2.5
-2 OMAN B)
DD -1.5
-1 Q5 (‰ VP (‰ Q5 -0.5 Precipitation Precipitation SOUTHERN 0 Fleitmann et al., Science, 2003
0 2 4 6 8 10 Age (ka B.P.)
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Speleothem-based Paleoclimate Reconstructions
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δδδ13 C in Speleothems
C3 plants (trees and shrubs)
Soil CO 2: -26 and 20 ‰ (PDB) 13 δδδ Ccalcite : ~ -13‰
C4 plants (grasses)
Soil CO 2: -12 and 8‰ (PDB) 13 δδδ Ccalcite : ~ -6‰
• Proportion of C3/C4 plants • Recharge conditions (open/closed system conditions) • Biological activity in the soil • Degree of interaction with limestone bedrock
• Rate of CO 2-degassing of cave drip water
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Sofular Cave, Northern Turkey
Annual rainfall: around 1200 mm yr -1
Weak seasonality of precipitation
Cave air temperature: 11.8 ± 0.1 °C
Vegetation: predominantely C3-type vegetation
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Sofular Cave: Stalagmite So-1
2006
24.171 ± 57 30.512 ± 71 42.463 ± 101 50.020 ± 142 Fleitmann et al., GRL, 2009: Badertscher et al., Nature Geoscience, 2011 15. Dezember 2011 23 Workshop on “Palaeoclimate and Human Dispersal during Marine Isotope Stage 3”
Proxy Quality of δδδ13 C in stalagmites from Sofular Cave
So-11 Precipitation
Stalagmite δ13 C values are closely related to the drip rate
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Proxy Quality of δδδ13 C in stalagmites from Sofular Cave
Göktürk et al., QSR, 2011 δ13 C records from Sofular Cave stalagmites are reproduceable!
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Human dispersal („Out of Africa II“)
Oppenheimer, Quaternary International, 2009 15. Dezember 2011 26 Workshop on “Palaeoclimate and Human Dispersal during Marine Isotope Stage 3”
Study Sites in Arabia
Nafud
Hoti
Mundafan Khujeymahd
Mukallah
Socotra Rosenberg et al., Geology, 2011
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Lacustrine Sediments
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130.000 - 120.000 yrs BP
205.000 - 195.000 yrs BP
230.000 - 220.000 yrs BP
330.000 - 300.000 yrs BP
Fleitmann et al., Quaternary Science Reviews, 2011
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Pluvial Periods in Arabia Precipitation Precipitation
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Pluvial Periods in Arabia
Rosenberg et al., Geology, 2011
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Human dispersal („Out of Africa II“)
Oppenheimer, Quaternary International, 2009 15. Dezember 2011 33 Workshop on “Palaeoclimate and Human Dispersal during Marine Isotope Stage 3”
Sites
Mellars, Science, 2006
Villars Cave
Sofular Cave
Incesu Cave
Soreq Cave
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Atmospheric circulation and precipitation in the Mediterranean basin
January
July Sofular Cave
mm Sources: NCEP, CRU 15. Dezember 2011 35 Workshop on “Palaeoclimate and Human Dispersal during Marine Isotope Stage 3”
Sofular Cave: Stalagmite So-1
2006
24.171 ± 57 30.512 ± 71 42.463 ± 101
50.020 ± 142 Fleitmann et al., GRL, 2009
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Sofular Cave: Stalagmite So-1
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15. Dezember 2011 38 Workshop on “Palaeoclimate and Human Dispersal during Marine Isotope Stage 3”
Transition time of Dansgaard-Oeschger events: Changepoint calculations
Fleitmann et al., GRL, 2009
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Transition time into D-O Events in Sofular and NGRIP
Full transition into a D-O event takes longer in the Sofular δδδ13 C time series!
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Incesu Cave, Turkey
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Ice Extent at 60 ka BP
Svendsen et al., QSR, 2004
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Villars Cave
Mellars, Science, 2006
Villars Cave
Sofular Cave
Incesu Cave
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Villars Cave
Genty et al., QSR, 2010
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Villars and Sofular
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Human dispersal („Out of Africa II“)
Oppenheimer, Quaternary International, 2009 15. Dezember 2011 46 Workshop on “Palaeoclimate and Human Dispersal during Marine Isotope Stage 3”
Hulu Cave, China
Wang et al., Science, 2001
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Thank You!
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