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Oxidation of a Sulfide Body, Glove Mine, Santa Cruz County, Arizona

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Oxidation of a Sulfide Body, Glove Mine, Santa Cruz County, Arizona Economic Geology Vol. 61, 1966, pp. 731-743 OXIDATION OF A SULFIDE BODY, GLOVE MINE, SANTA CRUZ COUNTY, ARIZONA HARRY J. OLSON ABSTRACT The Glove Mine is located on the southern extremity of an isolated syncllnalsedimentary block of Paleozoicand Cretaceous sediments on the southernflank of the Santa Rita Mountains in Santa Cruz County about forty miles southof Tucson, Arizona. Fluids probably associatedwith a Laramide (?) quartz monzonitein- trusive•havedeposited argentiferous galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and quartz along permeablezones causedby fault intersectionswithin a favorablelimestone bed of the Pennsylvanian-PermianNaco group. As a result of extensiveoxidation, only relics of the primary sulfidesexist in the minedportion of the deposit. Cerussite,and lesseramounts of angle- site, wulfenite,smithsonite, and other oxidationproducts of the primary sulfides have been conten{rated in solution caverns. The ore body can be divided into three general zoneson the basis of metalcontent and mineral assemblage. These zones are (A) the upper oxidizedand leachedzone, (B) the silver-enrichedintermediate zone, and .(C) the sulfidezone. The behaviorof individualmetals and minerals is dependentupon local Eh-pH conditionsas well as other environmental factorsaffecting mineral stability. In responseto changesin environment, mineraland metalassemblages vary not only betweenthe zonesbut within them as well. INTRODUCTION THE GloveMine is a small,oxide, lead-silver-zinc deposit about 40 miles southof Tucson,Arizona. The mine is in the Tyndall Mining District in section30, T20S, R14E, on the southwesternflank of the Santa Rita Moun- tainsat an elevationof approximately4,200 feet (Fig. 1). The originalclaims of the Glovegroup were located in 1907. Production commencedin 1911and has continued intermittently under various operators until thepresent. The bulkof productiontook place from 1951to 1959under the managementof the SunriseMining Company,which produced from 20 to 25 tonsof lead-silverore per day. In all, morethan 21,000 tons of ore averaging7.6 ozssilver, 25.5% Pb, 4.1% Zn, and0.1% Cu perton and worth slightlymore than one million dollars have l•een produced. GENERAL GEOLOGY The GloveMine is on the southernlimb of an isolatedsynclinal sedi- mentaryblock. Thisblock of Paleozoicand Cretaceous sediments may repre- sent a deformed remnant of the southwesternlimb of an anticline that was breachedby Laramide(?) quartz monzoniteintrusives (Harald Drewes, personalcommunication, 1965) which form the main massof the Santa Rita 731 732 HARRY ]. OLSON Mountains. In the vicinityof the mine, the southernflank of the syncline is composedof limestones,siltstones, and shalesof the Naco groupof Penn- sylvanian-Permianage (1) whichstrike N75W-N60W anddip approximately 60ø northeast(Fig. 2). The limestonesare intruded by a latite porphyry sill that reachesa maximumobserved surface thickness of approximately30 feet severalhundred feeteast of the Gloveadit portal. This sill is discontinuous,and generally follows beddingtrends in the limestonenorth of the Glove fault. The Glovefault separatessediments of the Naco groupon the northfrom the quartzmonzonite to the south. This fault clearlyfollows an intrusivecon- ARIZONA FIG. 1. Index map. tact, which is roughlyconcordant with the beddingof the limestoneas to strike,but discordantas to dip. The intrusivenature of this contactis most vividlyillustrated in the areabetween the mainadit andthe 40-footshaft. Here, the quartz monzonitehas slicedinto the sediments,partitioning the limestoneinto thin alignedsepta. The contactis nearly vertical,generally dippingsteeply to the north. Minor showingsof lead-copperm•neralization crop out in the area of the Gloveworkings. Mineralization is in the limestone,generally associated with the quartz monzoniteor latite porphyry contacts,although some lead and coppershowings do occur in the limestonesome distance from thesecontacts. All mineralizedoutcrops are essentiallythe same. The limestoneis marbleized,but is only locally iron-stained. Lead mineralsoccur as small stringersand blebs in minorfracture zones. Cerussite,commonly with galena OXID,4TION OF .4 SULFIDE BODY 733 cores,is by far themost common lead mineral, although in particularlytight ground,tarnished galena is present.Evidence of coppermineralization is not readilyapparent, but small splotchesof copper"bloom" are sometimes noticeable. Sphaleriteor other zinc mineralswere not notedon the surface. Descriptionof Rock Types QuartxMonxonite.--The quartz monzonitein the mine area has beende- scribedby Anthony (1) asthe "fine quartz monzonite" to distinguishit from a "coarsequartz monzonite," which occurs as isolatedmasses within it and as 60 • 40' Shaft 45 .•::.--zz::,, 7o ...• •..• '-... •, • • .... •-L... LotiJ•l•hyry BlecksmithlAdit Pennsylvanian-Permian• .....:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: %'......... ,,.•/••I'?• •ooooe-tOOGO.,PointAms coordmnate •ooo' ß.,.. ..I.• [ elevationOnthe mine NacoGroup .....•" ]• surveynet.This point il Scale mn ,7o o ,p •o,,,, •• about4,20•'aboveMSL. Fro. 2. Generalizedgeology of the GloveMine area. a largeintrusive mass to the northeast.The quartzmonzonite in the mine areavaries from fine- to medium-grain.It generallyweathers to a light orange-brownshade due to a finecoating of limonite.Anthony (1) from thin sectionanalysis quantitatively estimated the mineralconstituents of the quartzmonzonite to be (in percent):quartz, 50; microperthite,30; andesine- oligoclase(Ab6s-An32), 17; limonite,2; and unknownsilicate mineral, 1. Primary mafic silicateminerals are absentin all but one of the sections studied.This section contains about 25 percenthornblende which probably representsa local accumulation along the contact. LatitePorphyry.--The latite porphyry weathers greenish togreenish-gray andcontains abundant phenocrysts of chalky white plagioclase. In unaltered areasunderground, it has a moreuniform green appearance. The majority ofthe phenocrysts areplagioclase, although minor orthoclase and rare quartz phenocrystsarealso present. Primary quartz constitutes approximately 3 734 HARRY J. OLSON percentof thegroundmass. The remainderis largelyor{hoclase. There are no primary mafic silicate minerals. Opaque minerals constitute about 2 percent of the rock. NacoGroup.--The limestone sequence in which the Glove Mille is located has been identified as a portion of the Naco limestone,and included in the Naco group of Bryant (2). It consistsof alternatinglimestone and siltstone with minor interbeddedshale units. The limestonesweather white, pink, gray, and brown. The siltstonesand cherty layers generally weather to a shade of greenishbrown or black. Underground, the limestonebeds are generallywhite, althoughthey may be pink, gray, or variousshades of brown dependingupon the type and degreeof alteration. The siltstoneunits under- groundare generallysome shade of green,gray-green, or more rarely gray. The limestonebeds are mostly pure, although they may contain small amounts of silt-sized quartz. The siltstonebeds are composedchiefly of quartz, with small amounts of calcite and clay minerals. Chlorite also is presentin varying amounts,and was observedin almostall of the sections studied. Alteration Contact-metamorphiceffects producedby emplacementof the quartz monzoniteand latite porphyry are in general relatively minor. Near the contacts,the limestonehas been silicifiedand metamorphosedto a white to pinkishmarble, and chloriteis commonin the siltstoneand chertylayers. At increasingdistance from the contacts,these effects diminish and the marbles and chloritizedsiltstones grade into limestonesand siltstonesthat are typical of the Naco group. No continuoustactite zone has beendeveloped, and only two minor areas of sillcationcontaining epidote and garnetwere noted. Iron stainingis' com- mon,but not strong,along the contact. The singleexception noted is a small ßkidney of specularhematite just to the eastof the 50-footshaft. In the vicinity of sulfidemineralization, the marbleizedlimestone is com- monlyintensely silicified. Silicificationgenerally takes the form of replacement by cryptocrystallinesilica suchas chalcedony,although it commonlyoccurs as euhedralquartz containingcalcite inclusions and relict structures. Sec- ondaryquartz in vugsand as vein filling is alsocommon. The extent to which the limestone is altered to dolomite, if at all, is un- known. Some replacementof the limestoneby sideriteand rhodochrosite, however,was observed. The quartzfragments of the siltstonebeds may be extensivelyveined by calcite,which was probablyreleased during the silicificationand marbleiza- tion of the limestone. Some of this calcite,however, may representmobilized calcitepresent in minoramounts in the siltstoneas a cementingmaterial. Most of the siltstonesare moderatelychloritized, which gives them a greenishcolor underground. The chloritizationof the siltstonesprobably oc- curred as a reactionof minor amountsof clay mineralsinherent in the rock, with possiblemagnesium and calcium introduction, in responseto the increased oXID,4TION OF .4 SULFIDEBODY 735 energy conditionsaccompanying metamorphism and emplacementof the ore minerals. The quartz monzoniteis unalteredexcept near the limestonecontact where it appears to be slightly silicified. Besides introduced silica, microscopic examinationshows the plagioclaseand orthoclasefeldspars to be partially alteredto sericiteand kaolinite. The plagioclasefeldspars also are alteredto calcite. Secondarymuscovite, which appears to be the same age as the
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