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Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa Edited by Susan Keech Mcintosh Frontmatter More Information Cambridge University Press 052102269X - Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa Edited by Susan Keech McIntosh Frontmatter More information Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa Recent critiques of neo-evolutionary formulations that focus primarily on the development of powerful hierar- chies have called for a broadening of the empirical base for complex society studies. Redressing the neglect of sub- Saharan examples in comparative discussions on complex society, this book considers how case material from the subcontinent can enhance our understanding of the nature, origins, and development of complexity. The archaeological, historical, and anthropological case mat- erials are relevant to a number of recent concerns, reveal- ing how complexity has emerged and developed in a variety of ways. Contributors engage important theoreti- cal issues, including the continuing influence of deeply embedded evolutionary notions in archaeological con- cepts of complexity, the importance of alternative modes of complex organization – such as flexible hierarchies, multiple overlapping hierarchies, and horizontal differ- entiation – and the significance of different forms of power. The distinguished list of contributors includes his- torians, archaeologists, and anthropologists. susan keech mcintosh is Professor of Anthropology at Rice University, USA. She has conducted archaeolog- ical research in Mali, Senegal, and Ghana, and is co- author of two monographs on Jenné-jeno, Mali, widely recognized as the earliest urban site documented in sub- Saharan Africa. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052102269X - Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa Edited by Susan Keech McIntosh Frontmatter More information NEW DIRECTIONS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Editors Françoise Audouze Centre de Recherches Archéologiques, Nanterre, France Cyprian Broodbank Institute of Archaeology, University College, London Tim Murray Department of Archaeology, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia Colin Renfrew McDonald Institute of Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge Andrew Sherratt Department of Antiquities, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Timothy Taylor Department of Archaeology, University of Bradford Norman Yoffee Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan Wendy Ashmore Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Nathan Schlanger Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052102269X - Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa Edited by Susan Keech McIntosh Frontmatter More information Beyond Chiefdoms Pathways to Complexity in Africa Edited by SUSAN KEECH McINTOSH © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052102269X - Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa Edited by Susan Keech McIntosh Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521630740 © Susan Keech McIntosh 1999 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1999 This digitally printed first paperback version 2005 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data African perspectives on political complexity / edited by Susan Keech McIntosh p. cm. 1. Political anthropology – Africa. 2. Social archaeology – Africa. 3. Archaeology and state – Africa. 4. Africa – Politics and government. 5. Africa – Antiquities. I. McIntosh, Susan Keech. GN645.A367 1999 306.2´096–dc21 98-38081 CIP ISBN-13 978-0-521-63074-0 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-63074-6 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-02269-9 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-02269-X paperback © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052102269X - Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa Edited by Susan Keech McIntosh Frontmatter More information Contents List of figures page vi 8 Wonderful society: the Burgess Shale 97 List of tables vii creatures, Mandara polities, and the nature List of contributors viii of prehistory Preface ix Nicholas David and Judy Sterner 9 Material culture and the dialectics of identity 110 1 Pathways to complexity: an African 1 in the Kalahari: AD 700–1700 perspective James Denbow Susan Keech McIntosh 10 Seeking and keeping power in Bunyoro- 124 2 The segmentary state and the ritual phase 31 Kitara, Uganda in political economy Peter Robertshaw Aidan Southall 11 The (in)visible roots of Bunyoro-Kitara and 136 3 Perceiving variability in time and space: 39 Buganda in the Lakes region: AD 800–1300 the evolutionary mapping of African David L. Schoenbrun societies Ann B. Stahl 12 The power of symbols and the symbols of 151 power through time: probing the Luba past 4 Western representations of urbanism and 56 Pierre de Maret invisible African towns Roderick J. Mcintosh 13 Pathways of political development in 166 equatorial Africa and neo-evolutionary theory 5 Modeling political organization in large- 66 Jan Vansina scale settlement clusters: a case study from the Inland Niger Delta Index 173 Susan Keech Mcintosh 6 Sacred centers and urbanization in West 80 Central Africa Raymond N. Asombang 7 Permutations in patrimonialism and 88 populism: the Aghem chiefdoms of Western Cameroon Igor Kopytoff v © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052102269X - Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa Edited by Susan Keech McIntosh Frontmatter More information Figures 1.1 Afikpo village group. page 10 9.2 Plan map of the Kgaswe excavations. 112 1.2 Reconstruction of the Igbo Ukwu burial. 13 9.3 Proportions of wild and domestic fauna at 113 1.3 Reconstruction of ritual deposit at Igbo 14 some Kalahari sites. Ukwu. 9.4 Map of Bosutswe surface features. 115 5.1 The Inland Niger Delta of West Africa: the 67 9.5 Makgadikgadi ruins. 118 Jenné region. 9.6 Comparison of Tsodilo faunal assemblages. 120 5.2 The location of levees and 69 10.1 Western Uganda showing the location of 125 deep basins in the Inland Niger Delta. earthworks and other major sites. 5.3 Distribution of archaeological 72 10.2 The location of Cwezi shrines. 128 sites in reference to various landforms. 11.1 Map of the Great Lakes region showing 138 5.4 Rank-size distributions of archaeological 73 language groups mentioned in text and sites occupied in AD 1000 within 4 km of archaeological sites. Jenné-jeno and the present-day settlements 11.2 Great Lakes Bantu and its subgroups. 143 of the same area. 12.1 The Upemba Depression: archaeological 153 5.5 Settlement hierarchy in the maximal site 74 sites mentioned in the text. cluster around Jenné-jeno. 12.2 Archaeological sequence for the northern 154 6.1 Cameroon, showing location of Bafut. 81 Upemba Depression. 6.2 The neubah monolith at the nsani of the 83 12.3 Early Kisalian burial of a man with 156 Njibujang village. ceremonial axe and anvil, an iron machete, 6.3 The Takumbang shrine (ndere) in the dance 83 and copper jewelry. plaza outside the palace. 12.4 Ceramics from the northern Upemba 160 6.4 A fetish placed across the road to block 84 Depression, showing continuity and change witches and other evil spirits. through time. 8.1 a) Increase in overall diversity through time; 97 13.1 Equatorial Africa. 167 b) Contrasting increase and decrease in disparity and diversity through time. 8.2 The Mandara highlands and surrounding 100 plains, with larger towns and main ethno-linguistic groupings. 8.3 The northern Mandara highlands: larger 102 towns, ethno-linguistic groupings, and selected pre-colonial polities. 9.1 Sites mentioned in text. 111 vi © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052102269X - Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa Edited by Susan Keech McIntosh Frontmatter More information Tables 1.1 Social stratification in Polynesia. page 5 1.2 Major elements of the dual processual 18 model. 5.1 Sequence of development at Jenné-jeno, 70 reconstructed from excavation 5.2 Possible range of population at Jenné-jeno 73 AD 800–1000. 8.1 Traditional dimensions of chiefly power in 105 Sirak, Mofu-Diamaré princedoms, and Sukur. 11.1 A semantogram for five terms for power 140 in Bantu. 11.2 A semantogram for five terms for social 142 organization and space in Bantu. vii © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052102269X - Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa Edited by Susan Keech McIntosh Frontmatter More information Contributors raymond asombang susan keech mcintosh Department of Arts and Archaeology Department of Anthropology University of Yaoundé Rice University Cameroon peter robertshaw nicholas david Department of Anthropology Department of Archaeology California State University, San Bernardino University of Calgary david schoenbrun judy sterner Department of History University of Calgary University of Georgia james denbow aidan southall Department of Anthropology Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin University of Wisconsin, Madison igor kopytoff ann b. stahl Department of Anthropology Department
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