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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Intituto De Filosofia E Ciências Humanas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA “Certamente venceremos o governo”: a atuação do Partido Comunista da Índia (Maoísta) por meio dos seus boletins de informação (2007 – 2010) Mateus Campos Ranzan Porto Alegre 2015 2 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Programa de Pós-graduação em História Mateus Campos Ranzan “Certamente venceremos o governo”: a atuação do Partido Comunista da Índia (Maoísta) por meio dos seus boletins de informação (2007 – 2010) Dissertação apresentada ao PPG em História da UFRGS como requisito para a conclusão do Curso de Mestrado em História, na linha de pesquisa Relações de Poder Político-institucionais. Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Carla Brandalise Porto Alegre 2015 3 4 MATEUS CAMPOS RANZAN “Certamente venceremos o governo”: a atuação do Partido Comunista da Índia (Maoísta) por meio dos seus boletins de informação (2007 – 2010) Dissertação apresentada ao PPG em História da UFRGS como requisito para a conclusão do Curso de Mestrado em História, na linha de pesquisa Relações de Poder Político-institucionais. BANCA EXAMINADORA: Prof. Dr. Flavio Madureira Heinz – PPGCP UFPR Prof. Dr. José Miguel Quedi Martins – PPGEEI UFRGS Prof. Dr. Luiz Dario Teixeira Ribeiro – Departamento de História UFRGS Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Carla Brandalise Porto Alegre 2015 5 Dedico este trabalho a todos os inquietos que lutam contra as injustiças sociais e procuram transformar a realidade que nos cerca. 6 Agradecimentos Primeiramente gostaria de agradecer à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul pela possibilidade de realizar o mestrado em História em um curso de qualidade, público e gratuito. Especialmente ao Programa de Pós-graduação em História por todo apoio e condições técnicas para o desenvolvimento de minha pesquisa. Gostaria de agradecer a CAPES pela bolsa de estudos concedida durante a realização dessa dissertação, essencial para a sua conclusão. À minha orientadora, Profª. Drª. Carla Brandalise pelas importantes sugestões, dicas e orientações fundamentais para a conclusão desse trabalho. Também gostaria de agradecê-la por acompanhar minha trajetória acadêmica desde a época da graduação, sempre atenciosa e sugestiva. Ao Prof. Dr. Luiz Dario Teixeira Ribeiro por recepcionar e iniciar um jovem graduando interessado em assuntos contemporâneos. Esse tema de pesquisa, que tanto me instiga, só foi possível graças ao apoio recebido do professor e da equipe do Nerint. Ao Prof. Dr. José Miguel Quedi Martins, pelas palavras de incentivo ao pesquisar um tema tão “estranho” à academia brasileira e por importantes indicações de leituras. Ao Prof. Dr. Flávio Heinz, pelos importantes questionamentos levantados. À minha família que sempre apoiou e acompanhou minha paixão pela História, mesmo em um país no qual o papel essencial do historiador, a sala de aula, seja tão defasado e esquecido. Aos meus irmãos, pelo tempo dispensado na leitura e críticas dessa dissertação. À minha companheira “solidária” por acompanhar todas as dificuldades na realização da pesquisa, sempre com uma palavra de incentivo e apoio ao meu lado. Seu carinho e dedicação foram essenciais para a plena realização desse trabalho. Gostaria de agradecer também a todos os amigos, colegas e professores que cruzaram meu caminho e colaboraram com livros, sugestões e críticas para o pleno desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa. A todos, meu carinho e agradecimento! 7 RESUMO Este trabalho tem como tema central a atuação do Partido Comunista da Índia (Maoísta) entre os anos de 2007 e 2010, quando este passou por um período de institucionalização e militarização, consolidando-se em termos de inserção popular nas regiões de Dandakaranya e Lalgarh, qualificando seus métodos de combate armado ao Estado indiano. Fundado no ano de 2004, o PCI (Maoísta) é o maior expoente da guerrilha naxalista, um grupo de maoísta revolucionários que combatem o governo na Índia e chegou a ser considerado “a maior ameaça interna do país”, por isso o governo treinou e equipou diferentes forças paramilitares para combater os guerrilheiros. O trabalho está estruturado em quatro capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, foi resgatada a história do comunismo no subcontinente indiano até a criação do movimento naxalista, destacando a trajetória dos maoístas revolucionários e as divergências entre os diferentes grupos surgidos durante os anos 1960 e 1970. No segundo capítulo, são analisados os adivasis, principal grupo social que compõe o Partido, além de revoltas instigadas e apoiadas pelos revoltosos. No terceiro capítulo, são investigadas algumas respostas organizadas pelas forças governamentais em nível estadual e do governo central com o objetivo de deter e derrotar os guerrilheiros. No quarto capítulo, são analisados os conceitos de partido, pois o próprio PCI (Maoísta) se reivindica enquanto partido político e de ideologia, explorada pelos naxalistas para divulgar seus ideais e construir sua rede de apoio. Palavras-chave: Índia. Naxalismo. Maoísmo. História da Ásia. História do Tempo Presente. 8 ABSTRACT This work is focused on operation of the Communist Party of India (Maoist) between the years 2007 and 2010, when it passed for a period of institutionalization and militarization, consolidating itself in terms of popular inclusion in the regions of Dandakaranya and Lalgarh, qualifying their methods of armed combat to the Indian State. Founded in 2004, the CPI (Maoist) is the greatest exponent of the naxalite guerrilla, a group of revolutionary Maoist fighting the government in India and came to be considered “the greatest internal threat of the country”, so the government trained and equipped various paramilitary forces to combat the guerrillas. The work is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter was rescued the history of communism in the Indian subcontinent until the creation of naxalite movement, highlighting the history of the revolutionary Maoists and the differences between the different groups that emerged during the 1960s and 1970s. The second chapter analyses the adivasis, main social group that makes the Party, and riots instigated and supported by the rioters. The third chapter investigated some organized response by government forces at the state level and the central government in order to deter and defeat the guerrillas. In the fourth chapter analyses the party concepts, because the CPI (Maoist) itself is claimed as a political party and ideology, exploited by Naxalite to publicize their ideas and build your support network. Keywords: India. Naxalism. Maoism. History of Asia. History of the Present Time. 9 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS ACHR – Asian Center for Human Rights AICCCR – All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries AOBSZ – Andhra-Odisha Border Special Zone AR – Annual Report (Ministry of Home Affairs) BBC – British Broadcasting Corporation BJP – Bharatiya Janata Party BSF – Border Security Force CoBRA – Commando Battalion for Resolute Action CPCAP – Comitê Popular Contra as Atrocidades Policiais CPM – Partido Comunista da Índia (Marxista) (Communist Party of India (Marxist)) CPI (M-L) – Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) CRPF – Central Reserve Police Force DCEAA - Development Challenges in Extremist Affected Areas DKSZC – Dandakaranya Special Zone Committee ICAWPI – International Campaign Against War on the People in India KAMS – Krantikari Adivasi Mahila Sangatha MCC – Maoist Communist Center MCCI – Maoist Communist Center of India MHA – Ministry of Home Affairs MIB – Maoist Information Bulletin OGH – Operação Green Hunt PCI – Partido Comunista da Índia PCI (M-L) Liberação – Partido Comunista da Índia (Marxista – Leninista) Liberação PCI (Maoísta) – Partido Comunista da Índia (Maoísta) PDFI – People’s Democratic Front of India (Frente Popular Democrática da Índia) PLGA – Peoples Liberation Guerrilla Army PUDR – Peoples Union for Democratic Rights PWG – Peoples War Group PW – Peoples War SAARC – South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SJ – Salwa Judum SPO – Special Police Officers 10 TOI – Times of India UAPA – Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act WBHDR – West Bengal Human Development Report ZEE – Zona Econômica Especial (Special Economic Zone) 11 Sumário Introdução: ............................................................................................................................. 13 Capítulo 1. História do movimento naxalista ........................................................................... 31 1.1 – A Gênese Naxalista (1967-75) .................................................................................... 36 1.1.1 – Início da revolta camponesa de Naxalbari (1967-68) ............................................ 37 1.1.2 – Recuos na área rural e o avanço para as áreas urbanas (1969-1975) ...................... 42 1.2 – A briga pelo poder (1975-1990) .................................................................................. 47 1.2.1 – A defesa da “correção de curso” ........................................................................... 48 1.2.2 – People’s War (PW) .............................................................................................. 49 1.2.3 – Maoist Communist Centre ................................................................................... 50 1.3 – O ressurgimento do movimento naxalista (1995- dias atuais) ...................................... 52 1.4 – Conclusão .................................................................................................................
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