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The Routledge History of Childhood in the Western World

Paula S. Fass

Childhood in Medieval and Early Modern Times

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 Joanne M. Ferraro Published online on: 30 Nov 2012

How to cite :- Joanne M. Ferraro. 30 Nov 2012, Childhood in Medieval and Early Modern Times from: The Routledge History of Childhood in the Western World Routledge Accessed on: 30 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203075715.ch3

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 etrudrtnigo htcidodadprnigwr iedrn h medieval the during like a were at parenting the arrive of and to one childhood ( century been what has half of work following Ariès’s understanding the inquiry, better over scholarly of historians area prompting an influences as primary stage life this of tance hl eeomn,aesta xlrdhmnabvlnetwr h al stages early of the studies was toward Piaget’s which ambivalence Jean lifecycle. moment, human and the this explored psychoanalysis of of that Freudian product in areas a interest development, was narratives. strong child of study new time historical crafted a of turned and also area questions Kingdom, soci- an biology, new United psychology, as formulated the from Childhood they in methods demography Structure Borrowing and history. Social ology, social and Group to Cambridge Population attention the of their and professional France History subjects, in explo- classical the School of remained for Annales paths treaties the new and from forging war particularly were of historians, scholars annals when the studies, While historical ration. for time pivotal a ieudrrlgoshue rwrirheacisspotdb aso indentured of mass a invasions, by with supported hierarchies ridden orga- to warrior were childhood. people or life most houses of encouraged religious medieval model that under of conditions nize one mortality, centuries high just demo- and five and poverty, not first economic famine, was broader The there them cycles. among that experience, graphic outset human shaped the factors at Several apparent became It since exploded virtually pioneering Ariès’s has Life Family Philippe study of of History of publication Social field the A with Childhood: a 1962 as in childhood inception European its of history The xadoe h aetetehcnuyi utpedirections. multiple in would century that twentieth field late of interdisciplinary all the of an over confluence studies, expand The childhood life. advanced social and of developments hagiography, exploration these catechisms, the life-cycle for writings, sources distinct humanist popular letters, with iconography literary family illustrations made books, history and advice art docu- literature, notarial stages, and ages-of-man and studies poetry, data cultural tax diaries, of as texts, fields well collections burgeoning as parish the death Further, and and ments. marriage, archival baptism, birth, on demogra of based records reconstruct The research to children. historical scholars and and enabled women, informatics classes, subaltern of the rise included which people,” “forgotten AD 0–50 n al oen( modern early and 500–1500) HLHO NMDEA AND MEDIEVAL IN CHILDHOOD 2 h 90 n 90 logv ieto rise gave also 1970s and 1960s The AL OENTIMES MODERN EARLY cnm n demography and Economy oneM Ferraro M. Joanne AD 5010)pros i okeegdduring emerged work His periods. 1500–1800) 61 hcpten o aeespol yusing by people nameless for patterns phic 3 . 1 h rtt rwatnint h impor- the to attention draw to first The h td fteso-called the of study the etre of Centuries Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 etr,i inse e nte eido rnucdcag nteblneo demo- sixt of balance the the during in power change economic pronounced and of graphic demographic period another for yet witnessed compensate it century, to young wed to encouraged were losses. couples and rose, iiiyo asn hlrna oe hn oee,tepplto oet h level the in to situation rose the population scarce, the became however, land When, and resources home. food at where children force. labor raising the resour of years, replenish landed sibility adult and more reproduction than generally human rather also of adolescent were period There during the marry maximize to to order and there mortality, marry, in of to levels pressure catastrophic more following or was growth, population slow of periods households. truncated in adve survived themselves that children the again Once ak nubnaesgoigrpdyi rseiy h eidbetween period The prosperity. in rapidly middle growing the maritime areas with urban reorganized, exchange, in Society monetary rev- ranks bookkeeping. commercial network, eastern double-entry and the the banking Italy, insurance, in international trade northern markets an In Asia. and produced West and colonies olution and Adriatic new the Africa, in in North power resulting Mediterranean, maritime expanded, level, and global Cities countryside Mediterranean a the nuclei. the On into urban industries. spilled significant handicrafts cottage with and dispersed populated guilds, in into now workers sea rural agrarian rural absorbed wage exclusively a towns become an of from to that shifting laborers to rural diversified, freed society the economy newly in European agricultural permitted the growth and improved thus Population serfdom earners, and diet. up nutritious rose, break and helped steadily plentiful sector rate more birth a yielded the methods ceased, invasions The ically. h ueaeo eua od ihp bo,o bes ragopo serfs. of group a or this abbess; In or abbot, parents. bishop, both under a or either lord; kin, one secular fictive lose a with to of lived mor- often tutelage children Infant adversity the for survived harvests. common who the people poor was young to it and context, vulnerable and weather peoples high, its inclement was sea, from tality rural resulting populated thinly pressures a cyclical was Europe laborers. rural oe ropaae rfrigte u sdmsi aoes fe h Black the After laborers. domestic foundling as to out infants them abandoning farming to or of resorting households Death orphanages parents fewer with and or concerns, children homes dominant support marry became not to did malnutrition or able and children, Poverty fewer producing all. twenties, at late their to marriage postponed aln ocmlt hi rtya flf n nte ure xiigbfr reaching before expiring born quarter infants another all and of life quarter of teens. a year their remained as first their much mortality complete as the child to with permitted failing people, and that ordinary infant among phenomenon Nonetheless, especially a high, households. expansion, nuclear economic of by formation thus, marked, was 1300 lgesetoe uoe eiaigbtenatidadahl ftepopulation the of half a and third Bubonic a the between Then decimating malnutrition. between Europe, widespread set- produced over technology, that swept agrarian famines of Plague of limits series the a stretched off centuries ting three previous the of growth hl uoesol eoee rmisctsrpi osso h fourteenth the of losses catastrophic its from recovered slowly Europe While h mato hsbo n utatvt nhueodsrcuewsdaai.In dramatic. was structure household on activity bust and boom this of impact The After By AD AD 30Erp nee nte ylcldwtr.Tepoone population pronounced The downturn. cyclical another entered Europe 1300 AD AD 00Erp’ eorpi n cnmclnsaecagddramat- changed landscape economic and demographic Europe’s 1000 38ted hfe neaan adoc gi eaepetfl wages plentiful, became again once Land again. once shifted trends 1348 38ad15 n rnigtecceo xaso oa buthalt. abrupt an to expansion of cycle the bringing and 1350 and 1348 ONEM FERRARO M. JOANNE 62 st a hi ie irpe,otnfinding often disrupted, lives their had rsity et etr.Once century. eenth e vial swl,icesn h pos- the increasing well, as available ces AD gi the again 30 oepeople more 1300, AD population 00and 1000 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 n foddcide rae potnt ormi ihte n atcpt in participate and them Rural with critical. remain was to home children the opportunity and production. of greater out household women work children and both afforded together of stay and to work pur- people married the Asia, permitted external and setting to industrialization Africa, export this to Americas, households in In these the house- circulating from markets. to handicrafts rural merchants, and Europe materials with from International raw both reached terrain part. chased that took manufacturing economy members share global system family a to guild all compelled The where above. was holds, discussed centers structures urban demographic brief in built-in usually the was on childhood impinged prosperous. context the for this reserved at In luxury children, a institutions. to cast certainly of possible most that tutelage and not households the is truncated under it off- produced their best, context adversity parenting this such mothers and Rather, In hand, fathers slavery. spring. other with than households the nuclear on different productive, East, labor- hardly envision The rural exploitative. serfdom, afforded however into and still leases, Western fell it or taxation, between contracts and heavy differences wages imposed significant West ers with the peasantry, While Europe. the Poverty Eastern of children. uprooted most replacing of droves over multiplied, increasing swept orphanages also were and there homes but households, Foundling family institutions. lay problem and the siastical thus inflation, high witnessed eiay iial,nnnbeeie neto rsrigtewat ftefamily the of wealth of the vows preserving take on to intent constrained Catholic filled were elites They monks, non-noble options. like fewer Similarly, even and, celibacy. had convents, marriage join aristocratic for to tracked Europe’s constrained not were religious nobility Others take the home. of to enjoy at to or of and deprived companies resources joined primary were mercenary example, and they land for privileges net knights, and feudal to feudal order unmarried the in of of territories sons foreign number to Disinherited significant Crusades women. a and produced men marriage, classes displaced restricted upper called Europe’s strategy, in that behavioral liability financial This meant dynasty’s dowries. family for the one resources limiting Likewise, on patrimony. thus expending marry, family carried to the heir destined of one was common preponderance whereby daughter the and primogeniture, inheriting Continent of name, the principle family the on the followed law different England Roman oth- in for practices. or law inheritance nobles, situa tracked and local were were royals on wealth, of great households depended progeny and The elite power classes. with in laboring determined ers the children clearly of culturally Thus those femininity Moreover, than and life. destinies lifestyle. masculinity in and of law, roles norms in manners, peoples’ and the dress, bloodline about in important by rules represented both constructed were European defined visually modern gender was was early Status and and and hierarchical. class distinctly Medieval was experience. social society childhood trends, affected that economic variables and demographic Like The between accommodate. period not the could mirrored technology thus agrarian century constrained sixteenth a that levels reached h ihenhcnuybogtnwcagst h ytmo rdcinthat production of system the to changes new brought century eighteenth The EIVLADERYMDR CHILDHOODS MODERN EARLY AND MEDIEVAL ls n gender and Class 63 os fe gis hi il Daughters will. their against often vows, fpvrybcm rtclt oheccle- both to critical became poverty of e nalf-yl rjcoyta greatly that trajectory life-cycle a on ted AD 30ad14,bti also it but 1348, and 1300 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 h nnilmast ert agtr,freape eegvnbossc as such books Daughter given Her were Taught example, Wife for with raise Good daughters, households the and betroth in toddlers to Mothers and means instructions. infants financial gender-specific for the with care young, con- to case Parents the how schooling. the educate on of and in manuals form mothers advice other and medieval some managers late or tutorial sulted household home and or received military males, They and of females. managers, of case estate the astute in patriarchs, leaders family be political to on early trained were neces- stigma not experienced did who disinherited religious children the in illegitimate that marginalization. or produced note and males Many to the for important celibate. under is companies remain placed It military sarily were sex. in young either it the for be adolescents, probably institutions adults, as moment, surrogate before, transitory decade, of a pow- a supervision and but than wealthy was more the not supervision of for parental offspring the elites under in For notarial childhood bureaucracy. and practice erful, and judicial common the life among was legal and dominated This cities, that marriage. European ruling restricted circles practiced oligarchic the also time, over dynasty hnarmridmother. was remarried spouse a surrogate than either rema as A if acted famine. shifted i and have occurrence supervision disease, not common family, may a nuclear remarried, or the and may widowed within who even chil- adults, But circumstances, other these parents. them by of among most supervised fortunate In were more orphanage. dren the an destitute parents; from from both training came vocational or they received if one training lost any children of circumstances Many deprived fortunate households. or less service, in on domestic Those into depending them. sent trade, give young- were or could Some handicrafts, families the all. labor, their at rural opportunities not for the on or early old, apprenticed young, school were married sters attended they fluctu- children whether p that whether their households, variables determine with prosperous market, lived to they labor helped the whether the worked, factors environment, of or These physical strength time. the the over on and ated economically. depended land, itself the household sustain home of the could at household productivity of remain the strength if only parents financial could natal Children The their extended. by family raised the be and was Venice, of class ruling ine aid agl eedn ntentr ftefml oshl.Historical was Europe household. Western family in form the family of dominant nuclear. nature the that the concluded on have demographers dependent largely were varied, or riences home at remained nine. females age while by boarded convents parents, in males their enrolled Some becoming responsibilities. teachers domestic whether their law, and dynasty, for for out, prepared family females education were the government, males primary of or Adolescent status medicine, service. in the religious schooled or enhanced bureaucratic, that also military, capacities in Those were in responsibilities. serve household political to natal their trained for the geogra- prepare studied from to also dislodged history They military character. and and grammar, moral athletic built Latin undertook phy, and Boys teamwork skills. fostered their develop that to training games and toys given also hlrnfo lt ice rce o araermie lsrt h erhand hearth the to closer remained marriage for tracked circles elite from Children h atmjrt fcide eent oee,fo lt ice,tu hi expe- their thus circles, elite from however, not, were children of majority vast The 4 nol e ra,sc ssuhr rne ua ucn,o mn the among or Tuscany, rural France, southern as such areas, few a only In re ahrwsmr ieyt ephscide thome at children his keep to likely more was father rried ONEM FERRARO M. JOANNE opeaete o are life. married for them prepare to 64 rnsa oeo eefre u omore to out farmed were or home at arents oit idnwt a,epidemic war, with ridden society a n 3 hlrnwere Children How Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 ltdb ul ebrhpadotnpse onfo ahrt o.Otnthese Often son. hereditary. to also father were from memberships down whose passed councils, reg- civic often positions dominated for and prosperous professionals law, demand membership manu- and great guild or arts, was by notarial banking, there ulated the trade, medicine, thrived in international industry skilled and into professionals northern business fathers places of where other their cities Moreover, household than followed the facture. the some in Sons to leave opportunities Commercialization Europe. to greater living. in forced offered a Germany were cobblers make and became children, to Flanders, sons Italy, rural means two like other or others, seek one and the only that while possible smiths, wh was or to it degree Therefore raw the household. the the on dyes. furnish depended for to plants This and and parents. silk, subsistence hemp, for flax, as both such crops products, engaged of manufactured Everyone pro- for unit. harvesting household and materials and the livestock, planting of the survival the the watched for in land, critical activities the items basic worked Their the constructing labor. everyone duced and context, of clothing, a that making form reproduction; level, In some subsistence as housing. in least well at participated as ensuring members production around early revolved and of family medieval of center all in work a where that the was note place doing household to were the important sexes is society both It modern of respectively. members women, ages fourteen, and spin- the men age with between adult By in helping exponentially twelve. work grew service, and Responsibilities might domestic seven making. provided of girls lace also and and Girls boys sewing, animals. Both ning, farm errands. tend small or doing fields and food, livestock preparing herding water, w vines, their they on tend eight worms might or five to to or firewood six tasks four given ages as were young By as girls siblings. Children and infant unit. boys family the age sustaining early with an assist From environments. urban wealthy, in hrhcrig,pitns tie ls,pitdbos n riat agn from ranging artifacts illuminations, and toys. books, manuscript to printed of bottles includ- glass, feeding iconography sources, of clay stained the registers of paintings, literature, records, variety carvings, judicial folk a church texts, deaths, from medical and obstetrics, comes for and infancy, baptisms Evidence midwifery lifecycle, children. on the manuals European of ing modern stage early the earliest and explore the medieval to continue of historians experiences previously, specific outlined parameters general the Within mlpx h orwr lovciso antiin hc ruh navreyof variety a on brought which and malnutrition, diarrhea, of worms, victims from also expertise suffered were Many poor medical disease. The limited to smallpox. and vulnerable highly bacteria, infants harmful made water, contaminated filth, protection. as hygiene, of practices forms such compassionate whether or and detached girls; and than cruel differently were boys swaddling p infant treated whether to they include open history.whether questions is childhood about debated sources controversies these most the of of The Each many for infanticide. accounting and thus mothers, interpretation, unwed motherhood, of ies oecide natsnhueod a h potnt olantetae ftheir of trades the learn to opportunity the had households artisan in children Some than societies agrarian modest or poor in briefer much was childhood general, In h trigpitfralo hs eae a h rcroseso nac.Poor infancy. of precariousness the was debates these of all for point starting The EIVLADERYMDR CHILDHOODS MODERN EARLY AND MEDIEVAL tgso hlho eeomn:infancy development: childhood of Stages 5 h ujc sas prahdidrcl hog stud- through indirectly approached also is subject The 65 r sindsalcoe uha collecting as such chores small assigned ere c h cnmcatvt ol sustain could activity economic the ich edn,sepn,cl sweeping, weeding, , rnswr tahdt hi infants; their to attached were arents aig carrying eaning, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 hi nhsam hywr neetdi lutaighri hmsta ol influ- would that shows themes parents, heroic newborn’s upbringing. a illustrating child’s to in the gifts interested ence as were presented they were enthusiasm: that their ceramics other and trays, eadn easac tl,Jculn uaci’ okon bab work Musacchio’s their Jacqueline Italy, to Renaissance attached Regarding were parents that clude usdfrlne eid n eebte uevsdta il,wowr fe given often were who girls, than supervised wetnurses. better to were over and periods boy longer for with nursed differently, nurtured were babies basedonFlorentine neo onln oe niae hti a motn opoetadcr o infants for care and protect pres- to the important Finally, was babies. it own that indicates their homes Francesco nurse foundling writer mothers of humanist that ence Venetian insisted fifteenth-century example, The for child. Barbaro, the of health the for n 0pret n ntocide ftelwrcasswslkl odebfr the before die teens. to their likely reached was these 30 classes of between lower two the ranging in One of high, year. children one very two of was in age mortality One infant percent. 50 result, and a As diseases. deficiency enrigi eivlLno,btBraaHnwl nsta aeifnshda had infants male that finds survival. Hanawalt of Barbara chance but better London, medieval in wetnursing hnta fmls aitas eel htteFoetn onrsd a etrof center a was countryside clientele. Florentine broad the a that to reveals catering also wetnursing, Gavitt males. one of female that have than may than babies treatment male that better suggests home) received (foundling Innocenti degli Ospedale rentine eeudrgetrpesr ocnev nodrt nueteeiefml yat,and fertility. dynasty, family inhibited elite feeding the breast ensure to that some over order Moreover, realized in babies them. income. many conceive afford their of to could give pressure they loss to greater only classes under inclined since a were reason wealthier more prevent to were the stands to husbands, This from their infant wetnurses. women to of the was support feed the it to with that given that, nur- pretended found be unsupervised but also the to milk if Klapisch-Zuber likely starvation Ironically, of more of out were risk greater ran babies was female turer they there hand, where where homes women, other their country the in to boys On about infant supervised. for careful be wetnurses Klapisch-Zuber were wetnurse have could babies. fathers the to male opted their thus of they particularly milk, character that infants, her concludes their the nurse through that to child chose believed they the also whom to was transmitted it be but would feeding, tube to superior eivlTsayso htteifnso h ihwr oelkl osriethan survive to likely more were rich poor. the the of of infants those the that show Tuscany more medieval thus were and death. milk in and breast result, ailments others, precious a serious mothers’ Still to As own childbirth. prone their wetnurses. of in engaging deprived to died were accustomed Others infants and were vita- milk. poor circumstances, lipids, the enough fortunate especially proteins, have more past, nutrient not the antibodies, of sci- did mothers in Today allergy, malnourished, some rich bottle. against Unfortunately, is clay protection minerals. and it or furnishes mins, because tube milk infection a a breast and gave that through wetnursing, disease, concluded feeding or have than nursing, studies survival that entific of aware odds were better people baby modern early and medieval othsoin tdigcidit n h orsmn fifnsgnrlycon- generally infants of nourishment the and childbirth studying historians Most uvvldpne oalredge nhwadwa nat eefed. were infants what and how on degree large a to depended Survival h uniaiesuiso ai elh n hitaeKaic-ue for Klapisch-Zuber Christiane and Herlihy David of studies quantitative The 7 8 oevr lpshZbrsaayi ftebes ikbusiness, milk breast the of analysis Klapisch-Zuber’s Moreover, hr a o nya vrl wrns htbes edn was feeding breast that awareness overall an only not was There ricordanze 11 12 ONEM FERRARO M. JOANNE oevr l uhrte eomne ratfeeding breast recommended authorities all Moreover, rfml ire,dmntae html n female and male that demonstrates diaries, family or , 10 66 ,frfml natmraiywshigher was mortality infant female for s, ie rfrniltetet hywere They treatment. preferential given s hr r ee eod hdiglgton light shedding records fewer are There e,irsetv ftehg et rates. death high the of irrespective ies, 9 hlpGvt’ td fteFlo- the of study Gavitt’s Philip ecid parto da deschi ,orbirth 6 Both Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 te ad e i ocaatrz wdln sculbcuei ervdtecidof child the deprived it limbs. because the her cruel on or as swaddling readings, his deMause’s characterize using infant to Lloyd him the deformities. led kept of hand, encyclopedia formation swaddling other the the that and prevented explained memoirs and Bartholomew Nogent’s warm this England. of draws of She Guibert care. Bartholomew of good of with readings infants her provide from to concern conclusion reflected that practice a was seiec fculy wdln,freape soeo h ra hr hr is Mary there them. interpret where they ways areas different the the in to as McLaughlin, of both well Martin due as one largely sources is is of divergence selection the example, historians’ that explains for Hanawalt Barbara Swaddling, agreement. cruelty. little of evidence as of Gonzaga proudly the were splendor evi- as fine such particularly in garbed canvas. dynasties, is children on great where This displayed Venice, Italy’s of brocades. of Pesaro the portraits and and family silks, Mantua official linens, the fine in in dent them dressing offspring, hi 0dy f“yn n”tetr o otntlcr.Te eeotncrdfrby for cared often were in They care. birth post-natal give for to term the partners, in,” secret “lying of of could days company they 40 the where their city, in the times of anonymity at the hamlets, tiny or villages all their however, quantitative. urged than infanticide, rather they o and descriptive usually potions they miscarriage, is for abortion abortion, record, historical the control, the mixed Birth elude and drink. apothecaries to women visited Venice of lic hlrnsvlet h ao force, labor the to value his children’s In children. and nto oilognzto,adcide eeciia oissria vrtelong the over survival its to critical were fundamental children the and was family organization, term. the social Italy Renaissance of In unit life. human for respect damental practices. lnrnssuyo eulbhvo nerymdr rnecnldsta parents that concludes Jean-Louis France welcome. modern insid- were early birth. the pregnancies in limit Further, all behavior to ones. not attempted sexual illegitimate that of than meant study survival poverty Flandrin’s of of chance presence better ious a ties had also political marriage was and child social the important of solidify godparents. birth of and The selection expand, young. the renew, through the to and for occasion disposed, support fruitful ill of become a parents network they the larger because should death. a children godchildren Catholic their infant provided of for and lives care childbirth, the to upon sexuality, in pledged called place were female were special to and a held related church, impor- godparents and matters held Likewise, state judicial Midwives the in infants. by testify of supervised to welfare often extensive society, and show in health givers places care role the tant health The for these century. of concern eighteenth memoirs and the the knowledge and until critical, up surrounding was t even ceremony midwife great female the indeed of a was largely There was dynasty. which a of childbirth, survival the family, the hours. of long for cloth soiled in remaining infants with sanitary, e itras nteohrhn,hv hrceie pcfi aetn practices parenting specific characterized have hand, other the on historians, few A nerymdr tl oe h eesnl n rgatfrieylf hi rural their left furtively pregnant and single were who women Italy modern early In o l rgace,hwvr e ocidit,btifnsta eecnevdin conceived were that infants but childbirth, to led however, pregnancies, all Not future the represented It event. important an was childbirth elite, Europe’s for Surely 14 hr savreyo iuleiec htsget htprnstesrdtheir treasured parents that suggests that evidence visual of variety a is There 17 lhuhteeiec ssat ret n amnaiei h Repub- the in alike laymen and priests scant, is evidence the Although EIVLADERYMDR CHILDHOODS MODERN EARLY AND MEDIEVAL ideso Strangers of Kindness 15 uvvr n Surrogates and Survivors te itrashv one u httepatc a not was practice the that out pointed have historians Other 16 yonwr o al oenIayas eel such reveals also Italy modern early for work own My 13 u ecnas nepe ta ino fun- of sign a as it interpret also can we but 67 vi hmevso onln oe after homes foundling of themselves avail cri ert hstehsoia evidence historical the thus secret, in ccur onBselepan hsi em of terms in this explains Boswell John o xml,age htswaddling that argues example, for , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 oea eern hna nata uihet o uhrte aeyfollowed rarely authorities for punishment, to actual an subject serve to as potentially meant than were was death deterrent infanticide through. of a no penalty of the as was convicted that There more however, women appears, stillbirth. It pun- but experience punishment. In face Italy, or severe suspects. or in miscarry register prime law they to also should such obliged were infanticide were midwives for women enough Practicing ishment desperate pregnant baby. was unmarried her or who Europe, smother stillbirth, northern woman, a or infanticide, single had of strangle the prematurely, crime was to birth the criminal gave in constructed miscarried, men either culturally of participation the the Europe remain- Despite stories throughout obscurity. their rivers, in and infants. buried sewers, their ditches, ing th heaps, discarding dung infants in in discovered deceased partners instead unwed were many their also assisted were also There Men alone. women to rn gr htrs o3 ecn ytetr ftenntet etr.Milan’s children. centuries, century. baptized nineteenth nineteenth all of and the percent eighteenth of 40 turn late chil- and the 30 baptized the between by all during in percent of taking expanded 38 percent also to 6 home rose early about haven foundling that a housed the figure Innocenti, nobles, through a the of exponentially of dren, offspring additional Hospital grew illegitimate an the the babies feed Florence, for to parentless fifteenth-century afford In of period. not numbers modern could the who and parents child, legitimate is among what children. raise even but to painful, offspring, them their forbade society to abandoning of difficult about conventions is of felt the It men partners that marriage. with is their for clear or them or celibacy tracked they of set not how had vows to know families their agreed whose on had station reneged example, social who for high both priests women, nuns. dishonor with the impoverished would housekeeping to Some discovered, up infant between families. if the pivoted their that, of that care arrangements and over cradle living them giving in rotating home, involved a foundling were in a Many infant of inside the and deposit outside t to the for honor acting of someone The notions babies. or and their father, off- keeping or their from mother for of mothers territories new responsibility single consequence Protestant discouraged assume a territories to in Catholic also partners While spring, sexual was mothers. unmarried it But expectant obliged ones. abandonment; unmarried magistrates loved infant describ- regulating their explain infants laws relinquish their of not harsh to to them dearth does notes constrained the alone poignant that had and poverty rather hardship attached but living financial Many children of their how them. for cost ing afford care high not not did the could parents when that of they inflation not because was of It marry cycle resources. not landed sixteenth-century could the population first people of during homes, victims many the especially Such part poverty, home. in were and foundling infants cities growth Abandoned a Italy’s era. in in modern newborns early infant abandoned the with sin- the during swelled counsel century, of thirteenth to dispose the priests in addition to in established In how called service. on sometimes midwifery women mothers unofficial these gle an care, offered post-natal and providing rooms to let who women other ido efipsdeie coasdisagr Scholars exile. self-imposed of kind a oeepaieteiprac ffemal of importance the emphasize Some h erc urudn nataadnetmksi ifiutt sinagency assign to difficult it makes abandonment infant surrounding secrecy The h onln oeslto nfc norgdifn bnomn,however abandonment, infant encouraged fact in solution home foundling The 19 rqetywmnfldbfr hywr ruh otiladunderwent and trial to brought were they before fled women Frequently ONEM FERRARO M. JOANNE 68 oo,wihwsslae ydiscarding by salvaged was which honor, e tnvrrahdafudighm;they home; foundling a reached never at eo htmtvtdj motivated what on ee e,fl osrie ysca stigma social by constrained felt hem, 18 dca leniency. udicial Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 g hncide eeodeog oacutfrcmitn otlsn Children sin. mortal committing for account to the enough was old In seven were century. communities children responsibility Catholic sixteenth In greater when character. the assumed age moral in fathers building when and reformations age childrearing religious the for was the seven of households onset Protestant the with especially tahetadgifa ela r omtett nuetesria ftheir of survival the ensure to of commitment emotions firm parental a as disclose The moreover, well development. offspring. as dead, childhood grief of the and stages raising attachment age-specific miracles of of awareness descriptions activ- an children’s reflect ordinary saint’s writings of the that descriptions the describing telling ities of because reveal course authors the interpretation the in commit- feats, however, of acts; extraordinary emotionally problems miraculous were verify present the they to course, explicitly both that aim of of and lives, child aware the were Saints’ of people ted. limits medieval and expected, necessities work biological substantial the despite that hrslk rwn ae,hligtermtest ok ri h aeo os tak- work. doing boys, at or fathers of their case devils for the dare errands in running be or or cook, to watered to be attempting to mothers races, horses their when ing running helping occurred water, tag, mishaps drawing the or like that chores ball oth- finds playing accidents, injured, of were were Hanawalt’s study children they the Barbara how from saints. and comes when of seven lifecycle explores lives or the the in six Some capability. from phase from physical this ers and them and for age playing; keep evidence their in to the to engaged fun- appropriate of chores swaddled their freely some shaped they generally assigned that were five were they games and they in two participate two between to when age secure; and period Until toys a with socialization. was play it damental to that play- time indicate supervision, and leisure dolls the mothers’ and swaddling of balls, their of phases cradles, other under evidence as about children, pictorial than such lives manuals, life artifacts their of advice and thereafter years ing, but but seven seven, lifecycle, first of human the times. age in about the the modern known roles until early is least fundamental Less at and played diverged. parents medieval their gender with during and lived experience Many means, children’s financial young class, determining social again Once mothers. unwed victim- for women sympathy o of Johann of themes literature Switzerland, crime contained romantic In the also German England. as in love. infanticide 1770s by characterized the ized 1783, in insanity. in debate temporary greater writing larger created for a labor Pestalozzi, called of of Hunter part pain William the became as that This such arguing doctors emotion, Eng- 1740s, of Enlightenment and understanding In 1730s mothers. the expectant during inf of land of condition psychological accused precarious women to the reluctance for judges’ i sympathy on Elsewhere light greater homicide. shed also as may infanticide that view discomfort a punishment, discomfo or reflected inquiry discipline as mild sex female that se the esize of of transgression conception the therefore Europeans’ and modern fragile early underline Others infant. the h g fsvnwsi aywy unn on nattdsaotchildhood, about attitudes in point turning a ways many in was seven of age The tgso hlho eeomn:fo natt adolescent to infant from development: childhood of Stages 21 EIVLADERYMDR CHILDHOODS MODERN EARLY AND MEDIEVAL 69 uoeteegtet etr witnessed century eighteenth the Europe n ulcatt xual.Silohr hypoth- others Still excusable. chastity xual h ihenhadnntet centuries nineteenth and eighteenth the f twt xmtn eutv ahr from fathers seductive exempting with rt eetandfrsria u logiven also but survival for trained were niie eia eerhemphasized research Medical anticide. h isTa Bound That Ties The 20 h concludes She td that study a , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 flt eivladerymdr ihclueta eeoe nIaybetween Italy in developed that aspect culture an high humanism, modern Renaissance early Cicero. and and Virgil educational medieval and of late for cultural writings of for mainly the antiquity as glosses, to such and looked models, age teachers grammars, earlier Renaissance t texts, century the notaries teenth and religious While secretaries via children. or clerics for Latin future education in more instruction required offered urbanization and Ita tion sixteenth-century to fourteenth- the life. religious discontinued. or was marriage education convents of were avenue the enter options this nor closed reading teach basic Protestants basic not education, Their the could taught formal women professions. When Convents but from learned. the manners, off they and or sewing cut what government to for entirely addition excluded outlet in not were writing public were they and females no for Girls of had population, percentage professions. they the The the but of fifteen. of percent and 1 all six than and from of more schools, ages such no the attended reached between girls probably so and boys great did the of generally of percentage lifestyle they small the or a professions, Only the nobility. schooling. government, landed of for preparing centers elite the the from leave of distances guage to long afford more lived ill often were could who there nor who and Generally classes upkeep, inhabitants, work. for rural or at fields than tuition the children school for their attending of pay was dwellers assistance not schooling urban the costs, could spare high people the they Ordinary of could wealthy. Because the girls. literacy for and basic boys reserved very to some Germanic teach education the to elementary In established and poems. were chivalric schools language backstreet to book- local Europe lives elementary of saints’ the regions mathematics, from commercial in ranging taught literature writing addition and and in keeping, in Teachers but reading areas. Latin, in were than commercial instruction rather in ver- There offered popular and government. especially priests; schools civic parish were governing vernacular and latter in the monasteries, The lives of cathedrals, schools. future sons to nacular yet attached for the were schools, prepared for Endowed church Latin, were schools also planning. taught boys such who urban sponsored The priest as a towns families. well by Some as run sponsored option. institutions architecture that another independent and and is, power art that wielded in schools, that innovations families Ferrara by at great Italy funded the Renais- northern were famed fifteenth-century which the provid- also and Verona, are father, fourteenth- to and this surrogate in of boy’s addition was examples schools the in best option became humanist the them master sance Another Among fed the morals. travel. case and and this manners on housed teaching In that them education. schools basic accompany a boarding as daily ing in visit well sons or as in enroll live children to to their tutors engaged teach example, to for classes, professional and business neuainlpormta rie h lgrh n ept fteIaincities Italian the of despots and oligarchs the trained that program educational an tesisedto ntetssadtae soitdwt hi uuelivelihoods. children. future their among seven; with fortunate age associated at trades beginning and education tasks the formal on of took type instead some others obtained classes elite the from 30ad10 n pedt otenErp between Europe northern to spread and 1500 and 1300 hr a ulttv epi h colcriuu ewe h ideAe and Ages Middle the between curriculum school the in leap qualitative a was There lan- legal the Latin, was schools these of all in taught subject common most The hr eemn ifrn id feuainlopruiisoe otemost the to open opportunities educational of kinds different many were There 22 rseosprnso h rsorc n h wealthy the and aristocracy the of parents Prosperous FERRARO M. JOANNE inRnisne hnbt commercializa- both when Renaissance, lian 70 a ol ev eua ues rmtefif- the from rulers, secular serve would hat n oatre ntesxenhcentury sixteenth the in monasteries and AD 50ad15,was 1650, and 1500 AD Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 hnsaerf,bgnigwt h oiia rtrNcoòMcivli( Machiavelli Niccolò writer orga- political secularism, be growing the should of with period society a beginning how also statecraft, over was era when conflict Reformation broad and not a Renaissance was The issue was nized. The it both followings. difference; to loyal was obedient, religious Catholics organize with This simply to competing conflict. and Protestants doctrine epistemological with religious define fragmentation, significant child religious also to of emphasis was era greater there an devoted state education, levels and and literacy church, rearing groups, and civic foundation, and school period, modern for era boys great They to a significantly. was Jesuits. physics grew This males the and among sixteen. mathematics, by to philosophy, founded arose ten humanities, also centuries, aged schools Latin seventeenth Catholic advanced specialized and to offered More mid-sixteenth encouraged rose. were levels the children literacy during all, and Bible, for the education read school elementary compulsory cated eyiprat nte a h otenhmns oeet hc pedfrom spread which ( movement, Erasmus humanist Desiderius became northern cities. classical books Italian the and context, the was this manuals, In Another grammar broadly. disseminated important. primers, be very reading could print that Mov- texts press. to humanist printing possible the and it of invention made the type was them able Among century. fifteenth late the in pro- educational elite differences this gendered girls. perceived ways and and hierarchy boys many class between the In perpetuated careers philosophy. classics for critical the natural boys in on and gram prepared and emphasis authorities rhetoric medicine, ancient humanist law, examples; citing the in simply historical Moreover, to study. and opposed of as moral observation fields their new for became rhetoric, emphasized statecraft grammar, were in c Rome bureaucracies The and growing philosophy. Europe’s moral and of history, officials poetry, chancery the and olwn otenhmns,tePoetn eomto a hr important third a ( was Luther Martin Reformation education. Protestant childhood influencing imperative. the was development education humanism, childhood that and that northern shaped concurred was Following they character when but period evil, critical or the the- was innocent and inherently agr religious were mathematics, little children prescribed Hebrew, example, whether philosophy, also for in but was, courses schools There ology. advanced Italian more the and of training program secular the emphasized icnetdtelgasb eoigi stecne fteuies,adordinary and universe, the of center the as but larger, it and world deposing doctrine the made religious by the observations both theologians scientific At with disconcerted New sharply skepticism. superstition. clashed and more views wisdom fostered new folk debates the philosophers ancients scientific however, natural the the time, and and same for teachers, physicians reverence Human- scholastic by established manufacture. inclined advanced the and religiously challenged more warfare inquiry by of advocated critical instruments of transoceanic of methods and refinement production ist the agricultural from to ranging to navigation technologies divine, modern bur improve the early and to century, and military sixteenth tists church larger late ever the the financed From from improved. rulers liberated and science, understood, rational studied, be a into evolved 1527), hl h ubro potnte oatn col nrae uigteearly the during increased schools attend to opportunities of number the While ubro motn eeomnsfclttdteeuaino hlrnstarting children of education the facilitated developments important of number A EIVLADERYMDR CHILDHOODS MODERN EARLY AND MEDIEVAL AD eetaogtheologi among eement 71 4613)adohrnrhr humanists northern other and 1466–1536) acai paaue n nae scien- engaged and apparatuses eaucratic ntttoa itre facetGreece ancient of histories onstitutional AD n n amnover laymen and ans 4314)advo- 1483–1546) AD 1469– Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 ela nuctn ite n aus piigwst eaoddadself-sacrifice and avoided radicals young, the be and of evangelists to education Moreover, spiritual was cultivated. greater authority emphasized Spoiling patriarchal values. to and deference and virtues inculcating as well rnfo dl iigi re ocliaeti rprtr tg flife. of stage preparatory this cultivate to order instill in to living educati former adult reformers in the from wis- heavily Religious mandating dren folk invest churches. relationships, their to Reformation parent–child values, as the molding moral splits of on other censorship intent to than the were subject more under were classes came people educated the dom ordinary influenced but rear- disagreements people, child and Such about ordinary sin ideas ways. original affected different inevitably with in that laden debates ing whether disagree- innocent, beings, born philosophical human or the also of evil viewed were naturally nature who inherent There the subversive. authorities over deduc- as secular ments and radicalism with observation religious conflict empirical of generated of spread also model approach scientific This emerging tion. the with clashed that vr hti a etrt e hnt i yeggn nsxa eain outside relations more- childrearing sexual duty; viewed in marital engaging Protestants a by Ozment, was sin art” Steven “rational to sex to a than that according as wed and Second, to marriage. procreation better which of was was emphasized position, sex it Luther Catholic that of Martin over, the offspring. purpose illegitimate of the pos- and critical unions no that highly secret with to were women marital led unmarried Protestants sometimes restricted for a divorce. enclosure under of and remained sibility virginity hand, other emphasized pos- Instead the that the on enclosure. regime admitted Catholics, religious and divorce. parenting and of shared ideal sibility Roman and marriage of celibate companionate years the encouraged thousand upheld they a which refuted family, tradition, the Catholic and fears marriage quell privileging Cat with Protestants, and split Protestant hardships the life’s First, debates. negotiate to spells and devil. magic the on about relied still people ain n h eghe h hlho xeine orpol eecs nothe into cast were people Poor edu- experience. higher for financial childhood of opportunity the level more lengthier and the the station survival, social and of the chances cation, higher the the greater principle, the In prosperity, life. everyday class of by tures foremost shaped Europe, modern into males prosperous inher- ushered or household emancipation independent an while adulthood. establishing women, sec- and for them land Both adolescence offer iting trade. or to childhood a enough ended or prosperous prepared Marriage leisu professions were increasing the females families enjoyed than education, whose for ondary rather manda- youths, schooling life female becoming differences: and domestic university male and gendered not matrimony course, if for adoles- securing of schooling them prolonged to secondary were, more a least linked see There and at to tory. rituals is with and this rites, profession, rite games, viewing a a street of marriage, with way less postponed associated Another ultimately cence four- adulthood. study and of to girls period passage for teens’ of twelve extending was orthodoxy. boys, marriage religious for permitting on teen age emphasis canonical an minimum with the extended, While be would schooling prosperous, prahst hl ern xse amidst existed rearing child to Approaches ncnlso,teewr ait fcidodeprecsi eivladearly and medieval in experiences childhood of variety a were there conclusion, In 23 htivle aeo h hl’ hscladmtra ed as needs material and physical child’s the of care involved that ONEM FERRARO M. JOANNE 72 oiimiclae ifrn e fvalues. of set different a inculcated holicism n n,i osqec,t eaaechil- separate to consequence, in and, on, etm,i otatt okn youngsters. working to contrast in time, re n edrbtas yteccia struc- cyclical the by also but gender and hs itet n s and sixteenth these 24 e praht hl rearing child to approach new a vnenhcentury eventeenth 25 o the For Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 0Pii Gavitt, Philip 10 6Flandrin, 16 Ninth the from Parents and Children Surrogates: and “Survivors McLaughlin, Martin Mary 15 of study King’s Margaret 14 Boswell, John 13 Hanawalt, A. Barbara 11 2Jculn Musacchio, Jacqueline 12 eefre orlnus hmt h aeo teso h a hmprs early. perish them saw who or others of who a care parents is the desperate there to the but and them children past, relinquish poor times to about and of forced especially toys, know, clues were not of offer do archeology riddles still The and we records. rhymes, challenging lot written were songs, to what us with in historians leave along themselves not cradles, children’s for for did influenced however, fended they they hardships for difficult, how circumstances, those or is felt, how It children about what development. hardship. know more and psychological learn responsibility with and to filled cognitive fruitful soon were be lives would their It and on, early force work enLusFlandrin, Jean-Louis 9 hitaeKlapisch-Zuber, Christiane 8 Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane and David, Herlihy, 450–1. 7 Childhood,” 456–7. of 445, “Study Hanawalt, 443, 441, 6 Childhood,” of “Study Hanawalt, 5 443–4. Childhood,” Pollock, of Linda Study 4 the and “Medievalists the Hanawalt, and “Medievalists Hanawalt, 3 A. Barbara see: studies childhood of establishment the On 2 hlpeAriès, Philippe 1 1410– 58–59. 1979), France Modern rs 94,3–8 n aaatsaayi n“td fCidod”444. Childhood,” of “Study in analysis Hanawalt’s Child- and 37–38; of 1974), Evolution , “The Press deMause, Lloyd in 123; hood,” 113–14, 1974), Press, Psychohistory NY: in Centuries,” Thirteenth the to of loss the over grief lifelong father’s Venetian a son. documents his vividly 1994) Press, Chicago of 453. Childhood,” Renaissance of “Study the Hanawalt, to Antiquity from 1999). Press, University Yale CT: History 132–64. 1985), Press, University Chicago MI: (Chicago, Cochrane ae,C:Yl nvriyPes 95,244–6. 1985), Press, University Yale CT: Haven, 1427, of Catasto Florentine the Go,” Might We Where and 442–3; Know Childhood,” We of What “Study Childhood: Quarterly Hanawalt, of Renaissance 54; “Concepts 1983), King, Press, Margaret University Cambridge NY: Childhood,” of Study 1962). Knopf, NY: York, (New Baldick Robert 56(n ro,M:Uiest fMcia rs,19) 1,25 227. 215, 210, 1990), Press, Michigan of University MI: Arbor, (Ann 1536 Ofr,U:Ofr nvriyPes 93,56–9. 1993), Press, University Oxford UK: (Oxford, aiisi omrTimes Former in Families d ly eas NwYr,N:Psychohistory NY: York, (New deMause Lloyd ed. Childhood, of History The EIVLADERYMDR CHILDHOODS MODERN EARLY AND MEDIEVAL hrt n hlrni easac lrne h seaedgiInnocenti, degli Ospedale The Florence: Renaissance in Children and Charity h ideso tagr:TeAadneto hlrni etr Europe Western in Children of Abandonment The Strangers: of Kindness The ogte hlrn aetCidRltosfo 50t 1900 to 1500 from Relations Parent–Child Children: Forgotten rn.RcadSuhr NwYr,N:CmrdeUiest Press, University Cambridge NY: York, (New Southern Richard trans. , etre fCidod oilHsoyo aiyLife Family of History Social A Childhood: of Centuries aiisi omrTms isi,HueodadSxaiyi Early in Sexuality and Household Kinship, Times: Former in Families Speculum rwn pi eivlLno:TeEprec fCidodin Childhood of Experience The London: Medieval in Up Growing h r n iulo hlbrhi easac Italy Renaissance in Childbirth of Ritual and Art The 0(07:373. (2007): 60 h et fteCidVlroMarcello Valerio Child the of Death The oe,Fml,adRta nRnisneItaly Renaissance in Ritual and Family, Women, d ly eas NwYork, (New deMause Lloyd ed. Childhood, of History The rn.DvdHriyadCrsin lpshZbr(New Klapisch-Zuber Christiane and Herlihy David trans. 7(02:440–1. (2002): 77 5,212–42. 153, , NwYr,N:Pnho ok,18) 2;and 429; 1988), Books, Pantheon NY: York, (New Notes 73 ucn n hi aiis td of Study A Families: Their and Tuscans Ciao L University IL: (Chicago, ,translatedby ,trans.Lydia NwHaven, (New NwYork, (New Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 0BraaA Hanawalt, A. Barbara 20 epta Nicholas. Terpstra, Grendler, F. 446–9. Paul Childhood,” see of schooling, “Study On in literature 22 hagiography the discusses Hanawalt 21 Ferraro, 19 edro,Jh n ihr al eds. Wall, Richard and John Henderson, Philip. Gavitt, Joanne. Ferraro, Wall, Richard and Henderson John 18 Ferraro M. Joanne 17 owl,John. Boswell, Ozment, Steven 23 5Jh omril mhszstewyPrtns a sd seilyb ohr,a a as mothers, by especially used, was Puritanism way the emphasizes Sommerville John 374. 25 Childhood,” of “Concepts King, 24 onln n rhncr ntoIaincities. Italian two in without care orphan households and foundling in poverty Bologna of and impact the Considers 1994. fathers. Routledge, York: New rnia onln oedrn h Renaissance. the during home foundling principal 1410–1536. se illicit infants. of world hidden the uncovers historian 1557–1789. Venice, of abandonment. child of study rmAtqiyt h Renaissance. the to Antiquity from ok Y xodUiest rs,18) 271–3; 1986), Press, University Oxford NY: York, 454. ghover- la chi avea de’ Lorenzo non of ‘Perchè Florence “ in the 146–85,” in Gavitt, Abandonment Medici, Philip and Resources 10; Family Values, 1994), Cultural nasse:’ Routledge, NY: York, (New Blioe D on okn nvriyPes 1989); Press, in University Schooling,” Hopkins Johns MD: (Baltimore, 1300–1600. 205–6. 192–200, 184–9, 172–3, 161–3, 158–99, 86–7, 4–14, 1557–1789 Venice, of Republic d abr .Wieed(e ok Y oteg,19) 5–46. 1999), Routledge, NY: York, (New Whitehead Cul- J. Female Barbara convent and ed. 1500–1800, in Schools For Florence,” Convent 329–351. Renaissance Virtues: 5, in the Vol. ture “Learning 2001) Strocchia, Sons, Sharon Scribner’s see Charles NY: schooling, York, (New Stearns N. A nvriyo eri rs,1992). Press, Georgia of University GA: in young the acculturate to means 132. 1983), Press, University Harvard eaiu Crimes Nefarious hrt n hlrni easac lrne h seaedgiInnocenti, degli Ospedale The Florence: Renaissance in Children and Charity atmr,M:Jh okn nvriyPes 05 oprtv td of study comparative A 2005. Press, University Hopkins John MD: Baltimore, . h ideso tagr:TeAadneto hlrni etr Europe Western in Children of Abandonment The Strangers: of Kindness The n ro,M:Uiest fMcia rs,19.Asuyo Florence’s of study A 1990. Press, Michigan of University MI: Arbor, Ann eaiu rms otse utc.IlctSxadIfniiei h Republic the in Infanticide and Sex Illicit Justice. Contested Crimes, Nefarious bnomn n natcd;pvryadcharity and poverty infanticide; and Abandonment h nylpdao uoenSca itr rm15 o2000 to 1350 from History Social European of Encyclopedia The hnFtesRld aiyLf nRfrainEurope Reformation in Life Family Ruled. Fathers When bnoe hlrno h tla easac.Opa aei Florence in Care Orphan Renaissance. Italian the of Children Abandoned eaiu rms otse utc.IlctSxadIfniiei the in Infanticide and Sex Illicit Justice. Contested Crimes, Nefarious , orWmnadChildren and Women Poor atmr,M:JhsHpisUiest rs,20.Tedetective– The 2008. Press, University Hopkins Johns MD: Baltimore, h isTa on:PaatFmle nMdea England Medieval in Families Peasant Bound: That Ties The ugsin o ute reading further for Suggestions 11–14. , ONEM FERRARO M. JOANNE Blioe D on okn nvriyPes 2008), Press, University Hopkins Johns MD: (Baltimore, oe’ dcto nEryMdr uoe History, A Europe: Modern Early in Education Women’s h icvr fCidodi uia England Puritan in Childhood of Discovery The e ok Y atenBos 98 pioneering A 1988. Books, Pantheon NY: York, New coln nRnisneIay ieayadLearning, and Literacy Italy: Renaissance in Schooling orWmnadCide nteErpa Past European the in Children and Women Poor orWmnadCide nteErpa Past European the in Children and Women Poor 74 ulrltosisadtepih funwanted of plight the and relationships xual 5 74. 65, , Idem Suyo hlho, 449–50, Childhood,” of “Study , Idem Cmrde MA: (Cambridge, Shosand “Schools , d Peter ed. , (Athens, (New . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 aaat abr .“eivlssadteSuyo Childhood.” of Study the and “Medievalists A. Barbara Hanawalt, ewo,Colin. Heywood, eeesi oneSfe,ed. Sofaer, Joanne Derevenski, Sally. Crawford, Lett, Didier and Danièle Alexandre-Bidon, Linda. Pollock, Steven. Ozment, Go.” Might We Where and Know We What Childhood: of “Concepts L. Margaret King, In Childhood.” of Evolution “The Lloyd. deMause, Hugh. Cunningham, Valerie. Fildes, omril,C John. C. Sommerville, aln,Hlr,ed. Hilary, Marland, Jacques. Gelis, 4–5.A motn itrorpia sa ncidodsuisfrteMdl Ages. Middle the from for studies childhood childhood on on essay historiographical light important An shed 440–458. to evidence archaeological England. in use times that Anglo-Saxon to essays prehistoric of collection A fGogaPes 92 oue nPrtns n prahst hl rearing. child to approaches and Puritanism on Focuses 1992. Press, Georgia of oMdr Times. Modern to to approach childhood. psycho-historical of A history 1974. the Press, Psychohistory NY: York, New 1–73. deMause, td fcidodadfml tutr nmdea England. medieval in structure family and childhood of and study school, A work, at ranks social various from children medieval play. of lives the Reconstructs turies. child and life family impacted Reformation the rearing. how Covers 1983. Press, University Harvard 2007. to literature Quarterly Renaissance childhood, of history labor. the and to poverty introduction child comprehensive including A 2005. Longman, NY: York, New abig nvriyPes 93 tesstecniut nteteteto hlrni early in children England. of treatment modern the and in modern continuity the Stresses 1983. Press, University Cambridge oue seilyo eetet-etr France. seventeenth-century on especially Focuses and infancy Europe. both of understanding our to Contributes motherhood. 1986. Press, University Edinburgh oteg,19.Polstelvsadwr fErp’ midwives. Europe’s of work and lives the Profiles 1993. Routledge, rnltdb oyGadn.NteDm,I:Uiest fNteDm rs,1999. Press, Dame Notre of University IN: Dame, Notre Gladding. Jody by Translated rnltdb oeayMri.Bso,M:Nrhatr nvriy 1991. University, Northeastern MA: Boston, Morris. Rosemary by Translated EIVLADERYMDR CHILDHOODS MODERN EARLY AND MEDIEVAL ogte hlrn aetCidRltosfo 1500–1900 from Relations Parent–Child Children: Forgotten h itr fCidit:Friiy rgac n it nEryModern Early in Birth and Pregnancy Fertility, Childbirth: of History The rat,Btls n ais itr fIfn Feeding Infant of History A Babies. and Bottles, Breasts, hnFtesRld aiyLf nRfrainEurope. Reformation in Life Family Ruled: Fathers When itr fCidod hlrnadCidodi h etfo Medieval from West the in Childhood and Children Childhood: of History A hlho nAgoSxnEngland. Anglo-Saxon in Childhood hlho,gnrlhsoisadhistoriography and histories general Childhood, abig,U:Plt,20.Asnhsso hlho history. childhood of synthesis A 2001. Polity, UK: Cambridge, h r fMdiey al oenMdie nEurope in Midwives Modern Early Midwifery: of Art The hlrnadCidodi etr oit ic 1500. since Society Western in Childhood and Children h icvr fCidodi uia England Puritan in Childhood of Discovery The 0(07:3147 neclethsoigahclesyo the on essay historiographical excellent An 371–407. (2007): 60 hlho,teerymdr period modern early the Childhood, hlho,temdea period medieval the Childhood, hlrnadMtra Culture. Material and Children hlbrhadinfancy and Childbirth hlrni h ideAe:Ffht itet Cen- Fifteenth to Fifth Ages: Middle the in Children 75 h itr fChildhood, of History The luetrhr,U:Sto,1999. Sutton, UK: Gloucestershire, odn K oteg,2000. Routledge, UK: London, tes A University GA: Athens, . Speculum dnug,UK: Edinburgh, . abig,MA: Cambridge, .NewYork,NY: dtdb Lloyd by edited odn UK: London, . n Edition. 2nd 7(2002): 77 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 re Nicholas. Orme, to Ninth the from Parents and Children Surrogates: and “Survivors Martin. Mary McLaughlin, A. Barbara Hanawalt, eVis a.“h nutilRvlto n h nutiu Revolution.” Industrious the and Revolution Industrial “The Jan. Vries, De aaat abr A. Barbara Hanawalt, lnrn Jean-Louis. Flandrin, Philippe. Ariès, Carlo. Cipolla, Cissie. Fairchilds, Margaret. King, uaci,Jacqueline. Musacchio, Thomas. Kuehn, Christiane. Klapisch-Zuber, td fmdea hlrntruhterty,gms og,adwork. and songs, games, toys, their through children medieval of rearing. study child on writings learned Analyzes 1974. Press, Psychohistory NY: York, New In Centuries.” Thirteenth life. the everyday of picture detailed A 1986. Press, University term. Oxford long UK: the over family nuclear the of continuity the demonstrates that History oi History impactnomic their and trends centuries. economic seven of over survey standards informative living An on 1980. Norton, NY: York, New significance. cultural objects and material social other their and trays, for bowls, childbirth paintings, surrounding Analyzes 1999. Press, University Yale CT: household. rs,17.Asre ffml tiue n eair,icuigbrhcontrol. birth including behaviors, and attitudes family of survey A 1979. Press, France. Modern adc.NwYr,N:Kof 92 h okta inee hlho sa raof area an as childhood pioneered debates. that subsequent work initiated that The conclusions 1962. with inquiry, Knopf, historical NY: York, New Baldick. relations. master–servant of study A 1984. Press, University Hopkins Johns MD: Baltimore, rs,20.Alglhsoyo hl illegitimacy. child of women’s history of legal A study 2002. A Press, 1985. Press, Chicago family. of Renaissance University the in IL: son. roles young Chicago, his Cochrane. of loss G. the Lydia over father Renaissance a of grief the Recounts 1994. Press, e ok Y xodUiest rs,19.Adtie itr fmdea life medieval of picture detailed A 1993. Press, University Oxford NY: York, New . eoeteIdsra eouin uoenSceyadEconomy, and Society European Revolution: Industrial the Before etre fCidod oilHsoyo aiyLife Family of History Social A Childhood: of Centuries h et fteCidVlroMarcello Valerio Child the of Death The eivlChildren Medieval leiiayi easac Florence. Renaissance in Illegitimacy 4(94:2920 icse h motneo rt-nutyadthe and proto-industry of importance the Discusses 249–270. (1994): 54 oetcEeis evnsadTerMsesi l eieFrance Regime Old in Masters Their and Servants Enemies: Domestic rnltdb ihr oten e ok Y abig University Cambridge NY: York, New Southern. Richard by Translated aiisi omrTms isi,HueodadSxaiyi Early in Sexuality and Household Kinship, Times: Former in Families h ista on:PaatFmle nMdea England Medieval in Families Peasant Bound: that Ties The rwn pi eivlLno:TeEprec fCidodin Childhood of Experience The London: Medieval in Up Growing h r n iulo hlbrhi easac Italy Renaissance in Childbirth of Ritual and Art The hlho,teRnisneperiod Renaissance the Childhood, oe,Fml,adRta nRnisneItaly Renaissance in Ritual and Family, Women, cnm n demography and Economy dtdb ly eas,101–81. deMause, Lloyd by edited Childhood, of History The ONEM FERRARO M. JOANNE aiyadhousehold and Family e ae,C:Yl nvriyPes 01 fascinating A 2001. Press, University Yale CT: Haven, New . oetcservice Domestic 76 n ro,M:Uiest fMichigan of University MI: Arbor, Ann hcg,I:Uiest fChicago of University IL: Chicago, . rnltdb Robert by Translated . ora fEco- of Journal .Translatedby e Haven, New . 1000–1700. Oxford, . . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:42 30 Sep 2021; For: 9780203075715, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203075715.ch3 toci,Sao.“erigteVrus ovn col n eaeCluei Renaissance in Culture Female and Schools Convent Virtues: the “Learning Sharon. Strocchia, F. Paul Grendler, rnlr alF ShosadShoig”In Schooling.” and “Schools F. Paul Grendler, Klapisch-Zuber. Christiane and David Herlihy, Jack. Goody, od,Jack. Goody, yBraaJ htha,54.NwYr,N:Rulde 99 td fcnetlife convent of study A 1999. Routledge, NY: York, education. New female 5–46. and Whitehead, J. Barbara by In Florence.” gender. and class educational social the of of terms study comprehensive in A differentiated 1989. experience, Press, University Hopkins Johns MD: more, experience. educational European the of overview An 2001. Sons, Scribner’s 2000 to 1350 from n al iei ucn sn h essdt f1427. work, of death, data birth, census on the insight using Tuscany great in Provides life 1985. daily Press, and University Yale CT: from Haven, New 1427. structure of family Catasto Florentine of study anthropological An times. modern 1983. to medieval Press, University Cambridge lcwl,20.Asnhssta rcsteeouino oshl tutrsi European in structures household of evolution the traces history. that synthesis A 2000. Blackwell, h eeomn fteFml n araei Europe in Marriage and Family the of Development The h uoenFml:A itrc-nhoooia Essay Historico-Anthropological An Family: European The EIVLADERYMDR CHILDHOODS MODERN EARLY AND MEDIEVAL oe’ dcto nEryMdr uoe History A Europe: Modern Early in Education Women’s coln nRnisneIay ieayadLearning. and Literacy Italy: Renaissance in Schooling dtdb ee .Sers o.5 2–5.NwYr,N:Charles NY: York, New 329–351. 5, Vol. Stearns, N. Peter by edited , rnltdb ai elh n hitaeKlapisch-Zuber. Christiane and Herlihy David by Translated Schooling 77 h nylpdao uoenSca History Social European of Encyclopedia The ucn n hi aiis td fthe of Study A Families: their and Tuscans 5010,edited 1500–1800, , .NewYork,NY: 3010.Balti- 1300–1600. xod Basil Oxford: .