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16 Trnski FB103(1).Indd Larval development of estuary perch (Macquaria colonorum) and Australian bass (M. novemaculeata) (Perciformes: Percichthyidae), and comments on their life history Item Type article Authors Trnski, Thomas; Hay, Amanda C.; Fielder, D. Stewart Download date 01/10/2021 14:55:09 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/26259 183 Abstract — Morphological develop- ment of the larvae and small juve- Larval development of estuary perch niles of estuary perch (Macquaria (Macquaria colonorum) and Australian bass colonorum) (17 specimens, 4.8−13.5 mm body length) and Australian bass (M. novemaculeata) (Perciformes: Percichthyidae), (M. novemaculeata) (38 specimens, and comments on their life history 3.3−14.1 mm) (Family Percichthyidae) is described from channel-net and beach-seine collections of both species, Thomas Trnski and from reared larvae of M. novemac- Amanda C. Hay uleata. The larvae of both are charac- terized by having 24−25 myomeres, a Ichthyology, Australian Museum large triangular gut (54−67% of BL) 6 College Street in postflexion larvae, small spines Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia on the preopercle and interopercle, E-mail address (for T. Trnski, senior author): [email protected] a smooth supraocular ridge, a small to moderate gap between the anus and the origin of the anal fin, and D. Stewart Fielder distinctive pigment patterns. The two New South Wales Fisheries species can be distinguished most Port Stephens Fisheries Centre easily by the different distribution Private Bag 1 of their melanophores. The adults Nelson Bay, New South Wales 2315, Australia spawn in estuaries and larvae are presumed to remain in estuaries before migrating to adult freshwa- ter habitat. However, larvae of both species were collected as they entered a central New South Wales estuary The Percichthyidae is a family of system and has been translocated from the ocean on flood tides; such transport may have consequences for freshwater fishes restricted to Aus- outside of its natural range (Kai- the dispersal of larvae among estuar- tralia (8 genera, 17 species) and South lola et al., 1993; Allen et al., 2002). ies. Larval morphology and published America (2 genera, 7 species) (John- There is genetic evidence for an ad- genetic evidence supports a reconsid- son, 1984; Nelson, 1994; Allen et al., ditional undescribed freshwater spe- eration of the generic arrangement of 2002; Paxton et al., in press). There is cies closely related to M. ambigua the four species currently placed in continuing debate regarding the mono- from central Australian drainages the genus Macquaria. phyly of the family; several genera are (Musyl and Keenan, 1992). Mac- variously allocated to separate fami- quaria australasica is also confined lies: Gadopsis is allocated to Gadop- to freshwater of the Murray-Darling sidae (Allen et al., 2002; see Johnson, river system, and an isolated popu- 1984 for a history of the systematic lation exists from the Shoalhaven placement of the genus) and Edelia, and Hawkesbury Rivers, New South Nannatherina, and Nannoperca are Wales (Allen et al., 2002) that may be allocated to Nannopercidae (Allen et a separate species (Dufty, 1986). The al., 2002). Other Australian genera other two species (M. colonorum and of Percichthyidae include Bostockia, M. novemaculeata) are catadromous Guyu, Maccullochella, and Macquaria and occur in coastal southeastern (Pusey and Kennard, 2001; Allen et Australian drainages between south- al., 2002; Paxton et al., in press). The ern Queensland and eastern South genera Percalates and Plectroplites Australia (Paxton et al., in press). were synonymized with Macquaria, They are sympatric from northern based on morphological and biochemi- New South Wales (NSW) to eastern cal characters (MacDonald, 1978), Victoria. Adults of M. novemaculeata and although this arrangement was occur in freshwater, whereas M. colo- accepted by Paxton and Hanley (1989), norum prefers brackish water of estu- Paxton et al. (in press), Eschmeyer aries (Williams, 1970). Both species (1998), Johnson (1984), and Nelson migrate to estuarine areas to breed (1994) recognized both Percalates and in winter (Allen et al., 2002). Both Plectroplites as valid genera. species are protected from commer- Manuscript submitted 20 November 2003 There are four described species in cial fishing but are highly prized by to the Scientific Editor’s Office. the genus Macquaria, all confined to recreational fishermen (Harris and Manuscript approved for publication southeastern Australia. Macquaria Rowland, 1996; Allen et al., 2002) 15 June 2004 by the Scientific Editor. ambigua occurs naturally in fresh- and M. novemaculeata is an impor- Fish. Bull. 103:183–194 (2005). waters of the Murray-Darling river tant aquaculture species. 184 Fishery Bulletin 103(1) Of the 17 Australian percichthyids, larvae of only 001 and -002, I.41662-001, I.41668-001, I.41690-001 to Maccullochella macquariensis, M. peelii peelii, and -0004, I.41691-001, I.41694-001. Macquaria ambigua have been described (Dakin and Kesteven, 1938; Lake, 1967; Brown and Neira, 1998). Larval and early juvenile development of the estuary Identification perch (Macquaria colonorum) and the Australian bass (Macquaria novemaculeata) is described from specimens Field-caught larvae and juveniles were identified as per- collected from the central and southern coast of NSW, cichthyids by using the characters in Brown and Neira and from reared larvae of the latter species obtained (1998), particularly the combination of a relatively large from brood stock from central NSW. This is the first gut, the small to moderate gap between the anus and description of the morphological development of the origin of the anal fin prior to complete formation of the early life history of these two species. anal-fin, continuous dorsal fin, fin-ray, and vertebral counts, and head spination including small preopercular spines, a small interopercular spine, and a smooth supra- Materials and methods ocular ridge. The larvae and juveniles described here were confirmed as being Macquaria colonorum and M. Morphological definitions, measurements, and abbrevia- novemaculeata because of their coastal distribution and tions follow Neira et al. (1998) and Leis and Carson- meristics; all other species in the family are restricted Ewart (2000). Larvae and juveniles were examined and to freshwater. The overlap in meristics between M. colo- measured under a dissecting microscope at magnifica- norum and M. novemaculeata made separation of the tions from 6 to 50×. Precision of the measurements species difficult. The availability of reared M. novemacu- varied with magnification but ranged from 0.02 to 0.16 leata from positively identified adults determined the mm. Where morphometric values are given as a percent- species allocations. age, they are as a proportion of body length (BL) unless otherwise indicated. All pigment described is external unless otherwise specified. The juveniles collected are Results in transition from larvae to juveniles because they retain some of their larval characters and squamation Development of Macquaria colonorum is incomplete; these are called “transitional juveniles” (Vigliola and Harmelin-Vivien, 2001). Illustrations were Adult meristic data Dorsal (D) IX−X,8−11; Anal (A) prepared with a Zeiss SR with an adjustable drawing III,7−9; Pectoral (P1) 12−16; Pelvic (P2) I,5; Vertebrae 25 tube. 17 specimens: 4.8−7.1 and 10.3−13.5 mm BL Field-caught larvae were collected in a fixed 2-m2 channel net with about 1-mm mesh in Swansea Chan- General morphology (Tables 1 and 2, Fig. 1) Larvae nel, Lake Macquarie, central NSW. The net filtered and transitional juveniles are moderately deep bodied surface waters to 1 m depth during night flood tides (body depth, BD 30−35%). The body and head are lat- (Trnski, 2002). Small juveniles were collected in a 30-m erally compressed. There are 24−25 myomeres (12−14 beach seine dragged over sand, mud, and Zostera sea- preanal and 11−13 postanal). The large, triangular gut grass in the Clyde River, southern NSW. Reared larvae is fully coiled in the smallest larva examined. The pre- of M. novemaculeata were obtained from rearing tanks anal length ranges from 60% to 67%. The conspicuous at the Port Stephens Fisheries Centre, an aquaculture gas bladder located over the midgut is small to moder- research facility of NSW Fisheries. Brood stock came ate in size but difficult to distinguish in transitional from the Williams River, central NSW. All specimens juveniles. The round to slightly elongate head is large were initially fixed in 10% formalin and subsequently (head length, HL 32−41%). The snout is slightly concave transferred to 70% ethanol. to straight. The snout is approximately the same length Field-caught larvae were restricted to a narrow size as the eye diameter but becomes shorter from 7 mm. range: 4.8−7.1 mm body length (BL) for M. colono- The eye is round and moderate in size (27−32% of HL) rum (n=12), and 4.6−7.6 mm BL for M. novemaculeata in larvae but becomes moderate to large in transitional (n=15). Juveniles of both species ranged from 10.3 to juveniles (32−36% of HL). The large mouth reaches to 13.5 (n=5) and from 10.1 to 14.1 mm BL (n=5), respec- the middle of the pupil. Small canine teeth are present tively. Reared larvae of N. novemaculeata were available in both jaws in all larvae examined. The nasal pit closes to confirm the identification of the larvae and to extend shortly after settlement, by 12.5 mm. the developmental series for this species to 3.3−10.2 Head spination is weak. Three short spines are pres- mm BL (n=18). ent on the posterior preopercular border in the small- All material examined is registered in the fish collec- est larva examined; a fourth spine is present in some tion at the Australian Museum. Registration numbers postflexion larvae from 6.3 mm and in all transitional of M.
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