Updating and Expanding GSK's Solvent Sustainability Guide
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Chapter 21 the Chemistry of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Instructor Supplemental Solutions to Problems © 2010 Roberts and Company Publishers Chapter 21 The Chemistry of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Solutions to In-Text Problems 21.1 (b) (d) (e) (h) 21.2 (a) butanenitrile (common: butyronitrile) (c) isopentyl 3-methylbutanoate (common: isoamyl isovalerate) The isoamyl group is the same as an isopentyl or 3-methylbutyl group: (d) N,N-dimethylbenzamide 21.3 The E and Z conformations of N-acetylproline: 21.5 As shown by the data above the problem, a carboxylic acid has a higher boiling point than an ester because it can both donate and accept hydrogen bonds within its liquid state; hydrogen bonding does not occur in the ester. Consequently, pentanoic acid (valeric acid) has a higher boiling point than methyl butanoate. Here are the actual data: INSTRUCTOR SUPPLEMENTAL SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS • CHAPTER 21 2 21.7 (a) The carbonyl absorption of the ester occurs at higher frequency, and only the carboxylic acid has the characteristic strong, broad O—H stretching absorption in 2400–3600 cm–1 region. (d) In N-methylpropanamide, the N-methyl group is a doublet at about d 3. N-Ethylacetamide has no doublet resonances. In N-methylpropanamide, the a-protons are a quartet near d 2.5. In N-ethylacetamide, the a- protons are a singlet at d 2. The NMR spectrum of N-methylpropanamide has no singlets. 21.9 (a) The first ester is more basic because its conjugate acid is stabilized not only by resonance interaction with the ester oxygen, but also by resonance interaction with the double bond; that is, the conjugate acid of the first ester has one more important resonance structure than the conjugate acid of the second. -
Transport of Dangerous Goods
ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Recommendations on the TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Model Regulations Volume I Sixteenth revised edition UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2009 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. UNITED NATIONS Sales No. E.09.VIII.2 ISBN 978-92-1-139136-7 (complete set of two volumes) ISSN 1014-5753 Volumes I and II not to be sold separately FOREWORD The Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are addressed to governments and to the international organizations concerned with safety in the transport of dangerous goods. The first version, prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, was published in 1956 (ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170). In response to developments in technology and the changing needs of users, they have been regularly amended and updated at succeeding sessions of the Committee of Experts pursuant to Resolution 645 G (XXIII) of 26 April 1957 of the Economic and Social Council and subsequent resolutions. -
Isobutyl Acetate Acetic Acid Isobutyl Ester Acetic Acid 2-Methylpropyl Ester 2-Methyl-1-Propyl Acetate
Product Information Isobutyl Acetate Acetic Acid Isobutyl Ester Acetic Acid 2-Methylpropyl Ester 2-Methyl-1-Propyl Acetate (CH3)2CHCH2OC(O)CH3 Description Physical properties Isobutyl acetate is a colorless solvent Molecular Weight 116.16 with medium volatility and a characteristic fruity ester odor. It has Relative Evaporation Rate nBuAc=1 1.7 good solvency characteristics for ° polymers, resins, oils and cellulose Vapor Pressure at 20 C, mmHg 15 nitrate and is miscible with all Density at 20°C lb/gal 7.26 common organic solvents. ° Specific Gravity at 20/20 C 0.873 ° Viscosity at 20 C cP 0.7 Surface Tension (dynes/cm at 20°C) 23.4 ° (dynes/cm at 25 C) - Hansen Solubility Parameters Total 8.2 Non-Polar 7.4 Polar 1.8 Hydrogen Bonding 3.1 ° Boiling Point, C at 760mm Hg 118.0 Solubility at 20°C %Wt In Water 0.66 %Wt Water in 1.1 ° Closed Cup Flash Point F62 † SARA 313 (see note 1 )N †† Hazardous Air Pollutant (see note 2 )N † Note 1: Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) Title III Section 313 †† Note 2: Hazardous Air Pollutants listed under Title III of the Clean Air Act Classification/Registry Numbers CAS Number 110-19-0 EINECS 203-745-1 (Please see second page) DOW RESTRICTED - For internal use only*Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company Isobutyl Acetate Acetic Acid Isobutyl Ester Acetic Acid 2-Methylprpoyl Ester 2-Methyl-1-Propyl Acetate Features • Miscible with all common organic solvents (alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, glycols, ethers, glycol ethers) • Readily thinned with aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons • Limited -
R Graphics Output
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate ( 0.339 ) Melengestrol acetate ( 0.282 ) 17beta−Trenbolone ( 0.252 ) 17alpha−Estradiol ( 0.24 ) 17alpha−Hydroxyprogesterone ( 0.238 ) Triamcinolone ( 0.233 ) Zearalenone ( 0.216 ) CP−634384 ( 0.21 ) 17alpha−Ethinylestradiol ( 0.203 ) Raloxifene hydrochloride ( 0.203 ) Volinanserin ( 0.2 ) Tiratricol ( 0.197 ) trans−Retinoic acid ( 0.192 ) Chlorpromazine hydrochloride ( 0.191 ) PharmaGSID_47315 ( 0.185 ) Apigenin ( 0.183 ) Diethylstilbestrol ( 0.178 ) 4−Dodecylphenol ( 0.161 ) 2,2',6,6'−Tetrachlorobisphenol A ( 0.156 ) o,p'−DDD ( 0.155 ) Progesterone ( 0.152 ) 4−Hydroxytamoxifen ( 0.151 ) SSR150106 ( 0.149 ) Equilin ( 0.3 ) 3,5,3'−Triiodothyronine ( 0.256 ) 17−Methyltestosterone ( 0.242 ) 17beta−Estradiol ( 0.24 ) 5alpha−Dihydrotestosterone ( 0.235 ) Mifepristone ( 0.218 ) Norethindrone ( 0.214 ) Spironolactone ( 0.204 ) Farglitazar ( 0.203 ) Testosterone propionate ( 0.202 ) meso−Hexestrol ( 0.199 ) Mestranol ( 0.196 ) Estriol ( 0.191 ) 2,2',4,4'−Tetrahydroxybenzophenone ( 0.185 ) 3,3,5,5−Tetraiodothyroacetic acid ( 0.183 ) Norgestrel ( 0.181 ) Cyproterone acetate ( 0.164 ) GSK232420A ( 0.161 ) N−Dodecanoyl−N−methylglycine ( 0.155 ) Pentachloroanisole ( 0.154 ) HPTE ( 0.151 ) Biochanin A ( 0.15 ) Dehydroepiandrosterone ( 0.149 ) PharmaCode_333941 ( 0.148 ) Prednisone ( 0.146 ) Nordihydroguaiaretic acid ( 0.145 ) p,p'−DDD ( 0.144 ) Diphenhydramine hydrochloride ( 0.142 ) Forskolin ( 0.141 ) Perfluorooctanoic acid ( 0.14 ) Oleyl sarcosine ( 0.139 ) Cyclohexylphenylketone ( 0.138 ) Pirinixic acid ( 0.137 ) -
Fermentation and Ester Taints
Fermentation and Ester Taints Anita Oberholster Introduction: Aroma Compounds • Grape‐derived –provide varietal distinction • Yeast and fermentation‐derived – Esters – Higher alcohols – Carbonyls – Volatile acids – Volatile phenols – Sulfur compounds What is and Esters? • Volatile molecule • Characteristic fruity and floral aromas • Esters are formed when an alcohol and acid react with each other • Few esters formed in grapes • Esters in wine ‐ two origins: – Enzymatic esterification during fermentation – Chemical esterification during long‐term storage Ester Formation • Esters can by formed enzymatically by both the plant and microbes • Microbes – Yeast (Non‐Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces yeast) – Lactic acid bacteria – Acetic acid bacteria • But mainly produced by yeast (through lipid and acetyl‐CoA metabolism) Ester Formation Alcohol function Keto acid‐Coenzyme A Ester Ester Classes • Two main groups – Ethyl esters – Acetate esters • Ethyl esters = EtOH + acid • Acetate esters = acetate (derivative of acetic acid) + EtOH or complex alcohol from amino acid metabolism Ester Classes • Acetate esters – Ethyl acetate (solvent‐like aroma) – Isoamyl acetate (banana aroma) – Isobutyl acetate (fruit aroma) – Phenyl ethyl acetate (roses, honey) • Ethyl esters – Ethyl hexanoate (aniseed, apple‐like) – Ethyl octanoate (sour apple aroma) Acetate Ester Formation • 2 Main factors influence acetate ester formation – Concentration of two substrates acetyl‐CoA and fusel alcohol – Activity of enzyme responsible for formation and break down reactions • Enzyme activity influenced by fermentation variables – Yeast – Composition of fermentation medium – Fermentation conditions Acetate/Ethyl Ester Formation – Fermentation composition and conditions • Total sugar content and optimal N2 amount pos. influence • Amount of unsaturated fatty acids and O2 neg. influence • Ethyl ester formation – 1 Main factor • Conc. of precursors – Enzyme activity smaller role • Higher fermentation temp formation • C and N increase small effect Saerens et al. -
Isoamyl Acetate
SUMMARY OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL SELECTION Isoamyl Acetate CAS No. 123-92-2 Prepared for NTP by Technical Resources International, Inc Prepared on 11/94 Under NCI Contract No. N01-CP-56019 Table of Contents I. Chemical Identification II. Exposure Information Table 1. Levels of isoamyl acetate reported in foods III. Evidence for Possible Carcinogenic Activity Appendix A: Structural Analogs of Isoamyl Acetate IV. References SUMMARY OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL SELECTION CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION CAS Registry No.: 123-92-2 Chem. Abstr. Name: 1-Butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate Synonyms: Acetic acid 3-methylbutyl ester; acetic acid, isopentyl ester; AI3-00576; banana oil; isoamyl ethanoate; isopentyl acetate; isopentyl alcohol, acetate; pear oil; 3-methyl-1-butanol acetate; 3-methyl-1-butyl acetate; 3-methylbutyl acetate; 3-methylbutyl ethanoate; i-amyl acetate Structure: Molecular Formula and Molecular Weight: C7H14O2 Mol. Wt.: 130.18 Chemical and Physical Properties: Description: Colorless, flammable liquid with a banana-like odor (ACGIH, 1993). Boiling Point: 142°C (Lide, 1993) Melting Point: -78.5°C (Mark, et al, 1984; Lide, 1993) Solubility: Soluble in water (2000 mg/L at 25°C) (Howard, 1990); soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, and acetone (Lide, 1993). Vapor 4.5 mm Hg at 20°C (Howard, 1990) Pressure: Refractive 1.4003 (Lide, 1993) Index: Flash Point: closed cup, 33°C; open cup, 38°:C (Budavari, 1989) Density: 0.876 (Lewis, 1993) Reactivity: Thermal decomposition of isoamyl acetate may produce acrid fumes. Contact with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, and alkaline materials should be avoided (Haarmann & Reimer Corp., 1994). Hazardous decomposition products of isoamyl acetate include CO and CO2 (AESAR/Alfa, 1994) Log 2.13 (Howard, 1990) P(octanol/water partition coefficient): Technical Isoamyl acetate is commercially available as both a natural and synthetic product with a purity Products and range of 95-99+%. -
Estimation of Hydrolysis Rate Constants of Carboxylic Acid Ester and Phosphate Ester Compounds in Aqueous Systems from Molecular Structure by SPARC
Estimation of Hydrolysis Rate Constants of Carboxylic Acid Ester and Phosphate Ester Compounds in Aqueous Systems from Molecular Structure by SPARC R E S E A R C H A N D D E V E L O P M E N T EPA/600/R-06/105 September 2006 Estimation of Hydrolysis Rate Constants of Carboxylic Acid Ester and Phosphate Ester Compounds in Aqueous Systems from Molecular Structure by SPARC By S. H. Hilal Ecosystems Research Division National Exposure Research Laboratory Athens, Georgia U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Washington, DC 20460 NOTICE The information in this document has been funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review, and has been approved for publication. Mention of trade names of commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii ABSTRACT SPARC (SPARC Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry) chemical reactivity models were extended to calculate hydrolysis rate constants for carboxylic acid ester and phosphate ester compounds in aqueous non- aqueous and systems strictly from molecular structure. The energy differences between the initial state and the transition state for a molecule of interest are factored into internal and external mechanistic perturbation components. The internal perturbations quantify the interactions of the appended perturber (P) with the reaction center (C). These internal perturbations are factored into SPARC’s mechanistic components of electrostatic and resonance effects. External perturbations quantify the solute-solvent interactions (solvation energy) and are factored into H-bonding, field stabilization and steric effects. These models have been tested using 1471 reliable measured base, acid and general base-catalyzed carboxylic acid ester hydrolysis rate constants in water and in mixed solvent systems at different temperatures. -
Expanding the Modular Ester Fermentative Pathways for Combinatorial Biosynthesis of Esters from Volatile Organic Acids
ARTICLE Expanding the Modular Ester Fermentative Pathways for Combinatorial Biosynthesis of Esters From Volatile Organic Acids Donovan S. Layton,1,2 Cong T. Trinh1,2,3 1 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 2 BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 3 Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee; telephone: þ865-974-8121; fax: 865-974-7076; e-mail: [email protected] Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1764–1776. ABSTRACT: Volatile organic acids are byproducts of fermentative ß 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. metabolism, for example, anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic KEYWORDS: modular chassis cell; carboxylate; ester; acyl acetate; biomass or organic wastes, and are often times undesired inhibiting acyl acylate; ester fermentative pathway cell growth and reducing directed formation of the desired products. Here, we devised a general framework for upgrading these volatile organic acids to high-value esters that can be used as flavors, fragrances, solvents, and biofuels. This framework employs the acid-to-ester modules, consisting of an AAT (alcohol Introduction acyltransferase) plus ACT (acyl CoA transferase) submodule and an alcohol submodule, for co-fermentation of sugars and organic Harnessing renewable or waste feedstocks (e.g., switchgrass, corn acids to acyl CoAs and alcohols to form a combinatorial library of stover, agricultural residue, or municipal solid waste) -
What's in Your Beer? Part 2: GC/MS Static Head Space with a Highly
Ken Lynam1, Vanessa Abercrombie2, Gustavo Serrano1, and Phil Stremple1 Pittcon 2018 What’s in Your Beer? POSTER # Part 2: GC/MS Static Head Space with a Highly Inert 624 Capillary GC Column 1 Agilent Technologies Inc. Wilmington, DE 19808, 2 Agilent Technologies Inc. Folsom, CA 95630 1040-4 Introduction Experimental Results Summer Style Beers Results and Discussion – Superior Organic Acid Response Some ingredients in beer can be challenging to Example Total Ion Chromatogram Superior Organic Acid Responses- Test Probe Mix Other Cyanopropyl phenyl columns absorb organic acids Total Ion Chromatogram Total Ion Chromatogram separate and chromatograph. Common beer flavor 2 ppm aldehydes, alcohols and esters in water Hefe-Wizen, summer style wheat beer pA components include; fusel oils, aldehydes, esters, and Lemon Shandi Acetic acid Butanoic acid Octanoic acid pA 18 butanoic acid Octanoic acid organic acids. The polarity of a 6 % cyano propyl Propionic acid 18 propionic acid phenyl stationary phase (624) has been a traditional 3 1 Carbon dioxide 16 16 20 22 23 24 27 28 30 33 1 acetyl aldehyde choice for this type of analysis and works well. 2 methanol 1 5 6 8 2 Acetyl aldehyde 1 Carbon dioxide 3 Ethanol 25 3 ethanol 14 14 3 However, peaks shapes and low level detection of 4 acetone 2 Acetyl aldehyde 4 1-propanol 5 isopropanol 9 8 22 5 Ethyl acetate 12 1 3 5 20 No detection on organic acids have been problematic for this phase. 6 tert butanol 3 Ethanol 6 Isobutyl alcohol 12 acetic acid Severe tailing 31 9 7 1-propanol Competitor’s Phase When inertness performance verified 624 columns are 300000 4 1-propanol 7 Acetic acid 10 8 butyraldehyde 16 8 Isoamyl alcohol (3-methyl 1-butanol) used, consistent organic acid performance is 9 2,3 butanedione 5 Ethyl acetate 10 15 9 Active amyl alcohol (2-methyl 1-butanol) 8 10 ethyl acetate all four acids observed achieved. -
Comprehensive Characterization of Toxicity of Fermentative Metabolites on Microbial Growth Brandon Wilbanks1 and Cong T
Wilbanks and Trinh Biotechnol Biofuels (2017) 10:262 DOI 10.1186/s13068-017-0952-4 Biotechnology for Biofuels RESEARCH Open Access Comprehensive characterization of toxicity of fermentative metabolites on microbial growth Brandon Wilbanks1 and Cong T. Trinh1,2* Abstract Background: Volatile carboxylic acids, alcohols, and esters are natural fermentative products, typically derived from anaerobic digestion. These metabolites have important functional roles to regulate cellular metabolisms and broad use as food supplements, favors and fragrances, solvents, and fuels. Comprehensive characterization of toxic efects of these metabolites on microbial growth under similar conditions is very limited. Results: We characterized a comprehensive list of thirty-two short-chain carboxylic acids, alcohols, and esters on microbial growth of Escherichia coli MG1655 under anaerobic conditions. We analyzed toxic efects of these metabo- lites on E. coli health, quantifed by growth rate and cell mass, as a function of metabolite types, concentrations, and physiochemical properties including carbon number, chemical functional group, chain branching feature, energy density, total surface area, and hydrophobicity. Strain characterization revealed that these metabolites exert distinct toxic efects on E. coli health. We found that higher concentrations and/or carbon numbers of metabolites cause more severe growth inhibition. For the same carbon numbers and metabolite concentrations, we discovered that branched chain metabolites are less toxic than the linear chain ones. Remarkably, shorter alkyl esters (e.g., ethyl butyrate) appear less toxic than longer alkyl esters (e.g., butyl acetate). Regardless of metabolites, hydrophobicity of a metabolite, gov- erned by its physiochemical properties, strongly correlates with the metabolite’s toxic efect on E. coli health. -
BLUE BOOK 1 Methyl Acetate CIR EXPERT PANEL MEETING
BLUE BOOK 1 Methyl Acetate CIR EXPERT PANEL MEETING AUGUST 30-31, 2010 Memorandum To: CIR Expert Panel Members and Liaisons From: Bart Heldreth Ph.D., Chemist Date: July 30, 2010 Subject: Draft Final Report of Methyl Acetate, Simple Alkyl Acetate Esters, Acetic Acid and its Salts as used in Cosmetics . This review includes Methyl Acetate and the following acetate esters, relevant metabolites and acetate salts: Propyl Acetate, Isopropyl Acetate, t-Butyl Acetate, Isobutyl Acetate, Butoxyethyl Acetate, Nonyl Acetate, Myristyl Acetate, Cetyl Acetate, Stearyl Acetate, Isostearyl Acetate, Acetic Acid, Sodium Acetate, Potassium Acetate, Magnesium Acetate, Calcium Acetate, Zinc Acetate, Propyl Alcohol, and Isopropyl Alcohol. At the June 2010 meeting, the Panel reviewed information submitted in response to an insufficient data announcement for HRIPT data for Cetyl Acetate at the highest concentration of use (lipstick). On reviewing the data in the report, evaluating the newly available unpublished studies and assessing the newly added ingredients, the Panel determined that the data are now sufficient, and issued a Tentative Report, with a safe as used conclusion. Included in this report are Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM) sponsored toxicity studies on Methyl Acetate and Propyl Acetate, which were provided in “wave 2” at the June Panel Meeting but are now incorporated in full. The Tentative Report was issued for a 60 day comment period (60 days as of the August panel meeting start date). The Panel should now review the Draft Final Report, confirm the conclusion of safe, and issue a Final Report. All of the materials are in the Panel book as well as in the URL for this meeting's web page http://www.cir- safety.org/aug10.shtml. -
Wo 2011/015417 A2
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date 10 February 2011 (10.02.2011) WO 2011/015417 A2 (51) International Patent Classification: Road East, Bebington, Wirral Merseyside CH63 3JW A61K 8/11 (2006.01) A61Q 15/00 (2006.01) (GB). A61Q 13/00 (2006.01) (74) Agent: WHALEY, Christopher; Unilever PLC, Unilever (21) International Application Number: Patent Group, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford PCT/EP2010/059736 Bedfordshire MK44 ILQ (GB). (22) International Filing Date: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every 7 July 2010 (07.07.2010) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, English (25) Filing Language: CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, (26) Publication Language: English DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, (30) Priority Data: KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, 09167370.7 6 August 2009 (06.08.2009) EP ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, (71) Applicant (for AE, AG, AU, BB, BH, BW, BZ, CA, CY, NO, NZ, OM, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, EG, GB, GD, GH, GM, IE, IL, KE, KN, LC, LK, LS, MT, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, MW, MY, NA, NG, NZ, OM, PG, SC, SD, SG, SL, SZ, TT, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW.