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A Revision of the Japanese Sillaginid Fishes

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A Revision of the Japanese Sillaginid Fishes Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 魚 類 学 雑 誌 Vol.31,No.21984 31巻2号1984年 A Revision of the Japanese Sillaginid Fishes Mitsuhiko Sano and Kenji Mochizuki ReceivedDecember 16,1983) ( Abstract Japanese sillaginid fishes are identified as the following four species:Sillago japonica,S. sihama,S.parvisquamis and S.maculata.S.japonica is the most common species in Japan among the four species,whereas S.sihama is rare and is distributed in only the Ryukyu Islands.S. sihama previously recorded from coastal waters of Japan by many authors is considered to be misidentification of S.japonica. Japanese sillaginid fishes,which are represented Some of the modified haemal spines are re- by only one genus Sillago,have been recognized ferred to as"L-shaped haemal spines"in the as consisting of four species by many authors present paper,which are defined as follows:one- (e.g.,Matsubara,1955):S.japonica Temminck third or more of the outer part of the haemal et Schlegel,S.sihama(Forsskal),S.parvisquamis spine runs parallel to the vertebral column. Gill and S.maculata Quoy et Gaimard.How- Abbreviations of museums and institutes are ever,there has been much taxonomic confusion as follows;FUMT:Department of Fisheries, between the former two species.Since most of University Museum,University of Tokyo; Sillago specimens collected from Japan have been USNM:U.S.National Museum of Natural identified as S.sihama according to keys such as History;CAS:California Academy of Sciences; Jordan and Snyder(1902)and Matsubara(1955), LSJU:L.Stanford Junior University,U.S.A.; many workers have believed that this species is URM:Department of Marine Sciences,Univer- very common in Japanese waters compared with sity of the Ryukyus;YCM:Yokosuka City S.japonica.Tomiyama and Abe(1958)sug- Museum,Japan;IORD:Institute of Oceanic gested,on the contrary,that the most common Research and Development,Tokai University. species of the genus is not S.sihama but S. japonica,and that the Japanese S.sihama of A key to the Japanese species of Sillago other authors is more or less doubtfully identi- A1.Body with blackish blotches on side;anal fied. fin rays 18 or 19 S maculata In the present paper,to resolve the taxonomic A2.Body without blackish blotches on side; confusion,we examine in detail many Japanese anal fin rays 21-24. specimens of Sillago and give a revised key to the B1.Lateral-line scales 78-82;scales above Japanese species of the genus,a detailed descrip- lateral line 7-9;total vertebrae 38 or 39 tion for each species,and a comparison with S parvisquamis Taiwan material. B2.Lateral-line scales 67-73;scales above lateral line 3-6;total vertebrae 33-36. Methods C1.Scales above lateral line 5 or 6;cheek scales Counting and measuring procedures follow mostly cycloid;L-shaped haemal spine those used by Hubbs and Lagler(1958).Counts absent(Taiwan specimens with 0 or some- for vertebrae,vertical fin rays and pleural ribs times 3-5 L-shaped haemal spines);total and examination of shape of haemal spines were vertebrae 33 or 34(mostly 34)S.sihama made from X-ray photographs.Shape of the C2.Scales above lateral line 3 or 4;cheek scales air bladder and relationships between air blad- mostly ctenoid;L-shaped haemal spines der and vertebrae were examined in specimens 7-9;total vertebrae 34-36(mostly 35) dissected,cleared and stained with Alizarin red- S japonica S. •\136•\ Sano and Mochizuki:Revision of Japanese Sillaginids Fig.I .Four species of Sillago from Japan.A,S.maculata,FUMT-P 3483,142 mm SL;B,S.parvisquamis, FUMT-P 3471,178 mm S1.;C,S.sihama,URM-P 3505,190 mm SL;D,S.japonica,FUMT-P 3401-3, 161 mm SL, Sillago maculata Quoy et Gaimard et al.,1980:54 fig.D,226. Japanese name:Hoshigisu)( Sillago aeolus Jordan and Evermann,1902:360, (Fig.1A) fig.24;Jordan and Richardson,1909:192,fig.18. Sillago maculata Quoy and Gaimard,1824:261,pl. Material examined.FUMT-P 3476,3477,3484, 53,fig.2(type locality:Port Jackson,Sydney). 3490,4 specimens,112-138 mm SL(standard length), Sillago maculata:Gunther,1860:245;Gill,1861: Ishikawa Beach,Okinawa I.,Ryukyu Is.,Dec.13, 503,504(key and listed);Bleeker,1877:pl.389, 1981;FUMT-P 3483,1 specimen,142 mm SL, fig.5;Pellegrin,1905:83(listed);Fowler,1929a: Oura,Okinawa I.,Dec.13,1981;FUMT-P 3569, 611(listed);Weber and de Beaufort,1931:174; 3572,11 specimens,101-220 mm SL,Haneji,Okinawa Fowler,1933:423;Martin and Montalban,1934: L,Nov.7,1982;FUMT-P 4412,4 specimens,133- 224,pl.1,fig.2;Anonymous,1962:349,fig.293; 212 mm SL,Tanegashima,Kagoshima Pref.,Mar.. 1983. Munro,1967:347,pl.47,fig.560;Fisher and Whitehead,1974;McKay,1976:383;Shao and Comparative material.Uncatalogued 2 specimens, Chang,1978:5,pl.1,fig.1 and pl.2,fig.1;Masuda 116,151 mm SL,Taiwan,date unknown. •\137•\ 魚類学雑誌 Japan.J.Ichthyol.31(2),1984 A B Fig.2.Air bladder of Sillago maculata,FUMT-P 3572-4,201 mm SL.A,lateral view;B,ventral view. S,skull;PR,pleural rib;AB,air bladder;AME,anterior median extension;PCE,posterior post- coelomic extension;DP,duct-like process;RE,rudimentary extension;T ,anus;AS1,1st anal spine; LHS,z,nth L-shaped haemal spine.Scale bars:10 mm. Description.Counts and proportional mea- out a basal scaly sheath,with a single row of small surements are shown in Table 1. scales on the membrane just behind each spine Body elongate,slightly compressed,tapering and ray.Pectoral,pelvic and caudal fins with from origin of first dorsal fin to caudal peduncle; small scales. predorsal profile slightly convex.Snout long, Air bladder.See Fig.2.The anterior part pointed.Interorbital space flat.Mouth small, with a short median extension(AME),terminat- terminal,somewhat oblique;lower jaw included ing below first or second vertebra;three rudi- within the upper;maxillary not reaching below mentary extensions(RE)at the antero-dorsal anterior nostril.Both jaws with broad bands of part of each side;posterior post-coelomic ex- villiform teeth.Vomer with a patch of villi- tension(PCE)single,tapering to a point,covered form teeth.Palatine toothless.Nostrils close- and suspended by L-shaped haemal spines;a set,the anterior with a small flap posteriorly. duct-like process(DP)filled with gelatinous Posterior edge of preopercle with weak crenula- matter,extending from below 14th or 15th ver- tions;a small,conspicuous flat spine on opercle. tebra to near posterior margin of anus. Dorsal fins completely separated;the first one Color in alcohol:Head and body grayish- higher than the second;first and/or second spines brown dorsally,whitish-yellow ventrally.A faint of the first dorsal longest;first ray of the second brownish or grayish longitudinal band running dorsal longest,other rays gradually decreasing on middle of body from behind head to caudal in length posteriorly.Anal fin similar to the fin base;about 7 or 8 irregular blackish blotches second dorsal in shape;origin of the anal op- on middle of body and about 8 or 9 oblique posite that of the second dorsal,both fins sube- blackish bars on back.Upper half of first qual in basal length;second ray of the anal dorsal fin blackish,the lower half with two longest,sometimes as long as the third one. blackish longitudinal stripes;two similar blackish Pectoral and pelvic fins short,pointed.Caudal stripes on second dorsal fin with a blackish fin emarginate. margin(Fig.3A).Caudal fin yellowish-gray, Body covered with fine ctenoid scales.Head sometimes the upper and/or lower margins black. scaly,except for snout and anterior part of the Pectoral and pelvic fins whitish-yellow,a black ventral region;cheek with three or four rows spot at base of the pectoral. of cycloid scales;interorbital space with both In life,blackish blotches on back and middle cycloid and ctenoid.Dorsal and anal fins with- of body not apparent;anal and pelvic fins bright •\ 138•\ Sano and Mochizuki:Revision of Japanese Sillaginids •\139•\ 魚類学雑誌 Japan.J.Ichthyol.31(2),1984 •\140•\ Sano and Mochizuki:Revision of Japanese Sillaginids A B C D Fig.3.Dorsal fins of four Japanese species of Sillago.A,S.maculata,FUMT-P 3483,142 mm SL;B,S. parvisquamis,FUMT-P 3487,179 mm SL;C,S.sihama,FUMT-P 3675,213 mm SL;D,S.japonica, FUMT-P 3406-2,150 mm SL. yellow. Indo-Pacific Sillaginidae,including the three Remarks.Most morphological characters of subspecies of S.maculata. Japanese S.maculata agree well with those from The Japanese S.maculata occurs in Tanega- Taiwan(Tables 1,2). shima and the Ryukyu Islands. According to the FAO Species Identification Sheet edited by Fisher and Whitehead(1974) Sillago parvisquamis Gill and to McKay(personal communication),S. (Japanese name:Aogisu,or sometimes Yagisu) maculata,which is widely distributed in the Indo- Fig.1B) ( West Pacific,is separated into three subspecies: S.m.maculata Quoy et Gaimard,S.m.aeolus Sillago parvisquamis Gill,1861:505(type locality: Kanagawa(Tokyo Bay),Japan). Jordan et Evermann and S.m.burrus Richard- Sillago parvisquamis:Jordan and Snyder,1902:487; son.McKay informed us that Japanese S. Franz,1910:83(listed);Jordan et al.,1913:187 maculata is S.m.aeolus.In the present paper, (listed);Jordan and Hubbs,1925:248;Tanaka, however,we do not classify the Japanese S.mac- 1930:30(listed);Fowler,1933:427;Chang and ulata into subspecies,because we were unable to Chen,1974:35,figs.1,2;Shao and Chang,1978: examine any specimens except for those from 5,pl.1,fig.2 and pl.2,fig.2.
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