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Queer Newcomer Youth in Toronto Exploring Life In Running Head: QUEER NEWCOMER YOUTH IN TORONTO EXPLORING LIFE IN TORONTO FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF QUEER NEWCOMER YOUTH by Heather Hunter Master of Arts Degree, Wilfrid Laurier University, 2011 THESIS Submitted to the Department of Psychology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Master of Arts in Community Psychology Wilfrid Laurier University © Heather Charlotte Hunter 2011 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-81512-0 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-81512-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantias de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. ••I Canada Queer Newcomer Youth in Toronto ii Abstract In this study, a phenomenological approach was used to examine the experiences of queer newcomer youth (QNY) living in Toronto. The sample for this study includes eight QNY participants and one key informant. The QNY participants were between the ages of 19 and 28; four identified as male, one as one as male/queer and three as female. The key informant is a gay-identified former refugee as well as a co-researcher and support service provider who has worked closely with QNY for over 10 years. The participants hail from various countries of origin and all but one are in the process of seeking asylum in Canada based on their sexual orientation. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the participants' experiences and expectations for life in Toronto while critically examining the social and political circumstances within which QNY in Toronto are situated. To collect data, an initial focus group was conducted with seven QNY participants. To augment data, three focus group participants, one additional QNY participant and the key informant were individually interviewed. A Transcendental Phenomenological approach was used to analyze the data, with the overall approach aligning with the Transformative Paradigm. The findings are discussed in relation to relevant literature on queer asylum, and the experiences of queer newcomers and ethnic minorities. Recommendations for future research and social intervention are also discussed. Queer Newcomer Youth in Toronto iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank those who have contributed to the completion of this thesis. This includes my supervisor, Dr. Robb Travers and internal thesis committee member, Dr. Colleen Loomis who helped to challenge my thinking and improve my writing throughout the development of this work. I would also like to thank Chavisa Brett and Lauren Munroe who assisted with data collection and transcription. Finally, thanks to my family, friends, and my partner who have supported and encouraged me throughout the thesis development process. Queer Newcomer Youth in Toronto iv Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables vi Introduction 1 Contextualizing the Phenomenon: International Migration of Queer Youth 2 Queer newcomer youth: Possible motivations for immigration 3 Psychology, Immigration and Sexual Diversity 9 Queer Immigrants and Refugees: The Process of Arriving in Canada 10 Critiques of Canada's Immigration and Refugee Laws and Processes 12 Historic Exclusion and Discrimination in Canadian Immigration Policy. 13 Current Trends in Queer Migration 14 Settling in Canada 15 Research Objective and Questions 21 Method 21 Participants 22 Research Design 25 Procedure 28 Data Analysis 29 Transformative Paradigm 31 Phenomenological Approach 32 Transcendental Phenomenology 33 Queer Newcomer Youth in Toronto v Researcher Reflexivity 36 Dissemination Strategy 37 Findings 38 Life Prior to Canada 38 Life in Canada: Expectations and Realities 41 Expectations and Realities: Canada's Immigration and Refugee Systems. 42 Expectation and Realities: Opportunities for Upward Mobility 48 Expectations and Realities: Finding Acceptance and Diversity in Toronto 54 Discussion 65 Summary 65 Discussion with the Literature 66 Queer Asylum in Canada 66 Newcomer Economic Oppression 71 Finding Diversity and Acceptance 72 Discussion of Differences among Participants 75 Common Themes and Possible Underlying Mechanisms of Oppression 77 Limitations and Recommendations for Future Studies 78 Recommendations for Social Action 81 Conclusion 84 References 87 Appendices 95 Appendix A: Focus Group/ Interview Guide for Queer Migrant Youth 95 Appendix B: Interview Guide for Key Informant 98 Queer Newcomer Youth in Toronto vi List of Tables Table 1: Demographic Information for QNY Participants 23 Queer Newcomer Youth in Toronto 1 Introduction Immigration to large cities around the world is a phenomenon that has been happening for centuries, but now, international migration is playing a larger role than ever before (Andrew, 2004). Immigration has shaped the history of Canada, and continues to do so today as each year over 250, 000 immigrants arrive in Canada (Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 2009a) with the greatest proportions of newcomers settling in Toronto (33%), Montreal (17%) and Vancouver (14%) (Citizen and Immigration Canada, 2009b). Now more than ever, immigrants are arriving from all areas of the globe, bringing with them culture, language and world views that enrich and alter Canadian cities. Toronto, in particular, has embraced cultural diversity as a positive selling factor to attract both visitors and possible immigrants. Although diverse cultural representation may attract immigrants to cities such as Toronto, there may be other forms of diversity that some immigrants seek out. For example, with the rise of the gay rights movement, some cities' neighbourhoods have gained reputations for being "queer-friendly" (Harper & Schneider, 2003). Over time, cities such as New York and San Francisco have become known as "hotbeds" for LGBT political action and places where LGBT people could live and interact without the immediate threat of persecution and discrimination. In Canada, Toronto is known as a queer-friendly city where non-heterosexual individuals have been migrating to for decades. With increasing globalization and ease of travel, this type of queer migration to Toronto may be taking on an increasingly international flavour. Toronto's reputation as a city that embraces cultural and sexual diversity may be attracting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered and queer immigrants from various Queer Newcomer Youth in Toronto 2 nations and cultural backgrounds. An important subset of these migrant individuals is queer newcomer youth (QNY), who are the focus of this study. Although some people find the term "queer" to be offensive and derogatory, and is also somewhat contested in the academic community, I will use it here for several reasons: (a) It is a term that includes all lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans-people, (b) it disrupts gender and sex binaries and deconstructs identity categories (Gamson, 1995) (c) use of the term "queer" is gaining popularity as a way to reclaim negative connotations associated with the word. This study has aimed to gain a better understanding of the experiences of QNY living in Toronto, including their perceptions of what life would be like prior to immigrating to Canada and how this compares to lived reality. To explore this topic, one focus group and five interviews with QNY and one key informant living in Toronto were conducted. Interview and focus group transcripts underwent transcendental phenomenological analysis to gain a better understanding about how QNY describe and attribute meaning to their experiences, as well as to gain insight into the underlying structures such as sexism, racism or homophobia that may shape their experiences. Contextualizing the Phenomenon: International Migration of Queer Youth To gain a better understanding about the experiences of queer newcomer youth, it is important to explore factors that contextualize their lives. In many ways, international
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