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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76423-0 - Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age Jonathan Bardill Index More information

INDEX S

Abednego, 333 aniketos¯ , 87 Ambrose, bishop of Milan Ablabius, Flavius, praetorian prefect (329–337), Constantine’s affinity with, 87, 293, 397 baptism delayed, 305 220, 275, 278, 303 divinity of, 359–60 Ammianus Marcellinus jealous of Sopater, 304 hailed as “unconquered” by Pythian oracle, Constantius II’s entry into Rome (357), 21 Abraham 16–17 obelisk of Constantius II, 154–55 and Mamre, 259, 265 heavenward gaze, 19 Res Gestae, 3 Acanthus imitates Hercules, 65, 359–60 on sacrifice in Ostia (359), 285 associated with Helios, 46 lion’s mane of hair, 19 Ammon, 359 Achilles, 108 modelled rule on Zeus’ rule, 19 Amnius Manius Caesonius Nicomachus Anicius Actian wreath, 48–49, 397 Octavian and, 17 Paulinus, city prefect (334–335), 302 Actium, battle of (31 B.C.), 128 portraits, 21 Anastasia, daughter of Constantius, 89 Adonis statue of, 152 Anastasius, emperor (491–518) cult of, at Bethlehem, 258 statue of, by Lysippus, 19 burial place in Constantinople, 370 adoratio purpurae statue of, in hippodrome at Constantinople, Anatolius, praetorian prefect of Illyricum and Constantine, 340 20 sacrifices in Athens, 287 and Diocletian, 339 statue of, in Strategion at Constantinople, Anaxagoras, 134 adoratio, 339 26n.64 anchor, 166, 180–81 Adrianople. See Hadrianopolis and Troy, 251 Seleucus’ birthmark, 343 Aelafius worship of, 43 Andrade, E. N. da C. Constantine’s letter to (314), 101, 305, 272, Alexandria, 152 Constantine’s vision, 159 274 Serapaeum, destruction of, 167, 194 Andrew, Apostle Aeternitas, 45, 54, 99 Alexius III Angelus, emperor (1195–1203) relics of, 369, 381, 382 Africanus, governor of Pontus, 334 sarcophagi of emperors stripped by, 186–87 ankh, 166, 181–82 Africanus, Scipio Alfoldi,¨ Andreas, 164–66 Aten’s rays bestow, 181 invictus, 86 on Constantine abandoning Sol, 331 and symbol of Constantine’s vision analogous, Agamemnon, 58 on radiate crown and diadem, 42 181 as shepherd, 139, 342 Allectus, 82, 90 Anna Comnena Agones Solis, 62 ambiguity on Constantine’s radiate statue in Aigai of Arch of Constantine, inscription, 223–27 Constantinople, 28, 34, 107 temple of Asclepius, 266 of coins showing Constantine’s ascension, 380 Antakya. See Antioch theatre procession (336 B.C.), 152 blurred identity of Constantine and Sol, 87 Anthousa, 151. See also Ty c h e Akhenaten, pharaoh (ca. 1317-ca. 1334 B.C.) concerning faith of people of Orcistus, 289 Antigonus I, king (382–301 B.C.), 126 and ankh, 181 of Constantine’s divine status, 153 Antioch (Antakya), 83 Albinus, Ceionius Rufius, city prefect of Constantine’s god of light, 332 octagonal church, 237 (335–337), 302 of image of Constantine defeating serpent, oracle of Zeus Philios, 264 Alcmene, 360 362 Antonine Constitution (212), 79 Alexander Helios, 41 in laws about sacrifice, 277 antoninianus, 53–54, 55 Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, 290–98 of meaning of Constantine’s burial Anullinus, proconsul of Africa, 133, 270, 272 letter to Constantine (328), 297 arrangements, 373 Anullinus, C. Annius, 275 Alexander, bishop of Constantinople, 252 of Nero’s Colossus and Constantine’s Aphaca (Efqa) Alexander III (the Great), king of Macedon porphyry column, 52 shrine of Aphrodite, 265 (336–323 B.C.), 11, 16, 108, 153, 372, 375, of statue of Constantine on porphyry column, Aphrahat 383–84, 398 399 Constantine’s age as eschatological era, adopts diadem, 15, 215 of term superstitio, 212, 286 363

425

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76423-0 - Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age Jonathan Bardill Index More information

426 INDEX

Aphrodisias Arles star on his helmet, 44 currency inscription (310), 55 named Constantina, 251 wary of monarchy, 46–47 Aphrodite Armenia worshipped in private cults, 47 temple of, in Jerusalem, 255 Persian invasion of, 304 Aurelian, emperor (270–275), 59–63, 360 Apollo, 182, 180 army elected by Jupiter through Sol, 62 adopted by enemies of Julius Caesar, 44 Christians in, 221, 226 and Golden Age, 91 on Arch of Constantine, 228 election of emperor by, 58, 60, 83, 86, 364, living god, 63, 338 and Augustus/Octavian, 44–48, 214 365 monetary reform, 54 in Carmen Saeculare, 45 polytheistic views expressed by, in front of receives appeal for deposition of bishop of and Constantine, 56, 57, 61, 88, 144 Constantine, 269 Antioch, 76, 272 Constantine’s vision of, 61, 88, 169–70, 171, Arnobius and Sol, 101, 397 174, 179, 397 on abandonment of temples, 264 Aurelius Victor, 3 divinely inspired musician, 19 on attitude to polytheism, 135–36 on crucifixion, 278 gives ring with anchor to Laodice, 180 Arras medallion, 90–91 Autun, 130 and Maximian, 68 Arrian named Flavia Aeduorum, 251 and Nero, 49–50 on Alexander and Hercules, 359 temple of Apollo, 88 oracle of, at Daphne, visited by Galerius, Artemis, daughter of Leto, 144 77 Arycanda Babylon oracle of, at Delphi, 144, 254, 362 petitions to persecute Christians, 270 Constantine visits, 219 oracle of, at Didyma consulted before ascension destroyed, 302 persecution (302–303), 80 pagan iconography of, 378–80 Babylonian Creation Epic, 134 oracle of, at Didyma, prefers hymns to Asutay-Effenberger, Neslihan, 187–88, 194 baptism, 304–305 sacrifices, 276 Aten, 182 Barnes, Timothy, 4, 299, 373 oracles of, encourage persecution, 144 Athanasius of Alexandria, 297, 298 Constantine bans sacrifice, 285, 287, 288 palm-tree associated with, 46 imperial divinity ridiculed by, 384 Constantine’s official appointments, 302–303 priest of, honoured by Constantine, 304 Athena Constantine’s radiate statue, 29–30 and Python myth, 144 on funerary monument of Secundinii, 380 Constantine’s vision, 159 and Python myth, parallels Christ and serpent Athenagoras Galerius bullying Diocletian into appointing in Revelation, 327, 362 attitude to polytheism, 135 Severus and Maximinus, 81 radiate crown of, 45 on Holy Spirit radiating light of Father, Galerius’ desire to persecute Christians, 78 reign of, in Eclogue 4, 128 328 Licinius’ attitude to Christianity, 281 statue by Lysias, 44 Atia, Octavian’s mother, 45 paganism wiped out in Constantinople, 260 statues on Palatine, 44 Augoustos Basil the Great swans sacred to, 46 title adopted by Constantine, 339 baptism delayed, 305 temple of, in Autun, 88 Augusta Treverorum. See Tr ier basilica. See also churches temple of, in Circus Flamininus, 45 Augustan History ambulatory type, 240–43 temple of, in Granum, 88 and Diocletian’s Golden Age, 129 architectural form used for Christian temple of, on Palatine, 44, 45 Augustine churches, 348 Apollonius of Tyana, 266, 345 letter from Maximus of Madaurus, 135 Bassianus Apostles Augustus (status) plot against Constantine and death, 6 on sarcophagi, approaching Constantine’s radiate crown as symbol of status, 42 Bassus, Junius Annius (consul 331), 220, 275 standard, 193 Augustus. See also Octavian Bassus, Junius symbolism of, in Constantine’s burial place, and Apollo, 44–48, 214 sarcophagus of, 347–48 376 Constantine’s affinity with, 11, 397 Baynes, Norman, 2, 7 tombs of, 334 cult statue of, in Caesarea Maritima, 213–14 on Eusebius’ theory of Constantine’s kingship, worship of, 400 deus on coins of 260s, 380 138 apse diadem avoided by, 18 on solar imagery in Christianity, 326, 327–28 divine association of, 234, 348 divinized (A.D. 14), 44, 47 Bemarchius, 3 Aquileia, 92 divus Julius, association with, 47 Berger, Albrecht, 151 basilica of the Apostles, 235 eyes, 21–22 Bergmann, Marianne Arcadius, 183, 194 and Golden Age, 44–48, 91, 128–29, 334, on radiate crown, 42 archaeology, 2, 7–8 343 Bethlehem Archytas, 39, 40 as Jupiter, 47–48, 214, 346 church of Nativity, 234, 258–59, 382 Arian controversy, 219, 273, 290–99, 398 and marriage laws, 279 Silvester, bishop of Rome Arians mausoleum of. See Rome, mausoleum basilica of Apostles in Rome, foundations laid accused of denigrating Christ, 382 of Augustus by, 243 involved in moving Constantine’s body to monarchy under veil of Republicanism, 18 bishop. See episkopos St. Acacius, 382 nude statues of, 108 bishops. See also Council Aristeas = Octavian’s new name, 128 as magistrates, 278 ruler imitating God, 127 places star over Julius Caesar’s statues, 44 Bleckmann, Bruno, 299 Aristotle portrait style, 44–45 Book of Ceremonies and “best man,” 359 and pulvinar, 47, 152 on Holy Apostles, 369 Arius, 290–99, 361 radiate crown of, 44, 45, 47–49 Bordeaux pilgrim death, 298 radiate statue of, on Palatine, 57 basilica, definition of, 233–34 reinstated (327), 297 star above his head, 47 branding on face, 278

INDEX 427

Britain, 90–91 on standard piercing serpent, 143 letter to Caesar with advice as to Alexander, Constantius invades (296), 82 Christ. See also Jesus 16 personified on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, in art, 373–74, 400 on Servius Tullius, 16 71 ascension iconography, 347 on Tarquinius Superbus, 16 Brutus, conspirator, 44 born on anniversary of sun’s creation, 327 on True Law and Right Reason, 137–38, 140 Bruun, Patrick, 221 as charioteer, 327, 356 circus. See Constantinople, hippodrome; Rome, Buondelmonti, Cristoforo compared with Alexander the Great, 384 Circus Maximus sarcophagus of Constantine, 187 divine/royal status in art, 346, 349 Cirta Byzantium, 305. See also Constantinople as emperor/king, 341–50, 354, 387n. 86, 400 named Constantina, 251 attractions and limitations of site of, 251 as episkopos, 361 Claudius Gothicus, emperor (268–270), 82, 94, Licinius withdraws to (324), 15 as King of Kings, 343 377 renamed Constantinople, 251 as king and judge, 232–33 Clement of Alexandria shrine of Rhea/Tychaion, 262 kingship philosophy applied to, 9 apologetic writing, 75 as kyrios, 344 on Christian symbols, 180–81 Caecilianus, bishop of Carthage, 133, 272 as Law, 344 Cleopatra VII, 41, 128 Caelus, 348 as Logos, 139–40, 360, 399, 400 Clitus, 359 Calendar of 354, 247 manifest saviour, in St. Paul, 332–33 Clodius Albinus, 54, 61 Caligula, emperor (12–41) with nimbus, 347, 348 coins imitates Hercules, 65 as philosopher and miracle-worker, 345–46, problematic to interpret, 8 Callisthenes 348–49, 400 Colbasa on worship of Hercules, 359 relationship to God, 400 petitions to persecute Christians, 270 cameo as steersman in Eusebius, 356 collatio lustralis, 251 Gemma Augustea, 214, 346 similarities with Hercules, 360 comes, 58 Great Cameo, Geldmuseum, Utrecht, 170–71 solar aspects of, 327, 328–30 Sol as comes of Constantine, 86, 100–101, 397 in Polonia cathedral, 157n. 3 substituted for Apollo in Revelation, 327, 362 comet Cameron, Alan subordinate to God in Eusebius, 354 announced apotheosis of Julius Caesar, 44, 46 on official appointments, 302 Christian God portends Constantine’s ascension, 378 Cameron, Averil, 3 solar aspects of, 9, 328–30, 398 Commodus, emperor (180–192) Candidianus, son of Galerius Christianity heavenward gaze, 20 engaged to daughter of Maximinus, 81 Constantine’s definition of, 398 invictus, 87 murdered, 271 in Constantine’s legislation, 277–80 radiate crown, 20 Caracalla, emperor (211–217) incompatible with Tetrarchic theology, 77 consecratio, 338 and “Antonine Constitution” (212), 79 opposed to traditional religion, 80 consecration coins, 376–77 introduces antoninianus, 53 as superstitio, 73–74, 343 Constans, emperor (333–350) Carausius, 66, 82 Christians basilica of Apostles in Rome completed by, Carneades, philosopher, 22 accommodation of, 219, 270–71 243 Carnuntum appointed by Constantine, 275–76 coins with chi-rho (338–350), 220 crisis conference (308), 84 in army, 221, 226 gladiatorial games at Hispellum allowed by, Cassiodorus attitude to emperor, 134, 332–34 289 obelisk of Constantius II, 154–55 attitude to polytheism, 135 Hispellum petition granted by (337), 212, 286 Cassius, conspirator, 44 bequests without wills, 278 and imperial cult, 263–64 Catullus contribute to well-being of state, 133–34 law against superstitio (341), 285 and Vergil’s Eclogue 4, 128 fortunes from first to fourth century, 75 St. Peter’s in Rome built by, 243 Catulus, Quintus number of, estimated from sarcophagi, 303 to succeed Constantine, 5, 364 dream of, about Octavian, 179 in Persia, 303–304 Constantia, half-sister of Constantine Celsus persecution of, 74, 78–80, 89, 102, 144, 219, married to Licinius (313), 300 Homer on monarchy quoted by, 80 269–71, 281, 274–75, 296, 362 Constantina, daughter of Constantine, 184 Jesus as sorceror, 80, 291, 349 property restored to (313), 270–71, 282 mausoleum of. See Rome, mausoleum of Celsus, vicarius of Africa, 274 required to sacrifice under Trajan Decius, Constantina (Santa Costanza) Chalcedon (Kadıkoy)¨ 75 Constantina (Cirta), Numidia, 212, 237 Licinius withdraws to (324), 15 at Tetrarchic court, 303 Constantine I, emperor (306–337), 194 potential site of Constantinople, 251 Chronicon Paschale academic interest in, 1 Chalcidius, 141 on Constantinople’s dedication ceremony, accused by Licinius of shunning traditional chariot races, 289 151, 153 religion, 80 charioteer Chrysopolis (Usk¨ udar),¨ 15, 300 achieves union with God, 400 metaphor applied to king, Christ, and God, churches, 9, 230-59, 270, 272, 283 adopts trappings of eastern kings after 324, 36 126, 327, 342 basilical design, 230–35 and adoratio purpurae, 340 Constantine as, 399 in Constantinople, 6, 251–54 affinity with Augustus, and Trajan, 397 chi-rho monogram, 160–66, 168, 172, 173, 175, five-aisled, 234–35 age, lies about, 218, 219 176, 178, 183, 192, 211, 220–22 in Jerusalem, 254–59 and Alexander, 19, 87, 293, 397 emerges as Constantine’s preferred symbol in Rome, 237–51 and ambiguity, 1 (ca. 326), 177, 221 Cibalae (Vinkovci), 14 and Apollo, 56, 57, 61, 88, 144 with loop replaced by dot, 221 Cicero army’s prayer, 226 as mint mark, 365 criticism of Caesar, 17 ascension of, on coins, 377–80 on sarcophagus in Hagia Eirene, 192 dream of, about Octavian, 179 attitude to Christianity, 248, 398, 399

428 INDEX

Constantine I, emperor (306–337)(cont.) education of, 140 Licinius as serpent in his view, 143 attitude to henotheism, 275 not elevated to Caesar (305), 81 Licinius portrayed as persecuting tyrant by, attitude to Jews, 296 empire of = Christ’s kingdom, 356 281 attitude to paganism, 269, 288, 399 entry into Rome (312), 130, 206 Licinius’ territory encroached upon (323), attitude to sacrifice, 276–77 as episkopos, 273, 361 14–15 attributes of Hellenistic kings adopted by, 42 Eusebius and Lactantius influence him, 140, Logos-Nomos guides him, 139 baptism in Jordan unfulfilled, 360–61 354 luminosity of, 42, 101–104, 106, 107 baptism of, 104, 304–305 Eusebius’ theory of his rulership, 138–40 made Augustus by Maximian (307), 84 becomes heavenly model for Casears, 358–59 flees plots of Diocletian and Galerius, 5 marries Fausta (307), 84 “begotten of the gods,” 212 no formal religious instruction, 274 masonry obelisk in Constantinople body of, moved to church of St. Acacius, “friend” of Logos in Eusebius’ In Praise of commissioned by, 155–57 381 Constantine, 139 and Maximian, 68, 84 bronze weight of, Princeton University Art Golden Age of, 102–104, 132, 345 and Maximinus as “sons of the Augusti” Museum, 164–66, 168, 173, 214, 220 on Great Cameo, 170–71 (309), 86 burial planned in Rome?, 366–67 groomed to succeed Constantius, 79 meets Eusebius, 4 campaign against Maxentius, eschatological, heavenward gaze of, 11, 19–24, 42, 106, 330, memory of, after death, 358 363 398 as messiah, 257, 354 campaign against Persia, 363, 370 Helena converted by, 258 on monarchy in heaven, 141 campaign against Picts with Constantius, 5 helmet of, 172, 221 on monotheism (in Oration to the Assembly of campaigns after 324, 282 and henotheism, 282 the Saints), 354 cancels planned visit to Palestine, 258 and Herculian dynasty, 85 and Moses, 93, 361, 363 chapel of, at porphyry column, 335 imitates Christ, 9, 328, 334, 355, 360, 363, with nimbus, 97–98 as charioteer drawn by Caesars, 356 375, 400 official appointments made by, 275–76, as Christ, 4, 338–84 imitates God, 139, 214, 341 302–303, 306 Christian God elected him to rule, 6 imitates solar god, 42 oracle of Apollo at Delphi closed by (?), 264 Christian persecution, aquiesces in (303), invictus, title adopted by, 87 Orcistus reinstated as city by, 289 219 isapostolos, 373 pact with Licinius broken (316), 5–6, 14 Christian persecution ended by (306), 9, 219, and imperial cult, 263–64 pagans not to be coerced or persecuted, 269 and imperial divinity, 9 283–84, 301 Christian property restored in Britain, Gaul, in Jupiter costume, 164 polytheism publicly rejected after 324, 137, and Spain (306), 79 as king, 153 281 Christian property restored in Italy and and kings and emperors, 2 as polytheist on Arch of Constantine, 228 Africa, 270 knowledge of Greek, 299 portrait in Metropolitan Museum of Art, Christian worship, value of recognized by, legislation of, in Eusebius, 6 NY, 22 134 legislation of, in Theodosian Code, 7 portrait style, 11, 35, 45 Christianity of, 218–306, 273–74, 280–81, legislation of, 277–80, 289–90, 305 portraits of, youthful and beardless, 8, 88, 94, 292–93, 301, 303–304, 398 laws on marriage, 279–80 397 Christians appointed as officials, 275–76, letter ordering Gospel books, 254 portrays himself as saviour, 131–32 306 letter ordering restoration of churches, prohibits criminals being condemned to be church building, 9, 251 235–37 gladiators, 289 churches in Africa granted money by, 270, letters to Anullinus, 133, 270, 272 public service, clerics excused from, 270, 272, 272 letters to Arius, 296–97, 361 278 and churches in Constantinople, 6 letters to eastern provinces, 7, 101, 131–32, radiate crown, 8, 28–34, 55–56, 101, 108, 334, and Constantius in Gaul (305), 82, 88 141–42, 282–83, 283–84, 287–88, 290–99, 397, 398 Constantius promotes him to rule (306), 82, 302, 305 recognized as Augustus by Galerius (310), 86 365–66 letter to Aelafius (314), 101, 305, 272, 274 recognized as Caesar at Carnuntum (308), 84 conversion of, 179, 218–19, 326 letter to Alexander and Arius, 291–93 recognized as Caesar by Galerius (306), 83 Council of Nicaea, opening speech at, letter to bishops at Arles (314), 273–74 reconciling paganism and Christianity, 2 293–94 letter to bishops at Tyre (335), 297–98 reign of = beginning of Christ’s rule, 362 curries favour with army, 60 letter to Celsus, vicarius of Africa, 274 rejects claim he will rule alongside Son of death and funeral, 357, 364, 366–67 letter to Church of Alexandria, 295–96 God, 339 decree against schismatics and heretics, 296 letter to Domitius Celsus (316), 305, 272–73, relationship to Christ and God, 4 depicted above vault of heaven (337), 347 274 resurrection of, in Eusebius, 358, 373, 400 desire for coexistence of pagans and letter to Eusebius of Nicomedia and Theognis right arm raised, 94, 95, 379, 380 Christians, 271 of Nicaea, 132 rules after death, 358, 365–66, 376 devotion to the Nomos, 141–42 letter to Macarius about church of Holy and sacrifice, 5, 277, 280, 284, 287–88, 301, diadem, 8, 13, 18, 35, 42, 106, 151, 153, 154, Sepulchre, 255, 256–57 305, 398 166, 262, 335, 398 letter to Macarius about Mamre, 259, as saint, 384, 400 divination ended by, 288 286 and St. Paul, 373 divinity of, 87, 88, 101, 109, 153, 211–16, letter to Sapor II of Persia, 106, 132, 288, sarcophagus of, 183–94 226, 339, 339–41, 360, 375–76, 397 303–304 as saviour, 42, 129–32, 141–45, 384, 399 as doctor, 132 letter urging bishops to rebuild churches, 255, “saviour” and “benefactor” after victory of Donatists persecuted by, 274–75 283 312, 206 Eclogue 4 and Golden Age in Oration to the Licinius and Licinianus not recognized as as shepherd, helmsman, charioteer, 399 Assembly of the Saints, 345 consuls by (321), 14 solar perception of Christian God, 330

INDEX 429

and Sol Invictus (Unconquered Sun), 9, hippodrome, euripos, 144, 154 divine mind, eyes of, 227 86, 94–95, 97–104, 106, 109, 271, 281, hippodrome, kathisma, 151, 154 divinity of, 211–12 311, 326, 328, 330–32, 359, 380, hippodrome, masonry obelisk, 46, 154, 155, ends persecution in West (305), 89 397 399 on Five-Column Monument (?), 91 speech at Council of Nicaea, 132 hippodrome, microcosm, 154 henotheist, 330 statue of, as a god, 212 hippodrome, Serpent Column, 144, 158n. 42, in heaven in panegyric of 321, 170 statue of, from Basilica of Maxentius, 9, 22, 362, 399 as Hercules, 90 203–16, 340, 397 hippodrome, solar aspects of, 154 in Luxor wall-paintings, 73 statue of (?), in Musei Capitolini, 34–36 hippodrome, sphendone¯, 154 marries Theodora (289), 65, 257 statue of, in Rome, with standard, marks imperial palace, 154 with nimbus, 97 victory of 312, 203, 206–208, 300 imperial palace, image of Constantine portraits of, 11 statue of, on porphyry column in defeating serpent, 143, 361–62, 348, 400 religion of, 89–92 Constantinople. See Constantinople, Milion, 151 restores Golden Age, 90–91 porphyry column name of city, 251, 252 sacrificing to Apollo an Arch of Constantine, statue of, paraded in hippodrome (330), 340 new Rome, 252 228 as sun-god, in Termessos inscription, 109 Philadelphion, 28 sacrificing to Hercules on Arch of as sun, in burial place, 376 porphyry column, 8, 24, 252, 361 Constantine, 228 and Supreme Deity, 280 porphyry column, chapel of Constantine at, saving power of, 90, 129 Supreme Deity’s hand crowns, on medallion, 335 separation/divorce from Helena (289), 65, 379 porphyry column, inscription on, 107 257 sympathetic to Christianity in 303?, 79 porphyry column, radiate statue on, 28–36, and Sol, 89–92, 397 and temples, 259, 264–68, 282, 399 47, 51, 52, 57, 104–109, 142–43, 214, 266, to succeed Maximian, 79, 81 Tetrarchy planned by, 364 332–35, 340, 399 refrained from persecution, 274 thirtieth anniversary, 4 porphyry column, religious activities at, 332, Constantius II, emperor (337–361), 5, 154, 157, tripod at Delphi mentioned by, 362 334–35, 400 183, 194 unity of worship of Supreme Deity sought by, Senate house, 151, 268 alters Constantine’s burial arrangements, 400 137, 292–93, 296, 297–98, 304, 361 shrine to Rhea-Cybele (Tyche of ascension of, 379 victor, title adopted by, 331 Constantinople?), 262, 268 bronze statue of (?), in Musei Capitolini, vision and dream of, 6, 8, 159–60, 178–83, shrine to Tyche of Rome, 262 34–36 218–19, 357, 397 statue of Alexander at Strategion, 26n. 64 burial place in Constantinople, 370 vision of Apollo, 61, 88, 169–70, 171, 174, statue of Athena at Senate house, 268 closes temples (346), 264 179, 397 statue of Constantine on porphyry column. in Constantine’s planned Tetrarchy, 364 visits to Babylon and Egypt, 219 See Constantinople, porphyry column crowned by Virtus, 379 worship of, 212 statue of Helios in Tetrastoon, 34 enters Rome (357), 21 worship of, at porphyry column, 361, 332–35 statue of Zeus at Senate house, 268 Holy Apostles complex, involvement in worship of, at shrine of Apostles, 358 statues in baths of Zeuxippos, 266 building, 370, 380–84 Constantine II, emperor (337–340) statues, Christian, 268–69 murders rivals to throne, 364–65 becomes Caesar, 14 statues in Forum of Constantine, 266 nocturnal sacrifice banned by (353), 285 crowned by Victory, 379 statues in hippodrome, 266 sarcophagus of, 186 on standard of Constantine, 176 statues publicly displayed, 266–69 on silver dish in Leningrad, 220 to succeed Constantine, 5, 364 Strategion, 26n.64, 261 on standard of Constantine, 176 Constantinople temple of Aphrodite, 261 Copenhagen, National Museum amphitheatre (kynegion), 261 temple of Artemis, 261 bronze statuette (of Constantine?), 157n.3 Augustaion, 264 temple, Capitol, 28, 263 Cornuti Christian city, 252 temple of Castor and Pollux, 262 on Arch of Constantine, 164 church, All Saints, 390n. 222 temple of Helios, 34, 261 emblem of, on bronze weight, 164, 168 churches, 6, 251–54 temple of Poseidon, 261 Council church, Hagia Eirene, 253, 399 temple of Zeus or Hercules converted to of Arles (314), 273 church, Hagios Dynamis, 255 St. Mokios, 253 of Bithynia, 291 church, Holy Apostles and mausoleum, 183, temples, 264, 305. See also Constantinople, of Caeasarea (334), 297 245, 253–54, 358, 367–84, 400 Augustaion of Neocaesarea, 291 church, St. Acacius, 253, 381 Tetrastoon, 261 of Nicaea (325), 4, 18, 104, 293–96, 305, 330, church, St. Agathonikos, 255 theatre, 261 356, 359 church, St. Mamas, 261 Constantius I Chlorus, emperor (293–306), 72 of Nicomedia (327), 4, 297 church, St. Menas, 254 allegedly appoints Constantine on deathbed, 5 of Rome (313), 272 church, St. Michael at Anaplous, 254–55 appointed Caesar (293), 65 of Tyre (335), 297–98 church, St. Mokios, 253 aquiline nose, 204 Crispus, Caesar (317–326), 6, 136, 140, 288 Column of the Goths, 319n. 449 on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, 71 becomes Caesar, 14 Constantine’s walls, 28, 260 campaign against Picts with Constantine, 5 coins with chi-rho (320s), 220 dedication ceremony (330), 8, 9, 13, 28, church destruction permitted by, 89 death sentence omitted by Eusebius, 5 151–57, 340, 399 and Christianity, 5 execution of, 104, 258 foundation of (324), 251, 398 on coins of Constantine, 94 on Great Cameo, 170 Hadrianic water supply, 261 on coins of Vetranio, 177 cross hippodrome, 151, 262 on consecration coins, 376–77 of crucifixion shaped like tau, 160, 163, 167 hippodrome, Egyptian obelisk, 154 death (306), 11, 82 patriarchal, on Constantine’s sarcophagus, 188

430 INDEX

Crux ansata, 166–68, 180 daimon¯ of king, 226–27 on kingship, 40–41, 42, 145 on sarcophagus in Hagia Eirene, 192, 193, on Hercules, 360 on Logos, 126–27, 137 194 on Logos-Nomos, 138 on solar aspects of monarchy, 179 Curran, John, 276 quotes Homer on kingship, 58 “Edict of Milan.” See also policy on religious Cyrus of Persia, 127 on ruler as saviour, 129 freedom as shepherd in Xenophon, 139 solar aspects of monarchy, 179 misnomer, 133 Trajan and Hercules, 65, 129, 340, 355 Edirne. See Hadrianopolis Dagron, Gilbert Diocletian, emperor (284–305), 72, 327, 360 Edwards, Mark, 299, 301 on Holy Apostles, 372 accommodates Christians, 76–77 Effenberger, Arne, 187–88, 194, 373 Dalmatius, Caesar (335–337) and adoratio purpurae, 339 Egypt in Constantine’s planned Tetrarchy, 364–65 “born of gods and creator of gods,” 66 Constantine visits, 219 murder of, 5, 365 at Carnuntum conference (308), 84 Elagabalus, emperor (218–222), 59 raised to rank of Caesar, 5 and Christian persecution, 78–80 El-Gabal, 54, 59, 61 Dalmatius, Flavius, Constantine’s half-brother, creates Dyarchy, 63 Elijah, 378 257 crowned by Jupiter, 73 Elisha, 378 Daniel edict on marriage, 290 emperor. See also under names of individual explains dream of Nebuchadnezzar, 333 and Golden Age, 129 emperors David, king of Israel, 341 in Luxor wall-paintings, 73 apotheosis iconography, 347 decennalia (315), 170 monetary reform (294–296), 54–55 born of gods, 66 Decennalia Base. See Rome, Five-Column in Oration to the Assembly of the Saints, 299 ceremony of accession, 83 Monument orders household and army to sacrifice, 77–78 Christian attitude to, 134, 332–34 Delatte, Louis, 39–40 plan to resign, 78–79 deification of, 334, 360 Delbrueck, Richard, 187–88, 189, 192 as restitutor, 66 divinity of, 63, 64, 212–16, 234, 338–41 Delphi retirement, 81 divinity of, ridiculed by Athanasius, 384 oracle of Apollo, 144, 264, 362 sacrifices at Antioch (299), 77, 79 equated with Christ, 354 Demades, 384 seated on globe on Arch of Galerius, 69–70, and Hercules, 360 Demetrius Poliorketes, 42, 126 347 imitates heavenly government, 66, 73 Dernschwam, Hans son of gods, 77 itinerant, 83 porphyry column in Constantinople, 107 suffered for his paganism, 302 needed Christian support by A.D. 300, 76 Dethier, Philipp Anton, 187 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 7 as “new Dionysus,” 338 deus Dioscuri as “new sun,” 338 meaning of, 152 on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, 71 relationship with God parallel to Christ’s, 383 deus praesens, 63. See also epiphanes¯ Diotogenes, 39 saving power, 67 diadem, 11–19, 164, 166, 262, 335 on ruler imitating God, 126–27 seated on sphere of cosmos, 69 adopted by Alexander and successor kings, 15, divine attributes as sun, 154 215 problem of interpretation of, 51–53 superior to Apostles, 383–84 associated with weak and effeminate eastern divine election, 58–83 emperor worship, 53, 58, 332–35, 343, 375, 400 kings, 18 confers degree of divinity, 63 Constantine and Constans support, 212, avoided by Augustus, 18 of Constantine, 101 263–64 broken by Victory on coins, 17 divine inspiration, 224–27 epiphainein Caesars wear plain type, 13 divine mind, 22, 23, 226–27, 340, 399 applied to Christ and kings, 344 Constantine’s, 8, 13, 35, 42, 106, 151, 153, divorce legislation, 290 epiphanes¯ , 67 154, 166, 262, 335, 398 divus emperor as, 332–33 Constantine’s, meaning of, 18 meaning of, 152, 380 title of Hellenistic kings, 36–37, 41 offered to Julius Caesar by Mark Antony, 17, Domitian, emperor (81–96), 129, 333 episkopos 42–43 as Hercules and Jupiter, 340 Constantine and Christ as, 273, 361 Roman attitude to, 16, 18 living god, 338 Equites Singulares, 83, 92, 93, 247 on statue of Constantine from Basilica of Domus Aurea, 50–51 Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius, 183, 194 Maxentius?, 206, 210, 211, 215 Donatist controversy, 219, 271–75, 398 Euergetes¯ on statue of Constantine or Constantius II Donatists Constantine as, 130 (bronze) in Musei Capitolini?, 35–36 church in Constantina taken over by, 237 Eunapius, 3 symbol of kingship in style of Alexander, 15 Donatus, 272, 275 and sacrifice, 287 Diana double-shell structures, 370 on Sopater, 304 Constantine sacrifices to, on Arch of dupondius Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, 3–8 Constantine, 228 radiate crown on, 50, 53 Caesars pull Constantine’s solar chariot, 56 identified with Lucina, 88 Dvornik, Francis, 2 Christ as emperor/king, 233, 344–45 in Carmen Saeculare, 45 Dyarchs Christ reflecting God’s light, 328–30 dies dominicus. See Sunday and Jupiter and Hercules, 67 Christ’s radiance in In Praise of Constantine 327 dies solis. See Sunday Dyarchy, 63, 64 Christian basilicas, 233 Dio Cassius Christians at Tetrarchic court, 303 dream of Quintus Catulus, 179 Easter Church History, 3–4 on El-Gabal, 61 date of, 296 Constantine and Alexander compared, 293 on monarchy under Dyarchy, 64 Ebersolt,´ Jean, 184–85, 187 Constantine as episkopos, 273 translation of the term divus, 380 Eburacum. See Yo r k Constantine depicted posthumously above Dio Chrysostom, 23, 24, 42, 106, 399 Ecphantus, 37, 106 vault of heaven, 347

INDEX 431

Constantine elected by Christian God, 6 Holy Sepulchre, 255, 298. See also Eusebius, Fortune. See also Ty c h e Constantine imitating Christ/God, 214, Constantine’s burial place on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, 71 354–55 Holy Sepulchre = New Temple, 356–57 Fowden, Garth Constantine lying in state, 190 In Praise of Constantine, 4, 23, 24, 138–40 on radiate crown, 36 Constantine rejects claim of his divinity, 339 In Praise of Constantine recalls Constantine’s Frend, W. H. C. Constantine’s ascension, coins showing , 378 pagan vision, 169 Constantine’s letter to bishops at Arles, 274 Constantine’s baptism, 305 on inspiration, 224 Frolow, Anatole Constantine’s behaviour at councils, 273–74 Licinius accuses Constantine of shunning Constantine’s column in Constantinople, Constantine’s burial place, 367–69, 370–73, traditional religion, 80 107 375, 380, 381, 382 Licinius in Church History, 5–6 Constantine’s Christian worship, 281–82 Licinius’ legislation on marriage, 279 Gades Constantine’s conversion, 218–19, 326 Licinius persecuting Christians, 281 temple of Hercules, 16 Constantine’s death, timing of, 357 lies about Constantine’s age, 218 Galerius, emperor (305–311),72 Constantine’s destruction of temples, 265–66 Life of Constantine, 3, 4 appointed Caesar (293), 65 Constantine’s divinity (while living) rejected Logos-Nomos, 139, 354, 399 on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, 69–71 by, 356 Maxentius’ defeat, 93 attempts to overthrow Maxentius, 84 Constantine’s funeral, 367 Maximinus’ rescript to Tyre, 270 blocks advancement of Constantine and Constantine’s Golden Age, 102–104 meetings with Constantine, 4 Maxentius, 79 Constantine’s heavenward gaze, 23–24 monarchy in heaven necessitates monarchy on bullies Diocletian into appointing Severus and Constantine’s kingship, 341 earth, 353–54 Maximinus, 81 Constantine’s legislation, 6 no sacrifice at decennalia (315), 276–77 bullies Diocletian into persecuting?, 78–79 Constantine’s legislation on gladiatorial oration on the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, at Carnuntum conference (308), 84 combat, 289 298 on Christianity opposed to traditional Constantine’s legislation on marriage, 279–80 Oration to the Assembly of the Saints, influence religion, 80 Constantine’s legislation on sacrifice, 284–89 on, 299 Christianity, value of recognized by (311), Constantine’s legislation on Sunday rest, 279 pagan statues ridiculed, 266–67 134, 269 Constantine’s legislation on verbal wills, 278 Pharaoh of Exodus, 361 on coins of Maxentius, 92 Constantine’s legitimacy, 377 prayer of Constantine’s troops, 226 on consecration coins, 376 Constantine’s letters and edicts, 7 Preparation for the Gospel, 141 Constantine acknowledged as Caesar (306)by, Constantine’s letters to Eusebius, 4 Procopius’ martyrdom, 353 83 Constantine’s letter to Anullinus on temple of Asclepius at Aigai, 266 Constantine and Maximinus acknowledged as restoration of Christian property, 270 temples looted, 264 Augusti (310)by,86 Constantine’s letter to the East, 282–83 Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, 132, 295, 297, Constantine and Maximinus acknowledged as Constantine’s luminosity, 102–104 298 “sons of the Augusti” (309)by,86 Constantine’s promotion to Augustus (306), baptizes Constantine, 304 death (311), 14 82–83 Eustathius, bishop of Antioch, 296 Constantine not acknowledged as Augustus Constantine’s radiate statue unmentioned by, Eutropia, wife of Maximian (307)by,84 332 in Holy Land with Helena, 259 eyes of his divine mind, 227 Constantine’s resurrection, 373 Eutropius, 3 in Luxor wall-paintings, 73 Constantine’s speech at opening of Council of Evans Grubbs, Judith, 290 marries Valeria, 65 Nicaea, 293–94 evocatio, 224–25 with nimbus, 97 Constantine’s standard, 160, 177–78, 192, 221, exposure of infants, 280 not present in Rome in November 303, 72, 298 eyes, 22. See also heavenward gaze 81 Constantine’s statue in Rome holding “saving Ezekiel, 341 omnipresent and omnipotent, 69 sign,” 174–75, 178, 206–208, 211, 340 promotes Severus to Augustus in West, 83 Constantine’s symbol, 174 Fatih Camii, Istanbul, 367, 390n.222 Rome’s tax immunity abolished and Constantine’s vision as apocalyptic event, 174, Fausta, daughter of Maximian, 6, 288 Praetorian Guard disbanded, 83 362–63 death of, 5, 104, 258 to succeed Diocletian, 79, 81 Constantine’s vision and dream, 6, 159–60, on Great Cameo, 170 Gallicanus, Ovinius, 275 168–69, 170, 171, 174, 219, 298 marries Constantine (307), 79, 84 Gallienus, emperor (253–268) Constantine travels to Gaul, 82 proclaimed Augusta, 258 tolerance towards Christians, 76 Constantinople as Christian city, 252, 261 Felix, bishop of Abthungi, 272 Gamzigrad. See Romuliana Constantinople, Christian statues in, 268 Fillet. See also diadem Gemma Augustea, 214, 346 Constantinople, churches of, 6, 254 worn by victorious athletes, 15 Genius Populi Constantinople, tripods in hippodrome, Firmicus Maternus, 339 removed from coinage, 330 144 closure of temples urged by (343–350), 285 gladiators, 289 Constantius’ Christianity, 89 on Constantine as saviour, 131 God. See also Supreme Deity at Council of Nicaea, 293–95 urges ban on sacrifice (343–350), 286 as emperor/king, 341–50 creed of, 294 Flachat, Jean-Claude, 184 king and judge, 232–33 Dalmatius unmentioned by, 365 Flavia Constans. See Hispellum as shepherd, charioteer, helmsman, 342 Easter, mystical explanation of sent to Flavian dynasty solar aspects of, among Christians, 9, Constantine, 141 and Arch of Constantine, 95 328–330, 398 Hannibalianus unmentioned by, 365 hooked nose as badge, 11, 35 solar aspects of, in Old Testament, 328 Helena in, 186, 258, 218, 257 Florus gods historical reliability of, 3–7 on radiate crown, 42 nudity of, 108

432 INDEX

Golden Age, 57, 126 proclaimed Augusta, 258 Hispellum Augustus’, 44–48, 91, 128–29, 334, 343 sarcophagus of, 366–67 rescript, 212, 263–64, 286, 289 Aurelian’s, 91 separation/divorce from Constantius, 65 Homer Constantine’s, 102–104, 132, 397 and Sessorian, 247 Agamemnon as shepherd, 139, 342 Constantius’, 90–91 statue of, in Augustaion at Constantinople, on kingship, 58 Diocletian’s, 129 264 on monarchy, in Celsus, 80 Jesus inaugurates, 342–43 visits Palestine (327–328), 257–58 homoousios, 294 Julius Caesar’s (posthumous), 44 Helena, daughter of Constantine, 184 Honos in Luke, 327, 342–43 Helenopolis, 304 on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, 71 Maximian’s, 68 Heliopolis, Phoenicia Horace Nero’s, 50, 51, 53, 104 church built by Constantine, 237 Augustus as Jupiter’s viceroy, 214 Septimius Severus’, 54 Helios. See also Sol-Helios; sun-god Carmen Saeculare, 45, 99 unity of worship restores, in Lactantius, 137 acanthus associated with, 46 Horus myth, 143 in Vergil, 88, 128, 301, 345 statue at Milion, Constantinople, 151 Horus Golgotha, 255 statue on Rhodes. See Rhodes, Colossus of earthly image of Osiris, 127 Golgotha basilica. See Jerusalem, Holy Sepulchre statue in Tetrastoon, Constantinople, 34 incarnate in pharaohs, 41 good shepherd, 327 temple in Constantinople, 34 Constantine as, in Eusebius, 356, 357 helmsman Iamblichus, 135, 140, 154, 304 statue of, in Constantinople, 268–69 Constantine as, 399 Ilion. See Troy Gordion III, emperor (238–244) metaphor applied to king and God, 126, 342 imitation worshipped by Julian (363), 375 Henos Somatos¯ , 291 of Christ by Constantine, 360, 375 Gracchus, Tiberius, 16 henotheism, 330, 331. See also lesser gods of gods by Maximian, 67 grain ﬂeet and Constantine, 282 of heavenly government, 73, 126–27, 138, Athanasius threatens, 298 and Constantius, 90 295, 341, 398–99 Sopater detains, 304 of Elagabalus, 59 of heavenly government by Constantine, 298, Granum (Grand) emergence of, 59 399 shrine of Apollo, 88 pagan gods acknowledge the Christian God, of heavenly government by Tetrarchs, 66 Great Cameo, Geldmuseum, Utrecht, 170–71 267 of Hercules by emperors, 65, 77 Gregoire,´ Henri, 161–62, 169 in panegyric of 313, 275 of Hercules by Trajan, 340 on Eusebius’ “saving sign,” 175 Hercules, 66, 90, 108, 253, 359–60, 375 of the late Constantine by Caesars, 376 Gregory of Nazianzus on Arch of Constantine, 228 of sun by king, 41 on Holy Apostles, 372 Christ, similarities with, 360 of Supreme Deity by king in Eusebius, 354 Grierson, Philip on coins of Constantius, 89 imperial box. See Constantinople, hippodrome, on imperial burials, 370 on coins of Constantine, 87 kathisma; Rome, Circus Maximus, pulvinar Constantius as, 90 imperial cult. See emperor worship Hadrian, emperor (117–138) on funerary monument of Secundinii, 380 inspiration of divinity on Arch of Constantine, 227 in Hesiod, 360 = Logos, 142 and Colossus of Rhodes, 42 ideal king, 65 instinctu divinitatis, 142, 340 Hadrianopolis (Adrianople) in Iliad, 360 invictus Licinius defeated at (324), 15 imitated by emperors, 65, 77 epithet of gods and emperors, 86 Maximinus defeated near (313), 14, 271 invictus, 86 title abandoned by Constantine, 331 Hall, Stuart, 3 Jesus compared to, in Porphyry, 80 Iovius epithet, 64, 65, 66, 73, 338 Hannibalianus, son of Flavius Dalmatius, 184, labours and paciﬁes world, 67 Irenaeus 364, 365 as Logos-Nomos of Zeus, 138, 355, 360, 399 Christian attitude to emperor, 334 He¯ Philarchos, 291 and Maximian, 66, 67, 73, 129 Isaiah heavenward gaze, 227 model for Philip of Macedon and Alexander, messiah in, 341–42 of Alexander and successors, 19–20 65, 355, 359–60 Isis of Commodus, 20 statue of, with Domitian’s features, 340 on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, 71 of Constantine, 11, 19–24, 42, 106, 330, 398 temple of, Gades, 16 incarnate in Ptolemaic queens, 41 of Constantine on Ticinum medallions (315), and Trajan, 65, 129, 340, 355 Isocrates, 355, 359 203 Herculius epithet, 64, 65, 66, 338 Izmit.˙ See Nicomedia of Constantine’s statue from Basilica of Hermes Trismegistus. See Hermeticism Maxentius, 204, 210, 211, 215, 340 Hermeticism, 135, 137, 284, 399 Jerome in kingship philosophy, 23 Logos in, 140, 355–56 Constantine closed the temples, 264 and Logos-Nomos, 142–43 Herod, king (37–4 B.C.), 163, 213 Sunday, 279 of philosophers, 22–23 Hesychius Jerusalem Hebrus, battle of River (324), 15 Constantine’s porphyry column and statue in Holy Sepulchre, 234, 243, 255–57, 298, Helena, mother of Constantine Constantinople, 34, 106–107, 109 356–57, 362, 370, 382, 399, 400 burial of, 184–86 shrine of Rhea in Byzantium, 262 temple of Aphrodite, 255 Constantius I divorces/separates from, 65, 257 Hierocles, anti-christian pamphleteer, 266 temple of Hadrian demolished (ca. 326), 264 Constantine persuades her to convert, 218, Jesus a sorceror, 80, 349 Temple of Solomon, 356 258 Hijmans, Steven, 42, 48–49 Jesus. See also Christ mausoleum of. See Rome, mausoleum of Himerius inaugurates Golden Age, 342–43 Helena temples in Constantinople, 261–62 perception of, by pagan intellectuals, 80, 291, posthumous coinage in honour of, 365 “hip-mantle” costume, 164, 213–24 348–49

INDEX 433

radiance of, 326–27 Justin I, emperor (518–527) Last Days, 362–63 as shepherd in New Testament, 139 burial place in Constantinople, 370 Licinius’ dream and prayer (313), 169, 179 Jews Justin Martyr man in God’s likeness, 278 Constantine’s attitude to, 296 Christ is like light from sun, 328 monarchy on earth parallels monarchy in king as messiah among, 341, 343 Christian attitude to emperor, 334 heaven, 350–51 ruler as saviour among, 127–28 on standards, 175 on oracle of Didyma’s response (302–303), 80 John Chrysostom, 194, 400 Justinian I, emperor (527–565) on Prisca and Valeria as Christians, 77 on Alexander the Great and Christ, 383–84 mausoleum of, 370 rejects religious coercion, 284 on Holy Apostles, 383–84 Justinianic Code Lane Fox, Robin, 299 Jonah, 327 index to first edition, 285 Laodice Jones, A. H. M. Justus, vicarius dream of, 180 Licinius’ attitude to Christianity, 281 sacrifices in public, 287 latreia, 334 Jovian, emperor (363–364), 183, 194 Law. See Nomos Judas, Gospel of, 168 Karnak. See Thebes Leadbetter, Bill crux ansata in, 167 King of Kings, 343 on Christian persecution, 78 Julia Domna, 54 king. See also emperor; ruler on Diocletian appointing Severus and Julian, emperor (360–363), 182, 184, 186, 194 daimon¯ of, 226–27 Maximinus, 81 on Constantine’s conversion, 282 helmsman of state, 51 Leeb, Rudolf and pagan rites in Constantinople, 261–62 imitates the sun in Dio Chrysostom, 41 Constantine abandons Sol, 331 visit to temples at Troy (354), 286–87 imitator/image of God on earth, 41, 340, 341, Constantine’s burial place, 370, 371, 372 Julianus, Amnius Anicius, city prefect (326–329), 354–55 Lenski, Noel, 224 302 and Logos, 227, 340–41 Leo I, emperor (457–474) Julianus, M. Ceionius, city prefect (333–334), nudity of, 108 burial place in Constantinople, 370 302 radiance of, 41 Leo Grammaticus Julius Caesar and radiate crown, 36–37, 40–41 Constantine’s column and statue in assassination of, 43, 338 saviour, 41, 67, 154 Constantinople, 107 deification of, during lifetime, 43, 152 shepherd, 139 Leontopolis, 128 diadem, 17, 42–43 solar deity protects, 154 Leptis Magna as divus, 347 kingship philosophy, 42, 106, 126, 182, 399. See statue-base of Constantine, 29, 101, 107 imitator of Alexander, 16 also Dio Chrysostom; Ecphantus; Plutarch; lesser gods invictus, 86 Stobaeus etc. in Old Testament, 134 nude statues of, 108 and Constantine, 2, 397 policy of religious freedom does not mention, and pompa circensis (45 B.C.), 152 influences Gallic panegyrics, 67 137 and radiate crown, 42–43 in In Praise of Constantine, 4 recognized by Arnobius, 135 star above his statues, 44 and light of salvation, 8 recognized by Macarius Magnes, 136 statue of, beside those kings of Rome, 152 and ruler as saviour, 8 Leto, 46, 143–44 statue of, with “hip-mantle” costume, 213 solar aspects of monarchy, 179 Libanius statue of, with sphere under foot, 152, 347 treatises, 37 Constantine made no alteration to pagan statue of, in Forum Iulium, 16 kingship worship, 285 statue of, in temple of Quirinius “To the feared by Romans, 16 on Constantine’s conversion, 282 Unconquered God,” 16 Kyrie eleison, 109n. 4 on “evil law” concerning sacrifice, 285–86 Julius Constantius, Constantine’s half-brother, kyrios and gladiatorial shows, 289 257 title applied to Christ, 344 poverty in temples, 264 Jupiter, 66, 90 pagan rituals continue in temples, 287–88 on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, 71 Lactantius, 3–4, 140 Liber Pontificalis Caesar receives diadem from, 17 attitude to polytheism, 136–37 church endowments in Rome, 238, 248–51 on Constantius’ coins, 89 Caesars appointed (305), 81 Licinianus, 14, 15 Constantius received in heaven by, 379 Christ as spiritual guide, 345 Licinius, emperor (308–324), 92, 164 Constantine in costume of, 164 Constantine as saviour, 130 appointed as Augustus (308), 84 on Constantine’s coins, 87 Constantine elevated to Augustus, 82 breaks pact with Constantine, 5–6, 14 conquered by Christ, 298 Constantine ends persecution (306), 269 Christians persecuted by, 102, 281 conservator of Aurelian (before 273), 62 Constantine influenced by, 140 closes oracle of Zeus Philios at Antioch, 264 conservator on coins of Diocletian, 64 Constantine’s conversion unmentioned, 218 Constantine accused of shunning traditional defeats Titans and Giants, 67 Constantine’s dream and symbol, 160–75 religion by, 80 and Diocletian, 67 Constantine travels to Gaul, 82 curries favour with army, 60 as eagle in Luxor wall-paintings, 73 Constantius destroys churches, 89 defeat of (324) = beginning of Christ’s rule, Elagabalus demotes, 59 Crispus’ tutor, 219 362 on Five-Column Monument, 72 divine mind, 227 dream of, before victory over Maximinus and “hip-mantle” costume, 213–14 Eclogue 4 and Golden Age, 345 (313), 169 invictus, 86 Galerius bullies Diocletian into persecuting, and Eusebius of Nicomedia, 295–96 and Licinius, 225–26, 271, 281, 326 78 executed at Thessaloniki, 15 statue at Capitol in Rome, 215, 340 God as imperator, 233, 344 frugality, 251 status restored by Severus Alexander, 59 on God’s light, 330 Galerius’ edict of toleration enacted by (311), thunderbolt of, on Great Cameo, 171 heavenward gaze, 23–24, 227 269 Trajan as deputy of, in Pliny, 129 inspiration, 224 and Jupiter, 225–26, 271, 281, 326

434 INDEX

Licinius, emperor (308–324)(cont.) Constantine’s radiate statue, 332, 335 on coins of Maxentius, 92 in Luxor wall-paintings, 73 sarcophagus in Hagia Eirene, 192 on consecration coins, 376 Maximinus defeated by (313), 271 Manichaeism, 79–80 divine power, 66–68, 339 in Oration to the Assembly of the Saints, Manilius Golden Age under, 68 299–300 divinization of Augustus, 47 as Hercules, 66, 67, 73, 129 policy on religious freedom published by, 133, Manuel I Comnenus, emperor (1143–1180) Hercules crowns, 73 134, 137, 271 Constantine’s porphyry column, 28 imitates gods, 67 prayer, 225–26 Marcian, emperor (450–457), 183, 194, 370 in Luxor wall-paintings, 73 as serpent in Eusebius, 143, 144, 361 Marcus Aurelius, emperor (161–180) Massilia captured by (310), 14, 88 Life of Constantine (11th-century) on Arch of Constantine, 227 Maxentius, attempted overthrow of, 84 on Helena’s burial, 186 sacrificing at Capitol, sculptured panel memory rehabilitated, 93–94 Logos (Word, Reason), 291. See also Nomos showing, 228 with nimbus, 97 = Christ, 139–40, 360, 399, 400 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, emperor (218–222). raised to Augustus (286), 63 Constantine as “friend” of, 139 See Elagabalus retirement, 78–79, 81, 83, 84 in Dio Chrysostom, 138 Marduk, 134 saving power, 67–68 guides king, 137–42, 340–41, 354–55, 375, Marianus, notarius, 291 as saviour, 66, 67, 129 399 Marinus of Samaria seated on globe on Arch of Galerius, 69–70, Hercules as Zeus’, 138, 355, 360, 399 on Proclus, 22 347 in Hermeticism, 140, 355–56 Marius son of gods, 77 imitated by Constantine, 375 nude statues of, 108 Maximinus Daza, emperor (310–313),84 implanted in good king’s mind, 227, 340 Mark Antony, 41 attitude to Christians, 269–70 in Ecphantus, 126–27, 137 behaviour in East, 17 Christian persecution ended by, 270, 271 in Eusebius, 139, 354, 399 and Eclogue 4, 128 and Constantine acknowledged as “sons of and heavenward gaze, 142–43 nude statues of, 108 the Augusti” (309), 86 = inspiration of divinity, 142 offers diadem to Caesar, 17 death at Tarsus, 14 Moses as, in Philo, 138 Marrou, Henri-Iren´ ee,´ 161–62 defeated by Licinius (313), 14, 271 in Neoplatonism, 135 Mars elevated to Augustus (310), 86 = Nomos in Speusippus, 138 on coins of Constantine, 87 elevated to Caesar (305), 81 Osiris as, 127 on coins of Dyarchs, 73 failed campaign in Mesopotamia (312), 270 in Philo, 138, 342 on coins of Maxentius, 85 in Oration to the Assembly of the Saints, in synagogue zodiac pavements, 327 on Five-Column Monument, 91 299–300 Lorck, Melchior, 30–33 invictus, 86 suicide of, 271 Lucan, 50, 53 removed from coinage, 330 Maximinus Thrax Lucina, 88 Marseille, 169 abolishes cults of divi, 380 ludi Apollinares, 43 Martial Maximus of Ephesus ludi florales, 109n.2 Domitian as Hercules, 340 on statues, 268 Luke, evangelist Martini, Francesco di Giorgio, 203 Maximus of Madaurus, 135 and Golden Age, 327, 342–43 martyria, 238–46 Memphis relics of, 369, 381, 382 types of, 238–40 destroyed, 302 staurogram in, 163 mausoleum Menander Rhetor, 7, 67, 104 Luna, 99, 331 emperors worshipped in, 375 mens divina. See divine mind Lysippus Maxentius, son of Maximian, 65, 175 mentis magnitudine statue of Alexander, 19 as Antichrist, 363 on Arch of Constantine, 142 Arch of Constantine begun by (?), 99, 224 Mesarites, Nicholas Macarius, bishop of Jerusalem, 255–57, 356 Christian persecution in Italy and Africa (306) Holy Apostles complex, 369–70, 373, 381 Macarius Magnes, 136 ended by, 79, 269 Meshach, 333 Macedonius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 186, Constantine’s campaign against, Metatron, 335n.19 381, 382 eschatological, 363 Milan (Mediolanum) magi, 342, 346–47 death at Milvian Bridge (312), 14 meeting of Tetrarchs (autumn 303)?, 81, 83 Magnentius, usurper (350–353), 154 groomed to succeed Galerius, 79 Miltiades, bishop of Rome, 272 authorizes noctural sacrifice, 285 issues consecration coins, 376, 377 Milvian Bridge coins with chi-rho (352), 220 marries Valeria, 79 battle of (312), 92–93 Maiuma, 289 Mars, association with, 85 victory at, attributed to Christian God?, Majorian, emperor (457–461), 272 memory condemned, 93, 100 248 Malachi, 326, 327 not elevated to Caesar (305), 81 monarchy Malalas proclaimed emperor (306), 83 Augustus wary of, 46–47 Constantine’s radiate statue, 28, 30, 34 Rome, building projects in, 83–84, 92 heavenly, imitated by/justifies earthly, 302, Constantinople, dedication ceremony, 151, as serpent in Eusebius, 144 305, 341, 350–54 153, 252–53 sympathetic to Christianity in 303?, 79 in Homer, 80, 353 Constantinople, temples, 261 tolerates Christians (ca. 308), 92 monuments Palladium at porphyry column, 252 Maximian, emperor (286–305),72 problematic to interpret, 8 Malborghetto, 92 as Apollo, 68 moon. See also Luna Mamre, 259, 265, 286 appointed Caesar (285), 63 crescent of, on third-century coins, 54 Mango, Cyril, 381 “born of gods and creator of gods,” 66 Moses Constantine’s burial place, 370, 372 at Carnuntum conference (308), 84 as animate and rational Nomos, 138, 341

INDEX 435

and Constantine, 93, 363 of solar meridian of Augustus, 46, 154 Ossius, bishop of Cordoba,´ 141, 219, 272, 291, model for kings, 361 symbolism of, 154 294, 331 Mount of Olives Oceanus Ostia church on, 258–59 on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, 71 church of Sts. Peter, Paul, and John the Munda, battle of (45 B.C.), 152 Octavia, sister of Octavian (Augustus), 17, Baptist, 248 128 temple of Castor and Pollux, 285 Nag Hammadi manuscripts Octavian. See also Augustus Ouranos-Caelus crux ansata in, 167 and Alexander the Great, 17 on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, 70 Nakoleia, 289 foot on sphere, 347 Ovid Naples in dream of Cicero, 179 Augustus as Jupiter’s viceroy, 214 San Giovanni in Fonte, baptistery, 175 radiate crown posthumously placed on statue Narses, king of Persia (293–302), 69 of, 47, 106, 334 paganism Naulochus receives “sign of Republic” in Catulus’ Constantine’s attitude to, 301 battle of (36 B.C.), 44 dream, 179 opposed to godliness, 302 Nebuchadnezzar, 302, 333 scorns Mark Antony, 17 pagans Neoplatonic philosophers. See philosophers solar halo upon entering Rome, 179 coercion of, rejected, 301 Nero, emperor (54–68) with nimbus, 97 at Constantine’s court, 304 afﬁnity with Apollo, 49–50 Odahl, Charles, 373 Palatine Anthology and attributes of Hellenistic kings, 51 Odysseus inscription on Colossus of Rhodes, 42 Colossus of. See Rome, Colossus of Nero praises monarchy, 58 Palladas, poet from Egypt, 305 Golden Age of, 50, 51, 53, 104 Oikoumene Constantinople as “Christ-loving city,” 252, imitates Augustus, 50 on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, 70 253 “New Helios,” 107 On the Calculation of Easter, 327 Licinius’ opposition to God, 281 and persecution, 362 Onias, high priest, 128 pagans scorned as irrational and foolish, 286, and radiate crown, 49–53 Optatus 288 refuses temple in his honour, 53 Constantine’s letters and edicts, 7 on shrine of Holy Apostles in Constantinople, New Jerusalem/New Temple, 127–28, 341, 342, Oracle of Baalbek 369 343, 356 Constantine’s age as eschatological era, on survival of pagan statues in = Holy Sepulchre, 257, 362, 399, 400 363–64 Constantinople, 266–67 Nicagoras, 304 Oration to the Assembly of the Saints, 7, 23, on temple of Tyche in Constantinople, 262 Nicene Creed 299–301 Palladium text of, 294 Constantine resigned to practice of sacriﬁce and porphyry column, 252 Nicephorus Callistus in, 287 palm-tree Helena’s burial, 186 Constantine’s conversion in, 218 associated with Apollo, 46 Nicetas Choniates Constantine’s lack of formal religious Palmyra Constantine’s sarcophagus, cover of, 187 instruction in, 274 conquered (272), 60–61 sarcophagi of emperors looted, 186–87, draws on Preparation for the Gospel?, 141 panegyric of 289 (X) 190–91 Plato in, 140–41 assumes Maxentius will succeed Maximian, Nicholas Mesarites Orcistus, 289 65 sarcophagi of Constantine and Constantius II, petitions Constantine, 251 compares Maximian to Hercules, 66–67 186–87 Origen, Christian writer compares Tetrarchy with heavenly Nicomachus of Gerasa, mathematician, 154 apologetic writing, 75 government, 66 Nicomedia (Izmit),˙ 83, 300. See also Council of barbarians will convert to Christianity, Dyarchs govern “with right hands clasped,” Nicomedia 272 68 basilica at, ordered by Constantine, 237 Christian attitude to emperor, 334 Maximian as saviour, 67, 129 Constantine’s baptism at, 304 Christians support empire and emperor, nimbus of Maximian, 97 residence of Licinius (from 317), 14 134 structure of, follows recommendations of nimbus, 49, 72, 89, 97, 347–48 coincidence of monarchy of Augustus and Menander Rhetor, 67 Nomos (Law), 399. See also Logos birth of Christ, 301 on unity of Dyarchy, 64 Christ as, 344 on kingship of Christ and God, 344 panegyric of 291 (XI) Constantine attests his devotion to, 141–42 on wisdom being the brightness of God’s on divinity of Diocletian and Maximian, 64, Moses as, 138, 341 light, 328 67, 339 in Plato, 137 Origin of Constantine, 3 on itinerant emperors, 83 numen on Bassianus, 6 on unity of Dyarchy, 64 of Tetrarchs, 67 claims Constantine closed the temples, panegyric of 297 (VIII) Numenius of Apamea, 141 264 Constantius as saviour, 90, 129 nummus on Constantine’s lack of education, 140 Constantius’ divinity conveyed by statues, under Diocletian, 54–55 Constantine travels to Gaul, 82 211–212 on foundation of Constantinople, 252 on divine minds, 227 obelisk Orosius, 3 on eyes of Tetrarchs, 22 Circus Maximus at Rome, 46, 154–55, 157 on unity of Tetrarchy, 66 compares Tetrarchy with heavenly Egyptian, in Constantinople, 154 Orpheus, 220 government, 66 at Lateran, 324–25n.630 orthodoxy, 398 panegyric of 298 (IX) of masonry in hippodrome at Constantinople, Osiris Constantius as descendant of Hercules, 46, 155–57, 399 as Logos, 127 90

436 INDEX

panegyric of 307 (VII) Pescennius Niger, 54, 61 On Isis and Osiris, myth of Seth-Typhon, 127 Constantius’ ascension, 379 Petronius Probianus, city prefect (329–331), and solar aspects of monarchy, 179 Hercules, ancestor of Constantius and 302 policy on religious freedom (313), 8, 132–33, Constantine, 90 Peutinger Map, 33–34, 107–108 134, 137, 247, 248, 271, 273–74, 280, 282, Herculian dynasty and Constantine, 85 Pharaoh of Exodus 283, 284, 398 Maximian compared to Apollo, 68 army drowned in Red Sea, 93 Supreme Deity in, 225 panegyric of 310 (VI) pharaoh Polonia cathedral Claudius Gothicus, 82 incarnation of Horus, 41 cameo (of Constantine?), 157n. 3 Constantius’ ascension, 379 Licinius and Maxentius compared with, 361, polytheism Constantius as God, 377 363 Arians accused of, 291, 295, 298 Constantine and Alexander, 87 as saviour, 127 cause of disharmony and threat to monarchy, Constantine as praesens deus, 153 solar titles of, 41 298, 302 Constantine as saviour, 129 Philip II, king of Macedon (359–336 B.C.) Christians accused of, by pagans, 290 Constantine’s divinity (numen), 87, 88 takes Hercules as his model, 355, 359 loss of respect for gods, 58–59 Constantine’s promotion to Augustus, 82 statue of, paraded in theatre at Aigai (336 in Old Testament, 134 Constantine’s radiance, 87 B.C.), 152 oriental cults, 58–59 Constantine’s temple-building, 259 Philippi, battle of (42 B.C.), 44 Pompa circensis, 151–52 Constantine’s vision of Apollo, 88, 169–70, Philo of Alexandria Pompeius Trogus 179, 397 Caligula’s imitation of Hercules, 65 Philippic History, 180 panegyric of 311 (V) eyes raised to perceive god, 227 Pompey Constantine as saviour, 129–30 God/Logos as king, shepherd, charioteer, nude statues of, 108 images of gods, 269 helmsman, 342 Pontifex Inclitus, 281 panegyric of 313 (XII) , 275 king guided by Logos, 138, 340–41 Pontifex Maximus, 46, 128, 273, 280–81, 273 Constantine ignores soothsayers (312), 276 king imitating God, 138 Pontifices Dei Solis, 62 Constantine’s divinity, 212, 226 philosophers Pope Cornelius (251–253) divine inspiration, 169, 224 Jesus as philosopher, 345–46, 400 relics of St. Peter and St. Paul relocated by, divine mind, 226 in Late Antiquity, 22–23 243, 246 Maxentius abandoned by Rome, 225 Neoplatonic, 22, 135, 137, 284, 355–56, 399 Pope Pius VI (1775–1799), 184 panegyric of 321 (IV), 280 Presocratic, 134–35 Porfyrius, Publilius Optatianus, poet, 104, 275, Colossus of Nero, allusion to, 99 Philostorgius 302 Constantine’s radiance, 104 Constantinople, Constantine’s radiate statue, Porphyry, 135 divine inspiration, 224 332, 334–35 Against the Christians, 80, 281 heavenly armies, 170 Constantinople, Constantine’s walls, 28 argues for use of force against Christians, 284 Maxentius’ defeat, 93 Constantinople, Holy Apostles, 369 Jesus a wise man like Hercules, 80, 349 panegyrics, 7 Phocas, emperor (602–610) Philosophy from Oracles, 80 influenced by kingship treatises, 67 and Constantinople’s birthday celebration, on sacrifice, 276 Papyrus Bodmer II 151 on statues, 268 staurogram in, 163 Phocas, martyr, 334 Portus Papyrus Bodmer XIV Phoebus Apollo. See Apollo named Flavia Constantina, 251 staurogram in, 163 phoenix, 214 Praesens deus Papyrus Bodmer XX Photius Constantine as, 153 crux ansata in, 167 quoting Philostorgius on Constantine’s radiate Praetorian Guard Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai statue, 332 disbanded by Galerius, 83 dedication of Constantinople, 28, 151, 252 Picts Praxagoras, 3 statue of Constantine on porphyry column, defeated by Constantius and Constantine, Preger, Theodor 109 82 on porphyry column in Constantinople, 107, Parilia, 152 Piganiol, Andre´ 109 Patria crux ansata on porphyry sarcophagus, 192 Presocratic philosophers. See philosophers Constantine’s radiate statue, 34, 107 Plato Princeton University Art Museum, 164, 214 Paul and “best man,” 359 Prisca, wife of Diocletian 1 Thessalonians, 344 monarchy and Law, 137 murdered, 271 vision of, 160 in Oration to the Assembly of the Saints, 140–41, Christian?, 77 Paulinus, bishop of Tyre, 235 302 Probus, emperor (276–282) Paulinus, Sextus Anicius, city prefect (331–333), Pliny the Elder crowned by Sol, 101 302 on Nero’s Colossus in Rome, 51 Proclus, philosopher, 22 pax deorum, 74, 79, 281 Pliny the Younger Procopius, historian Augustus restores, 128 on Trajan as Jupiter’s viceroy, 214 Constantius opens Constantine’s mausoleum Peleus on Trajan not being a god, 338 to all emperors, 383 and Eclogue 4, 128 on Trajan’s rulership, 129 on rediscovery of relics of Andrew and Luke, persecution. See Christians, persecution of Plotinus, 135 381 Persia Second God is like light from sun, 328 Procopius, lector from Scythopolis, 353 personified on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, Plutarch proskynesis¯ , 334 71 king guided by Logos-Nomos, 141, 340, Ptolemaic queens Persians 354–55 as incarnation of Isis, 41 send ambassadors to Constantine (337), 304 kingship philosophy, 41, 42, 106, 145 Ptolemaieia, second (275–274 B.C.), 152

INDEX 437

Ptolemies Rhodes Constantine neglects after 324, 252 adopt pharaonic titles, 41 Colossus of sun-god, 42, 57, 106, 126 Five-Column Monument, 72, 91 Ptolemy I Soter (303–285 B.C.), 126 Roma Five-Column Monument, on Arch of statue of, 152 on Arch of Constantine, 225 Constantine, 95–96 Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 B.C.) on Arch of Galerius, 69 Lateran, 93, 234, 237–38, 247–48, 398 kingship treatise for, 37 on Five-Column Monument, 91 Lateran, aristocratic house, 164, 168, 173 Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–221 B.C.) Tyche of Constantinople modelled on, 262 Lateran obelisk, 324–25n.630 with radiate crown, 36 Romanus, deacon of Caesarea, 78 mausoleum of Augustus, 376 Ptolemy IV Philopator (221–203 B.C.), 36, 41 Rome mausoleum of Constantina (Santa Costanza), Ptolemy V Epiphanes (203–181 B.C.), 41 Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), 243, 370, 373, 382 Ptolemy VI Philometor (181–164, 163–145 46, 62, 128, 253 mausoleum of Constantina (Santa Costanza), B.C.), 128 Arch of Constantine, 94–100, 222–30 mosaic of Christ on globe, 348 Ptolemy, son of Mark Antony Arch of Constantine, battle of Milvian mausoleum of Constantina (Santa Costanza), wears diadem, 17 Bridge, 93 mosaics of Christ with nimbus, 347 Python, 143–44, 327, 362 Arch of Constantine, Constantine depicted mausoleum of Constantina (Santa Costanza), frontally on, 214 sarcophagus from, 184 Ra, 182 Arch of Constantine, cornuti on, 164 mausoleum of Helena (Tor Pignattara), 186, radiate crown, 101 Arch of Constantine, inscription, 142, 241–43, 366–67, 369–70, 382 and Actian wreath, 48–49 222–27, 340 Maxentius’ statue-bases near Five-Column Alfoldi,¨ Andreas on, 42 Arch of Constantine, problematic to interpret, Monument, 85 of Apollo, 45 8 Maxentius’ villa on Via Appia, 84 of Augustus, 44, 45, 47–49 Arch of Constantine, sculpture, 227–30 in Oration to the Assembly of the Saints, 300 on coins (eastern) of Licinius and Constantine Arch of Constantine, Sol on, 98–99, 227, Pantheon, 370 56, 228–30, 398 Sant’Andrea, beside St. Peter’s, 244 on coins (western) of Caesars, 56 Arch of Constantine, spolia used on, 227 Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, 247 on Colossus of Rhodes, 42 Arch of Constantine, Trajanic frieze, 131, 182 Santa Petronilla, beside St. Peter’s, 245 of Commodus, 20 Arch of Septimius Severus, 96 Sessorian palace, chapel, 247, 248 of Constantine, 8, 28–34, 55–56, 101, 108, Aurelianic Walls, 92 solar meridian of Augustus, 46, 53, 62, 376 334, 397, 398 basilica of Apostles (San Sebastiano), 242–43 statue (bronze) of Constantine or Constantius and crown of thorns, 326–27 Basilica Constantiniana. See Rome, Lateran in Musei Capitolini, 34–36, 104–106 denominational signifier (double-value), basilica on estate of Equitius, 248 statue of Constantine in Trajan’s Forum, 131 53–54 Basilica Julia, 232 statue of Constantine holding “saving sign,” denominational signifier occasionally under Basilica of Maxentius, 231, 247 174 Constantine, 56 Basilica of Maxentius, finished by statue of Constantine in Basilica of Maxentius, Fowden, Garth on, 36 Constantine, 93 164, 175, 203–16, 348 and Golden Age under Septimius Severus, 54 Basilica of Maxentius, structural alterations, statue, radiate, of Augustus on Palatine, 57 of Hellensitic kings, 36–37, 40–42 203–204 statues in Circus Maximus, 268 of Julius Caesar, 42–43 basilicas/churches in, distribution of, 247 statues on Palatine, 44 last appearance in 326, 57 basilica of St. Agnes, 243, 248, 382 statues publicly displayed, 267–68 of Nero, 49–53 basilica of St. Laurence outside the walls, 243, tax immunity ended by Galerius, 83 of Octavian’s statue commemorating Actium, 248 temple of Apollo, Circus Flamininus, 45 Palatine, 47, 106, 334 basilica of St. Paul outside the walls, 246, 248 temple of Apollo, Palatine, 44 Ptolemy III Euergetes with, 36 basilica of St. Peter, 235, 243–44, 248, 327, temple of Romulus, 84 replaced by diadem on Constantine’s coins, 376 temple of Sol in Campus Agrippae, 61, 62, 335 basilica of St. Peter, mausoleum beside, 247 of Sol/Helios, 30, 42, 49, 94 244–45 temple of Venus and Roma, 84, 99, 234 on statue of Constantine on porphyry basilica of St. Pudenziana, 387n. 86 temple of Venus and Roma, completed by column, 399 basilica of Sts. Marcellinus and Peter, 93, Constantine, 93, 248 on statue of Constantine in hippodrome 241–42, 248, 382 tomb of the Julii (Mausoleum M) below procession, 151 Basilica Ulpia, 232 Vatican, 327 and sun-god and Golden Age, 50, 54 baths on Quirinal, 84, 93 tomb of the Valerii, 167, 168 symbolism of, for Aurelian, 62 Campus Martius, 46 Via Sacra, 203 symbolism of, for Constantine, 56, 57, 106 Campus Martius, Augustan obelisk, 154 vicennalia celebrations (November 303), 81 symbolism of, for Hellenistic kings, 40–41, 43 catacomb of Domitilla, 346, 347, 375 Romuliana (Gamzigrad), 86 symbolism of, 42, 48–49 catacomb on Via Anapo, 346, 375 Romulus, 16, 152, 153, 177 symbol of affinity with sun-god, 52 Christians in, 74–76 Romulus, son of Maxentius, 84, 99–100, 376 symbol of divinity, 43, 50 Circus Maximus, 46, 152, 154, 157 Rosetta Stone, 41 radiate (3-g coin of Diocletian), 55 Circus Maximus, Augustan obelisk, 154, 157 Rouge,´ Jean Rapp, Claudia, 361 Circus Maximus, obelisk of Constantius II, Constantine’s dream in Lactantius, 161 Ravenna 154–55 Rufinus, Aradius, 275 Archiepiscopal Chapel, mosaic of Christ, 348 Circus Maximus, pulvinar, 47, 152, 154 Rufinus, ecclesiastical historian Revelation, 164, 343 Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre), 94 on Serapaeum, 167 draws on myth of Apollo and Python, 327, Colossus of Nero, 34, 51–53, 57, 84, 106, Rufinus, C. Vettius Cossinius, 275 362 99–100, 107–108 ruler. See also emperor; king warns against ruler worship, 333 Constantine enters (312), 93 as doctor, 126, 132

438 INDEX

ruler (cont.) Secundinii Sofia. See Serdica guided by Logos-Nomos, 137–42, 375 funerary monument of, 379–80 Sol, 347. See also Sol-Helios image of God on earth in Plutarch, 138 Secundus, bishop of Tigisis, 272 Agones Solis, 62 imitates god, 126–27, 129 Sed festival, 154 on Arch of Constantine, 98–99, 227, 228–30, imitates Hercules, 340 Seeck, Otto, 7 398 imitates Zeus in Dio Chrysostom, 129, 138 Seleucus I, king (306–281 B.C.), 397 and army, 60, 62 imitates ruler in heaven, 214 and anchor, 180–81 Aurelian and, 62, 101, 397 radiance of, 90 birthmark, 343 on Aurelianic coinage, 61, 86 as saviour, 106, 126–32 Senate of Rome Aurelian’s temple of, at Rome, 61, 62, 247 upholder of justice, 277–78 and Arch of Constantine, 223–24, 228–30 and Christian God, 281 ruler worship statue of Constantine as god dedicated by, 226 on coins of Constantine, 86, 326, 398, 399 in Greek East, 58 Seneca on coins of Dyarchs, 73 in New Testament, 333 on Alexander and Hercules, 359 on coins of Septimius Severus, 54 in Old Testament, 333 Apocolocyntosis, 50 compatibility with Christian God, 274, 326, on the ideal emperor, 53 328, 330–32 sacrifice, 212, 276–77, 284–89, 302, 398 Senecio and Constantine, 9, 57, 60, 86, 87, 94–95, on Arch of Constantine, 228–30 persuades Bassianus to assassinate Constantine, 97–104, 106, 109, 271, 281, 311, 326, 328, Saepinum, 212 6 330–32, 359, 380, 397 St. Acacius, martyr, 186. See also Constantinople, Septimius Severus, emperor (193–211) and Constantius, 89–92, 397 church, St. Acacius and Golden Age, 54 crowns Aurelian, 101 St. Mokios, martyr. See also Constantinople, and temple of Helios in Constantinople, 261 crowns Constantine, 100–101 church, St. Mokios Serapis disappearance from Constantinian imagery, feast of, 109n. 2 on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, 71 331–32 St. Paul of Tarsus Serdica (Sofia), 83 equated with El-Gabal by Aurelian, 61 attitude to emperor, 332–33 agreement of 317 between Constantine and equated with El-Gabal by Elagabalus, 59 Constantine and, 373 Licinius, 14 on Five-Column Monument, 91 St. Peter, Apostle potential site of Constantinople, 251 and hippodrome, 154 with staurogram, 175–76 serpent. See also Python imagery of, in Jewish contexts, 327 St. Polycarp, martyr standard pierces, 143, 176, 221–22, 361–62, invictus, 86 attitude to rulers, 333 400 mosaic of, in tomb of Julii (Mausoleum M) St. Timothy trampled by Christ, 348 below Vatican, 327 relics of, 369, 380, 382 Seth-Typhon myth, 127, 128, 143 and obelisks, 46, 154–55, 157 salvation Seti I, pharaoh (ca. 1294–1279 B.C.), 182 priests of (Pontifices Dei Solis), 62 of Roman empire, commemorated by Holy Severianus Probus crowned by, 101 Sepulchre, 255 murdered, 271 presenting globe to Aurelian (after 273), 62 threatened by Arianism/polytheism, 291, 295 Severus, Acilius, city prefect (325–326), 302 presenting globe to Constantine, 100 San Giovanni in Laterano. See Rome, Lateran Severus Alexander, emperor (222–235) and radiate crown, 30, 42, 49, 94 Sapor II, king of Persia (309–379) expels El-Gabal from pantheon, 59 radiating light on coins, 172 Constantine’s letter to, 106, 132, 288, 303–304 Severus, Tetrarch right arm raised, 94 Sar ha-Torah, 335n. 19 attempts to overthrow Maxentius, 84 as Supreme Deity, 331 sarcophagi becomes Augustus (306), 83 statue of, in camp at Salsovia, 60 Christian/pagan designs on, 303 becomes Caesar (305), 81 temple of, in Campus Agrippae, Rome, 61, porphyry, in Constantinople, 183–94 Shadrach, 333 62, 247 standard of Constantine on, 193 shepherd Solar Deity sarcophagus Constantine as, 399 Constantine imitates, 42 of Constantine, 373 metaphor applied to king and God, 342 protects king, 154 in Hagia Eirene, 187–94, 222 sidus Iulium. See Venus sanctions Constantine’s rule, 179 of Helena, 366–67 signa. See also Iovius; Herculius saving sign bestowed on ruler by, 173–74 of Junius Bassus, 347–48 meaning of, 64, 65, 66 Solar halo, 159, 169 of Maria, wife of Honorius, 245 Silvanus in Suetonius, 179 porphyry fragment in Istanbul Archaeological Constantine’s sacrifice to, on Arch of Sol-Helios. See also Sol; sun-god; Helios Museums, 184–87 Constantine, 228 imagery of, in Jewish contexts, 327 porphyry, from mausoleum of Constantina, Silvester, bishop of Rome, 248 solidus Rome, 184–87 Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica), 83 introduced by Constantine, 264 porphyry lid, in Graeco-Roman Museum, Licinius loses control of, 14 Sopater, 140, 219, 304, 306 Alexandria, 186 meeting of successors of Constantine in (337), Sophia (Wisdom), 291 Saturn, 90, 128 365 Sosius, Gaius Saxa Rubra, 92 slaves temple of Apollo in Rome, 45 sculptural styles freed in church, 278 soter¯ Classical and Late Antique, 69 Socrates, ecclesiastical historian Constantine as, 130 sebastos on Constantine at Council of Nicaea, 294 emperor as, 332–33 title rejected by Constantine, 339 on dedication of Constantinople, 252–53 title, 126, 344 Second God on Helena’s burial, 186 Sozomen, ecclesiastical historian Christ as, 291 on Serapaeum in Alexandria, 168 on Constantine at Council of Nicaea, 294 Second Sophistic, 58 on True Cross at porphyry column, 252 on crucifixion, 278

INDEX 439

on Delphic tripods, 144 in panegyric of 313, 275 vicennalia meeting in Rome (November 303), on Serapaeum in Alexandria, 168 in policy on religious freedom, 225 81 Spalatum. See Split Sol as, 331 Te t r a rc hy. See also Dyarchy Speck, Paul, 369 united worship of, 137, 272, 274–75, 304, Constantine’s plan for posthumous, 364 Speusippus 361, 398 First, creation of, 65 Logos and Nomos are equivalent, 138 united worship of, secures state, 8, 291, 292, Second, creation of, 81 Split (Spalatum), 81, 370 295, 298, 398 Te t r i c u s spolia unnamed, 223–26 defeated by Aurelian, 62 in Arch of Constantine, 238 Zeus as, 134 Thebes (Karnak), 182 in Lateran, 238 swans obelisk, 154 in St. Peter’s, 238, 243 sacred to Apollo, 46 Temple of Ammon, Tetrarchic camp, 72–73, Sremska Mitrovica. See Sirmium Sybilline Oracle, 128, 301 97 standard, 159, 160, 161, 174–78, 221–22 symbol of rulership, 179 Theodora, wife of Constantius Chlorus assimilated to cross, 175 synagogue marries Constantius (289), 65, 257 on sarcophagus in Hagia Eirene, 194 zodiac pavements, 327 posthumous coinage in honour of, 365 serpent pierced by, on coins, 143, 176 Syria Theodore, bishop of Aquileia, 235 in shape of staurogram, 175–76 personiﬁed on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, Theodosian Code on Ticinum medallions, 207 71 law banning evil magic, 284–85 star, 172–73 laws of Constantine, 7 above Augustus’ head, 47 Tabula Peutingeriana. See Peutinger Map Theodosius I, emperor (379–395), 183, 194 of Venus, adopted by Julius Caesar, 43 Tacitus appreciative of art of pagan statues, 268 Statius Nero’s rejection of worship, 53 and temples in Constantinople, 261 on Alexander and Hercules, 359 Tarquinius Superbus, 16 Theodosius II, emperor (408–450), 183, 194 statues Tatian Theognis, bishop of Nicaea, 132, 295, 297 “fully nude” type, 108 attitude to polytheism, 135 Theophanes of Mytilene “hip-mantle” type, 108 Christian attitude to emperor, 334 statue of, 266 looting of, 266 Son radiates light of Father, 328 Theophilus, bishop of Antioch nudity of, 107–108, 266 telestic. See theurgy Christian attitude to emperor, 334 staurogram, 162–68, 171, 173, 175, 177, 180, Tell-el Amarna, 167 Theophilus, bishop of Alexandria, 194 220 Tellus Theos Hypsistos, 135 Sthenidas, 39 on Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki, 71 Theotecnus, priest at oracle of Daphne, 77, 264 on ruler imitating God, 126–27 temples, 259–66, 305. See also Constantinople; Thesleff, Holger, 39 Stobaeus, John Rome; Jerusalem etc. Thessalonica. See Thessaloniki anthology of kingship philosophies, 37–40 abandonment of, 264 Thessaloniki, 83 Strabo, 16 Firmicus Maternus urges closure of, 285 Arch of Galerius, 69–72, 346 Suda Julian visits, at Troy, 286–87 Arch of Galerius, frieze of emperors among on Sopater, 304 looted or closed by Constantine, 264–67, 282, gods, 347, 373 Suetonius 399 Arch of Galerius, Tetrarchs depicted frontally on Augustus’ eyes, 21–22 rituals continue in, 287–88 on , 214–15 dream of Cicero, 179 Termessos potential site of Constantinople, 251 dream of Quintus Catulus, 179 inscription on statue dedicated to Rotunda of Galerius, 369 on solar halo, 179 Constantine, 109 Thetis Sulla Tertullian and Eclogue 4, 128 nude statues of, 108 Christians, 74–75, 134, 333–34 theurgy, 22–23, 268, 304 Summa divinitas. See Supreme Deity standards, 175 Tiamat, 134 Sun Tetrarchic residences, 83 Tiber, River, 92 turns pale after Julius Caesar’s murder, 43–44 Tetrarchic theology Ticinum medallions, 177–78 Sunday, 279 incompatible with Christianity, 77 heavenward gaze on, 203 sun-god. See also Apollo; Sol; Helios rejected by Constantine and Maxentius, standard on, 207, 211 chariot of, 45, 46, 50, 54, 56, 66, 87, 94, 104, 84–85 Tiridates 379, 380 Te t r a rc h s crowned by Nero, 50 Christians make sculpture of, 327 “born of the gods,” 67 Tome to All the Bishops. See He¯ Philarchos obelisk in Circus Maximus dedicated to, 46 connection with Jupiter and Hercules, 73, 87, Topkapı Sarayı, 183 suovetaurilia 338–39 traditio, 272 Marcus Aurelius-cum-Constantine oversees, eyes, 21 traditional religion 228 asgodsonArchofGalerius,72, 346 condemned by Constantine, 281 superstitio, 212, 277 imitate heavenly government, 66 false, 282 Christianity as, 343 numen (divine power) of, 67 maintains order, 270 Constans’ law against, 285 porphyry sculptures at San Marco, 68–69 perversion of authentic religion of One God, in Hispellum rescript (337), 286 porphyry sculptures in Vatican, 68–69 284 Supreme Deity, 134–37 portrait style, 11, 20–22, 68–69 Trajan Decius, emperor (249–251) elects ruler on earth, 214 power to restore and save, 66, 67 edict on sacriﬁce, 75 hand of, 347, 378, 379 similarity (similitudo)inart,68–69 issues consecration coins, 376, 377 Licinius’ prayer to, 179 unity (concordia)inart,68–69 Trajan, emperor (98–117), 334 imitated by king, 354 unity of, 66, 73 on Arch of Constantine, 227

440 INDEX

Christian persecution, 74 Valeria, daughter of Diocletian Wisdom, Book of Constantine’s affinity with, 397 Christian?, 77 solar aspects of Christ in, 328 imitates Hercules, 138, 340, 399 marries Galerius, 65 women Jupiter’s proteg´ e´ and deputy, 129, 214 murdered, 271 legislation governing behaviour, 289–90 model for Constantine, 11 Valeria, daughter of Galerius Word. See Logos not to be flattered as a god, 338 marries Maxentius, 79 saviour, 129 Valerian, emperor (253–260) Xenophanes, 134 Trier (Augusta Treverorum), 83, 169 captured by Persians (260), 76 basilica, 231, 237 defeated by Sapor I, 303 Yo r k , 82 Troy (Ilion) , 16, 82 Varius Avitus Bassianus. See Elagabalus Constantinople as successor to, 268 Vasiliev, Alexander, 186, 187 Zacharias, 326 Julian visits temples at (354), 286–87 Vediovis, 43 Zeno, emperor (474–475, 476–491) potential site of Constantinople, 251, 288 Veii burial place in Constantinople, 370 True Cross siege of, 224–25 Zenobia at chapel in Sessorian, 247 Venus defeated (272), 60–61, 62 and porphyry column, 252 star of, adopted by Julius Casar, 43 Zenodorus, sculptor Tutankhamun, pharaoh (ca. 1333–1323 B.C.) Vergil, 53, 88, 128, 299, 301, 343, 345 and Nero’s Colossus, 51 ankhsandsolardiscoverhishead,182 Vergina. See Aigai Zerubbabel, 127 Tuthmosis IV, pharaoh (ca. 1401–1391 B.C.) Verinus, Locrius, city prefect (323–325), Zeus Marnas obelisk of, 154, 157 302 temple at Maiuma, 289 Twelve Gods, 152, 390n. 222 Verona Zeus Ty c h e beseiged by Constantine, 92 and Leto, 143–44 of Constantinople, 28, 151, 251–52 siege of, on Arch of Constantine, 95 Master Mind in Aeschylus, 134 of Constantinople and Roma, 262–63 Vespasian, emperor (69–79) model for ruler in Dio Chrysostom, 138 Typhon. See Seth-Typhon myth Nero’s Colossus erected by, 51 ruler imitates, in Diotogenes, 126 Ty re Vetranio, emperor (350), 177 statue at Olympia by Pheidias, 214, 215, cathedral of, 235 Via Flaminia, 212 340 cathedral of, Eusebius’ dedicatory speech, vicennalia (326), 176 as Supreme Deity in Homer, 134 344–45 victor Ziatha, 375 petitions to persecute Christians, 270 title adopted by Constantine, 331 Zosimus, 3, 6 Volsinii, 212 breakdown between Constantine and unity of belief, 132–37, 292–95, 297–98, Volusianus, C. Ceionius Rufius (consul 311, Licinius, 6 304 314), 275 Constantine refuses to sacrifice at vicennalia, Usk¨ udar.¨ See Chrysopolis statue of Constantine as saviour dedicated by, 288–89 Utrecht, Geldmuseum, 170 131 Constantine’s conversion, 282 deaths of Crispus and Fausta, 288 Valentinian I, emperor (364–375), 183, Wallraff, Martin, 380 foundation of Constantinople, 288 194 Weiss, Peter, 159, 169 statue of Rhea-Cybele in Constantinople, Valentinian II, emperor (375–392) Wisdom. See also Sophia 262, 268 with sceptre or standard, 178 = Christ, 328 temples in Constantinople, 262