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Defence Reform in Ukraine: Chronology of the First Five www.ssoar.info Defence reform in Ukraine: chronology of the first five years Grytsenko, Anatoliy S. Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Forschungsbericht / research report Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Grytsenko, A. S. (1998). Defence reform in Ukraine: chronology of the first five years. (Berichte / BIOst, 29-1998). Köln: Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168- ssoar-43591 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). 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Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use. anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Die Meinungen, die in den vom BUNDESINSTITUT FÜR OSTWISSENSCHAFTLICHE UND INTERNATIONALE STUDIEN herausgegebenen Veröffentlichungen geäußert werden, geben ausschließlich die Auffassung der Autoren wieder. © 1998 by Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, Köln Abdruck und sonstige publizistische Nutzung – auch auszugsweise – nur mit vorheriger Zustimmung des Bundesinstituts sowie mit Angabe des Verfassers und der Quelle gestattet. Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, Lindenbornstr. 22, D-50823 Köln, Telefon 0221/5747-0, Telefax 0221/5747-110; Internet-Adresse: http://www.uni-koeln.de/extern/biost ISSN 0435-7183 Inhalt Seite Kurzfassung....................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Origins ........................................................................ 7 1.1 Soviet Legacy: Starting Point and Humus for the System........................... 7 1.2 System's Dimension: Army or Armies of Ukraine?..................................... 9 1.3 System's Element: MOD as the Youngest Stepchild ................................... 12 Chapter 2: The Failure to Address the Problem ............................................................ 13 2.1 Programme of Reforms: Vehicle for the System......................................... 13 2.1.1 Contradictory Wording at the Top Level..................................................... 14 2.1.2 Unsuccessful Attempts at the Middle Level ................................................ 16 2.1.3 'Detective' Stories......................................................................................... 18 2.1.4 Sometimes New Is Rather Forgotten Old, and Is Not Necessarily Better........................................................................................ 21 2.1.5 Interdepartmental Co-ordination: Contour of the Procedure ..................................................................................................... 23 2.1.6 Other Civilian Players: Degree of Involvement........................................... 25 2.2 Civilian Defence Minister: Unreasoned Or Premature Step?............................................................................................................. 28 2.2.1 Promising Start............................................................................................. 28 2.2.2 Frustrated Hopes.......................................................................................... 29 2.2.3 Belated Removal.......................................................................................... 32 2.3 Professional Army: Distant Future?............................................................. 32 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 36 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 39 Die Studie erschien im Dezember 1997 als "Harmonie Paper 1", hrsg. vom Centre for Euro- pean Security Studies (CESS) in Groningen. Der Autor ist Leiter der Abteilung Politikanalyse im Nationalen Sicherheitsrat der Ukraine. Redaktion: Dieter Bingen Verteidigungsreform in der Ukraine: Chronologie der ersten fünf Jahre 3 Anatoliy S. Grytsenko Verteidigungsreform in der Ukraine: Chronologie der ersten fünf Jahre Bericht des BIOst Nr. 29/1998 Kurzfassung Vorbemerkung Als aktiver Partner im 'Programm für Partnerschaft und Frieden' hat die Ukraine sich zur 'Transparenz' in einigen Schlüsselbereichen der zivilen-militärischen Beziehungen und der Verteidigung verpflichtet. Das Land kann seinen Partnern allerdings wenig wertvolle Informationen liefern, da seine militärischen Pläne, Programme und das Finanzierungssystem noch im Anfangsstadium stecken. Außerdem ist die zivile Führung der Ukraine noch nicht bereit, das Militär unter die volle demokratische, zivile Kontrolle zu unterstellen. Dieser Bericht will die verschiedenen Aspekte der Beziehungen zwischen Militär und den zivilen Behörden sowie der Verteidigungsreformen in der Ukraine untersuchen. Hierbei tritt eine wichtige Dimension der Beziehungen zwischen zivilen und militärischen Bereichen in Erscheinung: Parallel zu den Streitkräften existieren einige andere bewaffnete Strukturen und schaffen viele zusätzliche Hindernisse auf dem Weg zum Aufbau von erschwinglichen und nachhaltigen militärischen Strukturen. Diese Studie enthält Faktenmaterial in großem Umfang, wodurch die Entwicklung zwischen 1991 und 1996 gut nachvollzogen werden kann. Trends, Tendenzen und Widersprüche, die auf den ersten Blick nicht ersichtlich sind, können so herausgearbeitet werden. Die Hauptakteure und wichtigsten Persönlichkeiten, die im Planungsprozeß der Verteidigung eine wichtige Rolle spielen, werden vorgestellt. Die Untersuchung basiert auf einer Anzahl offizieller Verlautbarungen und zahlreicher ukainischer, russischer und westlicher Originalquellen. Ergebnisse 1. Es steht noch bei weitem nicht bestens um die Beziehungen zwischen den zivilen und mili- tärischen Bereichen in der Ukraine. Eigentlich ist die zivile Führung noch nicht bereit, das Militär ganz einer demokratischen zivilen Kontrolle zu unterstellen. 2. Der Mangel an konstitutioneller Klarheit, an deutlich festgelegten Prioritäten der Innen- wie Außenpolitik sowie zahllose Brüche in der legislativen Grundlage eröffnen dem Militär einen großen Spielraum zwischen den exekutiven Strukturen und dem Parlament. 3. Das Programm für Aufbau und Entwicklung der Streitkräfte steht im Zentrum der Bezie- hungen zwischen zivilen und militärischen Behörden der Ukraine. Ohne eine nationale und militärische Verteidigungsstrategie, ohne zivile Vorgaben für die finanziellen Aspekte des 4 Berichte des BIOst 1998 Programms, ohne grundlegende Kenntnis der Ziele und Aufgaben der ukrainischen Streit- kräfte, kann ein solches Programm unmöglich erstellt werden. 4. Außerordentlich wichtig ist die Frage des Umfangs des ukrainischen Militärs. Die Ukraine ist in einer sehr viel schwierigeren Lage als andere europäische Länder. Es gibt hier eine Million bewaffneter Truppen, aber nur 370 000 davon dienen in der Armee. Die anderen militärischen Strukturen – die Nationalgarde, die Grenztruppen, die zivilen Verteidigungsformationen, der Sicherheitsdienst, die Truppen des Inneren usw. – haben Ziele und Aufgaben, die sich zum Teil mit denen der Streitkräfte überschneiden. Es wäre also unsinnig, nur die Armee zu reformieren, ohne Ziele und Aufgaben neu zu verteilen und ohne alle staatlichen militärischen Organisationen der Ukraine miteinzubeziehen. 5. Obwohl in den letzten fünf bis sechs Jahren die meisten der notwendigen konstitutionellen und institutionellen Vorbereitungen für eine demokratische zivile Kontrolle über die Streit- kräfte in der Ukraine getroffen wurden, so existiert sie gegenwärtig doch nur als Form. Es wäre unbedingt notwendig, die Form mit dem geeigneten Inhalt zu füllen oder, in anderen Worten, ihr 'Leben einzuhauchen'. Nur dann kann man hoffen, daß die Ukraine in den kommenden Jahren in der Lage sein wird, ein wirksames und nachhaltiges System einer verläßlichen demokratisch-zivilen Kontrolle über das Militär aufzubauen. 6. Man kann die Form der Beziehungen zwischen den zivilen und militärischen Behörden mit Inhalt füllen, in dem man wissenschaftlich – oder doch zumindest systematisch – an die Schaffung eines
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