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The Manuscript Literature As a Permanent Element of the Cultural Heritage and Determinant of the Identity of the Tatar Community in Poland

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The Manuscript Literature As a Permanent Element of the Cultural Heritage and Determinant of the Identity of the Tatar Community in Poland International Journal of Culture and History, Vol. 2, No. 3, September 2016 The Manuscript Literature as a Permanent Element of the Cultural Heritage and Determinant of the Identity of the Tatar Community in Poland Magdalena Lewicka 14th and 15th centuries was connected with the flow of the Abstract—The paper discusses the writings of the Tatars of Tatars from the empire of the Golden Horde and khanates the Great Duchy of Lithuania in the context of its meaning as a located on the banks of Volga River. This migration solid element of the cultural heritage and the carrier of the movement was based on the compulsory islamization identity of the Tatar society in territory of the Republic of conducted by Uzbeg Khan (1312-1342). In the end, Poland. The Author discusses the Tatar literary output including its genesis and development which are inseparably migration to the west of Asia had not protected the Tatars connected with the history of the Tatar settlement in the from Islamization. The development of the Tatar settlement territory of the Great Duchy of Lithuania, the characteristic of this period can be attributed to the Grand Duke of features which had given it a one of a kind character, as well as Lithuania - Vytautas (1392-1430), who granted Tatars the classification of the works belonging to this culture on the basis land and privileges (guaranteeing the freedom of religion at of the criteria of the form and content which allows us to the same time) in exchange for military service and help in specify several kinds of manuscripts. The Author indicates not fighting the Teutonic knights, which contributed to the only the literary value of the Tatar writings, but also their massive relocation to Lithuania. The second stage of the great meaning as a source material for scientific research of settlement occurred between 16th and 18th centuries, at first various character: philological, historical, ethnographical, cultural and religion studies, but also the great role they play due to the settling of the war prisoners captured during the as a basic binder allowing the Tatar society to maintain the war with the Crimea Horde, and then because of the ethnical difference and cultural identity which-in the light of a migration of the civilians from Kazan and Astrakhan multilayered assimilation in the Christian surroundings-was Khanates fleeing from the Russian occupation. By the end mostly identified by their denomination, Islam. of the 17th century the Tatars settled in the territory of the Crown where king John III Sobieski granted them the Index Terms—The Tatars of the great duchy of Lithuania, demesnes in Podlasie district. After the partitions and fall of cultural heritage of the Tatars, the manuscript literature of the the Republic of Poland the majority of territories settled by Tatars. the Tatars became the part of the Tsardom of Russia, after World War I (apart from the Kaunas province belonging to the Republic of Lithuania) it was within the territory of the I. INTRODUCTION independent Poland. After World War II, when the Kresy The development of the Tatar literary manuscripts and its (Eastern Borderlands) were lost by Poland the Tatars have unique character are inseparably connected with the history been living in territory of Poland, Lithuania and Belarus [3]. of the settlement of this tribe originating from the steppes of Six hundred years’ long presence in these territories Mongolia in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. (including 350 years within the current borders of Poland) Its outset dates back to the time of king Gediminas reign made them a part of Polish nation, in particular (1305-1341), the first reference to Tatars living in Lithuania distinguishing themselves in the military history of the appears in the chronicles of the Italian Franciscan, Lucas Republic of Poland by participation in the fight for freedom, Wadding: “Our brothers departed to proclaim the teachings independence and playing an important part in all the major of Christ in the Lithuanian lands, where they found a whole military events in the history of Poland (Thirteen Years’ nation engulfed in the barbarian errors and dedicated to the War (1458-1466),the raid of Vladislaus II of Hungary to cult of fire, among them the Scythians, coming from the Czech Republic (1471), battles of Buczyna (1588), Cecora country of a khan, who use Asian language in the prayers” (1620), Chocim (1621), Beresteczko (1651), Polish- [1], while the first information about Tatars with the name Swedish war (1655), Bar Confederation (1768-1772), of this ethnic group is noted in Jan Długosz chronicle: Kościuszko Uprising (1794), November Uprising (1830) “Alexander or Vytautas the Duke of Lithuania, having January Uprising (1863), World War I and II). reconciled with Svitrigaila, wanted to prove himself to be a While the history of Tatar settlement in the territory of Christian duke, embarked on the first raid against the Tatars. the GDL is quite well recognized and discussed in detail by He attacked the main settlement of them, called the Horde, historians and orientalists, the aspect of the genesis of the and many thousand barbarians with their wives, children country’s Muslim citizens remains obscured, since no relics and cattle were taken to Lithuania” [2]. The Tatar settlement of the literature dated from the earliest period have been proceeded in two main stages, the first of them occurring in preserved, and the first text recognized by the scholars which is describing the Tatar society does not mention any Manuscript received March 3, 2016; revised May 21, 2016. literary activity (hence it can be deduced that Tatar books M. Kubarek is with the Nicolas Copernicus University in Torun, had not been written at that time) gives rise to authenticity Department of Arabic Language and Culture, Poland (e-mail: reservations [4]. On the basis of indirect presumptions – [email protected]). textological and philological analysis of the content and doi: 10.18178/ijch.2016.2.3.049 117 International Journal of Culture and History, Vol. 2, No. 3, September 2016 research on the historic context (including the influence of Two factors decided about the manuscript-like character reformation and counter-reformation) [5] - it can be of the Tatars’ literary output. The first of them, particularly assumed that the birth of the Tatar literary manuscript significant, was surely the reference to the literary output occurs in the second half of the 16th century. One of the first present in the world of Islam, especially regarding the works is the translation of the Quran of the second half of religious literature, which due to the high rank of the 16th century, which in accordance with the Islamic rule of calligraphy was subjected to the printing process, and has iz, forbidding the translation of the Holy Book, took the been the key form of art. In the context of the religious texts form of a tafsir (comment, explanation), while the moment manual copying of the books became ritual in form. concluding the process of formation and development of the Additionally, the manuscript form was favoured by the local Tatar manuscript output was the end of 18th century. cultural context, namely the return to the manuscripts Among the factors which are considered to be the reasons characteristic for the period of Sarmatism. for its shaping, one can mention the process of the linguistic Anonymity, as a typical feature of all the manuscript assimilation, which caused the Tatars who were the ethnic, literature, is also characteristic for the discussed Tatar cultural and religious minority of the new country to lose works. Only two names of authors, regarding these works, the command of their own language (Turkic dialects) and are known: Hodyna (Kitab of 1645.) and Uriah son of oriental languages facilitating contacts with their co- Ismail (Tafsir dated for 1686), as opposed to the scribes religionists (Turkish) and religious practices (Arabic) for who often disclosed their names in colophons. Surely, the languages functioning in the GDL - Polish and bearing in mind the excellent command of Arabic and other Belorussian. Probably the process of the linguistic oriental languages and the general erudition of the Tatar assimilation of the Tatar community was based on the fact authors, resulting from the character of their work, that that its members varied as far as the origin is concerned including the compilation and adaptation of the texts of and used different dialects, which in the light of the lack of Slavic and Middle Eastern provinence, they were the the earlier developed feeling of the ethnic community (such representatives of the intellectual elite of the Tatar society. a community was not created until the period of the GDL, What is significant in this context, the impossibility of and its joining element was not the ethnical and linguistic discovering their personal information, and the following factor, but a political ones, made these languages (dialects) anonymous character of the Tatar literary output implicates originated in the steppes were not a unifying determinant, a major hindrance in the process of chronological definition, especially due to the fact that they were not the carriers of which can only be based on the indirect presumptions the religious traditions [6]. The process which had been (philological and contextual analysis, dates of the progressing since the 15th century and ended in the second subsequent copies of the books, historical, social context, half of the next century was one of the causes for etc.) [8]. undertaking the activities regarding the translation of the Both Polish and Belarusian language present in the Tatar religious books into Slavic languages used by Tatars, since manuscripts do not occur in the pure form. While the former on the one hand the doctrinal issues forced them to use the usually has the form of the northern Kresy borderland Arabic texts in the rites and liturgy, and on the other hand dialect arisen on the border of the Belarusian linguistic area, these texts became-in the conditions of the isolation from the latter contains numerous inclusion of Polish origin.
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