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Taxonomic Studies on Some Members of the Genus Abutilon Mill

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Taxonomic Studies on Some Members of the Genus Abutilon Mill American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2021, 12, 199-220 https://www.scirp.org/journal/ajps ISSN Online: 2158-2750 ISSN Print: 2158-2742 Taxonomic Studies on Some Members of the Genus Abutilon Mill. (Malvaceae) Dhafer A. Alzahrani1*, Enas J. Albokhari1,2, Abrar Khoj1 1Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 2Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia How to cite this paper: Alzahrani, D.A., Abstract Albokhari, E.J. and Khoj, A. (2021) Tax- onomic Studies on Some Members of the The relationship between six Abutilon species was examined using different Genus Abutilon Mill. (Malvaceae). Ameri- taxonomic investigation tools. The investigation was carried out using mor- can Journal of Plant Sciences, 12, 199-220. phological and numerical studies. Fresh materials of Abutilon species were https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2021.122012 collected from different localities in Saudi Arabia during 2018 and 2019. Nu- Received: January 10, 2021 merical analysis was based on the Principle Coordinates, the Principle Com- Accepted: February 23, 2021 ponent and the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Algorithm Published: February 26, 2021 Clustering. The results indicated that there were significant differences based Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and on the morphological characters especially in the leaves, fruits and flowers Scientific Research Publishing Inc. features. Morphometric studies revealed that the six species of Abutilon This work is licensed under the Creative clearly separated in all different analysis. Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Keywords Open Access Taxonomy, Malvaceae, Abutilon, Morphological Characters, Morphometric Analysis, UPGMA, PCoA, PCA 1. Introduction Malvaceae is one of the flowering plants, which has been divided into nine sub- families, containing about 244 genera, and 4225 species [1], distributed in tropic and subtropical regions and all over the world. This family includes the eco- nomically important plants such as cotton, okra and other ornamental shrubs. Genus Abutilon Mill. belongs to subfamily Malvoideae, Malvaceae family, com- prising about 200 species, annual or perennial herbs and shrubs or even small trees, distributed in tropics and subtropics of the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The genus has significant importance, this is due to the fibbers and they contain different chemical compounds such as flavonoids, sterols, triterpenes, anthocyanins and fatty acids [2] [3]. DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2021.122012 Feb. 26, 2021 199 American Journal of Plant Sciences D. A. Alzahrani et al. Bentham and Hooker [4] divided Malveae into four subtribes based on the carpel arrangement, the number and position of ovule per carpel: Abutilinae, Malopinae, Malvinae, and Sidinae. While Hutchinson Hutchinson [5] reclassi- fied Malvaceae and its tribes by combined the two subtribes Abutilinae and Si- dinae into tribe Abutileae. Fryxell [6] placed Herrisantia, Robinsonella and Sida alliances into the genus Abutilon. The tribes (Abutileae and Malveae) were in- cluded in the system of [7]. [8] separated the two subtribes Malveae and Sidinae based on molecular data from Malveae under tribe Sidieae. The only one of Ab- utilon is poorly understood that belongs to infrageneric classification. Several scientists have observed different species number in genus Abutilon. Baker [9] mentioned 172 species, Mattei [10] counted 100 species, while Hut- chinson [5] and Husain and Baquar [11] recorded more than 400 species in ge- nus Abutilon. Mabberley [12] reported 100 species, whereas Fryxell [13] stated around 160 species in genus Abutilon. Taxonomic studies have been reported on Abutilon Mill. by several authors. El Naggar [14] studied pollen morphological characters of 21 species of Egyptian Malvaceae including 2 species for Abutilon: (Abutilon theophrasti Medik. and A. pannosum (G. Forst.) Schledt.), while Shaheen, et al. [15] studied pollen mor- phology for nine species of Abutilon. Taia [2] recorded five species of Abutilon in Saudi Arabia (A. bidentatum Hoch, A. figarium Webb, A. fruticosum Guill & Perr., A. hirtum Don and A. pannosum Schlecht.) based on morphological cha- racters of leaves, flowers and fruits. Floral characters are important features used to identifying and describe Ab- utilon plants as many Angiospermae plants. Flowers were described in several characteristics such as: size, stigma, stamens (number of stamens, forming a staminal tube around the style), number and colour of petals and sepals, length of petioles, bracteate, pedicellate, hermaphrodite, pentamerous, axile placenta- tion [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]. Fruits are one of the most important parts that dis- tinctive Abutilon species from each other. Many authors [11] [16] [17] [18] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] were used fruit characters to distinguish Abutilon species such as shape, size, number of seed and carpels and present or absent of awn in carpels. Therefore, the main objectives of this study are to provide constant and reliable diagnostic characters by using numerical taxonomic methods and mor- phological characters, and to compare the results obtained from the morpholog- ical and morphometric data. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Collection and Identification of Plant Materials 43 samples were collected during 2018 and 2019 from 19 localities of Saudi Ara- bia (Table 1). For all collection’s samples, the type of habits, the height of plants, the latitude and longitude of all sites were recorded. The samples were placed in 70% ethanol to study the morphological features; the sample number, location, the name of the collector, and the date of collection were reported. The plant DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2021.122012 200 American Journal of Plant Sciences D. A. Alzahrani et al. Table 1. Accessions of Saudi Arabian Abutilon species collected for the morphological studies, including collection number (Col. no.), date of collection, locality and coordinators information. All vouchers were collected by Abrar Khoj and Dhafer Alzahrani. Date of No. Col. No. Species name Location Coordinates collection 1 A1 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 15-8-2018 Khulais 22˚7'16"N 39˚18'32"E 2 A2 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 15-8-2018 Khulais 22˚7'16"N 39˚18'32"E 3 A3 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 15-8-2018 Khulais 22˚7'16"N 39˚18'32"E 4 A4 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 15-8-2018 Badr Al-Madinah 23˚45'59"N 38˚48'9"E 5 A5 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 15-8-2018 Badr Al-Madinah 23˚45'59"N 38˚48'9"E 6 A6 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 15-8-2018 Badr Al-Madinah 23˚45'59"N 38˚48'9"E 7 A7 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 18-8-2018 Jeddah near to Al Estad region 21˚26'23"N 39˚15'14"E 8 A8 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 18-8-2018 Jeddah, east of the highway 21˚26'12"N 39˚14'57"E 9 A9 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 18-8-2018 Jeddah, east of the highway 21˚26'12"N 39˚14'57"E 10 A10 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 18-8-2018 Jeddah, Al-Rehab 21˚32'34"N 39˚13'41"E 11 A11 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 18-8-2018 Jeddah, Al-Rehab 21˚32'34"N 39˚13'41"E 12 A12 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 22-8-2018 Al Bahah, Al-Makhwah Aqaba Haznah 19˚46'49"N 41˚26'29"E 13 A13 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 22-8-2018 Al Bahah, Al-Makhwah Aqaba Haznah 19˚46'49"N 41˚26'29"E 14 A14 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 22-8-2018 Al Bahah, Al-Makhwah Aqaba Haznah 19˚46'49"N 41˚26'29"E 15 A15 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 22-8-2018 Al Bahah, between Al-Makhwah and Al Mudailif 19˚38'19"N 41˚20'25"E 16 A16 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 22-8-2018 Al Bahah, between Al-Makhwah and Al Mudailif 19˚38'19"N 41˚20'25"E 17 A17 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 26-9-2018 Jeddah, near to Harazat 21˚31'11"N 39˚15'25"E 18 A18 A. figarianum Webb 26-9-2018 Jeddah, near to Harazat 21˚31'11"N 39˚15'25"E 19 A19 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 26-9-2018 Jeddah, near to Harazat 21˚31'11"N 39˚15'25"E 20 A20 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 4-10-2018 Makkah, Al Fayhaa 21˚26'24"N 39˚46'1"E 21 A21 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 4-10-2018 Makkah, Al Awali 21˚21'3"N 39˚52'35"E 22 A22 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 4-10-2018 Makkah, Al Awali 21˚21'3"N 39˚52'35"E 23 A23 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 4-10-2018 Makkah, Al Awali 21˚21'3"N 39˚52'35"E 24 A24 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 5-10-2018 Makkah Wadi Noman 21˚20'59"N 40˚6'25"E 25 A25 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 5-10-2018 Makkah, Wadi Noman 21˚20'59"N 40˚6'25"E 26 A26 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 9-10-2019 Abha, Aqabat Al Samma 18˚21'12"N 42˚8'9"E 27 A27 A. figarianum Webb 9-10-2019 Abha, Aqabat Al Samma 18˚21'12"N 42˚8'9"E 28 A28 A. pannosum (Frost. Fil.) Schltdl 9-10-2019 Abha, Aqabat Al Samma 18˚21'12"N 42˚8'9"E 29 A29 A. grandifolium (Willd.) Sweet 9-10-2019 Abha, Aqabat Al Samma 18˚21'12"N 42˚8'9"E 30 A30 A. grandifolium (Willd.) Sweet 9-10-2019 Abha, Aqabat Al Samma 18˚21'12"N 42˚8'9"E 31 A31 A.
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