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Treatment of Gout by Reduction of Uric Acid Production

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Treatment of Gout by Reduction of Uric Acid Production Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.25.4.353 on 1 July 1966. Downloaded from Ann. rheum. Dis. (1966), 25, 353. TREATMENT OF GOUT BY REDUCTION OF URIC ACID PRODUCTION BY G. D. KERSLEY Bath For the interval treatment of gout the uricosuric of treatment. Suppositories of 5,000 units are now agents have been until recently the only drugs of real available. value. Used continuously they have proved very Oroturic Acid (Uracil 6-ethanoic acid).-This drug has 6 been used by Delbarre (1964), and has been found to effective, after a preliminary period of some weeks (reduce the plasma uric acid level without affecting the when attacks are often exacerbated. Sulphin- 'uricosuria. It is thought to act by utilizing phosphori- pyrazone (Anturan) is generally the most efficient bosyl pyrophosphate, thus preventing feed-back and and least toxic (Kersley and Gibbs, 1960); the effect production of uridylic acid and uric acid synthesis is excellent even after over 5 years' administration, (uridylic acid-inosinic acid-nucleic acid-hypoxanthine but relapse is immediate as soon as the drug is dis- and uric acid). Chu and Malmgren (1964) have, how- continued. The only frequent complication of the ever, found that mice treated with oroturic acid developed copyright. use of uricosuric agents is the production of calculi metastases when given mammary tumour cells intra- or gravel. venously more frequently than untreated controls. have been suggested Allopurinol (Xylopurin or HPP, 4 hydroxypyrozolo 3, Recently three types of drug 4-d pyramidine). his is a potent inhibitor of xanthine to reduce uric acid production: caparase, oroturic oxidase and reduces the production of uric acid from acid, and the xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol. xanthine and hypoxanthine. It causes a reduction in The use of the last-named in particular may well plasma uric acid levels and reduces uricosuria, but pro- cases prove a major advance in the therapy of certain duces an increase in urinary oxypurines, which latter are http://ard.bmj.com/ of gout. incidentally more soluble than uric acid (Rundles, Wyngaarden, Hitchings, Elion, and Silberman, 1963). Present Investigations It has been suggested that, as the increased excretion of A pilot experiment has been carried out to com- oxypurine does not appear sufficient to match the lower- pare the clinical and biochemical effects of caparase, ing of uric acid in the blood and urine, there may be some oroturic acid, and allopurinol, and this has been re-utilization of oxypurine or inhibition of synthesis of followed by a more extensive trial of the longer-term inosinic acid. Allopurinol was first used to prevent oxidation of 6-mercaptopurine in the treatment of effects of allopurinol, used both alone and together on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected with leukaemia. In the therapy of gout, Yu and Gutman anturan. (1964), using 300 mg. per day, found a tendency for the Caparase (Hepatocatalsase).-This drug is said by attack rate to increase during the first 6 weeks of adminis- Barcel6 (1964) to catalyse the oxidation of the C2 and C8 tration, as with benemid and anturan; a few cases also atoms of the formic acid nucleus and the C5 atom from had slight diarrhoea. Hall, Holloway, and Scott (1964) formate before its combination with glycine. Its effects reported two patients who developed slight rashes. are to reduce plasma uric acid levels and to reduce Both groups of authors reported a satisfactory reduction uricosuria, and also to lower serum cholesterol and blood in plasma uric acid levels with a fall in trinary uric acid sugar levels. It is recommended in a dosage of 10,000 and an increase in oxypurine excretion where estimated. units intramuscularly daily for the first month, with The total purine plus oxypurine excretion was not greatly reduction thereafter to three injections weekly for another changed. Wyngaarden (1965) reported a transitory 3 months or more. The plasma uric acid level may begin drop in the white blood cell count and Houpt (1965) found to fall by the 5th day and should be at its lowest after 2 to a temporary increase in the attack rate in six and very 3 weeks. The attack rate should gradually decrease and marked increase in two out of a series of twenty cases. the duration of benefit varies inversely with the duration Smyth (1965) reported that allopurinol with anturan had 353 Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.25.4.353 on 1 July 1966. Downloaded from 354 ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES proved valuable in four exceptionally severe cases of oroturic acid, it was decided to proceed with a gout. Ogryzlo (1965), in a series of twenty cases, found longer-term experiment with allopurinol only, with marked benefit and negligible toxicity. and without the uricosuric agent anturan. 29 cases of gout were treated with allopurinol, Pilot Study 400 mg. per day, for upwards of 3 months, and four Four cases of gout were treated, after a control for more than a year. Eleven of these patients had period, with caparase 10,000 units daily, oroturic previously been receiving anturan 600 mg. daily and acid 4 g. per day, and allopurinol 400 mg. per day for for the first 6 months continued on both drugs with periods of 6 days each while the plasma uric acid clinical benefit. Three of these, while remaining levels and urinary uric acid and oxypurine excretion reasonably well on the anturan from the point of were estimated. With caparase, there was an view of gout symptoms, still showed some rise in average drop in plasma uric acid of 0 85 mg. per plasma uric acid despite this medication. When cent. and the urinary uric acid and oxypurine were allopurinol was given in addition, the plasma uric slightly decreased. With oroturic acid, the plasma acid fell at once from 9 0 to 4-6, from 6 2 to 3 5, uric acid fell on an average by 2 mg. per cent., with a and from 7 * 2 to 2 - 6 mg. per cent. respectively. negligible increase in uricosuria, but a marked One patient was clinically quite uncontrolled and increase in urinary oxypurines. With allopurinol had large discharging tophi and frequent incapaci- there was a marked drop in plasma uric acid by tating attacks, but since starting the combined 3 * 5 mg. per cent., a decreased excretion of uric acid treatment, the tophi have tended to heal and become (from 753 to 473 mg. per day) and a doubled excre- smaller and the patient himself has improved greatly. tion of oxypurines (Figure). Five patients, who had had periodic gravel or passed small calculi at frequent intervals, while on Allopurinol anturan, were transferred to allopurinol alone, with Because of the difficulty in obtaining caparase and relief of their urinary symptoms. the disadvantage of large daily injections, and Seven of the patients who at first had anturan and because of the risk of carcinogenesis in the use of allopurinol together for 6 months, have now dropped copyright. BEFORE THERAPY - THERAPY Caparose Oroturic Acid Allopurinol 10,000 units 4g. 400mg. 8.0- 7 6 1 Plasma Uric- 6-0- a | =~ http://ard.bmj.com/ acid level (mg./lOOml.) 4-0 1l = ~~~~3-5 An 2-0 U, w an 0 8001 IL 690 680 710 Urinary 7001 on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected U Uric acid 6001 w Excretion (mg.) _ 410 a, 350 -~ 5.2. 50 0 45 Oxypurine 40 Excretion (mg.) 301 25 24 Figure.-Effectof three drugsclaimed to reduce uric acid production on mean plasma uric acid level, and 4 urinary uric acid and oxypurine ex- 2 3 cretion in four cases of gout before Case No. and after therapy. Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.25.4.353 on 1 July 1966. Downloaded from TREATMENT OF GOUT 355 the anturan and are progressing satisfactorily on tion of uric acid production: caparase, oroturic acid, allopurinol alone. and the xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol. The four original patients who started taking A pilot experiment with four cases of gout was allopurinol a year ago have now stopped taking the followed by a long-term study of 29 cases treated drug for a trial period. After a month the plasma with allopurinol alone and in combination with uric acid levels are tending to rise, but less rapidly anturan. than is usual on stopping the uricosuric agents, and The findings suggest that allopurinol with anturan so far attacks of gout have restarted in only one of is valuable in treating severe cases of gout and in them. helping to prevent renal damage. It may also be During the first six weeks of administration, there used alone with advantage in certain selected cases. was a slight tendency to exacerbation of symptoms, but this was considerably less than had previously been found with the uricosuric agents, and was easily REFERENCES controlled by a regular dosage of 1 * 5 mg. of Barcel6, P. (1964). Arch. interamer. Rheum., 7, 218. colchicine daily, which is now given as a routine Chu, E. W., and Malingren, R. A. (1964). Cancer Res., during this period. In the unusual event of a 24, 671. severe attack, it was rapidly terminated by the use of Delbarre, F. (1964). Arch. interamer. Rheum., 7, 230. Hall, A. P., Holloway, V. P., and Scott, J. T. (1964). phenylbutazone. Ann. rheum. Dis., 23, 439. In this series, there were no severe toxic symptoms. Haupt, J. B. (1965). Arthr. and Rheum., 8, 899. In two cases there was a slight rash, but in one this Kersley, G. D., and Gibbs, A. R. (1960). Ann. rheum. was found to be due to indomethacin prescribed by Dis., 19, 351.
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