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Struggles Over Governance of Oil and Gas Projects in The STRUGGLES OVER GOVERNANCE OF OIL AND GAS PROJECTS IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON by GRACIELA MARIA MERCEDES LU A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Geography and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2016 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Graciela María Mercedes Lu Title: Struggles Over Governance of Oil and Gas Projects in the Peruvian Amazon This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Geography by: Derrick Hindery Chairperson Katharine Meehan Core Member Peter Walker Core Member Carlos Aguirre Institutional Representative and Scott L. Pratt Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2016 ii © 2016 Graciela María Mercedes Lu iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Graciela María Mercedes Lu Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geography June 2016 Title: Struggles Over Governance of Oil and Gas Projects in the Peruvian Amazon This dissertation examines the shifting and multi-scalar governance of oil and gas projects in Peruvian Amazon. Using cases studies of oil extraction in blocks 1AB (192), 8 in Loreto (2006 to 2015), and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process for the expansion of the Camisea gas project in block 88 in Cusco, this dissertation explores how environmental decision-making processes of oil and gas projects are structured and enacted. In doing so, this study sheds light on the shifting interactions, negotiations, struggles and (at times) open conflicts between actors that define why, how and where hydrocarbon projects take place in the Amazon. Recognizing the variety of actors, I organize my analysis around government institutions, indigenous mobilizations, environmental assessments and the economic distribution of revenues from oil and gas projects. From my analysis I argue that resource extraction is changing substantially the relationship between the government and the indigenous peoples in the Peruvian Amazon. These changes involve profound changes in indigenous rights and the creation of new institutions and capacities in the state to address the social-environmental effects of extractive industries. The surge of social-environmental conflicts and the influence of iv international finance institutions have prompted the Peruvian government to reform the institutional framework regulating resource extraction. This reforms are taking place amid the globalization of indigenous rights, discourses, and laws (such as the Prior Consultation Law) granting special rights to indigenous peoples. However, power- knowledge asymmetries in the decision-making processes (such as the environmental assessments) tend to increase the sense of mistrust among the local populations, resulting in increasing social-environmental conflicts. In addition, the uneven distribution of benefits from resource extraction is creating regional disparities, increasing the dependency of some regions on resource extraction. An examination of the implementation of the EIA process for the expansion of the Camisea project in block 88 exposes unresolved practices of representation and citizenship of the indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation. However, overall, Amazonian indigenous people’s struggles are shifting the traditional national, social, and political life. v CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Graciela Maria Mercedes Lu GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor of Philosophy, Geography, 2016, University of Oregon Master of Arts, 2009, International Studies, University of Oregon Bachelor of Science, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 2000, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Political Ecology Environment and Development Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Justice Indigenous Movements in Latin America PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Teaching Assistant, Department of Geography, University of Oregon 2010 – to date Research Assistant, Department of Geography, University of Oregon 2009 – 2010 Staff Scientist, Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide 1991 – to date GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: John Allcott, MD and Elizabeth H. Allcott, Doctoral Research Grant, 2015 David Brower Lifetime Achievement Award. Public Interest Environmental Law Conference, University of Oregon, 2014 vi Global Oregon Summer Research Award, University of Oregon, 2012 Public Impact, University of Oregon, 2012 PUBLICATIONS: Lu, M. 2015 Political, Regulatory and Technical Assessment of the Hydrocarbon Sector in Peru. Lima, Peru: DAR. Lu, M. 2015. Guidebook for Evaluating Environmental Impact Assessment Studies of Oil and Gas Projects in the Peruvian Amazon. Lima, Peru: DAR. Lu, M. 2015. Guidebook for Evaluating Environmental Impact Assessment Studies of Palm Oil Industry in the Peruvian Amazon. Lima, Peru: DAR. Chernaik, M. Lu, M, Gleason, J. 2010. Guidebook for Evaluating Mining Project EIAs. Eugene, Oregon: ELAW. Lu, M. 2001. The Use of Evidence in Water Pollution Cases, Guatemala City, Guatemala: IDEADS. Avila, R.M. and Lu, M. Hydrocarbons and Protected Areas. In: Gamboa, C. 2010 Hydrocarbons in the Peruvian Amazon, Overlap of interests or opportunities for sustainable development? vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express profound gratitude to the people who provided intellectual guidance and encouragement: my advisor Professor Derrick Hindery and my former advisor, Professor Lise Nelson. This research could not have been possible without the generous support of John Allcott, M.D. and Elizabeth H. Allcott, PhD and the kindness of many people who provided much-appreciated advice such as Professors Carlos Aguirre, Katie Meehan and Peter Walker. Special thanks go to the Apus Alfonso López, Carlos Sandi and Aurelio Chino of the indigenous federations ACODECOSPAT, FECONACO, FEDIQUEP, Jacqueline Binari of COMARU and to my friends and colleagues Lily La Torre, Tami Okamoto, Carlos Soria, Wendy Pineda, Martin Scurrah, Frederica Barclay, Maggie Keenan, Kalindi Devi-Dasi, Gabriela Martínez, Diana Bermúdez, Asunta Santillán, Diego Saavedra, Thuli Makama, Vanessa Cueto, Cristina Lopez, Diandra Torres, the staff of the organizations Derecho, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (DAR), Pueblos Indígenas Amazónicos Unidos en Defensa de sus Territorios (PUINAMUDT) and the Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide (ELAW). Special thanks to my editor, Sharon Hernandez-Dorow for her patience and dedication and to Avi Conant for his helpful comments and edits. I have benefitted tremendously from the insights and support of faculty, staff and graduate students of the Department of Geography at the University of Oregon. I am especially grateful to Dylan Brady, Christine Carolan, ‘Em’ Jackson, Belen Noroña, Olivia Molden, Anna Moore, Sarah Proctor, Tom Ptak, Yi Yu, and to the innumerable other friends and family who gave me personal support, but special mention goes to my brother and sister Romulo and Lili Lu. viii To my parents ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 Research Problem and Context .............................................................................. 5 II.THEORY AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 17 Resource Governance ............................................................................................ 17 Resource Extraction and the Neoliberal State ....................................................... 22 Indigenous Citizenship........................................................................................... 29 Methods and Data Analysis ................................................................................... 34 Positionality ........................................................................................................... 43 III. POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONTEXT ....................................... 49 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 49 Political and Economic Reforms 1990 - 2014 ....................................................... 51 Protected Areas ...................................................................................................... 60 The Indigenous Peoples in Blocks 1AB (192), 8 and 88 ....................................... 67 The Achuar....................................................................................................... 68 The Cocama Cocamilla .................................................................................... 71 The Kichwa ...................................................................................................... 73 The Matsigenka ................................................................................................ 75 The Amazon Indigenous Movement ...................................................................... 79 x Chapter Page IV. EXTRACTING OIL AND JUSTICE: BLOCKS 1AB (192) AND 8 (2006-2015) 86 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 86 Events that Led to the Achuar protest in 2006 and the Dorissa Accord ................ 90 After the Dorissa Accord ......................................................................................
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