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003 1 -3998/93/3406-0767$03.00/0 PEDIATRIC RESEARCH Vol. 34, No. 6, 1993 Copyright O 1993 International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc. Printed in U.S. A. Hypoxanthine, Xanthine, and Uric Acid Concentrations in Plasma, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Vitreous Humor, and Urine in Piglets Subjected to Intermittent Versus Continuous Hypoxemia LAURITZ STOLTENBERG, TERJE ROOTWELT, STEPHANIE BYASAETER, TORLEIV 0. ROGNUM, AND OLA D. SAUGSTAD Department of Pediatric Research [L.S.. T.R..S.0.. O.D.S.].Institute ofSurgica1 Research [L.S.. T.R.],and Insritute of Forensic Medicine [L.S., T.O.R.],The National Hospital, 0027 Oslo 1, Norway ABSTRACT. Infants with sudden infant death syndrome compared with 20% in infants that die suddenly or unexpectedly have higher hypoxanthine (Hx) concentrations in their from other causes (4). It was concluded in this study that SIDS, vitreous humor than infants with respiratory distress syn- in most cases, is probably not a sudden event but may be drome and other infant control populations. However, pre- preceded by a relatively long period of respiratory failure and vious research on piglets and pigs applying continuous hypoxia. However, previous experiments on piglets applying hypoxemia has not been able to reproduce the concentra- different degrees and durations of CH have not been able to tions observed in infants with sudden infant death syn- reproduce equally high vitreous humor Hx values as observed in drome. To test whether intermittent hypoxemia could, in SIDS (5). Perhaps the higher Hx concentration formed in vitre- part, explain this observed difference, Hx, xanthine (X), ous humor of SIDS victims is due to the fact that these infants and uric acid were measured in vitreous humor, urine, suffer repeated episodes of hypoxemia before they die. In the plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid in newborn piglets during present study, we wanted to determine whether IH or CH gives intermittent hypoxemia (IH) or continuous hypoxemia higher Hx concentrations. Hx has been shown to increase in (CH) of equal degree and duration. Urinary Hx excretion hypoxemia in other body fluids like plasma, urine, and CSF (5- was significantly higher (p < 0.04) in the IH group after 8). Concentrations of Hx, X, and Ua in plasma, CSF, urine, and 60 min of hypoxemia. The vitreous humor Hx increase was vitreous humor were measured in two groups of pigs subjected significantly higher in the IH group (from 21.0 f 7.8 to to equal periods of hypoxemia either induced intermittently or 44.1 f 25.5 pmol/L, p c 0.01 versus baseline) than in the continuously. CH group (from 16.4 f 4.2 to 23.2 f 7.3 pmol/L, p < 0.05 versus baseline) (p < 0.05 IH versus CH). X increased MATERIALS AND METHODS significantly more (p c 0.05) in vitreous humor in the IH group than in the CH group. No differences between the Approval. The experimental protocol was approved by the two groups were found in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid hospital's ethics committee for animal studies. for either Hx, X, or uric acid. We conclude that vitreous Animalpreparations. Newborn piglets (2-5 d old, weight range humor Hx and X increases more during IH than during 1530-2550 g, 18 male and eight female) were delivered by a CH. (Pediatr Res 34: 767-771,1993) local farmer on the day of the experiments. They are, from a CNS maturation point of view, close to human infants of 38 wk Abbreviations gestation based on histologic findings in the CNS (9). They were premedicated with azaperone (4 mg/kg intramuscularly), can- Hx, hypoxanthine nulated in a peripheral ear vein, and given atropine (0.025 mg/ X, xanthine kg i.v.) and metomidate (4-10 mg/kg i.v.) until adequate anes- Ua, uric acid thesia was achieved. Muscle relaxation was then induced with CSF, cerebrospinal fluid pancuronium bromide (0.2 mg/kg i.v.). Additional metomidate SIDS, sudden infant death syndrome (4 mglkg) was given when necessary. Pancuronium was not IH, intermittent hypoxemia readministered. The pigs were intubated orally with a 3.0-mm CH, continuous hypoxemia cuffed Sheridan endotracheal tube (Sheridan Catheter Corp., Argyle, NY). The tube was connected via a small humidifier (Portex Termovent 600, Portex Limited, Hythe Kent, UK) to a Servo 900 B ventilator (Elema-Sch~nander,Stockholm, Sweden). The pigs were mechanically ventilated throughout the experi- ment at 40 breathslmin. ~idalvolume was adTjusted whennec- We have collected vitreous humor samples from different essary throughout the experiments to maintain arterial CO* groups of pediatric patients for several Years. These samples have between 4.6 and 5.9 kPa. Before hypoxemia, the pigs were been analyzed with regard to the purine metabolites Hx, X, and ventilated with room air, and only pigs with arterial oztension to some extent Ua. Hx, a well-established indicator of hypoxia ,9.3 kpa were included in the experiment. ~h~ rectal tempera- (1-319 has been found be in 80% SIDS victims ture was monitored continuously and kept between 38.0 and Correspondence and reprint requests: Dr. Lauritz Stoltenberg, Department of 39.5OC with a heating blanket and whe; necessary a heating Pediatric Research, University of Oslo, The National Hospital. 0027 Oslo 1, lamp. An arterial catheter was inserted proximally from a super- Norway. Received July 27, 1993.; accepted December 1, 1992 ficial artery on the inside of the hind leg so that ischemia to the supported by ~ri~~~td.and The Nowegian Women's Public Health A-ia- leg Was avoided. The catheter Was connected to a strain-gauge tion. L.S. is a fellow with The Nonvegian Research Council. transducer, and blood pressure was recorded continuously on a 767 768 STOLTENBERG ET AL. Gould 2600s recorder (Gould Inc. Recording Systems, Cleve- Paired or unpaired t tests with Bonferroni corrections were then land, OH). The pulse was monitored continuously via skin performed. Analyses were performed with an SPCC/PC+ statis- electrodes. A midline suprapubic laparotomy was performed, a tical package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). A two-sided p value < urinary catheter was placed in the bladder, and a lumbar punc- 0.05 was considered significant. ture needle was placed in the cisterna magna. The pigs were placed on their side and allowed to stabilize for 30 min. During RESULTS the experiments, they received via the ear vein an infusion of a solution containing 0.7% NaCl and 1.25% glucose at a rate of Mean survival time of the IH group including reoxygenation 10 mL/kg/h. Blood glucose was measured regularly with a re- time was 126 rnin (86 min of hypoxemia); the range was 89- 168 flectometer (Hypocount MX B, Boehringer, Mannheim, Ger- min (59- 1 18 min of hypoxemia). The mean survival time of the many), and the infusion altered as necessary to try to maintain CH group was 82 rnin (range 57-109 min). glucose between 4 and 10 mmol/L. Blood gases and mean arterial blood pressure. Table 1 shows Experimental protocol. The piglets were assigned to CH (n = the arterial O2 tension, base excess, and mean arterial blood 13) or IH (n = 13) groups. Animals in the CH group were pressure in the two groups of pigs before and after 20, 40, and ventilated with 8% O2 in nitrogen, whereas animals in the IH 60 min of hypoxemia. No significant differences were observed group were given 8% 02in nitrogen for 10 rnin and 2 1 % oxygen between the two groups. However, each 5-min reoxygenation for 5 rnin repeatedly. The O2 content of the inspired air was interval in the IH group produced a significant increase in mean monitored with a Dameca OM 832 oxygen monitor (Dameca arterial blood pressure (p< 0.001). The numbers are presented Inc., Copenhagen, Denmark). in Figure 1. Blood samples. Arterial blood samples were taken after surgery Hx, X, and Ua in vitreous humor. The concentrations of Hx (-30 rnin), before hypoxemia, and then every 10 rnin in the CH in the vitreous humor of the two groups after 60 min of hypox- group and every 10 and 5 min in the IH group. Temperature- emia are given in Figure 2A. The increase was significantly higher corrected blood gases were measured with an AVL 945 Auto- in the IH group than in the CH group (p < 0.05). X also matic Blood Gas System (AVL Biomedical Instruments, increased significantly more in the IH group (1.1 f 0.2 to 3.1 f Schaffhausen, Switzerland). Blood for Hx analysis was collected 1.7 pmol/L) than in the CH group ( 1.0 f 0.1 to 1.3 + 0.4 pmol/ into prechilled EDTA tubes and centrifuged rapidly for 10 rnin L) (p < 0.05). Ua remained fairly stable. Mean values increased at 1800 X g, 4'C. Plasma was transferred to polypropylene tubes from 8.3 f 2.9 to 8.7 + 2.5 pmol/L in the IH group and from and frozen at -20°C until analysis. The withdrawn blood was 8.4 f 5.7 to 10.8 rt 5.5 pmol/L in the CH group. replaced with an equal volume of sterile NaCl (0.9%) and the Hx and X in urine. The output of Hx and X in the urine are catheter flushed with heparinized saline (4 U/mL). given in Figure 28. The Hx increase in the IH group was Sampling of CSF. Two hundred to 400 pL of CSF were drawn significantly higher (p < 0.04) than that in the CH group. No from the lumbar puncture needle before hypoxemia and then significant difference in X output was observed.
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    o ?? ou need t Y our reduce y Uric Acid! Understanding the Low Uric Acid Diet Diet FAQ's What is Uricvs Acid? Uric acid is a byproduct of purines (PYUR-eenz). Purines are naturally occurring substances and are found in many food items. As purines are broken down in the body, they are eliminated as uric acid. What does Uric Acid have to do with CKD? Normally, uric acid passes through the kidneys and is excreted in urine. However, when the kidneys cannot process all of the uric acid, hyperuricemia, or elevated uric acid in the blood, may develop. Recent research has determined that approximately 10% of Americans with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) also have gout, and if left untreated, can further worsen kidney function. Why do I need a diet that reduces Uric Acid? When your kidneys are not functioning properly, they do not filter out uric acid properly, thus potentially leading to a number of health issues. Elevated hyperuricemia (elevated uric acid levels) may cause: • Worsening of kidney function • Flare up of gout • Damage to affected joints Diet Do's and Don'ts Do Don't DO Don't Do Don't Exercise: even 1 minute of moderate to brisk Don’t take baker’s yeast or brewer’s yeast as a walking is helpful supplement Drink 8-12 cups o f fluid daily, this may help reduce Don't drink ( or try to limit) alcohol. Alcohol increases kidney stone formation and decrease uric acid purine production, thus further worsening crystals hyperuricemia Foods to limit Limit meat to 3 ounces per meal Limit high fat foods, such as salad dressings, ice cream, fried foods, & gravies.