DOCSLIB.ORG

New Fossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Amphiesmenoptera) from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Northeastern China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New Fossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Amphiesmenoptera) from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Northeastern China New Fossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Amphiesmenoptera) from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Northeastern China Weiting Zhang1,6, Chungkun Shih1, Conrad C. Labandeira1,2,3, Jae-Cheon Sohn2,3,4, Donald R. Davis4, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay2,5, Oliver Flint4, Dong Ren1* 1 College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China, 2 Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Distirict of Columbia, United States of America, 3 Department of Entomology and BEES Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America, 4 Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America, 5 Department of Crop and Agroenvironmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Mayagu¨ez, Puerto Rico, United States of America, 6 Geoscience Museum, Shijiazhuang University of Economics, Shijiazhuang, China Abstract Background: The early history of the Lepidoptera is poorly known, a feature attributable to an inadequate preservational potential and an exceptionally low occurrence of moth fossils in relevant mid-Mesozoic deposits. In this study, we examine a particularly rich assemblage of morphologically basal moths that contribute significantly toward the understanding of early lepidopteran biodiversity. Methodology/Principal Findings: Our documentation of early fossil moths involved light- and scanning electron microscopic examination of specimens, supported by various illumination and specimen contrast techniques. A total of 20 moths were collected from the late Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation in Northeastern China. Our principal results were the recognition and description of seven new genera and seven new species assigned to the Eolepidopterigidae; one new genus with four new species assigned to the Mesokristenseniidae; three new genera with three new species assigned to the Ascololepidopterigidae fam. nov.; and one specimen unassigned to family. Lepidopteran assignment of these taxa is supported by apomorphies of extant lineages, including the M1 vein, after separation from the M2 vein, subtending an angle greater than 60 degrees that is sharply angulate at the junction with the r–m crossvein (variable in Trichoptera); presence of a foretibial epiphysis; the forewing M vein often bearing three branches; and the presence of piliform scales along wing veins. Conclusions/Significance: The diversity of these late Middle Jurassic lepidopterans supports a conclusion that the Lepidoptera–Trichoptera divergence occurred by the Early Jurassic. Citation: Zhang W, Shih C, Labandeira CC, Sohn J-C, Davis DR, et al. (2013) New Fossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Amphiesmenoptera) from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Northeastern China. PLoS ONE 8(11): e79500. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079500 Editor: David Frayer, University of Kansas, United States of America Received June 6, 2013; Accepted September 17, 2013; Published November 22, 2013 Copyright: ß 2013 Zhang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This research was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (grant 2012CB821906), National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 31172143, 31230065, 31272352 and 41272006), Project of Great Wall Scholar and KEY project of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education (grants KZ201310028033), and the China Geological Survey (grant 1212011120115). Support for JCS was provided by the United States National Science Foundation’s Assembling the Tree of Life program, award 0531769, and the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: [email protected] Introduction of the world’s fauna, following their evolution from the stem- group, the Amphiesmenoptera (Fig. 1A) [5], a major holometa- The Lepidoptera, or butterflies and moths, are one of the most bolan lineage comprising two distinctive insect orders, the speciose lineages of herbivores, currently including about 157,500 Lepidoptera and the Trichoptera. The taxonomic boundary described species encompassing the four suborders of Zeugloptera, between Lepidoptera and Trichoptera is often obscured in their Aglossata, Heterobathmiina, and Glossata [1]. In contrast to the early fossil record [3], attributable to an overall morphological documented paleodiversity of otherdiverse insect lineages [2], the similarity and presence of few apomorphic characters visible in Lepidopteran fossil record is depauperate [3]. Only two extant fossil specimens [5]. suborders, Zeugloptera and Glossata, and an extinct suborder, Because of the rarity of Mesozoic Lepidoptera, only 24 genera, Eolepidopterigina proposed by Rasnitsyn [4], are represented in of which two are extant, have been described from the Mesozoic the fossil record. Speciosity of the basal lepidopteran lineages is (Table 1) [3,6–8]. In addition, undescribed Mesozoic fossils have minimal in the fossil record, as in the extant fauna. This may be a been reported, including unequivocal Lepidoptera larvae [5,9], consequence of the Lepidoptera once constituting a minor group and other evidence such as unequivocal or possible Lepidoptera PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 1 November 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 11 | e79500 New Middle Jurassic Lepidoptera Figure 1. A stem-group amphiesmenopteran, lepidopterans, and a trichopteran. (A), A stem-group amphiesmenopteran, Necrotaulius tener, modified after Grimaldi and Engel [5]. (B-F), Lepidopteran forewings. (B), Archaeolepis mane, from Grimaldi and Engel [5]. (C), Forewing of an Early Jurassic Germany lepidopteran, from Grimaldi and Engel [5]. (D), Undopterix sukatshevae, modified after Skalski [10]; the red arrowhead showing Rs3+4 furcation beyond the M1+2 furcation. (E), Netoxena nana, modified after Martins-Neto [24]; red line indicates a single-Y configuration. (F), Mesokristensenia sinica, modified after Huang et al. [25]. (G), A trichopteran, Juraphilopotamus lubricus, modified after Gao et al. [43]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079500.g001 wing scales [10–12] and unequivocal Lepidoptera leaf mines assigned most of these to the Lepidoptera on the basis of the 3- [13,14]. Mesozoic fossil Lepidoptera are principally assigned to branched M vein and the presence of scales on the forewings. two extinct families, the Eolepidopterigidae and the Mesokristen- These fossils overwhelmingly are represented by wings. A seniidae, and an extant family, the Micropterigidae, the latter representative forewing is shown in Fig. 1C, indicating a M with considered the most basal extant lineage of Lepidoptera [15,16]. 3 branches and the M1, separated from the M2 at an angle of In addition, Kozlov erected an extinct family, the Undopterigidae about 70 degrees, and sharply angulate at the junction with to accommodate Undopterix Skalski, 1979 [10], but its phylogenetic crossvein r–m. Additionally, a forewing of Undopterix sukatshevae, placement is uncertain. within the Undopterigidae [23], is shown in Fig. 1D, as is a The earliest unequivocal lepidopteran fossil hitherto established forewing of Netoxena nana in the Eolepidopterigidae [3,24], in is Archaeolepis mane Whalley, 1985 (Fig. 1B) from the Early Jurassic, Fig. 1E. Huang et al. [25] described Mesokristensenia sinica in the about 190 million years ago (Ma), of Dorset, England [5,18,19]. Mesokristenseniidae, the forewing of which is shown in Fig. 1F. The next, more recent, early fossils are eight non-monophyletic For comparison, the forewing of a trichopteran, Juraphilopotamus genera, dated to approximately 180 Ma, from the uppermost Lias lubricus Wang, Zhao & Ren, 2009 [17], is shown in Fig. 1G. of Dobbertin, Germany [5], which were described by Handlirsch Recently, we collected 20 well-preserved, nearly complete fossil as Necrotauliidae. However, Ansorge [21,22] disputed the lepidopterans from the Jiulongshan Formation at Daohugou necrotaulid affiliations of the Handlirsch’s specimens and other Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, well-preserved wings from the Grimmen locality of Germany, and in China. This deposit was radiometrically dated by 40K/40Ar at PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 2 November 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 11 | e79500 New Middle Jurassic Lepidoptera Table 1. Known fossil records of Mesozoic Lepidoptera. Suborder Family Genus Species Epoch Country Reference ? Archaeolepidae Archaeolepis Whalley, 1985 A. mane Whalley, 1985 J1 United Kingdom [18] Eolepidopterigina Eolepidopterigidae Eolepidopterix Rasnitsyn, 1983 E. jurassica Rasnitsyn, 1983 J3 Kazakhstan [4] Eolepidopterigina Eolepidopterigidae Palaeolepidopterix Kozlov, 1989 P. aurea Kozlov, 1989 J3 Kazakhstan [40] Eolepidopterigina Eolepidopterigidae Daiopterix Skalski, 1984 D. rasnitsyni Skalski, 1984 K1 Russia [23] Eolepidopterigina Eolepidopterigidae Daiopterix Skalski, 1984 D. olgae Kozlov, 1989 K1 Russia [40] Eolepidopterigina Eolepidopterigidae Netoxena Sohn, 2012 N. nana (Martins-Neto, 1999) K1 Brazil [24,52] Eolepidopterigina Eolepidopterigidae Undopterix Skalski, 1979 U. sukatshevae Skalski, 1979 K1 Russia [10] Eolepidopterigina Eolepidopterigidae Undopterix Skalski, 1979
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plant Mobility in the Mesozoic Disseminule Dispersal Strategies Of
    Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 515 (2019) 47–69 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Plant mobility in the Mesozoic: Disseminule dispersal strategies of Chinese and Australian Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous plants T ⁎ Stephen McLoughlina, , Christian Potta,b a Palaeobiology Department, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden b LWL - Museum für Naturkunde, Westfälisches Landesmuseum mit Planetarium, Sentruper Straße 285, D-48161 Münster, Germany ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Four upper Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous lacustrine Lagerstätten in China and Australia (the Daohugou, Seed dispersal Talbragar, Jehol, and Koonwarra biotas) offer glimpses into the representation of plant disseminule strategies Zoochory during that phase of Earth history in which flowering plants, birds, mammals, and modern insect faunas began to Anemochory diversify. No seed or foliage species is shared between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere fossil sites and Hydrochory only a few species are shared between the Jurassic and Cretaceous assemblages in the respective regions. Free- Angiosperms sporing plants, including a broad range of bryophytes, are major components of the studied assemblages and Conifers attest to similar moist growth habitats adjacent to all four preservational sites. Both simple unadorned seeds and winged seeds constitute significant proportions of the disseminule diversity in each assemblage. Anemochory, evidenced by the development of seed wings or a pappus, remained a key seed dispersal strategy through the studied interval. Despite the rise of feathered birds and fur-covered mammals, evidence for epizoochory is minimal in the studied assemblages. Those Early Cretaceous seeds or detached reproductive structures bearing spines were probably adapted for anchoring to aquatic debris or to soft lacustrine substrates.
    [Show full text]
  • African Butterfly News Can Be Downloaded Here
    LATE SUMMER EDITION: JANUARY / AFRICAN FEBRUARY 2018 - 1 BUTTERFLY THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY OF AFRICA NEWS LATEST NEWS Welcome to the first newsletter of 2018! I trust you all have returned safely from your December break (assuming you had one!) and are getting into the swing of 2018? With few exceptions, 2017 was a very poor year butterfly-wise, at least in South Africa. The drought continues to have a very negative impact on our hobby, but here’s hoping that 2018 will be better! Braving the Great Karoo and Noorsveld (Mark Williams) In the first week of November 2017 Jeremy Dobson and I headed off south from Egoli, at the crack of dawn, for the ‘Harde Karoo’. (Is there a ‘Soft Karoo’?) We had a very flexible plan for the six-day trip, not even having booked any overnight accommodation. We figured that finding a place to commune with Uncle Morpheus every night would not be a problem because all the kids were at school. As it turned out we did not have to spend a night trying to kip in the Pajero – my snoring would have driven Jeremy nuts ... Friday 3 November The main purpose of the trip was to survey two quadrants for the Karoo BioGaps Project. One of these was on the farm Lushof, 10 km west of Loxton, and the other was Taaiboschkloof, about 50 km south-east of Loxton. The 1 000 km drive, via Kimberley, to Loxton was accompanied by hot and windy weather. The temperature hit 38 degrees and was 33 when the sun hit the horizon at 6 pm.
    [Show full text]
  • Lista Monografii I Publikacji Z Listy Filadelfijskiej Z Lat 2016–2019 Monographs and Publications from the ISI Databases from 2016 Till 2019
    Lista monografii i publikacji z Listy Filadelfijskiej z lat 2016–2019 Monographs and publications from the ISI databases from 2016 till 2019 2019 Artykuły/Articles 1. Bocheński Z.M., Wertz, K., Tomek, T., Gorobets, L., 2019. A new species of the late Miocene charadriiform bird (Aves: Charadriiformes), with a summary of all Paleogene and Miocene Charadrii remains. Zootaxa, 4624(1):41-58. 2. Chmolowska D., Nobis M., Nowak A., Maślak M., Kojs P., Rutkowska J., Zubek Sz. 2019. Rapid change in forms of inorganic nitrogen in soil and moderate weed invasion following translocation of wet meadows to reclaimed post-industrial land. Land Degradation and Development, 30(8): 964– 978. 3. Zubek Sz., Chmolowska D., Jamrozek D., Ciechanowska A., Nobis M., Błaszkowski J., Rożek K., Rutkowska J. 2019. Monitoring of fungal root colonisation, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity and soil microbial processes to assess the success of ecosystem translocation. Journal of Environmental Management, 246: 538–546. 4. Gurgul A., Miksza-Cybulska A., Szmatoła T., Jasielczuk I., Semik-Gurgul E., Bugno-Poniewierska M., Figarski T., Kajtoch Ł.2019. Evaluation of genotyping by sequencing for population genetics of sibling and hybridizing birds: an example using Syrian and Great Spotted Woodpeckers. Journal of Ornithology, 160(1): 287–294. 5. Grzędzicka E. 2019. Is the existing urban greenery enough to cope with current concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and CO2? Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(1): 219-233. 6. Grzywacz B., Tatsuta H., Bugrov A.G., Warchałowska-Śliwa E. 2019. Cytogenetic markers reveal a reinforcemenet of variation in the tension zone between chromosome races in the brachypterous grasshopper Podisma sapporensis Shir.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphiesmeno- Ptera: the Caddisflies and Lepidoptera
    CY501-C13[548-606].qxd 2/16/05 12:17 AM Page 548 quark11 27B:CY501:Chapters:Chapter-13: 13Amphiesmeno-Amphiesmenoptera: The ptera:Caddisflies The and Lepidoptera With very few exceptions the life histories of the orders Tri- from Old English traveling cadice men, who pinned bits of choptera (caddisflies)Caddisflies and Lepidoptera (moths and butter- cloth to their and coats to advertise their fabrics. A few species flies) are extremely different; the former have aquatic larvae, actually have terrestrial larvae, but even these are relegated to and the latter nearly always have terrestrial, plant-feeding wet leaf litter, so many defining features of the order concern caterpillars. Nonetheless, the close relationship of these two larval adaptations for an almost wholly aquatic lifestyle (Wig- orders hasLepidoptera essentially never been disputed and is supported gins, 1977, 1996). For example, larvae are apneustic (without by strong morphological (Kristensen, 1975, 1991), molecular spiracles) and respire through a thin, permeable cuticle, (Wheeler et al., 2001; Whiting, 2002), and paleontological evi- some of which have filamentous abdominal gills that are sim- dence. Synapomorphies linking these two orders include het- ple or intricately branched (Figure 13.3). Antennae and the erogametic females; a pair of glands on sternite V (found in tentorium of larvae are reduced, though functional signifi- Trichoptera and in basal moths); dense, long setae on the cance of these features is unknown. Larvae do not have pro- wing membrane (which are modified into scales in Lepi- legs on most abdominal segments, save for a pair of anal pro- doptera); forewing with the anal veins looping up to form a legs that have sclerotized hooks for anchoring the larva in its double “Y” configuration; larva with a fused hypopharynx case.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae) Recorded from the Netherlands
    The species of Micropterix (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae) recorded from The Netherlands G. R. Langohr & J. H. Küchlein LANGOHR, G. R. & J. H. KÜCHLEIN, 1998. THE SPECIES OF MICROPTERIX (LEPIDOPTERA: MICROPTE¬ RIGIDAE) RECORDED FROM THE NETHERLANDS. - ENT. BER., AMST. 58 (11): 224-228. Abstract: Of the 65 described species of the genus Micropterix seven are so far known from The Netherlands. An iden¬ tification key to the Dutch species, based on external characters, is presented, and their bionomics are discussed. We found two species new to The Netherlands, viz. Micropterix schaejferi and Micropterix osthelderi. G. R. Langohr, Pleistraat 20, 6369 AJ Simpelveld, The Netherlands. J. H. Küchlein, Tinea foundation, Institute of Systematics and Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Middenlaan 64, 1018 DH Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Introduction been worked out. Therefore we still follow the classification, already given by Rebel (1901), The Micropterigidae, a family of smaller which is preferred to the alphabetical order, moths with 118 described species of which 65 used by Heath (1987, 1996). This old classifi¬ are placed in the genus Micropterix (Heath, cation is also adopted in the Dutch checklist of 1987), is represented in The Netherlands by Microlepidoptera (Küchlein, 1993). Also the seven species. numbering of the species is in accordance with The Micropterigidae are probably the most the checklist. Thus we compiled the following primitive group of Lepidoptera. They possess, list: for example, functional mandibles in the adult, and their wing venation is homoneurous. 1. Micropterix tunbergella (Fabricius, 1787) Some authors (e.g. Hinton, 1946) considered 2. Micropterix mansuetella Zeller, 1844 the Micropterigidae as a separate order of in¬ 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Nota Lepidopterologica
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Nota lepidopterologica Jahr/Year: 1992 Band/Volume: Supp_4 Autor(en)/Author(s): Whitebread Steven Artikel/Article: The Micropterigidae of Switzerland, with a key to their identification (Lepidoptera) 129-143 ©Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica; download unter http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ und www.zobodat.at Proc. VII. Congr. Eur. Lepid., Lunz 3-8.IX.1990 Nota lepid. Supplement No. 4 : 129-143 ; 30.XI.1992 ISSN 0342-7536 The Micropterigidae of Switzerland, with a key to their identification (Lepidoptera) Steven Whitebread, Maispracherstrasse 51, CH-4312 Magden, Switzerland. Summary The Palaearctic genus Micropterix, the only European representative of the family Micropterigidae, comprises about 65 species. Switzerland has a fairly rich Micropterix fauna, with 13 species. A key to all Swiss species, based on external characters, is presented. Five species are figured in colour. All available records are presented in the form of distribution maps. One species is reported from Switzerland for the first time. The Palaearctic genus Micropterix is the only representative of the family in Europe. About 65 species are known, of which 13 have so far been recorded from Switzerland. They are day-flying moths, flying usually only in sunshine and many species can be found in numbers sitting on flowers, feeding on the pollen. The larvae feed on vegetable matter on or below the surface of the soil and are therefore for the majority of species unknown. Their wingspan ranges from about 6 to 11 mm. Many species are shining purple or violet with golden fasciae and spots.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Ecosystem Services of Trichoptera
    Review Diversity and Ecosystem Services of Trichoptera John C. Morse 1,*, Paul B. Frandsen 2,3, Wolfram Graf 4 and Jessica A. Thomas 5 1 Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, E-143 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, SC 29634-0310, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Plant & Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, 701 E University Parkway Drive, Provo, UT 84602, USA; [email protected] 3 Data Science Lab, Smithsonian Institution, 600 Maryland Ave SW, Washington, D.C. 20024, USA 4 BOKU, Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecology Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor Mendelstr. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 5 Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York Y010 5DD, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-864-656-5049 Received: 2 February 2019; Accepted: 12 April 2019; Published: 1 May 2019 Abstract: The holometabolous insect order Trichoptera (caddisflies) includes more known species than all of the other primarily aquatic orders of insects combined. They are distributed unevenly; with the greatest number and density occurring in the Oriental Biogeographic Region and the smallest in the East Palearctic. Ecosystem services provided by Trichoptera are also very diverse and include their essential roles in food webs, in biological monitoring of water quality, as food for fish and other predators (many of which are of human concern), and as engineers that stabilize gravel bed sediment. They are especially important in capturing and using a wide variety of nutrients in many forms, transforming them for use by other organisms in freshwaters and surrounding riparian areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphology and Phylogenetic Implications (Lepidoptera: Mnesarchaeoidea)
    BULLETIN DE L'INSTJTUT ROYAL DES SCIENCES NATURELLES DE BELGIQUE ENTOMOLOGIE, 78: 133-143, 2008 BULLETIN VAN HET KONlNKLIJK BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN ENTOMOLOGIE, 78: 133-143, 2008 Antennal sensilla in the endemic New Zealand moth family Mnesarchaeidae: morphology and phylogenetic implications (Lepidoptera: Mnesarchaeoidea) By Michel J. FAUCHEUX, and George W. GIBBS Abstract de l'un des deux groupes d'especes coura=ent reconnus. Les sensi lles basiconiques ramifiees multipores sont presentes seulement A scanning electron microscope study of the antenna! sensilla in five dans le groupefa//ax (paracosma, espece l non decrite) tandis que species of Mncsarchaea, sole genus in the endemic New Zealand Jes sensilles auricillifonnes multipores et Jes sensilles styloconiques moth family Mnesarchaeidae was made to elucidate their potential atypiques a style court sont restreintes au groupe acuta (acuta, phylogenetic significance. Twelve sensillum types are described. ji1silel/a, especc 2 non decrite). Eight are common to all the species: multi porous long sensilla Les Mnesarchaeidae partagent avec quelqucs autres families de ba iconica, multiporous sensilla trichodea, multiporous sensilla Lepidopteres homoneures la presence de sensilles styloconiques a coeloconica, uniporous sensilla chaetica, aporous sensil!a chaetica, long poil, et avec les Neopseustidae le groupement des pores chez aporous long-haired sensilla styloconica, aporous Bi.ihm's sensilla quelques sous-types de sensilles basiconiques (ex. le type ramifie and sensi
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of Endopterygote Insects, the Most Successful Lineage of Living Organisms*
    REVIEW Eur. J. Entomol. 96: 237-253, 1999 ISSN 1210-5759 Phylogeny of endopterygote insects, the most successful lineage of living organisms* N iels P. KRISTENSEN Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Insecta, Endopterygota, Holometabola, phylogeny, diversification modes, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera, Coleóptera, Strepsiptera, Díptera, Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera Abstract. The monophyly of the Endopterygota is supported primarily by the specialized larva without external wing buds and with degradable eyes, as well as by the quiescence of the last immature (pupal) stage; a specialized morphology of the latter is not an en­ dopterygote groundplan trait. There is weak support for the basal endopterygote splitting event being between a Neuropterida + Co­ leóptera clade and a Mecopterida + Hymenoptera clade; a fully sclerotized sitophore plate in the adult is a newly recognized possible groundplan autapomorphy of the latter. The molecular evidence for a Strepsiptera + Díptera clade is differently interpreted by advo­ cates of parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of sequence data, and the morphological evidence for the monophyly of this clade is ambiguous. The basal diversification patterns within the principal endopterygote clades (“orders”) are succinctly reviewed. The truly species-rich clades are almost consistently quite subordinate. The identification of “key innovations” promoting evolution­
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Minibarcodes in Taxonomic Assignment: a Morphologically
    Zoologica Scripta DNA mini-barcodes in taxonomic assignment: a morphologically unique new homoneurous moth clade from the Indian Himalayas described in Micropterix (Lepidoptera, Micropterigidae) DAVID C. LEES,RODOLPHE ROUGERIE,CHRISTOF ZELLER-LUKASHORT &NIELS P. KRISTENSEN Submitted: 3 June 2010 Lees, D. C., Rougerie, R., Zeller-Lukashort, C. & Kristensen, N. P. (2010). DNA mini- Accepted: 24 July 2010 barcodes in taxonomic assignment: a morphologically unique new homoneurous moth doi: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00447.x clade from the Indian Himalayas described in Micropterix (Lepidoptera, Micropterigidae). — Zoologica Scripta, 39, 642–661. The first micropterigid moths recorded from the Himalayas, Micropterix cornuella sp. n. and Micropterix longicornuella sp. n. (collected, respectively, in 1935 in the Arunachel Pra- desh Province and in 1874 in Darjeeling, both Northeastern India) constitute a new clade, which is unique within the family because of striking specializations of the female postab- domen: tergum VIII ventral plate forming a continuous sclerotized ring, segment IX bear- ing a pair of strongly sclerotized lateroventral plates, each with a prominent horn-like posterior process. Fore wing vein R unforked, all Rs veins preapical; hind wing devoid of a discrete vein R. The combination of the two first-mentioned vein characters suggests close affinity to the large Palearctic genus Micropterix (to some species of which the members of the new clade bear strong superficial resemblance). Whilst absence of the hind wing R is unknown in that genus, this specialization is not incompatible with the new clade being subordinate within it. A 136-bp fragment of Cytochrome oxidase I successfully amplified from both of the 75-year-old specimens strongly supports this generic assignment.
    [Show full text]
  • Etd-03282016-151952.Pdf
    Automated Template B: Created by James Nail 2011V2.1 The evolution of wing pattern in Micropterigidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) By Sandra R. Schachat A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Agriculture and Life Sciences in the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology Mississippi State, Mississippi August 2016 Copyright by Sandra R. Schachat 2016 The evolution of wing pattern in Micropterigidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) By Sandra R. Schachat Approved: ____________________________________ Richard L. Brown (Major Professor) ____________________________________ Joaquín Baixeras Almela (Committee Member) ____________________________________ Jerome Goddard (Committee Member) ____________________________________ Sead Sabanadzovic (Committee Member) ____________________________________ Michael A. Caprio (Graduate Coordinator) ____________________________________ George M. Hopper Dean College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Name: Sandra R. Schachat Date of Degree: August 12, 2016 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Agriculture and Life Sciences Major Professor: Richard L. Brown Title of Study: The evolution of wing pattern in Micropterigidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) Pages in Study: 116 Candidate for Degree of Master of Science Despite the biological importance of lepidopteran wing patterns, homologies between pattern elements in different lineages are still not understood. Though plesiomorphic wing veins influence color patterning even when not expressed in the adult wing, most studies of wing pattern evolution have focused on derived taxa with reduced venation. Here I address this gap with an examination of Micropterigidae, a very early- diverged family in which all known plesiomorphic lepidopteran veins are expressed in the adult wing. Differences between the coloration of transverse bands in Micropterix and Sabatinca suggest that homologies exist between the contrast boundaries that divide wing pattern elements.
    [Show full text]
  • RNA Helicase Domains of Viral Origin in Proteins of Insect Retrotransposons: Possible Source for Evolutionary Advantages
    A peer-reviewed version of this preprint was published in PeerJ on 16 August 2017. View the peer-reviewed version (peerj.com/articles/3673), which is the preferred citable publication unless you specifically need to cite this preprint. Morozov SY, Lazareva EA, Solovyev AG. 2017. RNA helicase domains of viral origin in proteins of insect retrotransposons: possible source for evolutionary advantages. PeerJ 5:e3673 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3673 RNA helicase domains of viral origin in proteins of insect retrotransposons: possible source for evolutionary advantages Sergey Y. Morozov Corresp., 1 , Ekaterina A. Lazareva 2 , Andrey G. Solovyev 1, 3 1 Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 2 Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 3 Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia Corresponding Author: Sergey Y. Morozov Email address: [email protected] Recently, a novel phenomenon of horizontal gene transfer of helicase-encoding sequence from positive-stranded RNA viruses to LINE transposons in insect genomes was described. TRAS family transposons encoding an ORF2 protein, which comprised all typical functional domains and an additional helicase domain, were found to be preserved in many families during the evolution of the order Lepidoptera. In the present paper, in species of orders Hemiptera and Orthoptera, we found helicase domain-encoding sequences integrated into ORF1 of retrotransposons of the Jockey family. RNA helicases encoded by transposons of TRAS and Jockey families represented separate brunches in a phylogenetic tree of helicase domains and thus could be considered as independently originated in the evolution of insect transposons.
    [Show full text]