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Polarstern“ in 2005/2006

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Polarstern“ in 2005/2006 The Expedition ANTARKTIS-XXIII/2 of the Research Vessel „Polarstern“ in 2005/2006 Edited by Volker Strass with contributions of the participants Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch. 568 (2007) ISSN 1618 - 3193 ANT-XXIII/2 19 November 2005 - 12 January 2006 Cape Town - Lazarev Sea - Punta Arenas Fahrtleiter / Chief Scientist: Volker Strass Koordinator / Coordinator: Eberhard Fahrbach CONTENTS 1. EXPEDITION ANT-XXIII/2: Fahrtverlauf und Zusammenfassung 7 Cruise narrative and summary 13 2. Weather conditions 17 3. Seasonal and interannual variability in krill demography of high latitude krill stocks in the Lazarev Sea - LAKRIS subproject 1 20 4. Horizontal and vertical distribution of krill and zooplankton - LAKRIS subproject 2 32 5. Oceanography 35 5.1 Effects of water mass circulation and sea ice on the abundance of zooplankton in the Lazarev Sea - LAKRIS subproject 3 35 5.2 Hydrographic station work with CTD and water bottle sampling 35 5.3 Underway measurements of currents and echo backscatter with the vessel-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler 40 5.4 Time series measurements from moored instruments 41 6. Seasonal dynamics of physiological conditions of krill with emphasis on the larvae stages - LAKRIS subproject 4 45 7. Potential krill allergens 52 8. Seasonal lipid dynamics and energetic adaptations of Euphausia superba, with emphasis on juvenile and adult stages - LAKRIS subproject 5 53 8.1 Energetics and feeding ecology of Antarctic euphausiids: comparative lipid analyses of Euphausia superba, E. crystallorophias and Thysanoessa macrura 53 8.2 Lipid metabolism of Clione antarctica as related to its only prey Limacina helicina 55 8.3 Metabolic enzyme activities of Antarctic copepods in comparison with temperate and Arctic species 55 9. Distribution of Chlorophyll a in the Lazarev Sea 56 5 10. Biology of pelagic tunicates in the Lazarev Sea 58 11. Trophic ecology of chaetognaths and their contribution to the vertical carbon flux in the Lazarev Sea 64 12. The ecology of thecosome pteropods in the Lazarev Sea 69 13. Benthopelagic coupling under austral spring conditions 74 14. Near-surface zooplankton sampling by use of the continuous plankton recorder – CPR 82 15. Bathypelagic Plankton 85 16. Sea ice, cetacean, seal and bIrd diversity 88 17. Marine Mammal Automated Perimeter Surveillance (MAPS) 95 18. Adaptive competence and ecology of Antarctic bottom fish 99 19. MABEL: Multidisciplinary Antarctic BEnthic Laboratory 103 APPENDIX 111 A.1 Participating Institutions 112 A.2 Cruise Participants 114 A.3 Ship's Crew 116 A.4 Station list 117 6 1. EXPEDITION ANT-XXIII/2: FAHRTVERLAUF UND ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Volker Strass Alfred-Wegener-Institut Wissenschaftliches Programm Während der Forschungsreise ANT-XXIII/2 diente FS Polarstern dazu, sowohl ein umfangreiches marines Messprogramm durchzuführen als auch die Neumayer- Station und wissenschaftliche Expeditionen auf dem antarktischen Kontinent mit Personal und Material zu versorgen. Der Hauptteil des marinen Forschungsprogramms war der vom BMBF geförderten Lazarewsee Krill Studie (LAKRIS), einem deutschen Beitrag zu SO-GLOBEC, gewidmet. SO-GLOBEC (Southern Ocean Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics) ist ein internationales und multidisziplinäres Forschungsprogramm, welches darauf abzielt, Struktur und Funktionsweise des marinen Ökosystems und seine Abhängigkeiten vom physikalischen Umfeld besser verstehen, um darauf aufbauend Fähigkeiten zur Vorhersage von Reaktionen des Ökosystems auf Klimaänderungen zu entwickeln. Für den Südlichen Ozean liegt im Zentrum des Interesses dabei der Krill (Euphausia superba), der eine Schlüsselart im Nahrungsnetz darstellt, und dessen Reproduktion, Rekrutierung und Überlebensraten in Abhängigkeit von physikalischen und biologischen Faktoren. Ein Großteil unserer Kenntnisse über den antarktische Krill stammt aus nur wenigen Regionen, wie beispielsweise des relativ gut untersuchten Schelfs um die Antarktische Halbinsel. Es zeichnet sich aber mehr und mehr ab, dass die Überlebensstrategien von Krill für die verschiedenen Jahreszeiten regional unterschiedlich sind. Unsere Kenntnisse darüber lassen sich also nicht unbedingt von einer Region auf andere übertragen. Das LAKRIS Projekt hat deswegen unter anderem den Zweck, bestehende internationale Messprogramme im Rahmen von SO-GLOBEC und CCAMLR (Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living resources) auf der Westseite der Antarktischen Halbinsel, im Südantillenmeer und im Sektor südwestlichen des indischen Ozean durch Untersuchungen in der Lazarewsee zu ergänzen. Innerhalb der großen, die Antarktis umkreisenden Stromsysteme scheint es ein erhöhtes Krill-Vorkommen in dem Sektor zu geben, dessen Westseite durch das Schelf westlich der Antarktischen Halbinsel und dessen Ostseite durch den Greenwich-Meridian bzw. die Lazarewsee markiert ist. Ob sich dieses Vorkommen aus nur einem oder verschiedenen Beständen von Krill zusammensetzt und ob ein 7 ANT-XXIII/2 Austausch von Individuen mit anderen Vorkommen im Südlichen Ozean stattfindet, wird zur Zeit intensiv diskutiert. Besonders Studien an der bisher wenig untersuchten Ostseite des Vorkommens können hier sehr aufschlussreich sein. Die Lazarewsee wird dabei als mögliches Einfallstor für Krill ins Weddellmeer vermutet. Entlang des 0°-Meridians kommt Krill von 50°S bis zum antarktischen Kontinent bei 70°S vor. Dies ist die größte meridionale Krillverbreitung rund um Antarktika. Nördlich von 60°S ist Krill dem Einfluss des ostwärts fließenden Zirkumpolarstroms ausgesetzt. Krill auf 0° Länge befindet sich somit stromab der großen Bestände im Südantillenmeer und spiegelt somit den Laicherfolg dort wieder. Südlich von 60°S, im Einflussbereich des westwärts fließenden Südastes des östlichen Weddellwirbels, gibt es nur wenig Information über laichenden Krill und das Auftreten von Larven. Wenn jedoch der Weddellwirbel die Quelle der hohen Krill- Konzentrationen im Südantillenmeer ist, sollten mit den in der Lazarewsee sich westwärts bewegenden Wassermassen größere Mengen von Krill-Larven in das System eintragen, um die großen Bestände im nordwestlichen Ausstrom aus dem Weddellmeer aufrecht zu erhalten. Das LAKRIS-Verbundprojekt setzt sich aus 5 Teilprojekten mit folgenden Forschungsthemen zusammen: • Saisonale und zwischenjährliche Variabilität des demographischen Aufbaus von Krill-Beständen in den hohen Breiten der Lazarewsee • Horizontale und vertikale Verteilungen von Krill und Zooplankton • Einflüsse von Wassermassen- Zirkulation und Meereis auf das Vorkommen von Zooplankton und Krill • Saisonale Dynamik des physiologischen Zustandes von Krill mit besonderer Beachtung der Larven-Stadien • Saisonale Lipid-Dynamik und energetische Anpassungen von Euphausia superba, insbesondere der Jugend- und Erwachsenen-Stadien Die umfangreichen Untersuchungen von Krill wurden während ANT-XXIII/2 ergänzt durch weitere Projekte, die ihr Augenmerk auf andere Gattungen von Zooplankton wie pelagische Tunikate (Salpen), Chaetognathen (Pfeilwürmer) und Pteropoden (Flügelschnecken) richteten. Die zentrale Frage, der sich diese Projekte widmeten, war, welchen Fraßdruck diese Zooplankton-Grupppen ausübten und welchen Fluss von biogener Materie durch das Nahrungsnetz sie bewirkten. Eine weitere Studie befasste sich mit den benthischen Suspensionsfressern, welche zum Austausch zwischen Wassersäule und Meeresboden auf dem antarktischen Schelf beitragen. Verschiedene andere während der Forschungsfahrt durchgeführte Projekte hatten keinen speziellen regionalen Bezug zur Lazarewsee. Dazu gehörten: Die Aufzeichnung von Sichtungen von Walen und anderen Großtieren wie Robben, Pinguinen und Seevögeln, ergänzt von umfangreichen Meereisdaten, durch Beobachter der internationalen Walfangkommission IWC ( International Whaling Commission) Die Erprobung schiffs-basierter automatischer Überwachung von marinen Säugetieren mittels passiver Akustik und Infrarot-Optik 8 1. FAHRTVERLAUF UND ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Eine Studie des Auftretens und der Verteilung bathypelagischen Planktons, insbesondere pelagischer Arten der Mysiden und Polychaeten, als Beitrag zum Biodiversitäts-Zensus CeDAMar (Census of the BioDiversity of the Abyssal Marine Life) Eine Untersuchung der Adaptationsfähigkeiten und der Ökologie antarktischer Bodenfische Das Absetzen einer Unterwasser-Messstation (MABEL genannt) auf dem Meeresboden Fahrtverlauf Der Fahrtabschnitt begann mit dem Auslaufen von FS Polarstern von Kapstadt in Südafrika um 1 Uhr morgens am 20. November 2005. Um die Neumayer-Station und Expeditionen auf dem antarktischen Kontinent so früh wie möglich während der Südsommer-Saison zu versorgen, nahm FS Polarstern fast direkten Kurs auf Neumayer. Nur solche Forschungsarbeiten, die an Positionen entlang der ersten Strecke nach Süden lagen und wenig Zeit beanspruchten, wurden noch vor Erreichen der antarktischen Küste durchgeführt. Die marine Akustikgruppe brachte ihren Streamer zur Aufzeichnung von Unterwasserlauten von Meeressäugern bereits wenige Stunden nach dem Auslaufen von Kapstadt aus. Der Streamer umfasste fünfzehn Hydrophone, die, integriert in ein 600 m langes Kabel, hinter dem Schiff her geschleppt wurden. Das andere System zur Erfassung mariner Säugetiere war, basierend auf zwei Infrarot-Kameras, auf dem Krähennest des Schiffes montiert und ermöglichte, im näheren Umfeld des Schiffes die Wärmeausstrahlung von Walblas zu erfassen. Der Hydrophon-Streamer wurde beim Erreichen der nördlichsten Front des Antarktischen Zirkumpolarstroms (ACC) eingeholt, um stattdessen einen kontinuierlichen Plankton-Rekorder (Continuous
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