Sob O Céu Das Valquírias: As Concepções De Heroísmo E Honra Dos Pilotos De Caça Na Grande Guerra (1914-18)

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Sob O Céu Das Valquírias: As Concepções De Heroísmo E Honra Dos Pilotos De Caça Na Grande Guerra (1914-18) Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Humanidades Departamento de História Programa de Pós-graduação em História Área de concentração: História e Historiografia das Idéias Sob o céu das valquírias: as concepções de heroísmo e honra dos pilotos de caça na Grande Guerra (1914-18) Delmo de Oliveira Arguelhes Maio de 2008 Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Humanidades Departamento de História Programa de Pós-graduação em História Área de concentração: História e Historiografia das Idéias Sob o céu das valquírias: as concepções de heroísmo e honra dos pilotos de caça na Grande Guerra (1914-18) Delmo de Oliveira Arguelhes Tese apresentada como exigência final do doutorado em andamento sob a orientação da professora doutora Sonia Maria Siqueira de Lacerda e co- orientação do professor doutor João Ferreira Maio de 2008 i SUMÁRIO Resumo v Abstract vi Résumé vii Agradecimentos viii Sobre guerras e heróis 001 I – A era dos ases 022 II – Tradições heróicas 073 III – A cavalaria morreu... 131 IV – Circo voador 191 V – Os poucos 245 Coda 294 Anexos 299 Fontes 313 Índice 335 ii Sob a história, a memória e o esquecimento. Sob a memória e o esquecimento, a vida. Mas escrever a vida é outra história. Inacabamento. Paul Ricœur iii Com muito afeto, respeito e admiração, esta tese é dedicada a: Generalleutnant Adolf Galland (1912-1996). Ás de 104 vitórias. Combateu nos céus da Espanha, França, Inglaterra e Alemanha. Professor João Pedro Mendes (1937-2000). Ás do pensamento. Filólogo, filósofo, doutor em letras clássicas e pós-doutor em retórica medieval. Sandra, minha companheira. Leitora sagaz e crítica implacável. Luiza, minha filha. Alegria da minha vida. iv Resumo Sob o céu das valquírias ocupa-se das concepções de heroísmo, honra e cavalheirismo expressas nas autobiografias de quatro ases da Grande Guerra: Manfred von Richthofen, Ernst Udet, Edward Mannock e William Bishop. Concepções similares, contidas em grandes obras literárias da Antigüidade, do Medievo e do Romantismo europeu, foram examinadas com o objetivo de estabelecer suas permanências e ressignificações nos relatos desses pilotos. v Abstract Sob o céu das valquírias (Beneath the Valkyries’ sky) dwells upon the conceptions of heroism, honour and chivalrousness expressed in the autobiographies of four aces from the Great War: Manfred von Richthofen, Ernst Udet, Edward Mannock and William Bishop. Similar conceptions, enclosed in great literary works from Antiquity, Middle Ages end European Romanticism were examined with the purpose of establishing the remaining and revisited meaningnesses in the pilot reports. vi Résumé Sob o céu das valquírias (Sous le ciel des Walkyries) concerne les conceptions d’héroïsme, d’honneur et de noblesse exprimées dans les autobiographies de quatre as de la Grande Guerre: Manfred von Richthofen, Ernst Udet, Edward Mannock et William Bishop. Des conceptions similaires contenues dans de grandes œuvres littéraires de l’Antiquité, du Moyen Age et du Romantisme européen ont été analisées dans le but d’établir ce qui est permanent et ce qui est signification revue dans les récits des pilotes. vii Agradecimentos: Esta tese, desenvolvida e redigida nos últimos nove anos, só se tornou possível graças à ajuda e apoio de: Sonia Lacerda, minha orientadora. Especialista em Antigüidade e século XVIII, teve a coragem de aceitar me guiar, num tema que além de complexo, é centrado no século XX. Exerceu a função com segurança, maestria, competência e rigor, impedindo que eu me perdesse no meio de tantas informações, ou ficasse me exibindo. João Ferreira, especialista em filosofia medieval, filologia e teoria literária. Aposentado desde 1996, aceitou o fardo da co-orientação. A única coisa comparável à sua notável erudição é sua gigantesca bondade e generosidade. Sandra, minha companheira. Leu os originais e fez observações fundamentais. Sempre presente, providenciou o apoio moral e material que tanto necessitei. Luiza, minha filha, ajudou muito não quebrando o meu computador, não sumindo com os originais, não rabiscando os meus livros e não rasgando as minhas anotações. viii Carmen Lícia, medievalista e colega no UniCEUB. Além de contribuir com várias leituras e sugestões, apóia a minha carreira acadêmica e profissional há mais de 15 anos. Professores da UnB: José Flávio Sombra Saraiva, Geralda Aparecida, José Otávio Nogueira e Anna Vicentini. Minha professora de alemão, Frau Traute Angelica Hiltel. Sua ajuda foi fundamental para o quarto capítulo. Adhemar, livreiro excepcional. Se nem ele conseguisse localizar uma edição rara, ninguém mais poderia. Andréa “Polaca” Modtkowiski. Minha grande amiga e porto seguro para os momentos de desespero durante o doutorado. Meus amigos Hermano Matos, Marcelo “Zeca” José Domingos, Ligia Malcher, Lídia, Tânia Siqueira, Ludmila Lima, Américo Lyra, Guilherme Assis de Almeida, André Lopes, Rodrigo Falcão, Lúcio “Acaba logo essa merda!” Castelo Branco. Vocês me apoiaram muito. Meus alunos e colegas professores do UniCEUB, UniEURO e Alvorada pelo estímulo constante. At least, but not last, os ases da Grande Guerra, cujas aventuras e escritos não apenas inspiraram, mas alimentaram esta tese: Manfred von Richthofen, Ernst Udet, Werner Voss, Edouard von Schleich, Lothar von Richthofen, Oswald Boelcke, Max Immelmann, René Fonck, Georges Guynemer, Charles ix Nungesser, Roland Garros, Eduard Pégoud, Edward Mannock, William Bishop, Albert Ball, Lanoe G. Hawker. Se o leitor encontrar algo útil nessas páginas, é um débito direto com todas essas pessoas. Os erros, incorreções e demais deslizes são, naturalmente, de minha inteira responsabilidade. x Sobre guerras e heróis Que esfinge de cimento e alumínio arrombou seus crânios e devorou seus cérebros e imaginação? Moloch! Solidão! Sujeira! Fealdade! Latas de lixo e dólares inatingíveis! Crianças berrando sob as escadarias! Garotos soluçando nos exércitos! Velhos chorando nos parques! Moloch! Moloch! Pesadelo de Moloch! Moloch o mal amado! Moloch mental! Moloch o pesado juiz dos homens! Allen Ginsberg, Uivo. A guerra: conceitos e variação no Ocidente A guerra é um dos problemas cruciais da humanidade. Mesmo nos períodos de paz, sua presença é sentida. Se a guerra é analisada sob os vários pontos de vista teóricos e empíricos, a paz é definida como a ausência de conflito. Em outras palavras, a paz não é apenas um conceito dependente do de guerra, outrossim, é um fenômeno posterior à guerra. Definir conceitos negativamente é um problema largamente conhecido. Mas ainda assim fica exposta de modo claro a precedência teórica da guerra sobre a paz. 1 A guerra implica ações interdependentes de forças antagônicas, onde o comportamento do outro é um elemento fundamental.1 Na Europa moderna, a arte da guerra foi largamente influenciada pelas concepções do general prussiano Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) que definiu, a priori, a atividade bélica como a imposição da própria vontade a outrem, por meio da violência.2 Mais do que conquistar territórios ou destruir formações adversárias, o fundamental para atingir a vitória na guerra, segundo ele, é desarmar o inimigo; persuadi-lo da vantagem de render-se, em vez de continuar resistindo. Outra definição clausewitziana, muito mais notória e complementar à primeira, caracteriza a guerra como continuação das relações políticas por outros meios.3 A guerra é o meio, enquanto a intenção política é o fim. Não se concebe o meio independentemente do fim.4 A violência bélica é aplicada mediante os instrumentos de luta que são as armas.5 A guerra é uma das atividades humanas mais antigas e constantes, mas assumiu os mais diversos significados entre os vários grupamentos sociais de 1 Cf. Clemente Ancona. ‘Guerra’. Em Enciclopédia Einaudi – volume 14: Estado / guerra. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional / Casa da Moeda, 1989, p. 349. 2 Carl von Clausewitz. Da guerra. Brasília / São Paulo: Edunb / Martins Fontes, 1979, p. 73. 3 Ibidem, p. 87. 4 Ibidem, p. 88. 5 As armas podem assumir as mais diversas formas e usos. Consideraremos aqui armas como instrumentos fabricados exclusivamente para luta, tanto ofensiva como defensiva. Cf. Clemente Ancona. ‘Armas’. Em op. cit., pp. 330-47. 2 épocas e locais distintos. Percebemos uma tradição bélica européia, desenvolvida da Antigüidade clássica à atualidade. Denominamos esta tradição guerra ocidental.6 Ao estudar a guerra, Jean-Baptiste Duroselle se prende a um estilo característico: a divisão e classificação de todos os fatores que influenciam de uma maneira ou de outra. Ao pensar sobre a valoração da guerra, cinco posturas possíveis são listadas, do extremo belicista (guerra fresca e jovial) até ao extremo pacifista (guerra totalmente condenada) passando pelas gradações da guerra nobre, aceita e condenada-exceto-em-caso-de-defesa. A intensidade do conflito também merece maior atenção do autor.A distinção entre guerra limitada e total diz respeito não apenas à alocação de recursos materiais e humanos, mas à própria condução da guerra, 6 Enxergamos o surgimento da guerra ocidental nos exércitos das póleis helênicas durante a primeira metade do I milênio a.C.. Desenvolveu-se exclusivamente em solo europeu até o século XVI, quando foi transferida para o Novo Mundo, juntamente com outras instituições européias. Até 1945, os europeus mantiveram a hegemonia na arte da guerra. Entre esses dois balizamentos, pode-se dividir a Guerra Ocidental em cinco fases. No período que vai do I milênio a.C. até o século IV d.C., predominou a infantaria. Do século IV até o século XIV, prevaleceu a cavalaria. Do século XIV até a Revolução Francesa, a introdução da pólvora na Europa dominou o panorama dos conflitos guerreiros. Da Revolução Francesa até a guerra de 1914, o alistamento universal tornou-se regra. De 1914 até 1945 a guerra foi total. Desde 1945, a introdução de artefatos termonucleares suscitou a guerra limitada. Nestes períodos distintos, mantiveram-se estruturas de longa duração, como a cadeia de comando, composta pelo membro superior e seus subordinados, em qualquer nível de complexidade que os exércitos apresentem - corpos, divisões, pelotões ou unidades - e os grupos logísticos, que fornecem o suporte necessário à manutenção dos soldados no campo de batalha, que utilizam armamento constantemente aprimorado.
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