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Trace Fossils from Lower Palaeozoic Ocean-Floor Sediments of the Southern Uplands of Scotland M

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Trace Fossils from Lower Palaeozoic Ocean-Floor Sediments of the Southern Uplands of Scotland M Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 73, 67-87, 1982 Trace fossils from Lower Palaeozoic ocean-floor sediments of the Southern Uplands of Scotland M. J. Benton ABSTRACT: The Ordovician and Silurian rocks of the Southern Uplands of Scotland have been interpreted as sediments deposited on the northern margin of the Iapetus Ocean. Trace fossils are abundant at many localities in ocean-floor turbidites and mudstones that usually lack all other evidence of life. Twelve ichnogenera are present, and they are mainly meandering locomotion and feeding trails and burrow networks: Dictyodora, Caridolites, Helminthoida, Neonereites, Nereites, Protovirgularia, Gordia, Megagrapton, Paleodictyon, Chondrites, Plano- lites and Skolithos. The trace fossils occur in at least five distinct assemblages and the composition of these was probably controlled by the frequency and nature of the turbidity currents, and possibly by the oxygen content of the mudstones. Where turbidity currents were weak, abundant Dictyodora, together with Caridolites, Neonereites, Nereites, Protovirgularia and Gordia occur in various combinations. Where currents were stronger, traces such as Gordia, Paleodictyon and Megagrapton may be exhumed and cast on turbidite soles, and the sand may contain Skolithos. The 'deep-sea' Nereites trace fossil facies is divisible into several assemblages, presumably environmentally controlled. KEY WORDS: Iapetus Ocean, ichnology, mudstone, Nereites Facies, Ordovician, shale, Silurian, turbidite. Deep-sea trace fossil assemblages of the Ordovician and 1. Geological setting Silurian are poorly known. The Lower Palaeozoic turbidites and associated mudstones of the Southern Uplands of Scot- 1.1. Structure and history of deposition land preserve at least 12 ichnogenera and there are several The Ordovician and Silurian rocks of the Southern Uplands distinct assemblages that are associated with particular (basalts, cherts, graptolitic shales, greywackes and red or sedimentary conditions. Trace fossils are frequently the only green mudstones) have been interpreted as the deposits of indications of sea-floor life, and associated fossils consist an ancient ocean-floor trench (Walton 1955; Kelling 1964; almost exclusively of graptolites, and even they are absent Ziegler 1970; Dewey 1971; Piper 1972). The assemblage is from'many formations. Dictyodora and associated trace interpreted to have been deposited on the northwestern fossils from the late Llandovery Gala Group have been shore of the ancient Iapetus Ocean that closed during Silur- described by M'Coy (1851a,b), Nicholson (1873, 1978), and ian and Devonian times (Dewey 1971; McKerrow & Ziegler Benton and Trewin (1978, 1980). Other accounts include 1972; Phillips et al. 1976). Recently, it has been proposed Harkness (1855) on trace fossils of late Ordovician age and that the sediments were stripped off the down-going north- Harkness (1856), Hopkinson (1870), and Nicholson and ern Iapetus oceanic plate and accreted to the inner trench Etheridge (1880) on those of late Llandovery age. Peach and wall on the Scottish continental margin (Mitchell & McKer- Home (1899) list many trace fossil localities. row 1975; McKerrow et al. 1977). This accretionary prism Between 1977 and 1981 I collected trace fossils from 48 model derives from the general imbricate nature of the localities which are distributed patchily over the poorly Southern Uplands which are divided into a series of at least exposed outcrop. Specimens from this collection, to which 10 slices (Fig. 1) bounded by major NE-SW-trending reverse reference is made, are now housed in the Royal Scottish strike faults (Leggett et al. 1979). The beds in each sequence Museum (RSM). Museum material was examined in the generally young N, but the sequences as a whole young S. collections of Aberdeen University Geology Department Sequences 1-3 are middle to late Ordovician in age and they (AUGD), Birmingham University Geology Department have been distinguished as the northern belt, sequences 4-9 Museum, Lapworth Collection (BU), British Museum, (Llandovery) as the central belt, and sequence 10 (late Natural History, Gray collection etc. (BMNH), Geological Llandovery-Wenlock) as the southern belt. Survey, Edinburgh, Macconochie, and Peach and Home Several phases of deposition are recognisable in the South- Collections (GSE), Geological Survey Museum, London ern Uplands, but exact dating of the sequences is difficult (GSM), Hawick Museum (HaM), Hunterian Museum, Glas- because of limited fauna, except for graptolites in the black gow University (HM), and Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge shales. The earliest turbidites (? late Llandeilo-early Cara- University (SM). doc) are rich in ophiolitic debris and are probably trench The aims of this paper are to review the trace fossils of the deposits (Leggett 1980). Caradoc black shales (Glenkiln and deep-water greywacke-mudstone facies of the Southern Up- Hartfell shales) are overlain by further Caradoc-earliest lands and to give some preliminary remarks on their en- Llandovery (?) greywackes in the northern belt which prob- vironmental significance. ably had a similar trench depositional origin. In the central Trace fossil assemblages Dictyodors scotica £s 5 Protovirgularia 2 D. scotica/ Gordia Q SGordia/Pateodic Skolithos 5°W D3 Figure 1 Geological map of the Southern Uplands of Scotland; major reverse faults are marked (based on Geological Survey maps and Oliver & Leggett (1980)) and distinct stratigraphic sequences of the accretionary prism model are numbered 1-10 (Leggett et al. 1979). The sequences as a whole generally young SE, while beds within each tract young mainly NW. Trace fossil localities are numbered 1-48 (details and grid references in section 4 and Table 1). Symbols indicate trace fossil assemblages at each locality (described in section 3.1 and Figs 12, 13). TRACE FOSSILS FROM OCEAN-FLOOR SEDIMENTS 69 belt, pelagic black shales were deposited during late Ordovi- The sediments in certain slices (e.g. 9) may be correlated cian and early Llandovery times (Glenkiln, Hartfell, Birkhill along strike, but most others are well defined only in places. shales) and turbidite deposition started in the middle to late In some cases there is extensive lateral variation within slices Llandovery. The late Llandovery and Wenlock greywackes (e.g. 5-8 in the region from Moffat to St Mary's Loch cannot become quartz-rich and they were probably ocean-floor- be traced eastwards into the Galashiels and Berwickshire abyssal plain deposits (Leggett 1980). Trace fossils are most areas). Thus, the stratigraphy is mainly local in application abundant in these later oceanic sediments and occur only and only a few details relevant to the trace fossil-bearing rarely in the Ordovician. beds are given here. The Ordovician trace fossils of Stobo and Coulter Craigs 1.2. Stratigraphy and sedimentology (Fig. 1; section 4) occur generally on the bases of fine- The stratigraphy of the turbidite sequences is complex be- grained blue-grey greywackes of the Lowther Beds cause of the imbricate structure of the Southern Uplands. (Ashgill?) (Leggett 1980). The specimens from Barlaes Table 1 Trace fossil localities of the Southern Uplands of Scotland LOCALITY TRACE FOSSILS LITHOLOGIES ASSEMBLAGES otica eayi .a B ei a e l la n g d e sol e mad •§ e o cambrensi. tenuis pugnus jacksoni Nereites Caridolites Helminthoida N. Neonereites Protovirgular, D. N. Skolithos grey-gree mudston Gordia Megagrapton Chondrites Planolites purple-re turbidit mudston 3 N. Paleodictyon 1 Stobo Slate Qu. X X X X X 6, 7 2 Coulter Craigs X X 6 3 Barlaes X X X X X X X X X 1, 6 4 Old Cambus X X X X 1 5 Ellemford X? X 1? 6 Heron's Hole X X X 7 Wedderlie Farm X X X X 8 Bruntaburn X X X? X X 9 Blythe Water Qu. X X X X? X X 10 Earnscleugh Burn X X X ! 11 Blackcock Plantation X X X X 12 Avenel X X X 13 Westerhill X X 14 Buckholm Hill X X X 15 Ladhope Burn X X 16 The Whin X X X 17 Caddonfoot X X 18 Caddonlee X X 19 Meigle X X 20 Newhall Farm X X 21 Ferniehirst X X X 22 Caddonhead X X 23 Thornylee X X X X X X X X X 7 24 Holylee X X X X 25 Grieston Qu. X X X 3 26 Hunter Hill X X X 6 27 Dobb's Linn X X X X 6? 28 Craigmichan Scaurs X X X X 6 29 Hunterheck Hill X X X X X X X X X 4, 6 30 Glenjorrie Qu. X X X 6 31 Garrochtrie X X X 3 32 Penwhapple Glen X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1, 5, 6 33 Eyemouth X X 6 34 Bowden Burn X X 6 35 Selkirk Common X X X 1? 36 Greenhill Qu. X X X X X 1, 5 37 Stirches Qu. X X X X X X X 4, 6, 7 38 Adderstonlee X X 6 39 Binks X X X X 6, 7 40 Halketleaths X X 5 41 Castle Douglas X X 5 42 Torrs Point X X 5 43 Mull Point X X X 6 44 Garliestown Bay X X 5 45 Palmallet Point X X 7 46 Stobs Castle Qu. X X X 6 47 Yadd Linn X X X X X 4, 6,7 48 Lockerbie X X Explanation of Table 1 Localities 1-3 Ordovician, 4-31 Gala Group (late Llandovery), 32 Penkill Group (late Llandovery), 33-45 Hawick Rocks (late Llandovery?), 46-48 Riccarton Group (Wenlock); locality details are listed in section 4 and assemblages are reviewed in section 3.1 and in Figures 11, 12. 70 M. J. BENTON Quarry (Ashgill?) occur within grey-green laminated mud- turbidite soles. stone and siltstone and as sole-marks on fine turbidite sand- A distinctive assemblage of trace fossils occurs on fine stone units of the Shinnel Group (Peach & Home 1899, pp.
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